^, 


*'/ 


^5?""- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


>^  Uii    12.2 

1^    1^    12.0 


11.25  1 1.4 


1^ 


V] 


vl 


/i 


>' 


V 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  873-4S03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


.i»i  - 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Th( 
to 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  aHiar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  aignificant!y  changa 
tha  uaual  ipathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


□    Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~~|   Covara  damagad/ 


D 


a 


n 


0 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  lamlnatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  pailiculAa 


□   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 
La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

□   Colcurad  mapa/ 
Cartaa  gtegraphiquaa  wn  coulaur 

n 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  Mua  or  blacit)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I — I   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  otha"  matarial/ 
Rali*  avac  d'autraa  documanta 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

Laroliura  aarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatorakMi  la  tong  da  la  marga  intiriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  poaaibie.  theae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paut  qua  certainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  a|out*ea 
lora  d'una  reatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta, 
maia.  loraqua  cela  Atait  poaaibie,  cea  pagaa  n'ont 
pea  «t«  filmiaa. 


L'Inatitut  a  microfiimi  la  mailieur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  it*  poaaibie  de  aa  procurer.  Lea  ditaila 
da  cat  axempleire  qui  aont  peut-Atre  uniquea  du 
point  de  vua  bibliographiqua.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
una  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normala  de  fiimege 
•ont  indiquia  ci-daaaoua. 


r~n  Colourad  pagaa/ 


n 


n 
n 


Pagaa  da  coukiur 

Pagaa  damac«d/ 
Pagaa  andommagiaa 


Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagaa  reatauriaa  at/ou  peilicuiiaa 


0   Pagaa  diacolourad.  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pagaa  dAcoloriaa.  tachaties  ou  piquias 

D 


Pagaa  detached/ 
Pagaa  ditachiaa 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparance 

Quality  of  print  variaa/ 
Qua!'tA  inigaia  da  I'impreasion 

Includaa  aupplamentary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matAriel  auppiimentaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  diaponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tiaauea.  etc..  have  been  rafilmad  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagaa  totalament  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  fauiilet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  iti  fiimiea  i  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtanir  la  meiileure  image  poaaibie. 


Th( 
poi 
of 
filrl 


Ori 
bei 
thf 
aio 
oti 
fin 
sio 
or 


Th( 
ahi 
Tl^ 
wh 

Ma 

difl 
enl 

bei 
rig 
req 
me 


Additional  commenta:/ 
Commentairea  suppiimentairas: 


Wrinkled  pages  may  film  (lightly  out  of  focut. 


Thia  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  fiimi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ei-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

XX 

^ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  hare  hat  baan  raproducad  thanka 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Nova  Seotia  Public  ArehivM 


L'axamplaira  filmA  f ut  raproduit  grAca  i  la 
gAnAroaitA  da: 

Nova  Scotia  Public  Arehivtt 


Tha  imagaa  appearing  hare  are  the  beat  quality 
poaaibia  conaidering  the  condition  and  legibility. 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specif icationa. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  beck  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  pege  with  s  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impreesion. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliaa. 


Las  images  suiventes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  ie  condition  et 
de  la  nattetA  de  i'exemplaira  filmi,  et  en 
conformitA  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmege. 

Lea  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  en 
papier  eat  ImprimAa  aont  filmAs  nn  commanpant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  aoit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  # mpreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Toua  las  autrea  exemplairas 
originaux  aont  filmAa  en  commen^ant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  chaqua  microfiche,  aalon  Ie 
caa:  la  symbole  — »>  signifle  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbola  V  algnlfia  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  cherts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  end  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrems  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planchaa.  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  da  rAductlon  diff Aranta. 
Lorsqua  Ie  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  aeul  cllehA.  11  eat  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  aupAriaur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Lea  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

,#'.' 


,'Hfen  k     • 


B 


MO^  EMI 


'^: 


i  I 


Fellow  I 


*». 


AH 


AMERICArr 


^'   BIOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTOillCAL 

Up'- _       -; 

r*»      DICTIONARY, 


'^    COATAINIAO  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  TUB 


1% 


LIVES,  CHARACTERS,  AND  WRITINGS 

OP    THE 
MOay  EMINENT  TENONS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  FROM  ITS  FIRST  SETTLEMENT, 


AND  A  SUMMARY  OF  THE 


^: 


HISTORY  OF  THE  SEVERAL  COLONIES 


^?M 


ji^ 

T^* 


AND   OF   THE 


UNITED  STATES. 


s     BY  WILLIAM  ALLEN,  D.  D., 

PRESIDENT   OF   BOWDOIN   COLLEGE  J      ] 

Fulluw  of  tliu  Amor.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences ;  nnd  Member  of  tlio  Amcr.  Antiq. 
§oc.,  and  of  the  Hiat.  Soc.  of  Mainoi  N.Humjwhiro,  and  M.  York. 


Qaique  mi  memores  alios  Jicere  mcrendo,  Virg. 


Aetontr  tIi(t(on. 


BOStON  : 

PUlJLldllEl)  »Y  WILLIAM  HYDE  &  CO. 
M  nccc  XXXII. 


« 


■^' 


fl^ 


i 


"abI!^' 


./«; 


* 


.  »«...! 


s'  -V.^is-^ 


■  r  «■  .    ;..»• 


^- 


Eiilcrud,  according  to  (lie   Act  of  CuiigicsH,  in   tlic  ycnr   1832,  by 
William  Allen,  in  the  Clerk's  oflicu  ufilie  District  cuuii  of  Maine. 


»  t 


■^^M 


U 


• 


1^^ 


muss  oi- J.  GiutriN,  Bnt;KswiCK. 


■^ 


«^ 


,',»ri,l 


'*,_• 


#■ 


mk 


m. 


»# 


i, 


PREFACE. 

To  the  First  Edition. 

; ,;,  ^^V-.^-'"^-  • 

The  following  work  presents  itself  to  the  public  with  no  claims 
to  attention,  but  snch,  as  are  founded  upon  the  interest,  which  may  be 
felt  in  the  lives  of  Americans.     Finding  himself  a  few  years  ago  in  a 
literary  retirement,  with  no  important  duties,  which  pressed  immedi- 
ately upon  him,  the  author  conceived  the  plan  of  this  Dictionary. 
He  was  desirous  of  bringing  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  more 
intitmation,  thatv^was  generally  possessed,  respecting  the  illustrious 
men  of  former  times,  the  benefactors  and  ornaments  of  this  country, 
who  have  passed  away.     He  persuaded  himself,  that  if  he  could  col- 
lect the  fragments  of  biography,  which  were  buried  in  the  mass  of 
American  history,  or  scattered  amidst  a  multitude  of  tracts  of  various 
kindsjfnd  could  fashion  these  materials  into  a  regular  form,  so  as  to 
placHPIfore  the  eye  our  great  and  good  men,  if  not  in  their  full  di-  . 
mensions,  yet'ni  their  true  shape,  he  should  render  an  acceptable  ser- 
vice to  his  countrymen.    This  work  with  no  little  labor  he  has  now 
completed  ;  and  the  inexperienced  artist,  in  his  first  essay,  can  hope 
only,  that  his  design  will  be  commended.     He  wishes  chiefly,  that  as 
the  images  of  departed  excellence  are  surveyed,  the  spirit,  which  an- 
imated them,  may  be  caught  by  the  beholder. 

As  an  apology  however  for  the  deficiences  and  errors  of  various 
kinds,  which  may  be  found  in  the  work,  a  full  exposition  of  his  plan 
and  some  representation  of  the  difficulty  of  executing  it  seem  to  be 
necessary. 

It  was  proposed  to  give  some  account  of  the  persons,  who  first 
discovered  the  new  world  ;  of  those,  who  had  a  principal  agency  in 
laying  the  foundations  of  the  several  colonies  ;  of  those,  who  have 
held  important  offices  and  discharged  the  duties  of  them  with  ability 
and  integrity  ;  of  those,  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  learned 
professions  ;  of  those,  who  have  been  remarkable  for  genius  and 
knowledge,  or  who  have  written  any  thing,  deserving  of  remembrance; 
of  the  distinguished  friends  of  literature  and  science  ;  of  the  states- 
men, the  patriots,  and  heroes,  w^o  have  contended  for  American  lib- 
erty, or  aided  in  the  establishment  of  our  civil  institutions  ;  and  of 
alljAvhose  lives,  bright  with  Christian  virtue,  might  ftirnish  examples, 
which  should  be  worthy  of  imitation.     It  was  determined  to  enlarge 


ff* 


^^ 


*« 


■SJss 


*♦■ 


IV 


*  PREFACE. 


ihiM  wide  field  by  giving  as  complete  a  list,  as  could  bo  madd,  of  the 
writings  of  each  person,  and  by  introducing  the  first  ministers  of  the 
principiil  towns  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  history  of  this  coun- 
try. The  design  included  also  a  very  compendious  bistj^ry  of  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  of  each  separate  colony  and  state,  for  the 
satisfa^on  of  the  reader,  who  might  wish  to  view  the  subjects  of  the 
biographical  sketches  in  connexion  with  the  most  prominent  facta  re- 
lating to  the  country,  in  which  they  lived.  In  addition  to  all  this,  it 
was  intended  to  annex  such  references,  as  would  point  out  the  sour- 
ces, from  which  information  should  be  derived,  and  as  might  direct  to 
more  copious  intelligence,  than  could  be  contained  in  this  work. 

Such  were  the  objects,  which  the  author  had  in  view,  when  he 
commenced  an  enterprise,  of  whose  magnitude  and  dilTiculty  he  was 
not  suflicicntly  sensible,  before  he  had  advanced  too  far  to  be  anlo 
to  retreat.  The  modern  compilers  of  similar  works  in  Europe 
have  little  else  to  do  but  to  combine  or  abridge  the  labors  of  their 
predecessors,  and  employ  the  materials,  previously  collected  to  tiieir 
hands.  But  in  the  compilation  of  this  work  a  new  and  untrodden 
field  was  to  be  explored.  It  became  necessary  not  only  to  examine 
the  whole  of  American  history,  in  order  to  know  who  have  taken 
a  conspicuous  part  in  the  transactions  of  this  country  ;  but  to  supply 
from  other  sources  the  imperfect  accounts  of  general  historical  wri- 
ters. By  a  recurrence  to  the  jcferenccs  it  will  be  seen,  thafpiuch 
toil  has  been  encountered.  But,  although  the  authorities  may  seem 
to  be  unnecessarily  multiplied,  there  has  been  some  moderation  in 
introducing  them,  for  in  many  instances  they  do  not  by  any  means 
exhibit  the  extent  of  the  researches,  which  have  been  made.  It  could 
not  be  expected  or  wished,  that  newspapers,  pamphlets,  and  other 
productions  should  be  referred  to  for  undisputed  dates  and  single 
facts,  which  they  have  aiTordcd,  and  which  have  been  imbodicd  with 
regular  accounts.  The  labor  however  of  searching  for  information 
has  frequently  been  less,  than  that  of  comparing  dilTerent  statements, 
endeavoring  to  reconcile  them  when  they  disagreed,  adjusting  the 
chronology,  combining  the  independent  facts,  and  forming  a  consis- 
tent whole  of  what  existed  only  in  disjointed  parts.  Sometimes  the 
uiind  has  been  overwhelmed  by  the  variety  and  abundance  of  intelli- 
gence ;  and  sometimes  the  author  has  prosecuted  his  inquiries  in 
every  direction,  and  found  only  a  barren  waste. — 

For  the  large  space,  which  is  sometimes  occupied  in  describing 
the  last  hours  of  the  persons,  of  whom  a  sketch  is  given,  the  following 
reasons  are  assigned.  lu  the  lives  of  our  fellow  men  there  is  no  pe- 
riod, so  important  to  them  and  so  interesting  to  us,  9s  the  period,which 
iiumudiutely  precedes  their  dissolution.  To  see  one  of  our  brethren  at 
a  point  of  his  existence,  beyond  which  the  next  step  will  either  plunge 
bin*  down  a  precipice  into  an  abyss,  from  which  be  will  never  rise,  or 


'^i 


.■*! 


,-M 


Il- 
ia 

ing 
ing 


at 


or 


.  t     M         PREFACE.  ^ 

will  elevate  him  ifi  everlasting  glory,i8  a  8pectaclc,wliich  attracts  ns  not 
merely  by  its  sublimity,  but  because  we  know,  that  the  flight  of  time 
is  rapidly  hutening  us  to  the  same  crisis.  We  wish  to  sec  men  iu 
the  tcrribl<^;iUnation,which  inevitably  awaits  us  ;  to  learn  what  it  is^ 
that  can  support  them,  and  can  secure  them.  The  gratification  of  this 
desire  to  behold  what  is  great  and  awful,  and  the  communication  of 
the  aids,  which  may  be  derived  from  the  conduct  of  dying  menfhave 
according^  been  combined  in  the  objects  of  this  work.  After  recount- 
ing the  vicissitudes,  attending  the  affairs  of  men,  the  author  was  irre- 
sistibly inclined  to  turn  from  the  fluctuations  of  human  life,  and  to 
dwell,  when  his  subject  would  give  him  an  opportunity,  upon  the 
calm  and  firm  hopes  of  the  Christian,  and  the  sure  propccts  of  eterni- 
ty. While  he  thus  soothed  his  own  mind,  he  also  believed,  that  ho 
should  afford  a  resting  place  to  the  minds  of  others,  fatigued  with  fol- 
lowing their  brethren  amidst  their  transient  occupations,  their  suc- 
cesses, their  disappointments,  and  their  afflictions. 

Some  terms  are  used,  which  relate  to  local  circumstances,  and 
which  require  those  circumstances  to  be  pointed  out.  In  several  of 
the  New  England  states,  when  the  annual  election  of  the  several 
branches  of  the  legislature  is  completed,  and  the  government  is  or- 
ganized, it  has  been  an  ancient  practice  to  have  a  sermon  preached  in 
the  audience  of  the  newly  elected  rulers,  which  is  called  the  election 
sermoiK  This  phrase  would  not  need  an  explanation  to  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Ncw>  England. .  The  names  of  pastor  and  teacher  as  distinct 
officers  in  the  church  frequently  occur.  Soon  after  the  first  settle- 
ment of  this  country,  when  some  societies  enjoyed  the  labors  of  two 
ministers,  they  bore  the  titles  of  teacher  and  pastor,  of  which  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  former  to  attend  particularly  to  doctrine,  and  of  the 
latter  to  exhortation  ;  the  one  was  to  instruct  and  the  other  to  per- 
suade. But  the  boundary  between  these  two  offices  was  not  well  de- 
fined, and  was  in  fact  very  little  regarded.  The  distinction  of  the 
name  itself  did  not  exist  Ic  :  ;. 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  render  the  dates  accurate,  and  to 
avoid  the  mistakes,  which  have  been  made  from  inattention  to  the 
former  method  of  reckoning  time,  when  March  was  the  first  month  of 
the  year.  If  any  one,  ignorant  of  this  circumstance,  should  look 
into  Dr.  Mather's  Magnalia,  or  ecclesiastical  history  of  New  Eng- 
land, he  would  sometimes  wonder  at  the  absurdity  of  the  writer.  He 
would  read,  for  instance,  in  the  life  of  president  Chauncy,  that  he 
died  in  February  1671,  and  will  find  it  previously  said,  that  he 
attended  the  commencement  in  the  same  year,  which  was  in  Ju- 
ly. Thus  too  Peter  Hobart  is  said  to  have  died  in  Jan.,  and  yet 
to  have  been  infirm  in  the  summer  of  1678.  When  it  is  remembered, 
that  March  was  the  first  month,  these  accounts  are  easy  to  be  recon- 
ciled.    There  seems  not  however  to  have  been  any  uniformity  in 


A 


J 


» 


V.  ^ 


"»• 


▼I 


PREFACE. 


# 


diapogin^  of  the  days  between  the  first  and  thc^iivonty-firth  of 
'Mtrch,  for  soinotimes  they  are  considered  as  bulonginf  to  the  antece- 
dont  and  sometimes  to  the  subsequent  year.  AmericMl^writcrs,  it  is 
believed,  have  generally  if  not  always  applied  them  to  .the  latter. 
When  the  figures  for  two  years  are  written,  as  in  dates  before  the 
adopUpn  of  the  now  style  in  1762  is  found  frequently  to  be  the  ease 
not  oity  for  the  days  above  mentioned  but  for  the  days  in  January 
and  February,  it  is  the  latter  year,  Avhich  corresponds  with  our  pres- 
ent mode  of  reckoning.  Thus  March  1,  1689  was  sometimes  written 
March  1,  1688, 9, or  with  tho  figures  pluced  one  above  the  other. 
The  months  were  designated  usually  by  tlio  names  of  the  first,  tho 
second,  &c.;  so  that  February  was  the  twelfth  month. 

No  apology  is  necessary  for  (he  free  use,  which  has  been  qi^dc 
of  tho  labors  of  others,  for  tho  plan  of  this  book  is  so  essentially  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  any,  which  has  preceded  it,  that  the  author  has 
not  encroached  upon  the  objects,  which  others  have  had  iii  view .  Jle 
has  had  no  hesitation  in  using  their  very  language,  whenever  it  suited 
him.  Compilers  seem  to  be  licensed  pillagers.  Like  the  youth  of 
Sparta,  they  may  lay  their  hands  upon  plunder  without  a  crime,  if 
they  will  but  seize  it  with  adroitness.  The  list  of  American  literary 
productions,  which  has  been  rendered  as  complete  as  possible,  is  for 
the  sake  of  method  placed  at  the  close  of  each  article,  and  in  giving 
the  titles  of  them  it  will  be  perceived,  that  there  has  frequency  been 
an  economy  of  words,  as  far  as  was  consistent  with  distinctness  of  g| 
representation. —  ^ 

The  author  is  aware,  that  he  lives  in  times,  which  are  like  all  other 
times,  when  the  sympathies  of  parties  of  different  kinds  are  very 
strong  ;  and  he  believes,  that  he  has  sought  less  to  conciliate  ftera, 
than  to  follow  truth,  though  she  might  not  lead  him  into  any  of  the 
paths,  along  which  the  many  are  pressing.  Without  resolving  to  be 
impartial  it  would  indicate  no  common  destitution  of  upright  and  hon- 
orable principles  to  attempt  a  delineation  of  tho  characters  of  men. 
He  may  have  misapprehended,  and  he  may  have  done  what  is  worse.  " 
All  are  liable  to  errors,  and  he  knows  enough  of  the  windings  of  the 
heart  to  remember,  that  errors  may  proceed  from  prejudice,  or  indo- 
lence of  attention,  and  be  criminal,  while  they  are  cherished  as  hon- 
est and  well  founded  convictions,  the  results  of  impartial  inquiry.  He 
trusts,  however,  that  nothing  will  be  found  in  this  book  to  counteract 
the  influence  of  genuine  religion,  evincing  itself  in  piety  and  good 
works,  or  to  weaken  the  attachment  of  Americans  to  their  well  bal- 
anced republic,  which  equally  abhors  the  tyranny  of  irresponsible  au- 
thority, the  absurdity  of  hereditary  wisdom,  and  the  anarchy  of  law- 
less liberty.  ^ 

Cambridge,  Massachusetls,  ^iigusl2,lZ09. 


i- 


\   - 


PREFACE. 


rii 


lb  the  Stcond  Edition. 

•  .'g,  * 

After  a  long  interval  since  the  fimt  edition  of  this  work  the  author 
now  ofl'ers  '^Sk  second  edition  to  the  public.    During  20  yeani  past  he 
has  been  fopeatedly  urged  to  accomplish  what  he  hw  not  found  leis- 
ure to  accomplish  till  the  present  time.     But  the  delay,  as  the  death- 
harvest  among  the  eminent  men  of  our  country  has  been  gat)M(p<l  in, 
has  iewUcd  thn  catalogue  of  those,  who  ought  to  be  commemorated  in 
a  fiiograj^y  of  "the  mighty  dead"  of  America.    The  first  edition  was 
the  iirst  general  collection  of  American  biography  ever  published;  and 
it  is  still  the  largest  work  of  the  kind,  which  has  appeared.     In  the 
Prospectus  of  this  second  edition  it  was  proposed  to  print  750  pages, 
&  it  was  thought,  that  the  separate  Biographical  notices  would  amount 
to  about  1200, being  about  500  more,  than  are  contained  in  the  first  edi- 
tion.    But  the  book  has  reached  the  unwieldy  size  of  808  pages,  and 
the  Biographical  articles  exceed  1800,  presenting  an  account  of  more 
than  1000  individuals,  not  mentioned  in  Lord's  edition  of  Lemprierc, 
and  of  about  1600,  not  found  in  the  first  ten  volumes  of  the  Encyclo- 
pedia Americana.  Yet  the  author  has  been  obliged  to  exclude  accounts 
of  many  persons,  of  whom  he  would  willingly  have  said  something. 
If  he  has  at  times  misjudged  in  his  exclusions  and  admissions;  yet  for 
someomissionsanapology  will  be  found  in  the  difiiculty  of  obtaining 
iutclli^nce,  aH  well  as  in  oversight,  which  could  hardly  fail  to  occur  in 
a  woriKf  such  extent,  embracing  such  a  multitude  of  facts,  and  requir- 
ing, while  in  the  press,  such  incessant  attention  and   labor.     He  can 
only  promise,  should  he  live  to  publish  an  additional  volume  or  to  pre- 
pare another  cdition,an  earnest  cfl'ort  to  render  the  work  more  complete 
and  more  free  from  crrur.  In  the  mean  time  he  solicits  the  communica- 
tion of  intelligence  respecting  individuals,  worthy  of  beir.g  remem- 
bered, who  have  escaped  or   who  are  likely  to  escape  his  unassisted 
researches . 

To  those  gentlemen  in  different  parts  of  our  country,  who  have  fa- 
vored him  with  notices  of  their  friends  or  of  others,  he  returns  his  ac- 
knowledgments. Me  has  been  particularly  indebted  to  the  biographi- 
cal collections  of  Mr.  SamuelJennison,jun.,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  and 
to  the  accurate  antiquarian  researches  of  Mr.  John  Farmer,  of  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  whose  New  England  Genealogical  Register  will  enable 
roost  of  the  sons  of  the  Pilgrims  of  New  England  to  trace  their  de- 
scent from  their  worthy  ancestry.  The  authorities  referred  to,  though 
abridged  from  the  first  edition,  will  show  to  what  books  he  has  been 
chiefly  indebted. 

America  is  reproached  in  Europe  for  deficiency  in  literature   and 

science  ;  but  if  one  will  consider,  that  it  is  not  200  years,  since  tiic 
first  press  was  set  up  in  Uiis  country,  and  will  then  look  at  th%list  of 
publications,  annexed  to  the  articles  in  this  Biography,  he  will  be  as- 
tonished at  the  multitude  of  works,  which  have  been  printed.  N.  Eng- 


• 


VIII 


PREFACE. 


1 


-'     t 


^^P*' 


land  was  fuuiuled  by  men  of  IcnrninK,  whoso  tirHt  cnrc  wiih  to  cstab- 
IIhIi  hcIiouIh  ;  niul  the  dcHcciidaiits  of  tho  iatlicTH  li:ivc  inliciitcd  tlicir 
love  of  knowledge  and  mental  energy.  No  race  of  men  on  the  face 
of  the  earth,  it  may  bo  safely  asHcrtcd,  are  so  rational,  i^  intelligent, 
80  enlightened,  f  nd  of  such  intellectual  power,  as  the  dctcendants  of 
the  New  England  Pilgrims,  and  the  inhabitants  generally  of  our  ex- 
tcnsiwBk  country. 

Although  the  wide  diiTuision  of  knowledge  is  preferable  to  its  con- 
vergence into  a  few  points  of  splendor  ;  yet  America  can  boost  of 
names  of  eminence  in  the  arts  and  in  various  departments  of  science, 
and  can  speak  of  her  Sons  of  inventive  power,  of  metaphysical  a- 
cuteness,  of  philosophical  discovery,  of  profound  learning,  and  thril- 
ling eloquence,  and  especially  of  a  multitude,  skilled  in  the  knowledge 
and  the  maintenance  of  the  rights  of  man.  Happy  will  it  be  for  our 
country,  if  ancient  wisdom,  and  patriotism,  and  piety  shall  not  in  a 
future  race  dwindle  down  into  the  hunger  for  office,  and  the  violence 
of  party,  and  the  chcerlcssucss  of  infidelity. 

This  body  of  American  Biography  will  be  found  to  comprise  the 
first  Settlers  and  Fathers  of  our  country  ;  early  Navigators  and 
adventurous  Travellers  ;  the  Statesmen,  Patriots,  and  IIgrocs, 
who  have  contended  for  American  liberty,  or  assisted  in  laying  the 
foundations  of  our  republican  institutions  ;  all  the  Signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  ;  brave  and  skilful  Militauv  and  Naval 
Commanders  ;  many  of  the  Governors  of  the  several  States  and  the 
deceased  Presidents  of  our  country  ;  profound  Lawyers  and  skilful 
Physicians  ;  men  of  Geniuh,  Learning  and  Science,  and  the  distin- 
guished Friends  and  Patrons  of  learning  ;  Theologians  and  Histo- 
rians, Poets  and  Orators  ;  ingenious  Artists  and  men  celebrated 
for  their  Inventions  ;  together  with  many  eminent  Philanthropists 
and  Christians,  whose  examples  have  diffused  a  cheering  radiance 
around  them. 

The  author,  in  conclusion,  cannot  avoid  expressing  the  wish,  that 
as  the  reader  surveys  the  lives  of  such  men,  the  commendable  zeal, 
which  animated  thuni,  may  come  upon  his  own  soul,  and  that  he  may 
help  to  bear  up  the  honors  of  a  country,  which  has  been  the  abode  of 
a  race  of  enlightened,  noble-minded;  disiutcrebted,  and  virtuous  men. 

Brunswich,  Maine,  Julij  17,  1832. 


•({t»t4<»HjA«iA, 


iiniAA 


AN 


•  i'«.  ■>  'ntv 


•  ♦'  '*'    *"  AHBRICAV 


BIOGRAPHICAL  A17D  HISTORICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


■»♦*  iU'>4 


t».^  •(»« 


>^!,<i}Wr 


ABBOT,  Hull,  a  mpeetable  mini»> 
ter  of  Charleatown,  Musachuaetts,  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  the  year 
17S0,  and  ordained  Feb.  5, 17S4,  as  col- 
league with  Mr.  Bradstreet.  Ailer  con- 
tinuing fifty  yean  in  the  ministry,  he  di- 
ed April  19,  1774,  aged  80  years.  He 
published  the  following  sermons ;  on  the 
artillery  election,  17S5;  on  the  rebellion 
in  Scotland,  1746 ;  against  profkne  curs- 
ing and  swearing,  1747. 

ABBOT,  Samuel,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  An- 
dover,  died  in  that  town,  of  which  he  was 
a  native,  April  80, 1813,  aged  80.  He  had 
been  a  mercluint  in  Boston.  His  dona- 
tion for  establishing  the  seminary  Aug. 
81,  1807  was  30,000  dollars;  he  also  be> 
queathcd  to  it  inore  than  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  He  was  a  humble,  con- 
scientious, pious  man,  remarkable  for  pru- 
dence, sincerity  and  uprightness,  charita- 
ble to  the  poor,  and  zealous  for  the  intei- 
ests  of  religion.  He  bestowed  several 
thousands  of  dollars  ibr  the  relief  of  min- 
isters of  the  gospel  and  for  other  charitar 
ble  objects. — It  was  a  maxim  with  him, 
'.'to  praise  no  one  in  his  presence  and  to 
dispraise  no  one  in  his  absence. "  In  his  last 
sickness  he  enjoyed  ^  peace,  which  the 
world  cannot  give.  'I  desire  to  live,'  he 
said,  'if  God  has  any  thing  more  for  me 
to  <{o  or  to  $uffer.*  When  near  his  end 
he  said, 'there  isenoughin  God  ;  I  want 
nothing  but  Ood.>  He  left  a  widow,  with 
whom  he  had  lived  more  than  fifty  years, 
and  one  son. —  Woodt^fun.  term.;  Pan- 
<y)liat,  VIII.  387. 
1 


ABBOT,  Abiel,  d.d.,  a  minister  in 
Beverly,  Ms. ,  was  born  at  Andover,  Aug, 
17,  1770,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1787,  having  an  unstained 
character  and  a  high  rank  as  a  scholar. 
After  being  an  assistant  teacher  in  the  ac- 
ademv  at  Andover,  and  studying  theolo- 
gy '.  ■uh  Mr.  French,  he  was  settled  about 
1794  as  the  minister  of  Haverhill,  where 
he  continued  eight  years.  An  inadequate 
support  for  his  fiunily  induced  him  to  ask  a 
dismission,  though  with  greet  reluctance. 
He  was  soon  afterwards  settled  in  Bever- 
ly, about  1803,  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
McKeen,  who  had  been  chosen  president 
of  ilowJoin  College.  The  remainder  of 
his  life,  about  34  years,was  passed  in  Bev- 
erly in  his  ministerial  office,  except  when 
his  labors  were  interrupted  by  sickness. 
He  passed  the  winter  of  1837-1838  in  and 
near  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  for  the 
recovery  of  his  health.  Early  in  Feb. 
1838  he  embarked  for  Cuba,  where  he 
continued  three  months,  exploring  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  island,  and  making  a  dili- 
gent record  of  his  observations  in  letters 
to  his  family  and  friends.  On  his  return 
he  sailed  from  the  pestilential  city  of  Ha- 
vana, with  his  healUi  almost  restored.  He 
preached  at  Charleston  June  1,  and  the 
next  day  sailed  for  New  York.  But,  al- 
though able  to  go  on  deck  in  the  morning, 
he  died  atnoon  June  7th,  just  as  the  vessel 
came  to  anchor  at  the  quarantine  ground 
near  the  city  of  New  York,  and  was  bu- 
ried on  Staten  Island.  It  is  probable,  that 
he  was  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever,  the 
contagion  of  which  he  received  at  Hava- 


ABBOT. 


ABERCROMfilE. 


na. — Dr.  Abbot  was  very  courteous  and 
interesting  in  social  intercourse,  and  was 
eloquent  in  preaching.  His  religious  sen- 
timents are  not  particularly  explained  by 
his  biographer,  who  says,  that  he  belong- 
ed "to  no  sect  but  that  of  good  men." 
Happy  are  all  they,  who  belong  to  that 
sect.  He  seems  to  have  been,  in  his  last 
days,  extremely  solicitous  on  the  subject 
of  religious  controversy.  In  the  love  of 
peace  all  good  men  will  agree  with  him, 
and  doubtless  there  has  been  much  con- 
troversy concerning  unimportant  points, 
conducted  tooin  an  imchriatian  spirit;  but 
in  this  world  of  error  it  is  not  easy  to  im- 
agine, how  controversy  is  to  be  avoid- 
ed. If  the  truth  is  assailed,  it  would  seem, 
that  those,  who  love  it,  should  engage 
in  its  vindication ;  for  men  always  defend 
against  unjust  assault  what  they  deem 
valuable.  Besides,  if  an  intelligent  and 
benevolent  man  thinks  his  neighbor  has 
fallen  into  a  dangerous  mistake;  why 
should  he  not,  in  a  friendly  debate,  en- 
deavor to  set  him  right?  Especially  ought 
the  preachers  of  the  truth  to  recommend 
it  to  others,  with  meekness  indeed  and  in 
love,  but  with  all  the  energy,  which  its 
relation  to  human  happiness  demands. 
When  this  is  done,  the  enemies  of  the 
truth,  by  resisting  it,  will  present  to  the 
world  the  form  of  religious  dissension.  If 
infidels  endeavor  to  subvert  the  founda- 
tions of  Christianity ;  if  corrupt  heretics 
deny  the  plain  doctrines  of  the  gospel ;  if 
bewildered  enthusiasts  bring  forward  their 
whims  and  fancies  as  doctrines  revealed 
fromheaven;  shall  the  dread  of  controver- 
sy prevent  the  exposure  of  their  false  reas- 
onings, their  presumptuous  comments, 
and  their  delusive  and  perilous  imagina- 
tions i — Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Abbot  and 
the  settlement  of  his  unitarian  successor, 
many  of  the  congregation  have  withdrawn 
and  connected  themselves  with  the  sec- 
ond church  and  society. — His  interesting 
and  valuable  letters  from  Cuba  were  pub- 
lifhed  after  his  death,  Svo.,  Boston,  1829. 
He  published  also  artillery  election  ser- 
mon, 1803  ;  sermons  to  mariners,  1812 ; 
address  on  intemperance,  1815;  sermon 
before   the    Salem  missionary    society, 


1816 ;  before  the  bible  society  of  Salem, 
1817;  convention  sermon,  1837.— F/int'« 
Sermon ;  Sketch  in  lett.  fr.  Cuba, 

ABEEL,  John  Nelson,  d.d.  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1787.  He  relinquished  the 
study  of  the  law,  which  he  had  commenc- 
ed under  judge  Patterson,  and  pursued 
the  study  of  divinity  with  Dr.  Livings- 
ton. He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  April 
1 799.  After  being  for  a  short  time  a  min- 
ister of  a  presbyterian  church  in  Philadel- 
phia, he  was  in  1795  installed  as  pastor 
of  the  reformed  Dutch  church  in  the  city 
of  New  York.  He  died  Jan.  30, 1813,  in 
the  43d  year  of  his  age,  deeply  lamented 
on  account  of  his  unassuming,  amiable 
manners,  and  his  eloquence  as  a  preachtr 
of  the  gospel.  With  a  discriminating 
mind  and  a  sweet  and  melodious  voice, 
and  his  soul  inflamed  with  pious  zeal,  he 
was  pre-eminent  among  extemporaneous 
orators.  In  performing  his  various  pas- 
toral duties  he  was  indefatigable.— Otinn's 
fun.  serm. 

ABERCROMBIE,  James,  a  British 
major  general,  took  the  command  of  the 
troops,  assembled  at  Albany  in  Junel756, 
bringing  over  with  him  two  regiments. 
It  was  proposed  to  attack  Crown  Point, 
Niagara,  and  fort  du  Quesne.  But  some 
difficulty  as  to  the  rank  of  the  provincial 
troops  occasioned  delay,  and  in  Aug.  the 
earl  of  Loudoun  took  the  command.  The 
capture  of  Oswego  by  Montcalm  disar- 
ranged the  projected  campaign.  In  1757 
Montcalm  took  fort  William  Henry ;  and 
thus  the  French  commanded  all  the  lakes. 
The  British  spirit  was  now  roused.  Mr. 
Pitt  in  1758  placed  50,000  troops  under 
the  command  of  Abercrombie,  determined 
to  recover  the  places,  which  had  been 
captured  by  the  French,  and  also  to  cap- 
ture Louisbourg.  Abercrombie  at  the 
head  of  15,000  men  proceeded  against 
Ticonderoga,  which  he  assaulted  injudi- 
ciously and  unsuccessfully  July  8th,  with 
the  loss  of  nearly  2,000  men,  killed,  woun- 
ded, and  missing.  He  then  retired  to  his 
intrenclied  camp  on  the  south  side  of  lake 
George.  An  expedition,  which  he  sent 
out  against  fort  Frontenac  under  Col. 


an 
6; 
16 


ACKLAND. 


ADAMS. 


Bradatreot,  was  auccessful.  He  was  soon 
superseded  by  Amheret.who  the  next  year 
recovered  Ticonderog^a  and  Crown  Point 
and  captured  Quebec. — Mar$haU,  i.  432- 
6;  Hottne$,  ii.  82;  Mante,  59,  107, 144, 
161. 

ACKLAND,  maj.,  a  British  officer,  was 
at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  on  the  iefl 
in  the  action  near  Stillwater  Oct.  7, 1777. 
He  bravely  sustained  the  attack,  but  ov- 
erpowered by  numbers  the  British  were 
obii§[ed  to  retreat  to  tlieir  camp,which  was 
instantly  stormed  by  Arnold.  In  this  action 
major  Ackland  was  shot  through  the  legs 
and  taken  prisoner. — He  was  discovered 
and  protected  by  Wilkinson.  His  devo- 
ted wife,  in  the  utmost  distress,  sought 
him  in  the  American  camp,  favored  with 
a  letter  from  Burgoyne  to  Gates. — After 
his  return  to  England  major  Ackland,  in 
a  dispute  with  lieut.  Lloyd,  defended  the 
<irn;ricans  against  the  charge  of  coward- 
ice and  gave  him  the  lie  direct.  A  duel 
followed,  in  which  Ackland  was  shot 
through  the  head.  Lady  Harriet,  his 
wife,  in  consequence  lost  her  senses  for 
two  years;  but  she  afterwards  married 
Mr.  Brudenell,  who  accompanied  her 
fVom  the  camp  at  Saratoga  in  her  perilous 
pursuit  of  her  husband.  When  will  there 
cease  to  be  victims  to  private  combat  and 
public  war  ?  It  will  be,  when  the  meek 
and  benevolent  spirit  of  the  gospel  shall 
universally  reign  in  the  hearts  of  men. — 
Semembraneer,for  1777,  p.  461,  465; 
Wilkituon'a  memoirs,  369,  376. 

ADAIR,  James,  a  trader  with  the  In- 
dians of  the  southern  states,  resided  in 
their  country  40  years.  From  1735  he 
lived  almost  exclusively  in  intercourse 
with  the  Indians,  cut  off  from  the  society 
of  his  civilized  brethren,  chiefly  among 
the  Chickasaw3,with  whom  he  first  traded 
in  1744.  His  friends  persuaded  him  to 
publish  a  work,  which  he  had  prepared 
with  much  labor,  entitled,  the  History  of 
the  American  Indians,  particularly  those 
nations  adjoining  the  Mississippi,  E.&W. 
Florida,  Georgia,  S.  &  N.  Carolina,  and 
Virginia,  London,  4to.  1775  ;  in  which 
book  he  points  out  various  customs  of  the 
Indians,  having  a  striking  resemblance  to 


those  of  the  Jews.  His  arguments  to 
prove  them  descended  from  the  Jews  are 
founded  on  their  division  into  tribes;  their 
worship  of  Jehovah  ;  their  festivals,  fasts, 
and  religious  rites ;  their  daily  sacrifice ; 
their  prophets  &  high  priests;  their  cities 
of  refuge  ;  their  marriages  and  divorces  ; 
their  burial  of  the  dead  and  mourning  for 
them ;  their  language  and  choice  of  names 
adapted  to  circumstances ;  their  manner 
of  reckoning  time  ;  and  various  other  par- 
ticulars. Some  distrust  seems  to  have  fal- 
len upon  his  statements,  although  he  says, 
that  his  account  is  "neither  disfigured  by 
fable  nor  prejudice."  Dr.  Boudinot  in  his 
"Star  in  the  West"  has  adopted  the 
opinions  of  Adair. 

ADAMS,  William,  the  second  minis- 
ter of  Dedham,  Mass.,  graduated  in  1671, 
was  ordained  Dec.  3, 1673,  as  successor 
to  Mr.  Allen,  and  died  Aug.  17,  1695.  He 
published  an  election  sermon,  1685. 

ADAMS,  Eliphalet,  an  eminent  minis- 
ter of  New  London,  Connecticut,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 694.  He 
was  ordained  Feb.  9,  1709,  and  died  in 
April  1758,  in  the  77th  year  of  his  age. 
Dr.  Chauncyspeaksofhim  as  a  great  Heb- 
rician. He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Re<7.  James  Noyes  of  Stoning- 
ton;election8ermons,  1710  and  1733;  a 
discourse,  occasioned  by  a  distressing 
storm,  March  3, 1717  ;  a  thanksgiving  ser- 
mon, 1721 ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  gov. 
Saltonstall,  1724 ;  at  the  ordination  of 
William  Gager,  Lebanon,  May  27, 1735 ; 
of  Thomas  Clap,  Windham,  1736 ;  and 
a  discourse  before  a  society  of  young  men» 
1737. 

ADAMS,  John,  a  poet,  was  the  only 
son  of  Hon.  John  Adams  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, and  was  graduated  atHarvard  college 
in  1721.  He  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  April  11,1738,  in 
opposition  to  the  wishef<  of  Mr.  Clap, 
who  was  pastor.  Mr.  Clap's  friends  for- 
med a  new  society,  and.Mr.  Adams  was 
dismissed  in  about  two  years.  He  died 
at  Cambridge  in  January,  1740,  at  the 
age  of  36,  deeply  lamented  by  his  ac- 
quaintance. He  was  much  distinguished 
for  his  learning,  genius,  and  piety.    As  a 


J 


jl  .mttm.         ADAMS. 

preaeherpie  was  much  esteemed.  Hia 
uncle,  Matthew  Adams,  describes  him 
as"  master  of  nine  langpages,"  and  con> 
versant  with  the  most  famous  Greek,  Lat- 
in, Italian,  French,  and  Spanish  authors, 
as  well  as  with  the  noblest  Engflish  wri- 
ters. He  also  speaks  of  his  "  great  and 
undissembled  piety,  which  ran,  like  a  vein 
of  goM,  through  all  his  life  and  performan- 
ces."— He  published  a  sermon  on  his 
ordination,  173S,  and  a  poem  on  the  love 
of  money.  A  small  volume  of  his  poems 
was  published  at  Boston  in  1745,  which 
contains  imitations  and  paraphrases  of 
several  portions  of  scripture,  translations 
from  Horace,  and  the  whole  book  of 
Revelation  in  heroic  verse,  together  with 
original  pieces.  The  versification  is  re- 
markably harmonious  for  the  period  and 
the  country.  Mr.  Adams'  productions 
evince  a  lively  fancy  and  breathe  a  pious 
strain.  The  following  is  an  extract  from 
his  poem  on  Cotton  Mather : — 

"What  nanMroui  volumea,  scattered  rrom  his  hand. 
Lightened  his  own,  and  warmed  each  foreign  landl 
What  piona  breathings  of  a  glowing  soul 
Live  in  each  page,  and  aaimnle  the  whoMi 
The  braath  of  heaven  the  savory  page*  show. 
As  we  Arabia  from  its  spices  know — 
Ambitions,  active,  towering  was  his  soul, 
But  flaming  pie^  inspired  the  whole." 

— Ma»$a.  mag.  for  ^pr.  1789  ;  Baehu' 
hi$t.  ttbr.  158  ;  Pre/,  to  hispoenu;  8pe- 
eimetu  of  Amer.  poetry,  I.  67. 

ADAMS,  Matthew,  a  distinguished 
writer  in  Boston,  though  a  mechanic,  or 
"tradesman,"  yet  had  a  handsome  col- 
lection of  books  and  cultivated  literature. 
Dr.  Franklin  acknowledges  his  obliga- 
tions for  access  to  his  library.  He  was 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  Essays  in  the 
New  England  Journal.  He  died  poor, 
but  with  a  reputation  more  durable  than 
an  estate,  in  1753. — His  son,  Rev.  John 
Adams,  a  graduate  of  1745,  was  the  min- 
ister of  Durham,  N.H.  from  1748  to  1778. 
By  a  grant  of  400  acres  of  land  he  was 
induced  to  remove  to  the  small  plantation 
of  Washington  or  Newfield,  county  of 
York,  Maine,  having  only  5  families,  in 
Feb.  1781.    Here  he  passed  the  remain- 


.<3i*f.AJ..H0.A 


der  of  his  life,  preaching  and  practisinf 
physic  in  Newfield,  Limington,  Parv 
fieM,  and  Limerick,  till  his  deatii,  June  , 
1 79S,  aged  60.  He  was  subject  occasioiH 
ally  to  a  deep  depression  of  feeling ;  and 
at  other  times  was  borne  away  by  a  sud- 
den excitement,  which  gave  animation  to 
his  preaching.  A  fine  letter  from  Durham 
to  the  town  of  Boston  in  1774,  with  ado- 
nation,  was  written  by  him. — £/to(; 
Qreetdeaf,  tecl.  hut.  Maine,  \\i.         -, 

ADAMS,  Amos,  minister  of  Roxbniy, 
Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1753.  He  was  ordained  as  successor  to 
Mr.  Feabody  Sept.  13,  1753,  and  died  at 
Dorchester  Oct.  5, 1775,  in  the  48th  year 
of  his  age,  of  the  dysentery,  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  camp  at  Cambridge  and  Rox- 
bury.  His  son,  Thomas  Adams,  was  or- 
dained in  Boston  as  minister  for  Camden, 
South  Carolina,  where,  after  a  residence 
of  8  years,  he  died  Aug.  16, 1797. 

Mr.  Adams  in  early  life  devoted  him- 
self to  the  service  of  his  Redeemer,  and 
he  continued  his  benevolent  labors  as  a 
preacher  of  the  gospel  with  unabating 
vigor  till  his  death.  He  was  fervent  in 
devotion,  and  his  discourses,  always  ani- 
itaated  by  a  lively  and  expressive  action, 
were  remarkably  calculated  to  warm  the 
heart.  He  was  steadfast  in  his  principles 
and  unwearied  in  industry. 

He  published  the  following  sermons ; 
on  the  death  of  Lucy  Dudley,  1756 ;  at 
the  artillery  election,  1759;  on  a  general 
thanksgiving  for  the  reduction  of  Quebec, 
1759 ;  on  the  ordination  of  Samuel  Kings- 
bury, Edgartown,  Nov.  35, 1761  ;  at  the 
ordination  of  John  Wyeth,  Gloucester, 
Feb.  5, 1766 ;  the  only  hope  and  refuge 
of  sinners,  1767;  two  discourses  on  re- 
ligious liberty,  1767 ;  a  concise  and  his- 
torical view  of  New  England  in  two  dis- 
courses on  the  general  fast  April  6,  1769, 
which  was  republished  in  London  1770 ; 
sermons  at  the  ordination  of  Jonathan 
Moore,  Rochester,  Sept.  36, 1768,  and  of 
Caleb  Prentice,  Reading,  Oct.  35,  1769. 
He  preached  the  Dudleian  lecture  of  Harv- 
ard college  in  1770,  entitled,  diocesan 
episcopacy,  as  founded  on  the  supposed 
episcopacy  of  Timothy  and  Titus,  sub- 


ADAMS. 


Si 


vetted.  ThU  work  ia  a  specimen  of  the 
Inmingofthe  writer.  It  ia  lodged  in 
manuMsript  in  the  library  of  the  college. 

ADAMS,  Joaeph,  minister  of  New- 
ington,  N.  H.,  was  graduated  at  Harv- 
ard college,  in  1710,  was  ordained  in  1716, 
and  died  in  1788  aged  93.  He  preached 
till  just  before  his  death.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  John  Fabian, 
1757 ;  and  a  sermon  on  the  necessity  of 
rulers  civil  and  ecclesiastical  exerting 
themselves  against  the  growth  of  impie- 
ty, 1760. 

ADAMS,  Zabdiel,  minister  of  Lunen- 
burg, Mass.,  was  bom  in  Braintree,  now 
Quincy,  Nov.  5,  1739.  His  father  was 
the  uncle  of  John  Adams,  late  president 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1759,  having  made, 
while  in  that  seminary,  great  proficiency 
in  learning,  and  much  improved  the  vig- 
orous powers  of  mind,  with  which  he  was 
endued.  He  was  ordained  Sept.  6, 1764, 
and  died  March  1,  1801,  in  the  63ndyear 
of  his  age,  and  37th  of  his  ministry. 

Mr.  Adams  was  eminent  as  a  preacher 
of  the  gospel,  oflen  explaining  the  most 
important  doctrines  in  a  rational  and  scrip- 
tural manner,  and  enforcing  them  with 
plainneas  and  pungency.His  language  was 
nervous,  and  while  in  his  public  peform- 
ances  he  gave  instruction  he  also  impar- 
ted pleasure.  In  his  addresses  to  the 
throne  of  grace  he  was  remaricable  for  per- 
tinency of  thought  and  readiness  of  ut- 
terance. Though  by  bodily  constitution 
he  was  liable  to  irritation,  yet  he  treasure 
ed  no  ill  will  in  his  bosom.  His  heart 
was  easily  touched  by  the  afflictions  of 
others  and  his  sympathy  and  benevolence 
prompted  him  to  administer  relief,  when 
in  his  power.  About  the  year  1774  he 
wrote  a  pamphlet  maintaining,  without 
authority  from  the  platform  of  1648,  that 
a  pastor  has  a  negative  upon  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  church.  Some  ministers, 
who  embraced  his  principles,  lost  by  con- 
sequence their  parishes.  He  preached  the 
Dudleian  lect.  on  presbyterian  ordination 
in  1794. — He  pubh'shed  a  sermon  on  the 
nature,  pleasures,  and  advantages  of 
church  music,  1771 ;  on  christian  unity. 


1779 ;  the  election  sermon,  1789 ;  ontha 
19th  of  April,  1783 ;  at  the  ordinatkmof 
Enoch  Wlupple,1788.— FFMl>n  term. 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  ll.d.,  chief  justice 
of  Connecticut,  was  appointed  to  that 
place  in  1793,  having  been  upon  the 
bench  with  reputation  as  a  judge  fVom 
1789.  He  was  a  native  of  Stratford,  a 
graduate  of  Yale  college  in  1760,  and  a 
member  of  congress  about  the  year  1789. 
He  resided  at  Litchfield,  and  died  Nov.^ 
96,  1797,  aged  61  years.   '  <; 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  governor  of  Masaa- 
chusetts,  and  a  most  distinguished  patri- 
ot in  the  American  revolution,  was  bom 
in  Boston  of  a  reputable  fiimiiy  Sept.  97, 
1793.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvardeol- 
lege  in  1740.  When  he  commenced  mas- 
ter of  arts  in  1743,  he  proposed  the  fol- 
lowing question  for  discussion.  Whether 
it  be  lawful  to  resist  the  supreme  magis- 
trate, if  the  commonwealth  cannot  other- 
wise be  preserved  i  He  maintained  the 
afiirmative,  and  thus  early  showed  his  at- 
tachment to  the  liberties  of  the  peojde. 

Early  distinguished  by  talents  as  a 
writer,  his  first  attempts  were  proo6  of 
his  filial  piety.  By  hiseflforts  he  preserv- 
ed the  estate  of  his  father,  which  had 
been  attached  on  account  of  an  engage- 
ment in  the  land  bank  bubble.  He  was 
known  as  a  political  writer  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Shirley,  to  which  he  was 
opposed,  as  he  thought  the  union  of  so 
much  civil  and  military  power  in  one  man 
was  dangerous.  His  ingenuity,  wit,  and 
profound  argument  are  spoken  of  with 
the  highest  respect  by  those,  who  were 
cotemporary  with  him.  At  this  early 
period  he  laid  the  foundation  of  public 
confidence  and  esteem.  His  first  office  of 
tax  gatherer  made  him  acquainted  with 
every  shipwright  and  mechanic  in  Bos- 
ton, and  over  their  minds  he  ever  retain- 
ed a  powerful  influence.  From  this  em- 
ployment the  enemies  of  liberty  styled  him 
Samuel  the  publican. 

In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
general  assembly  of  Massachusetts  in  the 
place  of  Oxenbridge  Thacher,  deceased. 
He  was  soon  chosen  clerk,  and  he  gradu- 
ally acquired  influence  in  the  legislature. 


ADAMS. 


This  WHS  an  eventful  time.  But  Mr. 
Adams  poaseeaed  a  courage,  which  no 
dangers  could  shake.  He  was  undismay- 
ed by  the  prospect,  which  struck  terror 
into  the  hearts  of  many.  He  was  a  mem- 
her  of  the  legislature  nearly  ten  years,  and 
he  was  the  80ui>  which  animated  it  to  the 
most  important  resolutions.  No  man  did 
80  much.  He  pressed  his  measures  with 
aidor ;  yet  he  was  prudent ;  he  knew  how 
to  bend  the  passions  of  others  to  his  pur- 
pose. Gov.  Hutchinson  relates,  that  at  a 
town  Meeting  in  1760  an  objection  hav- 
ing been  made  to  a  motion,  because  it  im- 
plied an  independency  of  parliament,  Mr. 
Adams,  then  a  representative,  concluded 
his  speech  with  these  words:  "Independ- 
ent we  are,  and  independent  we  will  be." 
He  represents  too,  that  Mr.  Adams  by  a 
defidcation  aa  collector  had  injured  his 
character ;  but  he  adds:  "The  benefit  to 
the  town  from  his  defence  of  their  liberties 
he  supposed  an  equivalent  to  his  arrears 
as  their  collector."  Asa  political  writer 
he  deemed  him  the  most  artful  and  insin- 
uating of  all  men,  whom  he  ever  knew, 
and  tiie  most  successful  in  "robbing, men 
of  their .  characters,"  or  "calunmiating 
governors  and  other  servants  of  the 
crown." 

When  the  charter  was  dissolved,  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  provincial 
convention.  In  1774  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  general  congress.  In  this 
station,  in  which  he  remained  a  number 
of  years,  he  rendered  the  most  important 
services  to  his  country.  His  eloquence 
was  adapted  to  the  timei^'jli  which  he  liv- 
ed. The  energy  of  his  language  corres- 
ponded with  the  firmness  and  vigor  of 
his  mind.  His  heart  glowed  with  the 
feelings  of  a  patriot,  and  his  eloquence 
was  simple,  majestic,  and  persiusive.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  efficient  members  of 
congress.  He  possessed  keen  penetration, 
unshaken  fortitude,  and  permanent  deci- 
sion. Gordon  speaks  of  him  in  1774  as 
having  for  a  long  time  whispered  to  his 
confidential  friends,  that  this  country 
must  be  independent.  Walking  in  the 
fields  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton, he  said  to  a  friend, "  It  is  a  fine  day  :- 
I  mean,  this  day  is  a  glorious  day  for  Amer- 


ica." He  deemed  the  blow  to  be  struck, 
which  would  lead  to  independence.  In 
the  last  act  of  state  of  the  British  govern- 
ment in  Massachusetts  he  was  proscribed 
with  John  Hancock,  when  a  general  par- 
don was  offered  to  aU,  who  )md  rebelled. 
This  act  was  dated  Junel  3, 1776,  and  it 
teaches  Americans  what  they  owe  to  the 
denounced  patriot. 

In  1776  he  united  with  Franklin,  J.  Ad- 
ams, Hancock,  Jeiferson,  and  a  host  of 
worthies  in  declaring  the  United  States 
no  longer  an  appendage  toamonarohy, 
but  iVee  and  independent. 

When  the  constitution  of  Massachu- 
setts was  adopted,  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate,  of  which  body  he  was 
elected  president.  He  was  soon  sent  to 
the  western  counties  to  quiet  a  disturb- 
ance, which  was  rising,  and  he  was  suc- 
cessful in  his  mission.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  for  examining  the  conen 
titution  of  the  United  States.  He  made 
objections  to  several  of  its  provisions,  but 
his  principal  objection  was  to  that  article, 
which  rendered  the  several  states  amen- 
able to  the  courts  of  the  nation.  He 
thought  this  reduced  them  to  mere  eorpo- 
rations ;  that  the  sovereignty  of  each 
would  be  dissolved ;  and  that  a  consolida- 
ted government,  supported  by  an  army, 
would  be  the  consequence.  The  consti- 
tution was  afterwards  altered  in  this  point 
and  in  most  other  respacts  according  to  his 
wishes. 

In  1789  he  was  chosen  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor, and  was  continued  in  this  oflicetill 
1794,  when  he  was  elected  governor,  as 
successor  to  Mr.  Hancock.  He  was  annu- 
ally replaced  in  the  chair  of  the  first  mag- 
istrate of  Massachusetts  till  1797,  when 
his  age  and  infirmities  induced  liim  to  re- 
tire from  public  life.  He  died  Oct.  3d, 
1  SOS,  in  the  83d  year  of  his  age.  His  on- 
ly son,  of  the  same  name,  was  bom  in 
1751,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1770,  and  after  studying  under  Dr.  Joseph 
Warren  served  his  country  as  a  surgeon 
during  the  war.  Returning  home  with 
a  broken  constitution,  he  at  length  died 
Jan.  17, 1788.  The  avails  of  his  claims 
for  services  in  the  army  gave  his  father  a 
competency  in  his  declining  years. 


ej 

h< 


^%if«:.tki:wi». 


ilDAMS. 


Uege  in 

iJoseph 

iirgeon 

with 

Ih  died 

I  claims 

Lther  a 


The  trading  tnitB  In  the  tthKNwter  of 
Mr.  Adams  vere  an  unconquerable  love 
of  liberty,  integrity,  firmness,  and  decis- 
ion. Some  acts  of  his  administration  as 
chief  magistrate  were  cunsured,  though 
all  allowedi,  that  his  motives  were  pure.  A 
division  in  political  sentiments  at  that  time 
existkd,  and  afterwards  increased.  When 
he  differed  from  the  majority,  he  acted 
with  great  independence.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  opposed  peace  with  Great 
Britain,unle8s  the  northern  states  retained 
their  full  privileges  in  the  fisheries.  In 
1787  he  advised  the  execution  of  the  con- 
dign punislunent,  to  which  the  leaders  of 
the  rebellion  in  1786  had  been  sentenced 
It  was  his  settled  judgment,  that  in  a  r»- 
public,depending  for  itsexistenceupon  the 
intelligence  &  virtue  of  the  people,the  law 
should  be  rigidly  enforced.  Attached  to 
the  old  confederation,  he  often  gave  as  a 
toast, — "The  states  united  and  the  states 
separated."  He  was  opposed  to  the  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  made  by  Mr.  Jayl794, 
and  he  put  his  election  to  hazard  by  avow- 
ing his  dislike  of  it.  The  three  topics, 
on  which  he  delighted  to  dwell,  were 
British  thraldom, — the  manners,  laws, 
and  customs  of  New  England, — and  the 
importance  of  common  schools. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  man  of  incorruptible 
integrity.  Gov.  Hutchinson,  in  answer 
to  the  inquiry,  why  Mr.  Adams  was  not 
taken  off  from  his  opposition  by  an  oflice, 
writes  to  a  friend  in  England,  "Such  is 
the  obstinacy  and  inflexible  disposition  of 
the  man,  that  he  never  can  be  conciliated 
by  any  office  or  gift  whatever." 

He  was  poor.  While  occupied  abroad 
in  the  most  important  and  responsible  pub- 
lic duties,  the  partner  of  his  cares  support 
ted  the  family  at  home  by  her  industry. 
Though  his  resources  were  very  small; 
yet  such  were  the  economy  and  dignityof 
his  house,  that  those,  who  visited  him, 
found  nothing  mean,  or  unbecoming 
his  station.  His  country,  to  whose  inter- 
ests he  devoted  his  life,  permitted  him  to 
remain  poor ;  but  there  were  not  wanting 
a  few  friends,  who  showed  him  their  re- 
gard. In  this  honorable  poverty  he  con- 
tinued to  a  very  late  period  of  his  life ; 


and  had  not  a  decent  competency  Ihllen 
into  his  hands  by  the  very  afflicting  event 
of  the  death  of  an  only  son,  he  must  have 
depended  for  Subsistence  upon  the  kind- 
ness of  his  Mends,  or  the  charity  of  the 
public. 

To  a  majestic  countenance  and  dignifi- 
ed mannen  there  was  added  a  suavity  of 
temper,  which  conciliated  the  affection 
of  Us  acquaintance.  Sonke,  who  disap- 
proved of  his  political  conduct,  loved  and 
revered  him  as  a  neighbor  and  flriend.  He 
could  readily  relax  from  severer  cares  and 
studies  to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  private 
conversation.  Though  somewhat  reserve 
ed  among  strangers,  yet  with  his  friends 
he  was  cheerftil  and  companionable,  a  lov- 
er of  chaste  wit,  and  remarkably  fond  of 
anecdote.  He  faithfully  discharged  the 
duties  arising  fVom  the  relations  of  social 
life.  His  house  was  the  seat  of  domestic 
peace,  regularity,  and  method. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  christian.  His  mind 
was  early  imbued  with  piety,  as  well  as 
cultivated  by  science.  He  early  approach- 
ed the  table  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  and  the 
purity  of  his  life  witnessed  the  sincerity 
of  his  profession.  On  the  christian  sab- 
bath he  constantly  went  to  the  temple, 
and  the  morning  and  evening  devotions 
in  his  family  proved,  that  his  religion  at- 
tended him  in  his  seasons  of  retirement 
fVom  the  world.  His  sentiments  were 
strictly  calvinistic.  The  pbttform  of  the 
NewEngland  churches  he  deemed  an  anw 
pie  guide  in  all  mattiM  of  ecclesiastical  dis- 
cipline and  order.^^the  last  production 
of  his  pen  was  in  favor  of  christian  truth. 
He  died  in  the  faith  of  the  gospeL 

He  was  a  sage  and  a  patriot.  The  in- 
dependence of  the  United  States  of 
America  is  perhaps  to  be  attributed  as 
much  to  his  exertions,  as  to  the  exer- 
tions of  any  one  man.  Though  he  was 
called  to  struggle  with  adversity,  he  •  -  - 
never  discouraged.  He  was  consisten. 
and  firm  under  the  cruel  neglect  of  a 
friend  and  the  malignant  rancor  of  an  en- 
emy; comforting  himself  in  the  darkest 
seasons  with  reflections  upon  the  wisdom 
and  goodness  of  God. 

Mr.  John  Ac^ams  speaks  of  him  in  the 


ADAMS. 


following  tenna:-"The  talenU and  virtues 
of  that  gnat  man  wen  of  the  most  exalt- 
ed, though  not  of  the  most  showy  kind. 
Hk  loveofhiseountry,  his  exertions  in 
her  aervioe  through  a  long  coarse  of  years, 
through  the  administrations  of  the  gov- 
«taon  Shirley,  Pownall,  Bernard,  Hutch- 
inson, and  Gage  under  the  royal  govem- 
ment  and  through  the  whole  of  the  subae- 
•qvent  revolution  and  always  in  support 
of  the  same  principles;  his  inflexible  in- 
tegrity, his  disinterestedness,  his  invariap 
Ue  resolution,  his  sagacity,  his  patience, 
peisevemnce,  and  pun  public  virtue  wen 
not  exceeded  by  any  man  in  America.  A 
collection  of  his  writings  would  be  as  cu- 
rious as  voluminous.  It  would  throw 
light  upon  American  history  for  fifty 
years.  In  it  would  be  found  specimens  of 
a  nervous  simplicty  of  reasoning  and  elo- 
quence, that  have  never  been  rivalled  in 
America." 

His  ^(mtings  exist  only  in  the  perishable 
columns  ofa  newspaper  or  pamphlet.  In 
his  mon  advanced  years,  in  the  year 
1790,  a  few  letters  passed  between  him 
and  Mr.  John  Adams,  then  viei  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  in  whicji  the 
principles  of  government  an  discussed, 
and  then  seems  to  have  been  some  differ- 
ence of  sentiment  between  those  eminent 
patriots  and  statesmen,  who  had  toiled 
together  through  the  revolution.  This 
correspondence  was  published  in  1800. 
An  oration,  which  Mr.  Adams  delivered 
at  the  state  house  i||tt|til8delphia  Aug.  1 , 
1776,  was  publiah^^  The  object  is  to 
support  American  independence,  the  de- 
claration of  which  by  congress  had  been 
made  a  short  time  befon.  He  opposes 
kingly  government  and  hereditary  suc- 
cession with  warmth  and  energy.  Not 
long  befon  his  death  he  addressed  a  letter 
to  Paine,  expressing  his  disapprobation  ot 
that  unbeliever's  attempts  to  injure  the 
cause  of  Christianity. — ThaeherU  <ermon; 
SuilivanU  ehmneter  of  him  in  public  pa- 
peri;  Polyanthoi,  iii.  73—82;  Oordon, 
i.  S47,  410;  Britiot,  iVottv.  Voy.  i.  151; 
Thaeher'B  med.  Hog;  Huteh.  laat  Hitt. 
365;  £/to('5  biog.  diet.;  Enny.  ^mer.  4* 
Reel. 


ADAMS,  John,  president  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  bom  at  Braintree,  Mass., 
Oct.  19, 1786,  O.S.,  or  Oct.  SOth,  prea- 
ent  style.  His  &ther,  John,  was  a  dea- 
con of  the  church,  a  iknner,  and  a  mechan- 
ic, and  died  May  36, 1761,  aged  69;  his 
grand  fkther,  Joaefrfi,  died  Feb.,  18, 1787, 
aged  83;  hia  great  grand  father,  Joseph, 
was  bom  in  England,  and  died  at  Brain- 
tree  Dec.  6,  1697  aged  68;  thefhther 
of  this  ancestor  waaJIenry,-who  as  the 
inscription  on  his  monument,  erected  by 
John  Adams,  says,  "took  his  flight  Horn 
the  Dragon  persecution,  in  Devonshin, 
England,  and  alighted  with  eight  sons 
near  Mount  Wollaston."  Of  these  sons 
four  removed  to  Medfield  and  the  neigh- 
boring towns,  and  two  to  Chehnsford. 
The  year  of  Henry's  arrival  at  Braintree, 
now  Quincy,  is  not  known,  but  is  sup- 
posed to  be  1683 ;  he  died  Oct.  8.  1646. 

John  Adams,  while  a  member  of  Har- 
vard college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1755,  was  distuiguished  by  diligence  in 
his  studies,  by  boldness  of  thought,  and 
by  the  powers  of  his  mind.  YHule  he 
studied  law  at  Worcester  with  colonel 
Jame^  Pntnam,  an  able  lawyer  in  exten- 
sive practice,  iVom  1755  to  1768,  he 
instructed  pupils'  in  Latin  and  Greek, 
as  the  means  of  subsistence.  At  this  ear- 
ly period  he  had  imbibed  a  prejudice 
against  the  prevailing  religious  opinions 
of  New  England,  and  became  attached  to 
speculations,  hostile  to  those  opinions. 
Nor  wen  his  views  afterwards  changed. 
Perhaps  the  religious  sentiments  of  most 
men  biecome  settled  at  as  early  a  period 
of  their  lives.  If  therefon  the  cher- 
ished views  of  Christianity  have  any 
relation  to  practice  and  to  one's  destiny 
hereafter;  with  what  sobriety,  candor, 
and  diligence  and  witli  what  earnestness 
of  prayer  for  light  and  guidance  from 
above  ought  every  young  man  to  investi- 
gate revealed  truth?  In  April  1766  he 
was  deliberating  as  to  his  profession. 
Some  friends  advised  him  to  study  theol- 
ogy. In  a  few  months  afterwards  he  fix- 
ed upon  the  profession  of  law.  He  had 
not  "the  highest  opinion  of  whatis  called 
orthodoxy."     He  had  known  a  young 


ADAMS. 


man,  worthy  of  the  beat  pariuh,  despised 
for  being  suspected  of  arminianism.  He 
was  more  desirous  of  being  an  eminent, 
honorable  lawyer,  tlian  of  "  heading  the 
whole  army  of  orthodox  preachers."  In 
a  letter  to  Dr.  Morse  in  1815  he  says— 
"  Sixty  five  years  ago  my  own  minister 
Rev.  Lemuel  Bryant ;  Dr.  Mayhew  of 
the  west  church  in  Boston;  Rev.  Mr. 
Shute  of  Hingham ;  Rev.  John  Brown 
of  Cohasset ;  and  perhaps  equal  to  all,  if 
not  above' all.  Rev.  Mr.  Gay  of  Hing- 
ham were  Unitarians.  Among  the  laity 
how  many  could  I  name,  lawyers,  physi- 
cians, tradesmen,  and  farmers  ?-More  than 
66  years  ago  I  read  Dr.  S.  Clarke,  £m- 
lyn,  &c." 

In  Oct.  1758  Mr.  Adams  presented 
himself  a  stranger,— poor  &''friendles8,-to 
Jeremy  Gridley,  of  Boston,  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  crown,  to  ask  of  him  the  iavor 
to  offer  him  to  the  superior  court  of  the 
province,  then  sittihg,  for  admission  to 
the  bar.  Mr.  Griilley  examined  him  in 
his  office  and  recommended  him  to  the 
court,  and  at  the  same  time  gave  him  ex- 
cellent paternal  advice.  For  his  kindness 
Mr.  Adams  was  ever  grateful,  and  was  af- 
terwards his  intimate  personal  and  profes- 
sional friend.  As  Mr.  Gridley  was  grand- 
master of  the  Ma'-dachusetts' grand  lodge 
of  Pree  Masons,  Mr.  Adams  once  asked 
his  advice,  whether  it  was  worth  his  while 
to  become  a  member  of  the  society ;  the 
reply  of  the  grand  master  was — "No" — 
adding,  that  he  did  not  need  the  artificial 
support  of  the  society,  and  that  there  was 
"nothing  in  the  masonic  institution,  wor- 
thy of  his  seeking  to  be  associated  with 
it."  In  consequence  of  this  advice  he  nev- 
er sought  admission  to  the  lodge. 

Mr.  Adams  commenced  the  practice  of 
the  law  at  Quincy,  then  in  the  county  of 
Sufiblk,  and  soon  had  a  sufficiency  of  lu- 
crative business.  In  1761  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  degree  of  barrister  at  law.  In 
this  year  a  small  estate  became  his  by  the 
decease  of  his  father.  At  this  period  his 
zeal  for  the  rights  oVhis  country  was  in- 
flamed by  the  attempt  of  the  British  cabi- 
net to  introduce  in  Massachusetts  writs 
of  a»ii$tanee,  a  kind  of  general  search 


warrant  for  the  discovery  of  goods  not 
discharged  from  the  parliamentary  taxM. 
The  a&ir  was  argued  in  Boston  by  Mr. 
Otis.  Mr.  Adams  says,  "every  man  of  an 
immense,  crowded  audience,  ai^teared  to 
me  to  go  away,  as  I  did,  ready  to  take  arms 
against  writs  of  assistance." — "Then  and 
there  the  child  independence  was  bom." 

In  1764  ho  married  Abigail  Smith, 
daughter  of  Rev.  William  Smith  of  Wey- 
mouth, and  grand-daughter  of  Col.  Quin- 
cy, a  lady  of  uncommon  endowments  and 
excellent  education. — In  the  next  year  he 
published  an  essay  on  Canon  and  Feudal 
Law,  reprinted  at  London  in  1768,  and 
at  Philadelphia  in  1783.  His  object  was 
to  show  the  conspiracy  between  church 
and  state  for  the  purpose  of  oppressing 
the  people.  He  wished  to  enlighten  his 
fellow  citizens,  that  they  might  prize  their 
liberty  and  be  ready,  if  necessary,  to  as- 
sert their  rights  by  forr«. 

He  removed  to  Boston  in  ,1765,  and 
there  had  extensive  legal  practice.  In 
1768  gov.  Bernard  oflbred  him  through 
his  friend,  Mr.  Sewall,  the  place  of  advo- 
cate general  in  the  court  of  admiralty,  a 
lucrative  post;  but  he  decidedly  declined 
the  ofier.  He  was  not  a  man,  thus  to  be 
bribed- to  desert  the  cause  of  his  country. 
The  office  was  the  same,  which  Mr. 
Otis  had  resigned  in  1761  in  order  to  op- 
pose the  writs  of  assistance.  Yet  Mr. 
Hutchinson  states,  that  he  was  at  a  loss 
which  side  to  take,  and  that  the  neglect 
of  Bernard  to  make  him  a  justice  of  the 
peace  roused  Mu^triotism I  He  adds: 
"his  ambition  .1m|  without  bounds,  and 
he  has  acknowledged  to  his  acquaintance, 
that  he  could  not  look  with  complacency 
upon  any  man,  who  was  in  possession  of 
more  wealth,  more  honor,  or  more  knowl- 
edge than  hlinself."  In  1769  he  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  of  the  town 
of  Boston  for  drawing  up  instructions  to 
their  representatives  to  resist  the  British 
encroachments.  His  colleagues  were 
R.  Dana  and  Jos.  Warren.  These 
instructions  were  important  links  in  the 
chain  of  revolutionary  events. — In  con- 
sequence of  the  aifray  with  the  British 
garrison  March  5, 1770,  in  which  several 


M 


ADAMS. 


ofthe  people  of Boiton  were  killed,  the 
iokUen  werearnigned  before  the  civil  au- 
thority. Notwithetandinsr  the  strong  ex- 
dtflment  agaiiut  them  Mr.  Adama,  with 
J.Qainey  It  S.  S.  Blowen,  defended 
them,  and  procured  the  acquittal  of  all  ex- 
cept two,  who  were  convicted  of  man- 
•laughter  and  branded  in  puniahment. 
Thia  triumph  of  justice,  for  tliesoldiera 
were  first  attacked,  was  honorable  to  the 
cause  of  America.— In  May  1770  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature,  m 
which  he  took  a  prominent  part. 

In  1778  he  wrote  ably  in  the  Boston 
Gazette  against  the  regulation,  making 
judges  dependent  for  their  salaries  upon 
•the  crown.  In  177S  and  1774  he  was 
chosen  into  the  council  by  the  assembly 
but  negatived  by  the  governor.  To  the 
struggle  at  this  period  between  the  house 
and  the  governor  in  respect  to  the  council 
his  ftieod,  Sewall,  pleasantly  alludes  thus: 
"  we  have  sometimes  seen  half  a  dozen 
sail  of  tory  navigation  unable,  on  an  elec- 
tion day,  to  pass  the  bar  formed  by  the  flux 
and  reflux  ofthe  tides  at  the  entrance  of 
the  harbor,  and  as  many  whiggish  ones 
stranded  the  next  morning  on  Oover- 
nor's  island."— June  17,  1774  he  was 
chosen  by  the  assembly,  together  with 
T.  Gushing,  S.  Adams,  and  R.T.  Paine, 
to  the  fint  continental  congress.  To 
Sewall,  who  while  they  were  attending 
the  court  at  Portland  endeavored  to  dis- 
suade him,  in  a  morning  walk  on  "  the 
great  hill,"  from  tficepting  this  appoint- 
ment, he  said; "  thfrd^is  now  cast:  I 
have  passed  the  RubienFt  swim  or  sink, 
live  or  die,  survive  or  perish  with  my 
country  is  my  unalterable  determination." 
Thus  he  parted  with  his  tory  friend,  nor 
did  he  converse  with  him  again  till  1788. 

Ho  took  his  seat  in  congress  Sept.  5, 
1774,  and  was  on  the  committee,  wlunh 
drew  up  the  statement  of  the  rights  of 
the  colonies,  and  on  that,  which  prepared 
the  address  to  the  king.  At  this  period 
the  memben  of  congress  generally  were 
notdetermined  on  independence.  It  was 
thought,the  British  would  relinquish  their 
claims. — He  returned  to  Boston  in  No- 
Twober,  and  soon  wrote  the  papers,  with 


the  signature  of  Novanglut,  in  answer  to 
those  of  his  iViend,Sewall,  with  the  signap 
ture  of  MaMMhuiettetuu.  The  latter 
are  dated  from  Deo.  13,  1774  to  April  S, 
1776 ;  the  former  iVom  Jan.  SS  to  April 
17, 177R.  These  papen  were  reprinted  in 
1819  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Adams,  with 
the  addition  of  lettera  to  W.  Tudor. 

A  short  review  of  them  may  be  interestp 
ing,  as  they  relate  to  a  period  immediate- 
ly preceding  the  commencement  ofhostil- 
ities.  In  this  controveny  Mr.  Sewall 
said;  "  I  saw  the  small  seed  of  sedition, 
when  it  was  implanted;  it  was  as  a  grain 
of  mustard.  I  have  watched  thephnt, 
until  it  has  become  a  great  tree;  the  vi- 
lest reptiles,  that  crawl  upon  the  earth, 
are  concealed  at  the  root;  the  foulest 
birdsof  theair  rest  on  its  branches.  I 
now  woukl  induce  you  to  go  to  work  uOf 
mediately  with  axes  and  hatchets,  snd 
cut  it  down,  for  a  twofold  reason ;  because 
it  is  a  pest  to  society,  and  lest  it  be  felled 
suddenly  by  a  stronger  arm  and  crush  its 
thousands  in  the  fall."  In  the  fint  phice 
he  maintained,  that  resistance  to  Great 
Britain  wouU  be  unavailing.  The  mili- 
tia he  considered  undisciplined,  fc  ungov- 
ernable, each  man  being  a  politician,  puf- 
fed up  with  his  own  opinion.  "An  ex- 
perienced British  ofiicer  would  rather 
take  his  chance  with  five  thousand  Brit- 
ish troops,  than  fifty  thousand  such  mili- 
tia." The  sea  coast  he  regarded  as  totally 
unprotected.  Our  trade,  fishery,  naviga- 
tion, and  maritime  towns  were  liable  to 
be  lost  in  a  moment.  The  back  settle- 
ments would  fall  a  prey  to  the  Canadians 
and  Indians.  The  British  army  wouki 
sweepall  before  it,  like  a  whirlwind.  Be- 
sides, New  England  would  probably  be 
alone,  unsupported  by  the  other  statep. 
Rebellion  therefore  would  be  the  height 
of  madness.  In  considering  the  reasons 
for  resistance  he  maintained,  that  the  par- 
liament had  a  right  to  pass  a  stamp-act, 
in  order  that  the  colonies  shoukl  bear  a 
part  of  the  national  burden.  Similar  acts 
had  been  before  passed.  We  had  paid 
postage  agreeably  to  act  of  parliament, 
duties  imposed  for  regukiting  trade,  and 
even  for  raising  a  revenue  to  the  crown, 


ADAMS. 


11 


withont  questioning  llie  right.  This 
right,  he  says,  wu  first  denied  by  the  re> 
solves  of  the  house  of  burgesses  in  Vir- 
ginia. "  We  read  them  with  wonder  ; 
they  savored  of  independence."  The 
three-ponny  duty  on  tea,  ho  thought, 
should  not  be  regarded  as  burdensome, 
for  the  duty  of  a  shilling,  laid  upon  it  for 
regulating  trade,  and  therefore  allowed 
to  be  constitutional,  was  taken  off ;  so 
that  we  were  gainers  ninepence  in  the 
pound  by  the  new  regulation,  which  was 
designed  to  prevent  jnnuggling  and  not 
to  raise  a  revenue.  The  act  declaratory 
of  the  right  to  tax  was  of  no  consequence, 
so  long  as  there  was  no  grievous  exercise 
of  it,espeeially  as  we  had  protested  against 
it  and  our  assemblies  had  ten  times  re- 
solved, that  no  such  right  existed.  But 
demagogues  were  interested  in  inflaming 
the  minds  of  the  people.  The  pul- 
pit also  was  a  powerful  engine  in 
promoting  discontent. — Though  the 
small  duty  of  three  pence  was  to  be  paid 
by  the  Blast  India  company  or  their  fac- 
tors on  landing  the  tea,  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  it  at  auction,  and  no  one  was 
obliged  to  purchase  ;  yet  the  mob  of  Bos- 
ton in  disguise  forcibly  entered  the  three 
ships  of  tea,  split  open  the  chests,  and 
emptied  the  whole,  10,000  /.  sterling  in 
value,  into  the  dock,  "and  perfumed  the 
town  with  its  fragrance."  Yet  zealous 
rebel  merchants  were  every  day  importing 
teas,  subject  to  the  same  duty.  The  act 
interfered  with  their  inlere$t,  not  with 
the  welfare  of  the  people.  The  blockade 
act  against  Boston  was  a  just  retaliatory 
measure,  because  the  body  meeting,  con- 
trived merely  as  a  screen  to  the  town, 
consisting  of  thousands,  had  resolvedjthat 
the  tea  should  not  pay  the  duty.  Now 
sprung  up  from  the  brain  of  a  partizan  the 
"committee  of  correspondence" — "the 
foulest,  subtlest,  and  most  venomous  ser- 
pent, tiuit  ever  issued  from  the  eggs  of 
sedition."  A  new  doctrine  had  been  ad- 
vanced, that  as  the  Americans  are  not 
represented  in  parliament,  they  are  ex- 
empt from  acts  of  parliament.  But  if  the 
colonies  are  not  subject  to  the  authority 
■of  parliament.  Great  Britain  and  the  colo- 


nies must  be  distinct  sutes.  Two  ind»- 
pendent  authorities  cannot  eo-esist 
The  colonies  have  only  power  to  r-^golat* 
their  internal  police,  but  ar?  aecuMurily 
subject  to  the  control  of  the  aupreiiie 
power  of  the  state.  Had  any  person  d»> 
nied  15  years  ago,  that  the  colonies  wen 
subject  to  the  authority  of  parliament,  he 
would  have  been  deemed  a  fool  or  a  isad- 
man.  It  was  curious  to  trace  the  history 
of  rd>ellion.  When  the  stamp  act  wai 
passed,  the  right  of  parliament  to  impose 
internal  taxes  was  denied,  but  the  right 
to  impose  external  ones,  to  lay  duties  on 
goods  and  merchandize,  was  admitted. 
On  the  passage  of  the  tea  act  a  new  dis- 
tinction was  set  up ;  duties  could  be  laid 
for  the  regulation  of  trade  but  not  for 
raising  a  revenue ;  parliament  could  lay 
the  former  duty  oi^a  shilling  a  pound,  but 
not  the  present  duty  of  three  pence. 
There  was  but  one  more  step  to  indepen- 
dence,— the  denial  of  the  right  in  parlia- 
ment to  make  any  laws  wliatever,  which 
should  bind  the  colonies;  and  this  step  the 
pretended  patriots  had  taken.  Mr.  Otis, 
the  oracle  of  the  whigs,  in  1764  never 
thought  of  this.  On  the  contrary  he 
maintained  in  respect  to  the  colonies,  that 
"the  parliament  has  an  undoubted  power 
and  lawAil  authority  to  make  acts  for  the 
general  good."  Obedience,  in  his  view, 
was  a  solemn  duty.  The  original  charter 
of  the  cok>ny  exempted  it  iVom  taxes  for 
a  definite  period,  implying  the  right  to 
tax  afterwards.  The  grant  of  all  the  UIh 
erties  of  natural|eb|ects  within  the  realm 
of  England  affaWnio  immunity  tnm  tax- 
et:  If  a  person,  bom  in  England,  shoukl 
remove  to  Ireland,  or  to  Jersey,  or  Guern- 
sey, whence  no  member  is  sent  to  parli»> 
meni,  he  would  be  in  the  same  predica^ 
ment  with  an  emigrant  to  America ;  all 
having  the  rights  of  natural  born  subjects. 
In  the  charter  by  king  William  the  pow- 
era  of  legislation  were  restricted,  so  that 
nothing  should  be  done  contrary  to  the 
lawi  0/  the  re<ilm  of  England.  Even 
Dr.  Franklin  in  1765  admitted,  that  the 
British  had  "  a  natural  and  equitable  right 
to  some  toiler  duty  upon  merchandizes," 
carried  through  the  American  seas.    Mr. 


li 


ADAMS. 


Otit  felao  ih  the  Mine  year  admitted  the 
nme  eqtiitabie  right  of  parliament  '*  to 
hnpoae  taxea  on  the  colonies,  internal  and 
external,  on  landa  an  well  aa  on  trade." 
Indeed  for  more  than  a  century  parliament 
had  exercised  the  now  controverted  righ* 
of  legislation  and  taxation. 
'  On  the  whole  Mr.  Sewall  was  con- 
vinced, that  the  avarice  and  ambition  of 
the  leading  whigs  were  the  causes  of  the 
troubles  of  America:  "  they  call  them- 
selves the  people,  and  when  their  own 
measures  are  censilred,  cry  out,  the  peo- 
ple, the  people  are  abused  and  insulted  I" 
He  deplored  the  condition  of  the  dupes  of 
the' republican  party,  the  men,  who  every 
morning  "swallowed  a  chimera  for  break- 
fast." By  the  infamous  methods  resort- 
ed to,  "  many  of  the  ancient,  trusty,  and 
skilful  pilots,  who  had  steered  the  com- 
munity safely  in  the  most  perilous  times, 
were  driven  from  the  helm,  and  their  pla- 
ces occupied  by  diiierent  peraons,  some  of 
whom,  bankrupts  in  fortune,  business, 
and  fame,  are  now  striving  to  run  the 
ship  on  the  rocks,  that  they  may  have  an 
opportunity  of  plundering  the  wreck !" 

To  this  Mr.  Adams  replied,  that  par- 
liament had  authority  over  America  by  no 
law:  not  by  the  law  of  nature  and  na- 
tions ;  nor  by  common  law,  which  never 
extended  beyond  the  four  senH ;  nor  by 
statute  law,  for  none  existed  before  the 
settlement  of  the  colonies  ;  and  that  we 
were  under  no  religious,  morel,  or  polit- 
ical obligations  to  submit  to  parliament  as 
a  supreme  executive.  JK^asked. "  Is  the 
three  pence  upon  tea  our  only  grievance? 
Are  we  not  deprived  of  the  privilege  of 
paying  our  governors,  judges,  &c.  i  Are 
not  trials  by  jury  taken  from  us  ?  Are  we 
not  sent  to  England  for  trial?  Is  not  a 
military  government  put  over  us?  Is  not 
our  constitution  demolished  to  the  found- 
ation?"— ^"Nip  the  shoots  of  arbitrary 
power  in  the  bud  is  the  only  maxim,which 
<an  ever  preserve  the  liberties  of  any  peo- 
ple." He  maintained  that  the  pretence 
to  tax  for  revenue,  and  not  merely 
for  the  regulation  of  trade,  had  never 
been  advanced  fU  recently  ;  that  in  1754 
Dr.  Franklin  denied  such  a  right ;  that 


more  than  a  century  before  both  Ms 
chusetts  and  Virginia  had  protested 
against  the  act  of  navigfation  and  rei\iaed 
obedience,  because  not  represented  in  par» 
liament.  He  denied,that  there  was  a  whig 
in  the  province,  who  wished  to  set  up  an 
independent  republic.  But  resistance  to 
lawless  violence,  he  said,  is  not  rebellion 
by  the  law  of  God  or  of  the  land.  And 
as  to  inability  to  cope  with  Great  Britain, 
he  maintained,  that  "  in  a  land  war  this 
continent  might  deibnd  itself  against  all 
the  world."  As  to  old  charters,  that  of 
Virginia  in  1609  exempted  the  compa- 
ny forever  from  taxes  on  goods  and  mer- 
chandizes. The  same  exemption  was  giv- 
en to  Maryland  in  16S9.  The  Plymouth 
colony  was  settled  without  a  charter,  on 
the  simple  principle  of  nature,  and  thus 
continued  an  independent  government  68 
years.  The  same  was  the  case  with  the 
colonies  in  Connecticut.  In  Massachu- 
setts the  general  court  in  1677  declared, 
that  the  laws  of  England  were  bounded 
within  the  four  seas  and  did  not  reach 
America.  The  only  power  of  parliament, 
which  he  would  allow,  was  that,  arising 
from  our  voluntary  cession,  of  regulating 
trade.  The  first  charter  erectod  a  corpo- 
ration within  the  realm  of  England; 
there  the  governor  and  company  were  to 
reside,  and  their  agents  only  were  to  come 
to  America.  But  they  came  themselves 
and  brought  their  charter  with  them,  and 
thus,  being  out  of  the  re8lm,were  not  sub- 
ject to  parliament.  The  king  of  England 
could  by  law  grant  nothing  out  of  Eng- 
land, or  the  realm.  The  great  seal  had 
no  authority  out  of  the  realm,  except  to 
mandatory  or  preceptory  writs ;  and  such 
was  not  the  charter.  In  case  uf  the  for- 
feitui'e  of  a  charter  the  people  born  here 
could  be  under  no  allegiance  to  the  king. 
— Such  briefly  were  the  opposite  views  of 
these  distinguished  men.  These  wri- 
tings of  Mr.  Adams,  with  those  of  Otis, 
Thacher,  and  others,  contributed  much 
to  the  emancipation  of  America  from  Brit- 
ish thraldom. 

Mr.  Adams  attended  the  next  congress 
in  1775.  On  hearing  of  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  war  was  determined  on.    At 


ADAMS. 


hit  miggMtion  Gov.  Johnatone  nominated 
Wuhington  u  commander  in  chief,  and 
he  was  unanimously  chosen.  When  he 
returned  to  MBssachusetts.he  declined  the 
ofRoe  or  chief  justice,  to  which  he  had 
been  invited.  In  congress  he  was  among 
the  foremost,  who  were  in  ikvor.  of 
independence.  He  moved  May  6,  1776 
to  recommend  to  the  colonies  "  to  adopt 
such  a  government,  as  would,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  representatives  of  the  people, 
best  conduce  to  the  happiness  and  safety 
of  their  constituents  and  of  America." 
This  passed,  after  earnest  debate,  on  the 
16th.  R.  H.  Lee  moved  on  the  7th  June, 
and  the  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr. 
Adams,  "  that  these  united  colonies  are, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be  free  and  inde- 
pendent states."  The  debate  continued 
to  the  10th,  and  was  then  postponed  to 
the  Ist  of  July.  A  committee  of  five, 
consisting  of  Jefferson,  Adams,  Franklin, 
Sherman,  and  R.  R.  Livingston,  was  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. The  two  first  were  the  sub- 
committee. The  instrument,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Mr.  Adams,  was  written  by  Jef- 
ferson. The  resolution  of  Lee  was  deba- 
ted again  Jnly  Ist,  and  adopted  on  the 
3d.  Then  the  Declaration  was  consider- 
ed and  passed,  with  a  few  omissions  and 
changes,  July  4th  ;  but  not  without  vig- 
orous opposition,  particularly  iVom  John 
Dickinson,  one  of  the  ablest  men  and 
finest  writera  in  congress.  The  opposing 
arguments  were  met  by  Mr.  Adams  in  a 
speech  of  unrivalled  power.  Of  him 
Mr.  Jefferson  said, — "  the  great  pillar  of 
support  to  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence and  its  ablest  advocate  and  champion 
on  the  floor  of  the  house  was  John  Ad- 
ams."— "  He  was  the  colossus  of  that 
congress:  not  graceful,  not  eloquent,  not 
always'fluent  in  his  public  addresses,  he 
yet  came  out  with  a  power  both  of 
thought  and  expression,  which  moved 
his  hearers  from  their  seats." 

On  the  next  day  Mr.  Adams  wrote  the 
foUowipff  letter  to  his  wife,  dated  Phila- 
delphia, July  6,  1776: — 

"  Yesterday  the  greatest  question  was 
decided,  which  was  ever  debated  in  A- 


merica,  and  a  greater,  perhaps,  nev«r 
was,  or  will  be,  decided  among  men.  A 
resolution  has  passed  without  one  dissent* 
ing  colony,  "That  theie  eolmu$  mrg, 
md  of  right  ougkt  to  he.  Free  and  h^ 
dependent  State:" 

"The  day  is  passed.  The  fourth  day 
of  July,  1776,  will  be  a  memorable  epoek 
in  the  history  of  America.  I  am  apt  to 
believe,  it  will  be  celebrated  by  succeeding 
generations  as  the  great  anniversary  festi- 
val. It  ought  to  be  commemorated,  as 
the  day  of  deliverance,  by  solemn  acts  of 
devotion  to  Almighty  God.  It  ought  to 
be  solemnized  with  pomp,  shows,  games, 
sports,  guns,  bells,  bonfires,  and  illumina- 
tions from  one  end  of  the  continent  to  the 
other,  from  this  time  forward,  forever. 
You  will  think  me  transported  with  en- 
thusiasm ;  but  I  am  not.  I  am  well  aware 
of  the  toil  and  blood,  and  treasure,  that  it 
will  cost  us  to  maintain  this  declaration, 
and  support  and  defend  these  States ;  yet 
through  all  the  gloom  I  can  see  the  rays 
of  light  and  glory.  I  can  see,  that  the 
end  is  more  than  worth  all  the  means,  and 
that  posterity  will  triumph,  although  you 
and  I  may  rue,  which  I  hope  we  shall  not." 

Mr.  Silas  Deane,  c(Hnmissioner  with 
Franklin  and  A.  Lee  at  the  French  court, 
having  been  recalled,  Mr.  Adams  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place  Nov.  98,  1777. — He 
was  thus  released  fVom  his  duties  as  chair- 
man of  the  board  of  war,  in  which  he  had 
been  engaged  since  June  13, 1776.  It  is 
said,  that  he  had  been  a  member  of  90 
committees,  and  dliirman  of  36. — Em- 
barking in  about  twb  months  in  the  Bos- 
ton frigate,  he  arrived  safely;  but  the  trea- 
ties of  commerce  and  alliance  had  been 
signed  before  his  arrival.— Soon  after  his 
return  he  assisted,  in  the  autumn  of  1779, 
as  a  member  of  the  convention;  and  as  one 
of  the  sub-committee  in  preparing  a  form 
of  government  for  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts. He  wrote  the  clause  in  regard  to 
the  patronage  of  literature.  Sept  39, 
1779  he  was  appointed  minister  plenipo* 
tentiary  to  negotiate  a  peace,  and  had  au- 
thority to  form  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain.  He  sailed  in  the  French 
frigate  Sensible,  Nov.  17,  landed  at  Fer- 


M 


ADAMS. 


roil  and  tiler  «  toiteome  journey  arrived 
■t  Paris  in  Feb.  1780.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  Francis  Dana  as  secreUry  of 
legation,  and  by  JohnThaxter  as  private 
secretary.  Deeming  a  re«idenoe  in  Hol- 
land more  favorable  to  his  country,  than 
in  Paris,  he  determined  to  prooeM  to 
AmsterAun  aa  soon,  as  permission  mxAd 
be  obtained  Trom  the  French  minister, 
count  de  Vergennes,  who  was  displeased 
by  the  reAisal  of  Mr.  Adams  to  commu- 
nicate to  him  his  instructions  in  regard 
to  the  treaty  of  commerce.  In  August 
he  repaired  to  Amsterdam,  having  previ- 
ously been  instructed  to  procure  loans  in 
Holland,  and  soon  afterwards  receiving 
power  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  amity  and 
conimerce. '  Amidst  great  difficultiea,  aris- 
from  the  hostility  of  England  and  the 
ues  of  France  herself,  he  toiled  in- 
tly  for  the  interest  of  his  country, 
a  series  of  36  letters  to  Mr.  Kalk'^*  n 
gave  an  account  of  the  controversy 
with  Great  Britain  and  of  the  resoiirces, 
determination,  and  prospects  of  America. 
These  papers  were  reprinted  in  the  Bos- 
ton Patriot  and  in  a  pamphlet  form  in 
1809.  They  had  much  effect  in  enlight- 
ening the  people  of  Holland.  Yet  he 
could  not  persuade  the  States  General  to 
acknowledge  him  as  ambassador  of  the 
^ united  States  until  April  1793.  Associat- 
ed withFranklin,  JBy,Si  Laurens,  he  form- 
el  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace,  which 
was  ratified  Jan.  14,  1784. — After  assist- 
ing in  other  treaties  Mr.  Adams  was  in 
1785  appointed  the  fint  minister  to  Lon- 
don. In  that  city  he  published  his  "De- 
fence of  the  American  constitutions"  in 
1787. — At  this  time  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  had  not  been  formed. 
The  object  of  the  work  was  to  oppose 
the  theoriA  of  Tnrgot,  the  Abbe  de  Mab- 
ly,  and  Dr.  Price  in  far  ,  -.fu  n'ngh  leg- 
islative assembly  and  tue  co.,;:o)J^ntion 
into  one  tribunal  of  i'..;  ;n  vtt.  ^^^ov- 

emment.  He  maint&iiiO'''  lue  necessity 
of  keeping  ^stinct  the  legislative,  execu- 
tive, and  judicial  departments;  and  to 
prevent  encroachment  by  the  legislative 
branch  he  proposed  a  division  of  it  into 
two  chambers,  each  as  a  check  upon  the 


other.  He  carried  his  views  into  efleet 
in  drafting  the  constitution  of  Msssaehu- 
setts, — which  form  has  been  copied  in  its 
chief  ftatures  by  most  of  the  other 
stbtes. — After  an  absence  of  •  jrears  h«  re- 
tumtd  to  America,  and  landed  at  Boston 
Jurtt)  17,  1788.  Congress  had  pasted  a 
resolution  of  thanks  for  his  able  and  Aith- 
Atl  discharge  of  various  important  eom- 
missions.  His  "Discourses  on  Davila" 
were  written  in  1700. 

After  his  return  he  was  elected  the  flmt 
vice-president  of  the  United  States  nnder 
the  new  constitutio  ,  w  ich  went  into 
operation  in  Mr'  '  '  i.  Having  been 
re-elected  to  'Aw  oi.tci.  '  <  Ueld  it  and  of 
course  p'-ep.'  a  at  the  Semite  during  the 
whole  ot  th>  h  li  tration  of  Washing- 
ton, .">»  ^ie  confldei'cs  he  enjoyed  in  an 
en<ii  •■'/  3gree.  The  senate  being  neai^ 
ly  bai.ncod  between  the  two  parties  of  the 
day,  his  nastintj  v<  te  decided  some  impor- 
tant questions ;  in  this  way  Clarke's  res- 
olution to  prohibit  all  intercourse  with 
Great  Britain  on  account  of  the  capture 
of  several  American  vessels  was  rejected. 
— O'l  the  resignation  of  Washington  Mr. 
Adams  became  president  of  the  United 
States  March  4, 1797.  He  was  suooeed- 
ed  by  Mr.  Jefierson  in  1801,  who  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  one  vote. 

After  March  1801  Mr.  Adams  lived  in 
retirement  at  Quincy,  occupied  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  though  occasionally  ad- 
dressing various  communications  to  the 
public. — In  a  letter  to  the  founder  of  the 
peace  society  of  Massachusetts  in  1816  he 
says: — "I  have  read,  abnoet  all  the  days 
of  my  life,  the  solemn  reasonings  &  pathe- 
tic declamations  of  Erasmus,  of  Fenelon, 
of  St.  Pierre,  and  many  others  against 
war  and  in  favor  of  peace.  My  under- 
standing and  my  heart  accorded  with  them 
at  first  blush.  But,  alas  !  a  longer  and 
uor  ■  •'"■nsive  experience  has  convinced 
me,  iiiat  wars  are  necessary,  and  as  inevi- 
table in  our  system,  as  hurricanes,  earth- 
quakes, and  volcanoes. — Universal  and 
perpetual  peace  appears  to  me  n^Knore 
nor  less  than  everlasting  passive  obedi- 
ence and  non-resistance.  The  hu- 
man flock  would  soon  be  fleeced  and  huteh- 


'#  •^■WI^Ml 


ADAMS. 


.iftC'K', 


nto  sfiaet 
HuMchv- 
ipiedinits 
lh«  other 
«•?■  he  te- 
at Boston 

[  pMMd   » 

Bindfkith- 
rtant  eom- 
n  D»vil»" 

led  the  flnit 
iUteennder 
went  into 
arinf  been 
)td  it  and  of 
I  during  the 
fWaihing- 
jojred  in  an 
I  being  neai^ 
lartieaorthe 
iome  inpor- 
ClaAeni  ree- 
eonrw  with 
the  capture 
nras  rejected, 
ihington  Mr. 
'  the  United 
was  Bucoeed- 
l,  who  waa 
rote. 

lived  in 
^ed  in  agri- 
ionally  ad- 
ions  to  the 
jnder  of  the 
;U  in  1816  he 
all  the  days 
igsfrpathe- 
|of  Fenelon, 
kers  against 
My  under- 
with  them 
longer  and 
convinced 
tnd  as  inevi- 
ines,  earth- 
^ivcraal  and 
MPtaiore 
sive  obedi- 
The    hu- 
iandbutoh- 


i>red  by  one  or  a  Tew.  I  eannot  there* 
lore,  Sir,  be  a  subscriber  or  a  member  of 
yuur  society.— I  do,  Sir,  most  humbly 
Hupplictttr  thn  thentogiana,  the  philoso- 
,,\ien,  and  the  potftioians  to  let  me  die  in 
pMce.  I  seek  only  repose."  Mr  Jeffer- 
son exprew.  hia  opinions  more  oalmiy 
.,11  the  subject. 

In  1816  he  wnu  chosen  a  mentis  r  of  the 
electoral  <  tllege,  which  voted  for  Mr. 
Monroe  as  president.  In  1818  he  sus- 
tained his  severest  affliction  in  the  loss,  in 
October,  of  his  wife,  with  whoui  he  had 
lived  more  than  half  a  century.  His  onl,v 
daughter,  Mrs.  Smith,  died  in  1818.  In 
1830,  at  the  age  of  8ft,  he  was  a  menih«r 
of  the  convention  for  revising  the  consti- 
tution of  Msssachusetts.  In  the  last  years 
of  his  life  he  had  a  friendly  correspondence 
with  Mr.  Jefferson.  He  enjoyed  the  sin- 
gular happiness  in  1835  of  seeing  his  son, 
John  Quincy  Adams,  elevated  to  the  >f- 
ficeofpresident  of  the  United  States,  'n 
this  year  he  was  the  only  survivor  of  t!  o 
first  congress.    He  died  July  4, 1836, ' 

On  the  morning  of  the  jubilee  he  wbb 
«oused  by  the  ringing  of  bells  and  the  fir- 
ing of  cannon,  and   when  asked  by  his 
servant,  if  he  knew  what  day  it  was,  he 
replied,  "O  yes  I  it  is  the  glorious  4th  of 
July — God  bless  it — God  bless  you  all." 
In  the  forenoon  the  orator  of  the  day,  his' 
parish  minister,  called  to  see  him  and 
found  him  seated  in  an  arm  chair,  and 
asked  him  for  a  sentiment  to  be  given  at 
the  public  table.    He  replied,  "I  will  give 
you — ^independence  forever!"     In   the 
course  of  the  day  he  said,  "It  is  a  great 
and  glorious  day;"  and  just  before  he  ex- 
pired, exclaimed,  "  Jefferson  survives," 
shewing,  that  his  thoughts  were  dwelling 
on  the  scene  of  1 776.    But  Jefferson  was 
then  dead,  having  expired  at  1  o'clock. 
He  himself  died  at  30  minutes  before  6, 
P.M. 

That  two  such  men  as  Jefferson  and 
Adams,  both  of  whom  had  been  presi- 
dents of  the  United  States,  the  two  last 
survivors  of  those,  who  had  voted  for  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  the  former 
having  drawn  it  up  and  the  latter  having 
been  its  most  powerful  advocate  on  the 


floor  of  congrrm,  should  have  died  on  the 
4th  of  July,  ']wt  60  years  after  the  "glori- 
ous day"  oC  *he  Declaration  of  American 
Indepeiuiencc,  preaemtetl  such  an  extraor- 
dinary roacurrence  nf  events,  as  to  over- 
wht'lin  the  mind  with  sstonishment. 
Somr  of  the  eulogists  of  these  illustrious 
men  Sfi-meil  tn  regard  the  circumstances 
of  their  i«moval  IVcmi  th<'  earth  as  a  sig- 
nal proof  of  th«  fiivor  of  <  '«vj  myA  spoke  of 
their  spirits  as  beyond  thus  won- 

flcrAilly,  on  the  day  of  theii       ry,  traii»- 
lated  to  heaven.     But  surely         <*>  cir- 
cumstances ought  not  tf>  he  reg     trni  «a 
indioations  of  the  eternal  <  i^'otiny        lieoe 
m«ri  of  political  eminenciv      Take  >    ^vn 
they  must  appear  at  the  '       uf  J*^v» 
Christ  10  be  judged ,  iiKrceab     to  the  (•ti- 
tled principles  of  th    ilivine  i^ 
according  to  their  \s  >rk8  and 
If  they  believed  in    the    name 
Sun    of  God  and    were  his   f<>^^ 
they  will  doubtless,  if  the  scrip 
true,  be  saved  ;  otherwise  the\ 
k)Rt.    It  is  not  always  eaay  to 
the  design  of  providence.     If  Botnr 
ne,  that  the    extraordinary  deatt 
hese  men  indicate  the  divine  approi> 
(if  their  patriotism  ;  others  may  ima*; 
that  their  deaths  on  the  day,  in  whu 
kind  of  idolatry  had  often  been  ofli- 
them,  and  in  which  the  American  pe*    '•• 
had  been  often  elated  with  the  eihotioi  > 
of  vanity  and  pride,  instead  of  renderin* 
due    hanksgivings  to  the  Abnighty,  were 
desig  ned  to  fVown  upon  the  erring  people 
and  tfi  teach  them,ti>at  their  boasted  pat- 
riots arjd  statesmen,  their  incensed  demi- 
gods, were  but  fVail  worms  of  the  dust. — 
A  new  uid  similar  wonder  has  oceurred 
in  the  d'^wease  of  the  late  president,Mun- 
roe,  on    "le  4th  day  of  July  1830. 

Mr.  A  tarns  was  somewhat  irritable  in 
his  temp< ',  and  at  times  was  frank  in  the 
utterance  of  his  indignant  fecilvn^.  In 
reply  to  a  birth  day  address  in -.1803,  the 
year  after  the  termination  of  his  presiden- 
cy, he  said : — "Under  the  continual  pro- 
vocations, breaking  and  pouring  in  upon 
me,  fVoin  urnexpected  as  well  as  expected 
quarters,  during  the  two  last  yeaurs  of  my 
administration,  he  must  have  Been  more 


•rnmer ', 
mmctei 
-f  th. 
•ers, 
are 
•  be 
iia 
»ag. 
of 


i 


ADAMS. 


'■#■'  *f|.-y 


AITKEN. 


/t^ 


of  a  modern  epicurean  philoaopher,  than 
ever  I  was  or  ever  wUl  be,  to  have  borne 
them  ati  without  some  incautious  ex- 
pressions, at  times,  of  an  unutterable 
indignation. — I  have  no  other  apology  to 
make  to  individuals  or  the  public." — ^This 
confession  may  teabh  the  ambitious,  thi^t 
the  high  station  of  president  Jnay  be  a 
bed  of  thorns.  Mf.  Adams  added  the 
sentiment,  which  is  worthy  of  perpetual 
remembrance  by  our  statesmen  and  citi- 
zens:— "The  union  is  our  rock  of  safety 
as  well  as  our  pledge  of  grandeur." — Mr. 
Adams,  it  is  believed,  was  a  professor  of 
religion  in  the  church  at  Quincy.  In  his 
views  hei  accorded  with  Dr.  Bancroft,  an 
unitarian  minister  of  Worcester,  of  whose 
printed  sermons  he  expressed  his  high 
approbation. 

In  hiis  person  Mr  Adams  was  of  mid- 
dling stature.  With  passions  somewhat 
impetuoi^i,  his  manners  were  courteous. 
Industry  carried  him  honorably  through 
his  immense  public  labors  ;  temperance 
procured  him  the  blessing  of  a  healthful 
old  age.'  He  lived  to  see  but  one  name 
before  his  VKutarred  in  the  catakigue  of 
Harvard  college:  excepting  the  venerable 
Dr.  Holyoke,  all  before  him  were  num- 
bered with  the  dead.  He  was  a  scholar,, 
versed  in  the  ancient  languages.  In  his 
writings  he  was  perspicuous  and  energet- 
ic. To  his  native  town  he  gave  his 
whole  library  and  made  bequests  for  the 
endowment  of  an  academy  and  the  build- 
ing of  a  stone  church. 

Memoirs  of  his  life  will  be  prepared  by 
his  son,  John  Q.  Adams.  His  chief  wri- 
tings are— History  of  the  dispute  with 
America,  1774;  26  letters  on  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  written  in  Holland  in  17- 
80 ;  memorial  to  the  States  General, 
1782;  essay  on  canon  and  feudal  law, 
1788;  defence  of  the  American  Constitu- 
tions, S  vols.  1788  ;  answers  to  patriotic 
addresses,  1798  ;  letters  on  government, 
to  S.  Adams,  1802;  discourses  on  Da- 
vila,  1805;  correspondence,  1809  ;  No- 
vanglus,  republbhed,  1819  ;  correspond- 
ence with  W.  Cunningham,  1823  ;  let 
ters  to  Jefferson.— Enoyc/.  ^mer, ;  Jtmv 


Jhn.  Reg.  i.  936—340;  Bo$tim  IVeekty 
Meaieng.  vi.  366;  J.  Q.  ^damt*  Utt.  m 
B.  1  iMot,  Sep.  S,  1831 ;  Holnui,  ii.  499. 
ADDINGTON,  Isaac,  secretary  of  the 
province  of  Massachusetts,  died,  at  Bo»- 
ton  March  19, 1715,  aged  707ears.  He 
sustained  a  high  character  for  talents 
and  learning  and  for  integrity  and  dili- 
gence in  his  public  services.  He  was  sec- 
retary more  than  30  years,  and  for  many 
years  a  magistrate  and  member  of  the 
council,  elected  by  the  people ;  and  was 
also  sometimes  "useful  in  practising  phy- 
sic and  chirurgery."  He- was  singularly 
meek  and  humble  and  disinterested.  In 
his  family  he  was  a  daily  worshipper  of 
God.  The  religion,  which  he  professed, 
gave  htm  peace,  as  he  went  down  to  the 
dead.  Judge  Dudley  married  one  of  his 
daughters. —  Wathteorth't  /vh.  term.; 
Hutehiiuon,  i.  414;  ii.  313. 

ADDISON,  Alexander,  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  died  at  Pittsburg,  Penn.,  Nov. 
24,  1807,  aged  48.  In  tlie  office  of  a 
jud'ge  for  13  years  he  was  a  luminous  ex- 
pounder of  the  law,  prompt,  and  impar- 
tial, and  never  was  thete  an  appeal' from 
his  judgment.  His  various,  powerful 
talents  and  extensive  learning  were 
displayed  in  numerous,  writings,  which 
evinced  not  only  a  cogency  in  reason- 
ing, but  a  classic  purity  oil' stj/le,  and  a 
uniform  regard  to  the  interests  of  virtue. 
He  was  disinterested,  generous,  benefi- 
cent. He  published  observations  on  Gal- 
latin's speech,  1798  ;  analysis  of  report 
of  committee  of  Virginia  assembly,  1800; 
Reports  in  Penn^.  1800. 

AITKEN,  Robert,  a  printer  in  Phila- 
delphia, came  to  this  country  in  1769  and 
died  July  1 803,  aged  68.  For  his  attach- 
ment to  American  liberty  he  wan  thrown 
into  prison  by  the  British.  Among  his 
publications  were  a  magazine,  an  editk>n 
of  the  Bible,  and  the  transactions  of  the 
Amer,  Phil.  Soc.  He  was  the  author,  it 
is  be  lieved,  of  an  Inquiry  concerning  the 
principles  of  a  commercial  system  for  the 
United  States,  1787.  Jane  Aitken,  his 
daughter,  continued  his  business ;  she 
printed  Thompson's  Septuagint.-Thotn- 
as,  w.  77.  ,v  .-.•  cui 


ALABAMA.  ' 

ALABAMA,  oneofthe  United  States 
of  America,  originally  belonged  to  Geor^ 
gia,and  was  formed  into  a  territory,  with 
the  country  now  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
in  1800.  When  the  part  of  Florida  be- 
tween Pearl  and  Perdido  rivers  was  an- 
nexed to  this  territory  in  1812,  emigra- 
tion into  it  immediately  commenced.  The 
Indians,  by  whom  the  settlements  were 
harassed  in  181S  and  1814,  were  subdued 
by  general  Jackson. — Alabama  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  union  as  an  independent 
state  vyy  an  act  of  congress,  March,  1819. 
It  contains  50,800  square  miles.  By  its 
constitution,  adopted  July  1819,  the  pro- 
visions of  which  are  similar  to  those 
of  Mississippi,  the  legislative  power  is 
vested  in  two  houses,  the  members  of 
which  are  chosen  by  universal  suffrage. 
The  greatest  number  of  representatives  is 
100;  the  Senate  to  consist  of  from  a 
fourth  to  a  third  of  that  number.  The 
legislature  meets  the  fourth  Monday  of 
October. — In  1839  there  were  in  this 
State  19,300  Indians,  Cherokees,  Creeks, 

Chickasawa,  and  Choctaws. Eneye. 

Jimer. 

ALBERT,  Pierre  Antonie,  rector  of 
the  French  protestant  episcopal  church 
in  New  York,  was  the  descendant  of  a 
highly  respectable  family  in  Lauaanne, 
Switzerland.  Being  invited  to  receive 
the  charge  of  the  church  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  which  was  founded  by  the 
persecuted  Huguenote  afler  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  NanteB,he  commenced 
his  labors  July  36, 1797,  and  died  July  12, 
1806,  in  the  4l8t  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
an  accomplished  gentleman,  an  erudite 
scholar,  a  profound  theologian,  and  a 
most  eloquent  preacher.  A  stranger,  of 
unobtrusive  manners  and  invincible  mod- 
esty, he  led  a  very  retired  life,  ^is  worth 
however  could  not  be  concealed.  He  was 
esteemed  and  beloved  by  all  his  acquaint- 
ance.— Matta.  Miti,  Mag.  iv.  78. 

ALDEN,  John,  a  magistrate  of  Ply- 
mouth colony,  was  one  of  the  first  compa- 
ny, which  settled  New  England.  He  ar- 
rived in  1620,  and  his  life  was  prolonged 
till  Sep.  13,1 687 ,  when  he  died  aged  about 
89  years.  When  sent  by  his  friend,  cap- 
3 


ALEXANDER. 


17 


tain  Standish,  to  make  for  him  proposals 
of  marriage  to  Priscilla  Mullins,  the  lady 
said  to  him, — "Prithee  John,  why  do  you 
not  speak  for  yourself?"  This  intimation 
of  preference  from  the  lips  of  one  of  the 
Pilgrim  beauties  was  not  to  be  overlooked. 
Priscilla  became  his  wife.  He  was  a  vei  y 
worthy  and  useful  man,  of  great  humility 
and  eminent  piety.  He  was  an  assistant 
in  the  administration  of  every  governor 
for  67  years.  A  professed  disciple  of  Je- 
sus Christ,  he  lived  in  accordance  with 
his  profession.  In  his  last  ilhiess  he  was 
patient  and  resigned,  fully  believing  that 
God,  who  had  imparted  to  him  the  love 
of  excellence,  would  perfect  the  work, 
which  he  had  begun,  and  would  render 
him  completely  holy  in  heaven. — One  of 
his  descendants,  Rev.  Timothy  Alden, 
father  of  Rev.  T.  A.  of  Meadville,  died  at 
Yarmouth,  Mass.,  Nov.  1838,  aged  92. 

ALEXANDER,  an  Indian,  was  the 
son  and  successor  of  Massassoit  and  broth- 
er of  King  Philip.  His  Indian  name  was 
Wamsutta.  He  received  bis  English 
name  in  1656.  Being  suspected  of  con- 
spiring with  the  Narragansette  against 
the  English,  he  was  captured  by  surprise 
by  maj.  Winslow  in  1662,  and  carried  to 
Marshfield.  The  indignant  sachem  fell 
sick  of  a  fever,  and  was  allowed  to  return 
under  a  pledge  of  appearing  at  the  next 
court ;  but  he  died  on  his  way.  Judge 
Davis  gives  a  minute  account  of  this  af^ 
fair.  Dr.  Holmes  places  the  occurrence 
in  1657.— i7avt«'  Morton,  387;  Holmet 
I.  308. 

ALEXANDER,  James,  secretary  of 
the  province  of  New  York,  and  many 
years  one  of  the  council,  arrived  in  the 
colony  in  1715.  He  was  a  Scotch  gen- 
tleman, who  was  bred  to  the  law.  Gov. 
Burnet  was  particularly  attached  to  him. 
Though  not  distinguished  for  his  talents 
as  a  public  speaker,  he  was  at  the  head 
of  his  profession  for  sagacity  and  penetra- 
tion. Eminent  for  his  knowledge,  he 
was  also  communicative  and  easy  of  ac- 
cess. By  honest  practice  and  unwearied 
application  to  business  he  acquired  u 
great  estate.  He  dietl  in  the  begiiyiing 
of  nb6.— Smith's  N.  T.  152, 


# 


#■ 


ift 


ALEXANDER. 


ALEXANDER,  William,  eominon- 
ly  called  lord  Stirling,  a  major  gene- 
ral in  the  American  army,  was  a  native 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  the  son  of  the 
•eeretary,  James  Alexander,  but  spent  a 
considerable  part  of  his  life  in  New  Jersey. 
He  was  considered  by  many  as  the  right- 
Ail  heir  to  the  title  &  estate  of  an  earldom 
in  Scotland,  of  which  country  his  father 
was  a  native  *,  and  although,  when  he 
went  to  North  Britain  in  pursuit  of  this 
inheritance,  he  failed  of  obtaining  an 
acknowledgment  of  his  claim  by  gov- 
ernment, yet  among  his  fViends  and 
acquaintances  he  received  by  courtesy 
the  title  of  lord  Stirling. — He  discov- 
ered an  early  fondness  for  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  astronomy,  and  at- 
tained great  eminence  in  these  sciences. 

In  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  Aug. 
37,  1776,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  after 
having  secured  to  a  large  part  of  the  de- 
tachment an  opportunity  to  escape  by  a 
bold  attack  with  four  hundred  men  upon 
8  corps  under  lord  Cornwallis.  His  at- 
tachment to  Washington  was  proved  in 
the  latter  part  of  1777  by  transmitting  to 
him  an  account  of  the  disaifection  of  gen. 
Conway  to  the  commander  in  chief.  In 
the  letter  he  said,"  Such  wicked  duplicity 
of  conduct  I  shall  always  think  it  my  duty 
to  detect."  He  died  at  Albany,  Jan.  15, 
17S3,  aged  57  years.  He  was  a  breve, 
discerning,  and  intrepid  officer.— He  mar- 
ried Sarah,  daughter  of  Philip  Livingston. 
His  eldest  daughter,  Mary,  married  John 
Watts,  of  a  wealthy  family  in  New  York. 
He  published  a  pamphlet, "  The  conduct 
of  maj.  gen.  Shirley  briefly  stated." — 
Miller,  ii.  390;  Holmei,  ii.  347.  Jlfor- 
$hall.  III.  Note  No.  v. 

ALEXANDER,  Nathaniel,  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1776,  and  after  8tud3ring 
medicine  entered  the  army.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  resided  at  the  High  Hills 
of  Santee,  pursuing  his  profession,  and 
afterwards  at  Mecklenburg.  While  he 
held  a  seat  in  congress,  the  legislature 
elected  him  governor  in  1806.  He  died 
at  Salisbury  March  8,  1808,  aged  53.    In 


ALLEN. 

duty  with  ability  and  fiTmne8i.-0A.  C&ur. 
March  38. 

ALEXANDER,  Caleb,  d.d.,  a  native 
of  Northfield,  Mass.,  and  a  graduate  of 
Yale  College  in  1777,  was  ordained  at 
New  Marlborough,  Mass.  in  1781,  and 
dismissed  in  1783.  He  was  again  settled 
at  Mendon,  and  dismissed  in  1808.  Af* 
ter  an  ineifeetual  attempt  to  establish  a 
college  at  Fairfield,  state  of  New  York, 
erecting  buildings,  which  now  belong  to 
the  medical  school,  he  took  the  charge  of 
the  academy  at  Onandago  Hollow,  where 
he  died  in  April  1838.  He  published  an 
essay  on  the  deity  of  Jesus  Christ,  with 
strictures  on  Emlyn,  1791 ;  a  latin  gram- 
mar, 1794 ;  an  english  grammar,  and 

gram,  elements. HUtory  of  Berk- 

$Mre,  393. 

ALFORD,  John,  founder  of  the  pro- 
fessorship of  natural  religion,  moral  phi- 
losophy, and  civil  polity  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, died  at  Charlestown  Sept.  39,  1761, 
aged  75.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the 
council.  His  executora  determined  the 
particular  objects,  to  which  his  bequest 
for  charitable  uses  should  be  applied,  and 
divided  it  equally  between  Harvard  col- 
lege, Princeton  college,  and  the  society  for 
the  propagation  of  the  gospel  among  the 
Indians.  To  the  latter  10, 675  doll,  were 
paid  in  1787.  Levi  Frisbie  was  the  first 
Alford  professor. 

ALLEN,  John,  firet  minister  of  Ded- 
ham,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1696,  and  was  driven  from  his  na- 
tive land  during  the  persecution  of  the 
puritans.  He  had  been  for  a  number  of 
yeare  a  faithful  preacher  of  the  gospeL 
Soon  after  he  arrived  in  New  England, 
he  was  settled  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Dedham  April  34,  1639.  Here  he  con- 
tinued till  his  death  Aug,  36,  1671,  in 
the  7  5th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  meekness  and  humility,  and  of 
considerable  distinction  in  his  day.  Mr 
Cotton  speaks  of  him  with  respect  in  his 
prefkce  to  Norton's  answer  to  ApoUonius. 
He  published  a  defence  of  the  nine  posi- 
tions, in  which,  with  Mr  Shepard  of 
Cambridge,  he  discusses  the  points  of 


all  his  public  stations  he  discharged  his  1  church  discipline;  and  a  defence  of  the 


# 


^ 


ALLEN. 


19 


Synod  or  1663  against  Mr  Chaunoy  un> 
der  the  title  of  Aninudveraiona  upon  the 
Antisynodalia,  4to,  1664.  Thia  work  is 
preserved  in  the  New  England  library. 
The  two  last  sermons,  which  he  preach- 
ed, wete  printed  after  his  death. — JV[i^ 
iud.nul8i',Preittu$*/vn.$erm.  onHaven. 
ALLEN,  Thomas,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich in  England  in  1608  ,and  was  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards 
minister  of  St.  Esmond's  in  Norwich, 
but  was  silenced  by  bishop  Wren  about 
the  year  1636  for  refusing  to  read  the 
book  of  sports  and  conform  to  other  impo- 
sitions. In  1 638  he  fled  to  New  England, 
and  was  the  same  year  installed  in  Charles- 
town,where  he  was  a  faithAil  preacher  of 
the  gospel  till  about  1651,  when  he  retur- 
ned to  Norwich,  and  continued  the  exer- 
cise of  his  ministry  till  1669.  He  after- 
wards preached  to  his  church  on  all  occa- 
sions, that  offered,  till  his  death  Sep.  31, 
1679,  aged  65.  He  was  a  very  pious  man, 
greatly  beloved,  and  an  able,  practical 
preacher. 

He  published  an  invitation  to  thirsty 
sinners  to  come  to  their  Savior;  the  way 
of  the  Spirit  in  bringing  souls  to  Christ; 
the  glory  of  Christ  set  forth  with  the  ne- 
cessity of  faith  in  several  sermons;  a 
chain  of  scripture  chronology  from  the 
creation  to  the  death  of  Christ  in  7  pe- 
riods. This  was  printed  in  1658,  and 
was  regarded  as  a  very  learned  and  useful 
work.  It  is  preserved  in  the  New  En- 
gland library,  established  by  Mr.  Prince, 
by  whom  the  authors  quoted  in  the  book 
•re  written  in  the  beginning  of  it  in  his 
own  hand.  Mr.  Allen  wrote  also  with 
Mr.  Shepard  in  1645  a  preface  to  a  trea- 
tise onliturgies,&c.  composed  by  the  lat- 
ter. He  contenda,that  only  visible  saints 
tnd  believers  should  be  received  to  com- 
munion.— Magnal,  iii.  315;  Noneon. 
memor.  i.  354;  in.  11, 13. 

ALLENjMatthew,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Connecticut,  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  Mr.  Hooker,  in  1633,  and  became 
a  land  hokier  in  Cambridge,  in  the  records 
of  which  town  his  lands  and  houses  are 
described.    He  accompanied  Mr.  Hook- 


er to  Hartford  in  1686  and  was  a  magis- 
trate. In  the  charter  of  1663  he  ia  nam- 
ed as  one  the  company.  His  public  ser- 
vices were  varioiu.  In  1664  he  is  called 
Mr.  Allen,  senior.  He  might  have  been 
the  father  of  John.  There  was  however 
a  Mr.  Mathew  Allen,  a  magistrate  in 
1710;  another  of  the  same  name  in 
Windsor  in  1733.— Trumbell  gives  the 
name  Allen ;  but  Mather  wrote  AUyn. 

ALLEN,  John,  secretary  of  the  cok)- 
ny  of  Connecticut,  was  chosen  a  magis- 
trate under  the  charter  in  1663  and  treas- 
urer in  1 663.  He  was  on  the  committee, 
with  Mathew  Allen  and  John  Talcott, 
respecting  the  union  with  New  Haven 
in  1663.  He  appears  to  have  been  sec- 
retary as  early  as  Dec.  1664:  Joseph  Al- 
len had  been  secretary  before  him.  He 
was  also  secretary  in  1688  and  on  the 
committee  respecting  the  boundary  of 
New  York.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
known.  One  of  his  name  was  magistrate 
as  late  as  1709.  The  history  of  the  Pe- 
quot  war,  given  by  Increase  Mather  in 
his  Relation  in  1677,  was  not  written  by 
Mr.  Allen,  as  Judge  Davis  erroneously 
supposes,  but  merely  communicated  by 
him  to  Mr.  Mather. — Davit'  Morton, 
196;  Prinee't  introd.  to  M«uon'»  hist. 

ALLEN,  James,  minister  in  Boston, 
came  to  this  country  in  1663,  recommen- 
ded by  Mr.  Goodwin.  He  had  been  a 
fellow  of  New  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
at  this  time  a  young  man,and  possessed 
considerable  talents.  He  was  very  plea- 
sing to  many  of  the  church  in  Boston, 
and  an  attempt  was  made  to  settle  him  as 
assistant  to  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Norton. 
He  was  ordained  teacher  of  the  first 
church  Dec.  9,  1668,  as  colleague  with 
Mr.  Davenport,  who  was  at  the  same 
time  ordained  pastor.  After  the  death 
of  Mr.  Davenport  he  had  for  his  col- 
league Mr.  Oxenbridge,  and  after  his.de- 
cease  Mr.  Wadsworth. 

In  1669  seventeen  ministers  published 
their  testimony  against  the  conduct  of 
Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Davenport  in  relation 
to  the  settlement  of  the  latter.  They 
were  charged  with  communicating  parts 
only  of  letters  from  the  church  of  New- 


90 


ALLEN. 


1 


haven  to  the  church  or  Boston,  by  which 
means  it  was  said  the  church  was  decei* 
ved;  but  they  in  defence  asserted,  that 
the  letters  retained  did  not  represent 
thingfs  differently  from  what  had  been 
stated.  The  whole  colony  was  interested 
in  the  controversy  between  the  first  and 
the  new  or  third  church.  At  length  the 
general  court  in  1 670  declared  the  conduct 
of  those  churches  and  elders,  who  assisted 
in  establishing  the  third  church,  to  be 
illegal  and  disorderly.  At  thenext  session 
however,  as  there  was  a  change  of  the 
members  of  the  general  court,  the  censure 
was  taken  off.  It  seems,  the  act  of  censure 
was  expressed  in  language  very  intemper- 
ate, and  invasion  of  the  rights  of  churches 
gjl  and  assumption  of  prelatical  power  were 

declared  in  it  to  be  among  the  prevailing 
evils  of  the  day.  The  charge  was  so  gen- 
eral, and  it  threatened  to  operate  so  un- 
favorably on  religion,  that  a  number  of 
the  very  ministers,  who  had  published 
their  testimony  against  the  elders  of  the 
first  church,  wrote  an  address  to  the 
court,  representing  the  intemperate  na- 
ture of  the  vote;  and  it  was  in  consequence 
revoked,and  the  new  church  was  exculpa- 
ted. Mr.  Alien  died  Sep.  ^3,  1 7 1 0,  aged 
78  years.  His  sons  were  James,  John, 
and  Jeremiah,  born  in  1670,  1672,&1673. 
The  hist  was  chosen  treasurer  of  the 
province  in  1715. 

He  published  healthful  diet,  a  sermon  ; 
New  England's  choicest  blessings,  an 
election  sermon,  1679 ;  serious  advice  to 
delivered  ones ;  man's  self-reflection  a 
means  to  further  his  recovery  from  his 
apostasy  from  God ;  and  two  practical 
discourses.— ffufeAtfuon't  hiit. «/  Mot- 
to. 1.  173,  223,  335,  370;  CoUeetimu  of 
the  hut.  society,  ix.  173;  Calamy. 

ALLEN,  Samuel,  a  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, proprietor  of  a  part  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, made  the  purchase  of  the  heirs  of 
Mason  in  1691.  The  territory  included 
Portsmouth  and  Dover,  and  extended  60 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  settlers  resist- 
ing his  claims,  a  perplexing  litigation  fol- 
lowed. In  the  midst  of  it  Mr.  Allen  died 
at  Newcastle  May  6,  1705,  aged  69.  He 
sustained  an  excellent  character.  Though 


attached  to  the  church  of  England,  ha  at- 
tended the  congregational  meeting.  Hi« 
son,  Thomas  Allen  df  London,  eo||^nued 
the  suits.  The  final  verdict  Was  ajjfainst 
him  in  1707  in  the  case,  Allen  v.  Wakl- 
ron  ; — he  appealed,  yet  his  death  in  1716, 
before  the  appeal  Was  heard,  put  an  end 
to  the  suit.  The  principal  reliance  of  the 
defendant  was  on  the  Indian  deed  to 
Wheelwright  of  1 639.  This  Mr.  Savage 
has  satisfactorily  shown  to  be  a  forgery 
of  a  hter  date.  If  so,  it  would  seem, 
that  the  Aliens  were  wrongfully  dispos- 
sessed of  a  valuable  province. — BettiMjv'* 
N.  H.  I.;  SavageU  Winthrop,  i.  405; 
N.  H.  eoll.  II.  187. 

ALLEN,  James,  first  minister  of 
Brookline,  Massachusetts,  was  a  native 
of  Roxbury,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  !  7 10.  He  was  ordained 
Nov.  5,  1718,  and  after  a  ministry  of  38 
years  died  of  a  lingering  consumption 
Feb.  18,  1747,  in  the  66th  year  of  hi<> 
age,  with  the  reputation  of  a  pious  and  ju- 
dicious divine.  In  July  1743  he  gave  his 
attestation  to  the  revival  of  religion,which 
took  place  throughout  the  country,  and 
made  known  the  success,  which  had  at- 
tended his  own  exertions  in  Brookline. 
Ahnost  every  person  in  his  congrega- 
tion was  impressed  in  some  degree  Mrith 
the  important  concerns  of  another  worM, 
and  he  could  no  more  doubt,  he  said, 
that  there  was  a  remarkable  work  of  God, 
than  he  could,  that  there  was  a  sun  in  the 
heavens.  Afterwards,  from  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances, perhaps  from  the  apostasy  of 
some,  who  had  appeared  strong  in  the 
faith,  he  was  led  to  speak  of  this  revival 
"unadvisedly  with  his  lips."  This  pro- 
duced an  alienation  among  some  of  his 
former  friends.  In  his  last  hours  he  had 
a  hope,  whkh  he  would  not  part  with,  as 
he  said,  for  a  thousand  worlds. 

He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon, 
1732 ;  a  discourse  on  providence,  1 737  ; 
the  doctrine  of  merit  exploded,  and  hu- 
mility recommended,  1737;  a  fast  sermon, 
occasioned  by  the  earthquake,  1737 ;  a 
sermon  to  a  society  of  young  men,  1731  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Samuel  Aspin- 
wall,  1733  ;  an  election  sermon,  1744. — 


* 


V^  ALLEN. 


11 


eting;.  Hb 
1,  eoi||linued 
nras  against 
n  V.  WaU- 
kthi*l715, 
put  an  end 
lianceofthe 
iin  deed  to 
Mr.  Savagfe 
te  a  forgery 
irould  aeem, 
fully  dhipoB- 
—BeUaugt'i 
rop,  I.  405; 

minister    of 

ras  a  native 

ited  at  Har- 

ras  ordained 

inistry  of  28 

consumption 

year  of  h\» 

pious  and  ju> 

)  he  gave  his 

!ligion,which 

country,  and 

liich  had  at- 

n  Brookline. 

s  congrcga- 

degree  with 

tther  world, 

)t,  he  said, 

rorkofGod, 

a  sun  in  the 

Ipeculiar  cir« 

apostasy  of 

ing  in  the 

this  revival 

This  pro- 

iome  of  his 

turs  he  had 

irt  with,  as 

kg  sermon, 
■nee,  1727; 
d,  and  hu- 
st  sermon, 
1727 ;  a 
Jnen, 1731  ; 
luel  Aspin- 
1744.— 


PUnt't  eetU.  dUeomru}  Ckri$tum  Hit. 

I.  se4. 

ALLEN)  JameS)  member  of  the  house 
of  raprescntatives  of  Massachusetts  a 
number  of  ytars,  and  a  counsellor,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1717,  and 
died  Jan.  8,  1756,  aged  57. 

In  the  beginning  of  1749  he  made  a 
speech  in  the  house,  censuring  the  con- 
duct of  the  governor,  for  which  he  was 
required  to  make  an  acknowledgment. 
As  he  declined  doing  this,  the  house  is- 
sued a  precept  for  the  choice  of  a  new 
representative.  When  re-elected,  he  was 
not  permitted  to  take  his  seat ;  but  next 
.year  he  took  it,  and  retained  it  till  his 
death.— Jlf*fior«AM(.  Matt.  1. 104—107. 

ALLEN,  William,  chief  justice  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  the  son  of  William 
Allen,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Philade^ 
phia,  who  died  in  1725.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  the  revolution  he  retired  to 
England,  where  he  died  Sept.  1 730.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Andrew  Hamilton, 
whom  he.  succeeded  as  recorder  of  Phil- 
adelphia in  1741.  He  was  much 
distinguished  as  a  friend  to  literature. 
He  patronised  sir  Benjamin  West,  the 
painter.  By  his  counsels  and  exertions 
Dr.  Franklin  was  much  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing the  college  in  Philadelphia.  He 
published  the  American  crisis,  London, 
1774,  in  which  he  suggests  a  plan  "  for 
restoring  the  dependence  of  America  to 
a  state  of  perfection."  His  principles 
seem  to  have  been  not  a  little  ^irbitrary. — 
On  his  resignation  of  the  office  of  chief 
justice,  to  which  he  had  been  appointed  in 
1750,  he  was  succeeded  till  the  revolution 
by  Mr.Chew,  attorney  gen.,  &  Mr.Chew 
by  his  son,  Andrew  Allen.  This  son  died 
in  London  March  7,  1825,  aged  85.  At 
the  close  of  1776  he  put  himself  under  the 
protection  of  gen.  Howe  at  Trenton, 
with  his  brothers  Joim  and  William. 
He  had  been  a  member  of  congress  and 
of  the  committee  of  safety;  and  William  a 
lieut.  col.  in  the  continenta*  service,  but 
in  1778  he  attempted  to  raise  a  regiment 
oftories. — Miller's  retr.  n.  362;  Proud'$ 
hut.  of  Penn.  ii.  188;  ^m.  Bemetn. 
1777.  p.  56. 


ALLEN,  Henry,  •  preacher  in  Nova 
Scotia,  was  born  at  Newport,  R.  I.  June 
14,  1748,  and  began  to  propagate  some 
very  singular  sentiments  about  the  year 
1778.  He  was  a  man  of  good  capaci- 
ty, though  his  mind  had  not  been  much 
cultivated,  and  though  he  possessed  a 
warm  imagination.  He  believed,  that 
the  souls  of  all  men  are  emanatkins  or 
parts  of  the  one  great  Spirit,  and  that  they 
were  present  with  our  first  parents  in 
Eden  and  participated  in  the  first  trans- 
gression; that  our  first  parents  in  inno- 
cenoy  were  pure  spirits  without  material 
bodies  ;  that  the  body  will  not  be  raised 
iVom  the  grave  ;  and  that  the  ordinances 
of  the  gospel  are  matters  of  indifierence. 
The  scriptures,  he  contended,  have  a  spir- 
itual meaning,  and  are  not  to  be  under- 
stood in  a  literal  sense.  He  died  at  the 
house  of  Rev.  D.  M'Clure,  Northampton, 
N.  H.  Fc^.  2,  1784  and  since  his  death 
his  party  has  much  declined.  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  hymns ;  and  several 
treatises  and  sermons. — Adamt*  «»eie  of 
religioiu}  Benedict  i,  982. 

ALLEN,Ethan,  a  brigk^dier  general  in 
the  war  with  Great  Britain,  wti^  uom  in 
Roxbury,  Litchfiekl  county,  Con.  His 
parents  afterwards  lived  in  Salisbury ;  at 
an  early  age  he  himself  emigrated  to  Ver- 
mont. At  the  commcncemeit  of  the  dis- 
turbances in  this  territory  about  the  year 
1770  he  took  a  most  active  («rt  in  favor 
of  the  green  mountain  boys,  as  the  set- 
tle"' were  then  called,  in  opposition  to 
the  government  of  New  York.  An  act 
of  outlawry  against  him  was  passed  by 
this  state,  and  50  pounds  were  offered 
for  his  apprehension  ;  but  his  party  was 
too  numerous  and  faithful  to  permit  him 
to  be  disturbed  by  any  apprehensions  for 
his  safety;  in  all  the  struggles  of  the  day 
he  was  successful ;  and  he  not  only 
proved  a  valuable  friend  to  those,  whose 
cause  he  had  espoused,  but  he  was  hu- 
mane and  generous  toward  those,  with 
whom  he  had  to  contend.  When  called 
to  take  the  field,  he  showed  himself  an 
able  leader  and  an  intrepid  soldier. 

The  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 
determined  colonel  Allen  to  engage  on 


s 


ALLEN. 


the  aide  of  hk  country,  and  inapind  him 
with  the  deaire  of  demonatmting  hia  at- 
taehment  to  liberty  by  aome  bold  exploit. 
While  hia  mind  waa  in  thia  atate,  a  plan 
Ibr  ttiUng  Tioonderoga  and  Crown  Point 
by  aurpriae  waa  formed  by  oapta.  Edward 
Mottand  Noah  Phelpa  of  Hartford,  Ckm. 
They  inarched  privately  April  S9th,  with 
16  unarmed  men.  Arriving  at  Pittafield, 
the  reaidence  of  col.  Jamea  Eaaton  and 
John  Brown  Eaq,— they  communicated 
the  project  to  than  and  to  col.  Ethan 
AUen,  then  at  Pittofield.  Theae  gentle- 
men immediately  engaged  to  co<operate 
and  to  raiae  men  for  the  purpoae.  Of 
the  Berkahiie  men  and  the  green  moun- 
tain boya  380  were  collected  under  the 
A  command  of  AUen  and  proceeded  to  Caa- 

tleton.  Here  he  waa  unexpectedly  joined 
by  col.  Arnold,  who  had  been  commia- 
aioned  by  t*  Maaaaehuaetta  committee 
to  teiae  4b0  men,  and  effect  the  aame  ob- 
ject, which  waa  now  about  to  be  accom- 
pliahed.  Aa  he  had  not  raiaed  the  men, 
he  waaadmitted  to  act  aa  an  aaaiatant  to 
colonel  Allen.  They  reached  the  hke 
i^ipoaite  Ticonderoga  Tueaday  evening. 
May,  9, 177fr.  With  the  utmoat  diffi- 
culty boats  were  procured,  and  88  men 
were  landed  near  tiie  garrison.  The  ap- 
proach of  day  rendering  it  dangeroua  to 
wait  for  the  rear,  it  was  determined  im- 
mediately to  proceed.  The  commandor 
in  chief  now  addreeaed  hia  men,  repre- 
senting, that  they  had  been  for  a  number 
of  yeara  a  acourge  to  arbitrary  power,and 
fimed  for  their  valor,  and  concluded  with 
-aaying,  "I  now  propoae  to  advance  before 
you,  and  in  person  conduct  you  through 
the  wicket  gate,  and  you,  that  will  go 
with  me  voluntarily  in  this  desperate  at- 
tempt, poise  your  firelocks."  At  the 
head  of  the  centre  file  he  marched  in- 
atantly  to  the  gate,  where  a  sentry  snap- 
ped his  gun  at  him  and  retreated  through 
the  covered  way ;  he  pressed  forward 
into  the  fort,  and  formed  his  men  on 
the  parade  in  such  a  manner  as  to  face 
two  opposite  barracks.  Three  huzzas 
awaked  the  garrison.  A  sentry,  who 
asked  quarter,  pointed  out  the  apartments 
of  the  cormnanding  oiRcer;  and  Allen 


with  •  drawn  aword  over  the  head  of 
captain  De  la  Place,  who  waa  undraaaed, 
demanded  the  aurreader  of  the  fort.  *'  By 
what  authority  do  yo*-.  demand  it?"  in- 
quired the  aatonished  commander.  "  I 
demand  it,"  aaid  AUen,  "in  the  name  of 
the  great  Jehovah  and  of  the  continental 
congreaa."  Theaummona  couklnotbe 
diaobeyed,  and  the  fort  with  ita  very  val- 
uable atorea  and  49  priaonera  waa  imme- 
diately aurrendered  on  May  10th;  There 
were  from  113  to  130  iron  cannon  IVom 
6  to  34  poundera,S  braaa  cannon,50  awiv- 
ela,  3  mortars,  10  tone  of  muaket  baUa, 
8  cart  kMda  of  flinta,  10  caaka  of  powder, 
80  new  carriagea,  100  atand  of  amaU  anna, 
80  barrela  of  flour,  and  ISbarrela  of  pork. 
Crown  Point  waa  taken  the  aame  day,  and 
the  capture  of  a  aloop  of  war  aoon  ailer^ 
warda  made  AUen  and  hia  brave  party 
cmnplete  masters  of  bkeChamplain.  May 
18th  Arnold  with  85  men  aurpriaed  the 
fortof  8t.John>a  in  Can.,  taking  14  priao- 
nera, a  aloop  It  3  braes  cannon.  AUen,arri- 
ving  the  same  day  with  90  men,resolved, 
against  the  advice  of  Arnold,  to  attempt 
to  hokl  the  pbce.  But  he  waa  attacked 
the  next  day  by  a  brger  force  flrom  Mont- 
real and  compeUed  to  retreat. 

In  the  faU  1775  he  was  sent  twice  into 
Canada  to  observe  the  dispositions  of  the 
people,  and  attach  them,  if  possible,  to 
the  American  cause.  During  thia  laat 
tour  colonel  Brown  met  him,  andpropoa- 
ed  an  attack  on  Montreal  in  concert.  The 
propoaal  waa  eagerly  embraced,  and  col- 
onel AUen  with  110  men,  nearly  80  of 
whom  were  Canadians,  croaaed  the  river 
in  the  night  of  Sept.  34.  In  the  morning 
he  waited  with  impatience  for  the  aignal 
from  colonel  Brown,  who  agreed  to  co- 
operate with  him ;  but  he  waited  in  vain. 
He  made  a  resolute  defence  against  an 
attack  of  500  men,  and  it  was  not  tiU  hia 
own  party  waa  reduced  by  desertions  to 
the  number  of  31,  and  he  had  retreated 
near  a  mile,  that  he  surrendered.  A  mo- 
ment afterwards  a  furious  savage  rushed 
towards  him,  and  presented  his  firelock 
with  the  intent  of  kilUng  him.  It  waa  on- 
ly by  making  use  of  the  body  of  the  offi- 
cer, to  whom  he  had  given  his  sword,  as 


ALLEN. 


,# 


a  ihield,  that  he  eaeaped  destruction. 
Thk  nirii  attempt  waa  made  without  au- 
thority from  gen.  Sehuyler.  He  waa  kept 
for  aome  time  in  irona,  and  then  sent  to 
England  aa  a  priaoner,  being  aaaured  that 
the  halter  would  be  the  reward  of  hia  r»- 
bellion,  when  he  arrived  there.    On  hia 
paaaage,  handeuffisd  and  fettered,  he  waa 
ahut  up  with  hia  fellow  prisonera  in  the 
cable  tier,  a  apace  13  feet  by  10.     After 
hia  arrival  about  the  middle  of  Deche  waa 
lodged  for  a  abort  time  in  Pendennia  caa> 
tie,  near  Falmouth.    On  the  8th  of  Jan. 
1T76  he  was  put  on  board  a  frigate  and 
by  a  circuitous  route  carried  to  Halifax. 
Here  he  remained  confined  in  the  gaol 
ftom  June  to  Octcber,  when  he  waa  re- 
moved to  New  York.  During  the  pav 
sage  to  this  place,  captain  Burke,  a  dar- 
ing prisoner,  proposed  to  kill  the  British 
captain  and  seiie  the  frigate ;  but  colonel 
Allen  ref\ised  to  engage  in  the  plot,  and 
waa  probably  the  meana  of  preserving  the 
life  of  capt  Smith,  who  haid  treatet'  him 
very  politely.     He  waa  kept  at  New 
York  about  a  year  and  a  half,  sometimes 
imprisoned,  and  sometimes  permitted  to 
be  on  parole.    While  here,  he  had  an  op- 
portunity to  observe  the  inhuman  man- 
ner, in  which  the  American  priaoners 
were  treated.    In  one  of  the  churches,  in 
which  they  were  crowded,  he  saw  seven 
lying  dead  at  one  time,  and  others  biting 
pieces  of  chips  fVtnn  hunger.    He  calcu- 
lated, that  of  the  prisoners  taken  at  Long 
Island  and  fort  Washington,  near  two 
thousand  perished  by  hunger  and  cold, 
or    in  consequence    of  diseases  occa- 
sioned by  the  impurity  of  their  prisons. 
Col.  Allen  Was  exchanged  for   col. 
Cwnpbell  May  6, 1778,  and  after  having 
repaired  to  head  quarters,  and  tiered  his 
services  to  general  Waahington  in  case 
his  health  should  be  restored,  he  returned 
to  Vermont.    His  arrival  on  the  evening 
of  the  last  of  May  gave  his  friends  great 
joy,  and  it  was  announced  by  the  dis- 
charge of  cannon.    As  an  expression  of 
confidence  in  his  patriotism,  and  military 
talents  he  was  very  soon  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  state  militia.    It  does 
not  appear  however,  that  his  intrepidity 


waa  ever  again  brought  to  the  test,thoagh 
his  patriotism  was  tried  by  an  unauceesf 
All  attempt  of  the  British  to  bribe  him  to 
effisct  a  union  of  Vermont  with  Canada. 
Sir  H.  Clinton  wrote  to  lord  Gemaias 
Feb.  1781;   "there  is  every  reason  to 
anppose,  that  Ethan  Allen  haa  quitted 
the  rdbel  cause."    He  died  suddenly  at 
hia  estate  in  Colcheater  Feb.  18,  1789. 
Hia  daughter  Pamela  married  E.  W. 
Keyes,  EUk}.  in  1808.    Another  daughter 
entered  a  nunnery  in  Canada.     He  had 
lived  for  a  time  in  Sunderland.     It  waa 
his  project  to  make  a  city,  Vergennee,  a 
mile  square. 

General  Allen  possessed  strong  powers 
of  mind,  but  they  never  felt  the  influence 
of  education.  Though  he  waa  bmve, 
humane,  and  generoua ;  yet  his  conduct 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  much  influ* 
enced  by  considerations  respecting  that 
holy  and  merciful  Being,  whose  ehanwter 
and  whoae  commanda  are  disclosed  to  «• 
in  the  scriptures.  Hia  notions  with  re- 
gard to  religion  were  such,  as  to  prove 
that  they,  who  rather  confide  in  their 
own  vrisdom  than  seek  instruction  fVom 
heaven,  may  embrace  absurdities,  iHiich 
would  di^frace  the  understanding  of  a 
child.  He  believed,  with  Pythagoras, 
that  man  afler  death  would  tiansmigiate 
into  beasts,  birds,  fishes,  reptiles,  lic> 
and  often  hiformed  his  friends,  that  he 
himself  expected  to  live  again  in  the  form 
of  a  large  white  horse. 

The  following  anecdote  shows,  that  he 
did  not  hold  his  strange  opinions  very 
strongly.  Being  called  to. the  chamber 
of  a  dying  daughter,  who  had  been  in- 
structed in  the  principles  of  Christianity 
by  his  pious  wife,  she  said  to  him,  "I  am 
about  to  die ;  shall  I  believe  in  the  princi- 
plea  you  have  taught  me,  or  shall  I  he- 
lieve  in  what  my  mother  has  taught  me  ?'* 
He  became  agitated;  his  chin  quivered ; 
hia  whole  frame  shook  ;  and  he  replied  ; 
"believe  what  your  mother  has  taught 
you." 

Besides  a  number  of  pamphlets  in  the 
controversy  with  New  York,  he  published 
in  1779  a  nariative  of  his  observations 
during  his  captivity ,whichwa8  afterwards 


fl^ 


ALLEN. 


rapi(iited{  •  vindintlbn  of  the  opposition 
of  the  inhabitantiof  Vt.to  the  government 
of  New  York,  and  their  right  to  form  an 
iodependent  state,  1779  ;  and  Allen's  the- 
oioffy>  or  the  oracles  of  reason,  1786. 
This  last  work  was  intended  to  ridicule  the 
doetrineofMosesand  the  prophets.    It 
wouM  be  unjust  to  bring  against  it  the 
charge  of  having  effiicted  great  mischief 
in  the  world,  for  few  have  had  thn  pa- 
tience to  read  it. — AUen^t  nmrrative ; 
Bo$t.  iteekh/  mag.ns  Holmei'aiuuU$,u. 
S07;    Wmamt*    Vermont s    Chronicle, 
Mmrth  5,   1789;  MartKaU'i    Wmh.,  ii. 
SM;  III.  34;  Oordmt  ii.  19,  160;   Qra- 
kam'iFt.}  Eneye.  Jhn.;  Dwisht'*  Trm. 
II.  409.  431  ;  Jbner.  Rememb.  1778.  SO 
ALLEN,  Ira,  first  secretary  of  Ver- 
mont, the  brother  of  Ethan,  was  born  at 
Cornwall,  Con.  about  1753  and  in  early 
life  co-operated  with  his  brother  in  the 
controversy  between  Vermont  and  New 
York,  being  a  lieutenant  under  him.    He 
also  took  an  active  part  on  the  lakes  in 
the  war  of  1 776.    Being  a  member  of  the 
legislature  in  1776    and  1777,    he   was 
zeatous  in  asserting  the  independence  of 
Vermont.    In  Dec.  1777  he  assisted  in 
forming  the  constitution  of  Vermont;  and 
soon  afterMrards  was  nominated  surveyor 
general  and  treasurer.     He  and  Bradley 
and  Fay  were  commissioners  to  congress 
for  Vermont  in  1780  and  1781.    In  the 
politic  negotiations  with  Canada  in  1781, 
designed  to  protect  the  people  of  the 
"New  Hampshire  grants"  from  invasion, 
Mr.  Allen  and  Jonas  Fay  were  the  prin- 
cipal agents.    In  1789  he  drew  up  a  me- 
morial in  favor  of  the  establishment  of  a 
college  at  Burlington.    Having  risen  to 
the  rank  of  eldest  major  general  of  the 
militia,  he  proceeded  to  Europe  in  Dec. 
1795  to  purchase  arms  by  the  advice  of 
the  governor  for  the  supply  of  the  state, 
but  as  a  priiite  speculation  by  the  sale 
of  his  lands,  ofwhic^  he  asserted,  that  he 
and  the  heirs  of  Ethan  held  nearly  300, 
000  acres.    He  went  to  France  and  pur- 
chased of  the  French  republic  34  brass 
cannon  and  30,000  muskets  at  35  livres, 
expecting  to  sell  them  at  50,  a  part  of 


Branch;  but  he  wMcaptnred  Nov.9,1796, 
and  carried  into  England.  A  litigation 
of  8  years  in  the  court  of  admiralty  fol- 
lowed. He  was  charged  with  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  the  Irish  rebels  with 
arms.  In  1798  he  was  imprisoned  in 
France.  He  returned  to  America  in  1 801 . 
At  length  he  procured  a  deciaion  in  his 
favor.  His  residence,  when  in  Vermont, 
was  at  Colchester;  but  he  died  at  Phihi- 
delphia  Jan.7,  1814,  aged  63,  leavingse- 
veral  children. — Ebenezer  Allen,  a  'green 
mountain  boy,'  distinguished  in  Vermont, 
and  who  died  1805,  it  is  believed,  was 
his  brother.  There  were  7  brothers. — 
Republished  the  Natural  and  Political 
history  of  Vermont,  1798,  and  statements 
applicable  to  the  Olive  Branch,  PhiL 
1807.— Piii.  ehor.  1803,  394—348; 
Holmei,  II.  473;  ^m.  Rememb.  1783. 
p.  S51,  Part  II.  74. 

ALLEN,  Moses,  minister  of  Midway, 
Georgia,  and  a  distinguished  friend  of 
his  country,  was  born  in  Northampton, 
Massachusetts,  Sept.  14, 1748.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersey, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1773;  and  was 
licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
wick Feb.  1,  1774,  and  recommended  by 
them  as  an  ingenious,prudent,pious  man. 
In  his  journal  of  this  year  he  speaks  of 
passing  in  Dec.  a  few  days,  at  his  earnest 
request,  with  his  friend,  Mr.  James  Mad- 
ison, in  Virginia,  at  the  house  of  his  fa- 
ther. Col.  Madison,  and  of  preaching  re- 
peatedly at  the  court  house,  and  of  being 
solicited  to  pass  the  winter  there.  In 
March  following  ho  preached  first  at 
Christ's  church  parish,  about  30  miles 
from  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina. 
Here  he  was  ordained,  March  16,  1775, 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Zubly,  Mr.  Edmonds, 
and  William  Tennent.  He  preached  his 
farewell  sermon  in  this  place  June  8, 

1777,  and  was  soon  aflerwards  establish- 
ed at  Midway,  to  which  place  he  had 
been  r^irnestly  solicited  to  remove. 

The  British  army  from  Florida  under 
gen.   Prevost  dispersed    his  aooieiy  in 

1778,  and  burned  the  meeting  house,  al- 
most every  dwelling  house,  and  the  crops 


which  he  shipped  at  Ostend  in  the  Olive  of  rice  then  in  stacks.      In  Decemljferj 


ALLEN. 


when  Savannah  was  reduced  by  the  Brit- 
ish troops,  he  was  talcen  prisoner.  The 
continental  officers  were  sent  to  Sunbur^ 
on  parole,  but  Mr  Allen,  who  was  chap- 
lain to  the  Georgia  brigade,  was  denied 
that  privilegcHis  warm  exhortations  from 
the  pulpit  and  his  animated  exertions  in 
the  field  exposed  him  to  the  particular 
resentment  of  the  British.  They  sent 
him  on  board  the  prison  ships.  Wea- 
ried with  a  confinement  of  a  number  of 
weeks  in  a  loathsome  place,  and  seeing 
no  prospector  relief,  he  determined  to  at- 
tempt the  recovery  of  his  liberty  by  throw- 
ing himself  into  the  river  and  swimming 
to  an  adjacent  point;  but  he  was  drown- 
ed in  the  attempt  on  the  evening  of  Feb- 
ruary 8, 1779,  in  the  Slst  year  of  his  age. 
His  body  was  washed  on  a  neighboring 
island,  and  was  found  by  some  of  his 
friends.  They  requested  of  the  captain 
of  a  British  vessel  some  boards  to  make  a 
coffin,  but  could  not  procure  them. 

Mr.  Allen,  notwithstanding  his  clerical 
function,  appeared  among  the  foremost  in 
the  day  of  battle,  and  on  all  occasions 
sought  the  post  of  danger  as  the  post  of 
honor.  The  Aiends  of  independence  ad- 
mired him  for  his  popular  talents,  his  coup- 
age,  and  his  many  virtues.  The  enemies 
of  independence  could  accuse  him  of  noth- 
ing more,  than  a  vigorous  exertion  of  all 
his  powers  in  defending  the  rights  of  his 
injured  country.  He  was  eminently  a 
pious  man.— ilanMoy,  ii.  6;  Hitt.  eol.  a. 
157;  ^Uen'M  ter.  on  JIT.  JUlen;  Hart. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  brother  of  the 
preceding  and  first  minister  of  Pittsfield, 
Mass.;  was  born  Jan.  7, 1748,  at  North- 
ampton, of  which  town  his  great  grand 
father,  Samuel,  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers, receiving  a  grant  of  land  from  the 
town  Dec.l7, 1657.  In  the  records  of  the 
town  the  name  is  V7ritten  variously,  Allen, 
Allin,  AUyn,  and  Alyn.  His  grandfath- 
er, Samuel,  who  died  in  17S9,  Was  a  dea- 
con of  the  church,  of  which  Jonathan 
Edwards  was  pastor.  His  father,  Joseph, 
who  died  Dec.  80, 1779,  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Parsons,  who  died  Jan.  9, 
1800,  both  eminent  for  piety,  were  the 
steady  friends  of  Mr.  Edwards  during 
4 


the  popular  commotion,   which  eaoMd 
f><e  removal  of  that  excellent  minister. 

Through  the  bequest  of  an  unmar> 
ried  uncle  of  his  father, — Mr.  Thonuw 
Allen,  who  died  in  1754,— Mr.  Allen  was 
educated  at  Harvard  coHef^: ,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1763,  being  ranked  a- 
mong  the  best  classical  scholan  of  the  day. 

After  studying  theology  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.Hookerof  Northampton, 
Mr.  Allen  was  ordained  April  18,  1764 
the  first  minister  of  Pittsfield,  so  named 
in  honor  of  William  Pitt, — then  a  fVontier 
town,  in  which  a  garrison  had  been  kept 
during  the  French  war.  The  Indian  name 
of  the  place  was  PotUootue.  At  the  time 
of  his  settlement  there  were  in  Pittsfield 
but  half  a  docen  houses,  not  made  of 
logs.  He  lived  to  see  it  a  rich  and  beauti- 
ftil  town,  containing  nearly  three  thovr 
sand  inhabitants.  During  a  minmtry  of 
46  yeara  he  was  unwearied  in  dispen- 
sing the  glorious  gospel.  Besides  his 
stated  labora  on  the  sabbath,  he  flrequently 
delivered  lectdtesand  in  the  course  of  his- 
life  preached  six  or  seven  hundred  Ain- 
eral  sermons.  In  the  early  part  of  his 
ministry  he  also  occasionally  preached  in 
the  neighboring  towns,  not  then  supplied 
with  settled  ministers. 

The  same  benevolence,  which  awaken- 
ed his  zeal  in  guiding  men  in  the  way 
to  heaven,  made  him  desirous  of  render- 
ing them  happy  also  in  this .  world.  His , 
charities  to  the  poor  excited  their  grati- 
tudeand  rendered  his  religous  instructions 
the  moreefiectual.  His  house  was  the  seat 
of  hospitality.  Towards  other  denomi- 
nations of  Christians,  though  strict  in  his 
own  principles,  he  was  yet  exemplarily 
candid,  neither  believing  that  true  piety 
was  confined  to  his  own  sect,  nor  that 
gentleness  and  forbearance  were  useless 
in  the  attempt  to  reclaim  men  from  error. 
At  the  conmencementof  the  American  ■ 
revolution,  like  most  of  his  brethren,  he 
engaged  warmly  in  the  support  of  the 
rights  and  independence  of  his  country, 
for  he  believed,  that  the  security  and  per- 
manence of  the  best  of  earthly  enjoy- 
ments, as  well  as  the  progress  of  genuine 
religion,  were  intimately  connected  with 


.vW 


ALLEN. 


public  liberty.  Twice  he  went  out  u 
•  volunteer  chaplain  for  a  short  time; — 
iVorn  Oct.  S  to  Nov.  39, 1776  he  wm  ab- 
sent fVom  home,  with  the  army  at  White 
Plaina,  near  New  York,  and  in  June  and 
July  1777  he  waa  at  Ticonderoga.  On 
the  retreat  of  St.  Clair  before  Burgoyne 
he  returned  home.  But  the  next  month, 
when  a  detachment  from  Burgoyne'a 
troop*  under  the  command  of  colonel 
Baum  had  penetrated  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bennington,  and  threatened  to  de- 
solate the  country,  he  accompanied  the 
volunteer  militia  of  Pittsfield,  who  march- 
ed lO  repel  the  invasion.  Previously  to 
the  assault  of  a  particular  intrenchment, 
wifich  was  filled  with  refugees,  he  deem- 
ed it  his  duty  to  advance  towards  the  ene- 
my and  exhort  them  to  surrender,  assur- 
ing them  of  good  treatment,  ir  a  voice 
distinct'y  heard  by  them ;  but  bf  ing  fired 
'  Upon,  he  rejoined  the  militia,  i.nd  was 
among  the  foremost,  who  t-ot^kcd  the 
breast-work.  His  exertions  and  exam- 
ple contributed  somewhat  to  the  triumph 
of  that  day,  August  16th,  which  checked 
the  progress  of  the  British  and  led  to 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  After  the 
battle  he  found  a  Hessian  surgeon's 
horse,  loaded  with  panniers  of  bottles  of 
wine.  The  wine  he  administered  to  the 
wounded  and  t,<(  weary  ;  but  two  large 
square  glass  botdes  he  carried  home  with 
him  as  trophies  of  his  campaign  of  three 
or  fbur  days.  During  the  rebellion  of 
Shays,  which  extended  to  the  county  of 
BerkshirejMr.  Allen  supported  iheauthor- 
ity  of  the  established  government  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  insurgents  at  one  period 
threatened  to  seize  him  and  carry  him  as 
a  hostage  into  the  state  of  New- York. 
But  in  his  intrepidity  he  was  not  to  be 
shaken  from  his  purpose  and  his  duty. 
He  sl^t  with  arms  in  his  bed  room,  rea- 
dy to  defend  himself  againsbthe  violence 
of  lawlesa  men.  In  the  new  political  con- 
troversy, which  sprung  up  after  the  adop- 
tion of  the  federal  constitution,  Mr.  Al- 
len's principles  attached  him  to  what  was 
called  the  demoeratic  or  republican  party. 
Among  his  parishioners  were  some,  who 
were  tories  in  the  revolutionary  war  and 


who  remembered  with  no  good  will  the 
zeal  of  their  whig  minister ;  others  were 
ftirious  politicians,  partaking  fully  of  the 
malevolent  spirit  of  the  times,  intent  on 
accomplishing  their  object,  though  with 
the  weapons  of  obloquy  and  outrage. 
"During  the  presid.ncy  of  Mr.  Jefferson," 
says  the  History  of  Berkshire,  "that 
spirit  of  political  rancor,  that  infected  ev- 
ery class  of  cithsens  in  this  country,  ar 
raying  fathers,  brothers.,  sons,  and  neigh- 
bors against  each  other,  entered  even 
the  sanctuary  of  the  church.  A  number 
of  Mr.  Allen's  church  and  congregation 
withdrew,  and  were  incorporated  by  the 
legislature  into  a  separate  parish  in  1808 ; 
thus  presentii.g  to  the  world  the  ridiculous 
spectacle  of  a  church  divided  on  party 
politics  and  known  by  the  pafty  names  of 
the  day."  This  division  was,  however, 
healed  in  a  few  years  ;  though  not  until 
after  the  death  of  him,  whose  last  days 
were  thus  embittered,  as  well  as  by  do- 
mestic afflictions  in  the  lobs  of  his  eldest 
son  and  daughter. 

In  Mr.  Allen  the  strength  of  those  af- 
fections, which  constitute  the  charm  of 
domestic  and  social  life,  was  remarkable; 
giving  indeed  peculiar  poignancy  to  the 
arrows  of  afHiction,  but  also  swelling  in  a 
high  degree  the  amount  of  good,  found 
in  the  pilgrimage  of  the  ea  rth. 

After  the  death  of  his  brother  Moses 
Allen  in  1779,  he  took  a  journey  on 
bareback  to  Savannah  out  of  regard  to 
the  welfare  of  the  widow  and  her  infant 
son,  whom,  while  the  war  was  raging  at 
the  south,  he  placed  for  a  time  in  a  hap- 
py refuge  at  his  house. — Mr.  Allen's  first 
horn  daughter,  who  married  Mr.  Wil- 
liam P.  White  of  Boston,  died  in  London, 
leaving  an  infont,  unprotected  by  any  rel- 
atives, her  husband  being  then  in  the 
East  Indies.  Though  the  child  was  left 
under  the  care  of  a  very  respectable  gen- 
tleman, who  was  connected  with  its  father 
in  large  mercantile  business,  yet  such 
was  his  solicitude  for  its  welfare,  that  in 
the  year  1799  he  encountered  the  dan- 
gers of  a  voyage  across  the  Atiuntic  fc 
brought  his  grand  child  home  to  his  own 
family. 


A     I. 


I  good  will  the 
r ;  othen  were 
ing  fully  or  the 
imen,  intent  on 
t,  though  with 
'  and  outrage. 
Mr.Jefferson," 
rkuhire,  "that 
hat  infected  ev- 
lia  country,  ar 
ions,  and  neigh- 
,  entered  even 
ch.    A  number 
nd  congregation 
rporated  by  the 
I  pariah  in  1808; 
rid  the  ridiculoua 
ivided  on  party 
e  party  names  of 
n  was,  however, 
lough  not  until 
whoae  last  days 
9  well  as  by  do- 
obs  of  his  eldest 

l^th  of  those  af- 
le  the  charm  of 
was  remarkable; 
lignancy  to  the 
ilao  swelling  in  a 
of  good,  found 
rth. 

brother  Moses 
a  journey  on 
It  of  regard  to 
and  her  infant 
r  was  raging  at 
time  in  a  hap- 
Mr.  Allen's  first 
ried  Mr.  Wil- 
Idied  in  London, 
icted  by  any  rel- 
ig  then  in  the 
le  child  was  left 
■espectable  gen- 
with  its  father 
jness,  yet  such 
elfare,  that  in 
itered  the  dan- 
;he  Atlantic  & 
ime  to  his  own 


He  sailed  in  the  shipArgo,  capt.  Rich. 
—On  the  voyage  many  fears  were  awa- 
kened by  a  vessel  of  force,  which  pursu- 
ed the  Argo,  and  was  supposed  to  be  a 
French  ship.  The  idea  of  a  prison  in 
France  was  by  no  means  welcome.  In 
the  expecUtion  of  a  fight  Mr.  Allen  ob- 
tained the  captain's  consent  to  offer  a 
prayer  with  the  men  and  to  make  an  en- 
couraging speech  to  them  before  tlie  ac- 
tion. The  frigate  proved  to  be  British; 
ft  the  deliverance  was  acknowledged  in 
a  thsnksgiving  prayer.  On  his  arrival 
at  London  he  was  receivetl  with  great 
kindness  by  his  Oiends,  Mr.  Robert 
Cowie  and  Mr.  Robert  Steel,  and  was 
<made  acquainted  with  several  of  the  dis- 
tinguished evangelical  ministers  of  Eng- 
land; with  Newton  and  Haweis,  and 
Rowland  Hill,  and  Bogue,  and  others, 
from  whom  he  caught  a  pious  zeal  for 
the  promotion  of  foreign  missions,  which 
on  his  return  he  diffused  around  him. 
He  regarded  the  London  missionary  so- 
ciety as  the  most  wonderful  work  of 
divine  providence  in  modern  times.  It  ap- 
pears from  his  journal,  that  he  was  absent 
from  Pittsfield  from  July  Sd  to  Dec.  30, 
1799.  His  return  passage  was  boister- 
ous and  extended  to  the  great  length  of 
85  days  before  anchoring  at  New  York. 
Among  other  objects  of  curiosity,  which 
attracted  his  attention  in  London,  he 
went  to  (8e  the  king,  as  he  passed  from 
St.  James'  to  the  parliament  house  in  t>. 
coach,  drawn  by  six  cream  colored  horses. 
On  this  sight  he  recorded  the  following 
reflections  :-p-"  This  is  he,  who  desolated 
my  country;  who  ravaged  the  American 
coasts;  annihilated  our  trade;  burned  our 
t0T<^iiS;  plundered  our  cities;  sent  forth 
his  Indian  allies  to  scalp  our  wives  and 
child  I  en;  starved  our  youth  in  his  prison 
ships;  and  caused  the  expenditure  of  a 
hundred  millions  of  money  and  a  hun- 
dred thousand  of  precious  lives.  Instead 
of  being  the  father  of  his  people,  he  hus 
been  their  destroyer.  May  God  forgive 
him  so  great  guilt  I  And  yet  he  is  the 
idol  of  the  pe*>ple,  who  think,  they  can- 
not live  with,  ut  him." — In  this  journal 
he  also  recorded  with  much  confiderxe 


the  following  predi.  TMl  M4HP 

will  work  the  subversi  Hiainnftl  ^a*- 
dom  and  governmel^*  my  ivnint  or 
my  country  will  w"ik  itf  meliom  on  iC 
not  the  renovation  ui  m  cou.itry," 
Late  events  seem  to  prove,  that  the  ex- 
ample of  American  liberty  has  not  been 
without  a  beneficial  effect  in  G.  Britaim 

His  health  had  been  declining  for  sev- 
eral years  before  his  death,  and  more  than 
once  he  was  brought  to  the  brink  of  the 
grave.  For  several  months  he  was  una- 
ble to  preach.  He  was  fully  aware  of 
his  approaching  dissolution,  and  the  pros- 
pects of  eternity  brigrbtened,  as  he  drew 
near  the  close  of  life.  Thoise  precious 
promises,  which  with  |)eculiar  tenderness 
he  had  often  announced  to  the  sick  and 
dying,  were  now  his  support.  The  all- 
sufficient  Savior  was  his  only  hope;  and 
he  rested  on  him  with  perfect  confidence. 
He  was  desirous  of  departing,  ond  was 
chiefly  anxious,  lest  he  should  be  impa- 
tient. 

Knowing  his  dependence  upon  God, 
he  continually  besought  those,  who  were 
around  his  bed,  to  prey  for  him.  He 
took  an  affecting  leave  of  his  family,  re- 
peating his  pious  counsels  and  bestowing 
upon  each  one  his  valedictory  bl^ng. 
When  he  yna  reminded  by  a  friend  of  Ida 
great  labors  in  the  ministry,  he  disclaimed 
all  merit  for  what  he  had  done,  though  he 
expressed  his  belief,  that  he  had  plainly 
and  faithfully  preached  the  gospel.  He 
forgave  and  prayed  for  his  enemies. 
When  one  of  his  children,  a  day  or  two 
before  his  death,pre8sed  him  to  take  some 
nourishment,  or  it  would  be  impossible 
for  him  to  live  ;  he  replied,  "  Livef  lam 
going  to  Hve  forever!"  He  frequently 
exclaimed,  "Come,  Lord  Jesus;  come 
quickly."  In  the  morning  of  the  Lord's 
day,  Feb.  11,  18H),  he  fell  asleep  in  Je- 
sus, in  the  68th  year  of  his  age  and  the 
47th  of  his  ministry. — Among  his  chil- 
dren, who  have  deceased  since  his  depar- 
ture, was  one  son,  who  was  a  captain  in 
servic?  during  the  war  of  1812.  Another, 
Dr.  Elidha  Lee  Allen,  officiated  as  sur- 
geon in  the  same  war  on  the  Niagara 
frontier,  and  was  retained  on  the  peace 


ALLEN. 


Mtablithmont  May  ISIS.  Hit  Mcount  of 
the  battle  or  ChippewK  wm  publiaheil  in 
the  BmtonCentinel  Aug.  10, 1814.  He 
died  of  the  yellow  ftver  at  PMChristiin, 
near  New  Orleaiu,  Sept.  6,  1817.  Ano- 
ther ton,  proGsaaor  Solomon  M.  Allen, 
died  a  few  day*  aflerwarda,  Sept.  iS, 
1817.  And  Mrs.  Ripley,  the  wife  of 
maj.  gen.  Ripley,  died  at  ihe  Bay  of  St. 
Louie  of  the  yellow  fever  Sept.  II,  1830. 
—Mr.  Allen's  widow,  Elisabeth  [Lee] 
Allen,  dted  March  81, 1880,  aged  83  years. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
hia  daughter,  Elitabeth  White,  1798; 
on  the  death  of  Mosea  Allen,  aon  of 
Rev.  Moeea  Allen,  1801  ;  on  the  death 
of  Anna  Collins,  1808  ;  on  the  death  of 
hia  son  Thomas  Allen,  jun.  1806 ;  Elee- 
tion  Sermon,  1808.  Several  of  his  lettera 
on  the  aickness  and  death  of  his  daughter 
were  pubiiahed  in  the  Edinburgh  Mia- 
•ionary  Mag.  for  Oct.  Nov.  fc  Deo. 
1799.— P«iup/w(,  JtforeA,  1810;  Hi$t. 
o/Berk$hire,  Sn ;  P.  Sun,  Feb.  31. 

ALLEN,  Solomon,  a  uaefut  miniater 
of  the  gospel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  bom  at  Northampton  Feb,  98,  1751. 
He  and  four  of  hia  brothera  entered  the 
army  in  the  revolutionary  war.  Of  these 
two,  Mosea  and  Thomas,  whose  lives 
are  here  recorded,  were  chap>ains.  An- 
other, major  Jonathan  Allen,  ailer  esca- 
ping the  perila  of  the  service,  was  shot 
by  his  companion*  Mr.  Seth  Lyman, 
while  hunting  deer  in  a  deep  snow  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Northampton,  in  Janua- 
ry 1780,  aged  43  yean.  To  auch  families 
<^  daring,  self-denying,  zealous  patriots 
and  soldiers  America  is  indebted,  through 
the  blessing  of  God  on  their  sacrifices 
and  toils,  for  her  fVeedom  and  independ- 
ence. 

Mr.  Solomon  Allen,  in  the  course  of 
the  war,  rose  to  the  rank  of  major.  At 
the  time  of  the  capture  of  Andre  he  was 
a  lieutenant  and  adjutant,  on  service  near 
the  lines  not  far  from  New  York.  His 
account  of  the  removal  of  Andre  to  West 
Point,  received  fVom  hia  own  lips,  will 
correct  the  errors  of  the  other  accounts, 
which  have  been  given  to  the  world. 
When  the  British  spy  was  brought  to  the 


American  poat,  eol.  Jameson  ortlentl 
lieut.  Allen  to  select  a  guard  of  fl  in««ii 
out  of  800,  who  were  detached  froiti 
West  Point  aa  a  covering  party  to  ool. 
Weld'a  (of  Roxbury)  light  horae  on  the 
lines  60  miles  from  West  Point,  and  to 
carry  the  prisoner  to  gen.  Arnold,  the 
commanding  officer  at  West  Point,  with 
a  letter  Oom  Jameson  to  Arnold.  lust 
at  night.  Sept  99,  1780,  he  set  out  with 
his  prisoner,  who  wore  an  oM,  torn  crim- 
son coat,  nankeen  vest  and  small  clothes, 
okl  boots  and  flapped  l»t.  Andre'a  arma 
being  bound  behind  him,  one  of  the 
BokUers  held  the  atrap,  which  waa  around 
hia  arm,  and  the  guard  on  each  aide  aa 
well  as  before  and  behind  were  ordered  to 
run  him  through,  if  he  attempted  to  e»- 
cape.  Lieut.  Allen,  riding  behind,  asaured 
Andre  of  good  treatment,  and  offered,  if 
he  should  be  tired,  to  diamount  and  give 
him  his  horae.  Having  thus  proceeded 
7  miles,  with  much  cheerfulness  on  the 
part  of  the  prisoner,  an  express  overtook 
them  with  a  letter  from  Jameson  of  this 
import,  that  ha  the  enemy  might  have 
parties  landed  between  them  and  West 
Point,  lieutenant  Allen  was  ordered  to 
leave  the  river  road  and  take  the  prisoner 
immediately  overcast  to  lower  Salem  and 
deliver  him  to  capt.  Hooglin,commanding 
there  a  company  of  light  horae ;  then  to 
take  one  of  the  guard  and  proceed  with 
Jameson's  letter  to  Arnold  to  West  Point, 
sending  the  8  men  back  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  sergeant.  The  guard  were 
unwilling  to  comply,  for  they  wished  to 
get  back  to  West  Point.  They  said, 
there  was  no  danger,  and  it  would  be  best 
to  proceed  ;  and  Andre  seconded  the  pro- 
posal. He  thought,  the  fear  of  a  rc^ue 
was  very  idle.  But  lieut.  Allen  replied, 
like  a  soldier,  I  must  obey  orders.  From 
this  moment  Andre  appeared  downcast. 
The  same  night  Allen  delivered  him  to 
Hooglin;  having  travelled  30  miles.  In 
the  morning  of  Sept.  34th  he  proceeded 
with  one  of  the  guard  to  West  Point, 
it  being  arranged,  that  Andre  should 
soon  follow  him  ;  but  the  man  being  on 
foot,  and  the  distance  40  or  50  miles, 
they  did  not  arrive  till  the  forenoon  of  the 


ALLEN. 


neflon  onlerwl 
lard  of  fl  nH<n 
detached  tVoin 
f  party  to  c«l. 
It  hone  on  the 
:  Point,  and  to 
1.  Arnold,  the 
eat  Point,  \vith 
Arnold.      Juat 
le  aet  out  with 
oM,  torn  crim- 
il  amall  clothea, 
Andre'a  amta 
I,  one   of  the 
lich  waa  around 
an  each  aide  aa 
were  ordered  to 
ttempted  to  ea- 
behind,aaaured 
t,  and  offered,  if 
mount  and  give 
thua  proceeded 
irfulneaa  on  the 
tpreaa  overtook 
Jameaon  ofthia 
ny  might  have 
them  and  Weat 
waa  ordered  to 
ike  the  prisoner 
ower  Salem  and 
lin,commanding 
horae;  then  to 
id  proceed  with 
toWeat  Point, 
nderthe  corn- 
he  guard  were 
jthey  wiahed  to 
They  said, 
t  woukl  be  beat 
londed  the  pro- 
|fearofa  rc^ue 
Allen  replied, 
orders.     From 
red  downcast, 
ivered  him  to 
30  miles.    In 
he  proceeded 
Weat  Point, 
ndre    should 
|man  being  on 
or  50   miles, 
forenoon  of  the 


t5th.  at  Robinaon'a  houae,  the  east  aide 
of  the  river,  oppoaite  Weat  Point,— the 
reaidenee  of  Arnold  and  the  quartern  of 
the  general  offieera.    Arnokt  was  in  the 
buttery  eating,  it  being  10  or  11  o'clock  ; 
on  receiving  the  letter  fVom  Andre  he 
was  thrown  into  great  confusion ;  he, 
however,  in  a  abort  time  aaked  lieut  Al- 
len up  stairs  to  sit  with  Mrs.  Arnold, 
probably  to  keep  him  from  an  interview 
with  the  other  olRcera,  and  precipitately 
left  the  houae  and  fled.    Such  waa  Mr. 
Allen's  statement.      Waahington   aoon 
arrived,  at  18  o'clock  on  the  aame  day, 
iVom  Hartford,  and  in  the  afternoon  the 
treaaon  was  diacovered  by  the  arrival  of 
the  packet  ftom  Jameaon  for  Waahington ; 
Andre  waa  brought  to  head  quartern  the 
next  day.    On  the  same  day  adjutant  Al- 
len waa  invited  to  dine  at  head  quarters  ; 
and  at  dinner  he  heard  Gen.  Knox  remark, 
— "What  a  very /or<«nol«  discovery  thia 
was  I    Without  it  we  should   all  have 
been  cut  up."     To  which  Oen.  Wash- 
ington very  gravely  and  emphatically  re- 
plied, "I  do  not  eall  this  h  fortunate  oc- 
currence ;  but  a  remarkable  Prmidenee !" 
After  the  war  maj.  Allen  waa  a  con- 
spicuous  ofRcer  in  quelling  the  inaunection 
of  Shays..    At  the  age  of  forty  his  soul 
was  conquered  by  the  power  of  the  gospel, 
which  till  then  he  had  resisted  ;  in  a  few 
yeara  afterwarda  he  waa  chosen  a  deacon 
ofthe  church  of  Northampton.     Aahia 
personal  piety  increased,  he  became  solif.- 
itoua  to  preach  the  gospel  to  his  perishing 
brethren.    But,  at  the  age  of  bO,  with  no 
advantages  of  education,  there  were  for- 
midable obstacles  in  his  way.    The  min- 
isters around  him  suggested  discourage- 
ments, as  he  could  hardly  acquire  the  ne- 
cessary qualifications.      But  his    pious 
xeal   was   irrepressible.      There    were 
various  branches  of  learning,  which  he 
could  not  hope  to  gain  ;  but "  one  thing 
he  could  do ; — he  could  bend  all  the  force 
of  a  naturally  robust  intellect  to  the  work 
of  searching  the  scriptures.    This  he  did, 
k  while  in  this  way  he  enriched  his  under- 
standing from  their  abundant  treasure8,hi8 
faith  was  strengthened,  his  hope  bright- 
ened, aad  all  the  christian  graces  were  re- 


fteahed  Oom  that  fountain  of  living  w»- 
ters."    He  read  alao  Howe'asnd  Bax- 
tor'a  works.    The  former  was  in  his  view 
the  greatest  of  uninspired  writers.     From 
theae  sources  he  drew  his  theology.    He 
wrote  out  a  few  sermons,  and  thua  com- 
menced the  bbor  of  preaching,  at  first  in 
a  few  amall  towns  in  Hampshire  county, 
but    for    the  last   yeara  of  hia   life  in 
the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  in  Middletown  at  the  head  of  Ca- 
nandaigua  lake,  in  Riga,  Pittaford,  Brigh- 
ton, and  other  towns  near  the  Genesee 
river.      Without  property  himself,  he 
preached  the  gospel  to  tlte  poor  Mid  was 
perfectly  content  with  food  and  ctothing, 
demanding  and  receiving  no  other  com- 
pensation for  hia  services.    He  rejoiced 
in  fatigues  and  privations  in  the  aervice 
of  his  blessed  master.    Sometimes  in  hia 
journies  he  reposed  himself  with  'nothing 
but  a  blanket  to  protect  h|m   f^om  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather.    But  though 
poor,  he  waa  the  meana  of  enriching  mft- 
nywith  the  inestimable  riches  of  religion. 
Four  churches  were  established  by  him« 
and  he  numbered  about  300  souls,  as  by 
his  preaching   reclaimed     ftom    perdi- 
tion.   Though  poor  himself,  there  were 
those,  connected  with  him,  who  were 
rich,  and  by  whose  liberality  he  was  ena- 
bled to  aecompliah  hia  benevolent  purpo- 
ses.   When  one  of  his  sons  presented 
him  with  a  hundred  dollars,  he  begged 
him  to  receive  again  the  money,  as  he  had 
no  unsupplied  wanU  and  knew  not  what 
to  do  with  it;  but,  as  he  was  not  allowed 
to  return  it,  he  purchased  with  it  hooka 
for  the  children  of  his  flock,  and  gave  ev- 
ery child  a  book.    From  such  sources  he 
expended  about  a  thousand  dollars   in 
books  and  clothing  for  the  pe>ple  in  ttie 
wilderness,  while  at.the  same  tii  ne  he  toil- 
ed incessantly  in  teaclting  the'n  the  way 
to  heaven.    Such  an  exampi<)  of  disinter- 
estedness drew  forth  from  an  enemy  of 
the  gospel  the  following  remark; — "This 
is  a  thing  I  cannot  get  along  with:  this 
old  gentleman,  who  can  be  as  rich  as  he 
pleases,  comes  here  and  does  all  these 
things  for  nothing ;  there  must  be  some- 
thing in  his  religion." 


ALLEN, 


In  the  autumn  of  1830,  after  having 
been  nearly  30  years  a  preacher  in  the 
new  settlements  of  the  west,  his  declin- 
ingr  health  induced  him  to  bid  adieu  to  his 
people  in  >  rder  to  visit  once  more,  befofe 
his  death,  his  children  and  friends  in  Mas- 
sachusetts and  in  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  His  parting  with  his 
church  at  Brighton  was  like  the  parting 
of  Paul  with  the  elders  of  the  church  of 
Ephesus.  Many  of'  the  members  of  the 
church  accompanied  him  to  the  boat,  and 
tears  were  shed  and  prayers  offered  on  the 
shore  of  lake  Ontario,  as  on  the  sea-coast 
of  Asia  Minor.  Even  the  passengers  in 
the  boat  could  not  refrain  from  weeping 
at  the  solemnity  and  tenderness  of  the 
scene.  It  wa8,as  it  was  apprehended  to  be, 
the  last  interview  between  the  beloved  pas- 
tor and  his'people,  until  they  meet  again  in 
the  mofning  of  the  resurrection  of  the 
just.  The  attachment  of  children  to 
Mr.  Alien  was  indeed  remarkable. 
Wherever  he  went,  children,  while  they 
venerated  his  white  locks,  would  cling 
around  his  knees  to  listen  to  the  interest- 
ing anecdotes,  which  he  would  relatCj  and 
to  his  warnings  and  instructions. 

Mr.  Allen  revisited  his  friends,  with  a 
presentiment,  that  it  was  his  last  visit. 
He  had  come,  he  said,  "to  set  his  house  in 
order,"  alluding  to  his  numerous  children 
and  grandchildren,  living  in  different  pla- 
ces. It  was  his  custom  to  address  them 
first  individually,  then  collectively,  and 
while  a  heavenly  serenity  beamed  upon 
his  countenance,  he  pressed  upon  them 
the  concerns  of  another  world  with  plain- 
ness and  simplicity,  with  pathos  and  en- 
ergy. He  had  the  happiness  to  be  per- 
suaded, that  all  his  children,  excepting 
one, were  truly  pious;  and  concerning 
that  one  he  had  the  strongest  faith,  that 
God  would  have  mercy  upon  him.  After 
10  yeara  that  son  has  espoused  a  cause, 
which  he  never  before  loved,  and  mani- 
fests much  pious  zeal. 

At  Pittsfield,  where  Bom<>  of  his  rela- 
tives lived  and  where  his  brother  had  been 
the  minister,  Mr.  Allen  went  through  the 
streets,  and,  entering  each  house,  read  a 
chapter  in  the  Bible,  exhorting  all  the 


membera  of  the  family  to  serve  God  and 
praying  fervently  for  their  salvation. 
In  like  manner  he  visited  other  towns. 
He  felt,  that  the  time  was  short,  and 
he  was  constrained  to  do  all  the 
good  in  his'  power.  With  his  white 
locks  and  the  strong  impressive  tones 
of  his  voice,  and  having  a  known 
character  of  sanctity,  all  were  awed  at 
the  presence  of  the  man  of  God.  He 
went  about  with  the  holy  Zealand  author- 
ity of  an  apostle.  In  prayer  Mr.  Allen 
displayed  a  sublimity  and  pathos,  which 
good  judges  havei  considered  as  unequal- 
led by  any  ministere,  whom  they  have 
known.  It  was  the  energy  of  true  faith 
and  strong  feeling. — In  November  he  ar- 
rived at  New  York,  and  there,  afler  a  few 
weeks,  he  expired  in  the  arms  of  his  chil- 
dren Jan.  20,  1831,  aged  70  yeara.  At 
his  funeral  his  pall  was  borne  by  8  clergy- 
men of  the  city. 

As  he  went  down  to  the  grave  he  en- 
joyed an  unbroken  serenity  of  soul  and  re- 
joiced and  exulted  in  the  assured  hope  of 
eternal  life  in  the  presence  of  his  Redeem- 
er in  heaven.  Some  of  his  last  memora- 
ble sayings  have  been  preserved  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Danforth  in  his  sketch  of  his  last 
houre.  If  there  are  any  worldly  minded 
ministere,  who  neglect  the  sheep  and 
lambs  of  the  flockj-'-any,  who  repose 
themselves  in  learned  indolence, — any, 
who  are  not  bold  to  reprove  and  diligent 
to  instruct, — any,  who  are  not  burning 
with  holy  zeal,  nor  strong  in  faith,  nor 
fervent  and  mighty  in  prayer ; — to  them 
the  history  of  the  ministry  and  faithful- 
ness of  Mr.  AHen  might  riiow  to  what  a 
height  of  excellence  and  honot  they  might 
reach,  did  they  but  possess  his  spirit. 

Mr.  Allen  published  no  writings  to  keep 
alive  his  name  on  earth.  He  did  not,  like 
some  learned  men,  spend  his  life  in  labo- 
riously doing  nothing.  But  he  has  a  rec- 
ord on  high ;  and  his  benevolent,  pious, 
zealous  toils  have  doubtless  gained  for 
him  that  honor,  which  cometh  from  God, 
and  which  will  be  green  and  flourishing, 
when  the  honors  of  science  and  of  heroic 
exploits  and  all  the  honore  of  earth  shall 
wither  away.    In  his  life  there  is  present- 


"it^' 


ALLEN. 


SI 


ed  to  the  world  a  memorable  example  of 
the  power  in  doing  good,  which  may  be 
wielded  by  one  mind,  even  under  the  most 
unfavorable  circumstancea,  when  its  ener- 
gies are  wholly  controlled  by  a  spirit  of 
piety.  Though  found  in  deep  poverty, 
such  a  pious  zeal  may  mould  the  charac- 
ters of  those,  who  by  their  industry  and 
enterprise  acquire  great  wealth ;  and 
thus  may  be  the  remote  cause  of  all  their 
extensive  charities.  One  lesson  especially 
should  come  home  to  the  hearts  of  par- 
ents; teaching  them  to  hope  that  by  their 
faithfulness  and  the  constancy  and  impor- 
tunity of  prayer  all  their  ofispring  and  a 
multitude  of  their  .descendants  will  be 
rendered  through  the  faithfulness  and 
m^rcy  of  God  rich  in  faith  and  be  made 
wise  unto  salvation. — Sketch  of  his  last 
hours  by  J.'  N.  Dartforth. 

ALLEN,  James,  a  poet,  was  bom  at 
Boston  July  34,  1739.  It  was  his  mis- 
ibrtune  to  be  the  eon  of  a  merchant  of 
considerable' wealth.  From  youth  he  was 
averse  to  study.  He  early  adopted  free 
notions  on  religion.  After  remaining 
three  yeare  at  college,  he  afterwards  lived 
at  his  ease  in  Boston,  without  business 
and  without  a  family,  displaying  much 
eccentricity,  till  his  death,  Oct.  1808, 
aged  69  yeara.  Had  he  been  without 
property,  he  might  have  been  impelled 
to  some  useful  exertion  of  his  powers. 
He  wrote  a  few  pieces  of  poetry ; — lines 
on  the  Boston  massacre  at  the  request  of 
Dr.  Warren,  the  retrospect,  Stc.r-Spec. 
of  ^mer.  Poet.  1. 160. 

ALLEN,  William  Henry,  a  naval  offi- 
cer, was  born  at  Providence,  R.  L,  Oct. 
31,  1784.  His  father,  William  Allen,  was 
a  major  in  the  revolutionary  army  and  in 
1799  appointed  brigadier  general  of  the 
militia  of  the  state.  His  mother  was  the 
sister  of  gov.  Jones.  Notwithstanding 
the  remonstrances  of  his  father,  who 
wished  him  to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace, 
he  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
ISOO  and  sailed  under  Bainbridge  to  Al- 
giers. After  his  return  he  again  sailed 
for  the  Mediterranean  under  Barron  in 
the  Philadelphia ;  the  third  time  in  1802 
under  Rodgers  in  the  frigate  John  Ad- 


ams ;  and  the  fouth  time  in  1804  a*  sail- 
ing master  of  the  Congress.    In  his  voy- 
age, while  the  ship  was  lying  to  in  a  gale, 
he  fell  from  the  fore  yard  into  the  sea,  and 
must  have  been  lost,  had'  he  not  risen 
close  by  the  mizen  chains,  on  which  he 
caught  hold.    Thus'was  he  ^by  a  kind 
providence  preserved.  As  lieutenant  he  re- 
paired on  board  the  CQn8tilution,comm8n- 
ded  by  Rodgera,inOct.  1805.  During  the 
cruise  he  visited  the  mountains  Etna  and 
Vesuvius  and  the  cities  Herculanium  and 
Pompeia.    Returning  in  1800,  he  was 
the  next  year  on  board  the  Chesapeake, 
when,  without  fighting,  she  struck  her 
colors  to  the  British  frigate  Leopard, — 
an  event,  which  filled  him  with  indigna- 
tion.   He,  in  consequence  drew  up  the 
letter  of  the  officers  to  the  secretary  of 
the  navy,  urging  the  arrest  and  trial  of 
commodore  Barron  for  neglect  of  duty.- 
During  the  embargo,of  1808  he  cruised 
off  Block  island  for  the  enforcement  of 
the  law,  but  in  his  delicacy  got  excused 
from  boarding  in  pereon  any  vessel  from 
his  native  state.    In  1809  he  joined  the 
frigate  United  States  as  first  lieutenant 
under  Decatur.    Soon  ailer  the  declara- 
tion of  war  in  1813  he  was  distinguished 
in  the  action  Oct.  35th,  which  issued  in 
the  capture  of  the  Macedonian.    The 
superior  skill  of  the  United  States  in 
gunnery  was  ascribed  to   the   diligent 
training  and  discipline  of  lieut.  Allen.  He 
carried  the  prize  safely  into  the  harbor  of 
New  York  amidst  the  gratulations  of 
thousands.    Promoted  to  be  master  com- 
mandant, in  1813  he  conveyed  Mr.  Craw- 
ford, the  minist^,  to  France  in  the  brig 
Argus,  and  aflerwards  proceeded  to  the 
Irish  channel,  agreeably  to  orders,  for  the 
purpose  of  destroying  the  English  com- 
merce.   His  success  was  so  great,  that 
the  injury  inflicted  by  him  upon  the  ene- 
my in  the  capture  of  30  Vessels  was  esti- 
mated at  3  millions  of  dollars.      In  his 
generosity  he  never  allowed  the  baggage 
of  passengere  to  be  molested.      On  the 
14thof  Aug.  hefellin  with  the  British 
brig  Pelican,  cruising  in  the  channel  for 
the  purpose  of  capturing.the  Argus.  Soon 
after  the  action  commenced,  captain  Al- 


M 


ALLEN. 


ri.  i'!  : 


ten  wu  mortally  wounded,  and  carried 
below;  lieut.  Watson  being  also  wound- 
ed, the  command  for  a  time  devolved  on 
lieut  W.  H.  Allen,  jun.  After  a  vigor- 
ous resistance  of  nearly  an  hour,  the  Ar- 
gus was  captured,  wi^'>  the  loss  of  6  killed 
and  17  wounded.  Capt.  Allen  was  car- 
ried into  Plymouth  the  next  day,  hilt  leg 
having  been  amputated  at  sea.  He  died 
Aug.  16, 1813,  aged  S8  years,  and  was 
buried  with  military  honors. — Capt.  Al- 
len was  highly  respected  and  esteemed  in 
private  life,  exhibiting  a  uniform  courtesy 
and  amenity  of  manners.  With  great  care 
he  abstained  from  all  irritating  and  insult- 
ing language.  He  united  the  milder  gra- 
ces with  the  stern  and  masculine  charac- 
ter of  the  sailor.  The  eager  desire  of  fame, 
called  <'the  last  infirmity  of  noble  minds," 
seemed  to  reign  in  his  heart.  Against  the 
wishes  of  all  his  friends  he  entered  the 
naval  service,  thirsting  for  honor  and  dis- 
tinction, ofwhichhehad  his  share;  but 
in  early  manhood  he  died  a  prisoner  in  a 
foreign  land.  Ifthere  must  be  victims  to 
war,  we  could  wish  the  defenders  of  their 
country's  rights  a  higher  reward  than 
f»vat).—BaiUy'i  turn.  biog.  305-336. 

ALLEN,  Solomon  Metcalf,  professor 
of  languages  in  Middlebury  college,  Ver- 
mont, was  the  son  of  Rev.  T.  Allen  of 
Fittsfield  and  was  bom  Feb.  18, 1789.  He 
received  his  second  name  on  account  of 
his  being  a  descendant  on  his  mother's 
aide  of  Rev.  Nathan  Metcalf,  first  minister 
of  Falmouth,  Mass.,  who  died  about  1725. 
His  father  destined  him  to  be  a  farmer,  as 
he  was  athletic  and  fond  of  active  life ; 
but  after  he  became  pious,  his  friends  be- 
ing desirous  that  ha  should  receive  a  col- 
legial  education,  he  commenced  the  study 
of  Latin  at  the  age  of  twenty.  In  1813 
he  graduated  at  Middlebury  with  high 
reputation. as  a  scholar.  During  a  year 
spent  at  Andover,  besides  attending  to  the 
customary  studies,  he  read  a  part  of  the 
New  Testament  in  the  Syriac  language. 
After  otRciating  for  two  years  as  a  tutor, 
he  was  chosen  in  1816  professor  of  the  an- 
cient languages,  having  risen  to  this  hon- 
or in  7  years  after  commencing  the  study 
of  Latin.    He  lived  to  accomplish  but  lit- 


tle, but  long  enough  to  show  what  the  en- 
ergy of  pious  zeal  is  capable  of  accomplish- 
ing. Respected  and  beloved  by  all  his  as- 
sociates and  acquaintance,  his  sudden  and 
awful  death  overwhelmed  them  with  sor- 
row. Being  induced,  on  account  of  a  de- 
fect in  the  chimney,  to  go  imprudently  up- 
on the  roof  of  the  college  building,  he  fell 
flromit  Sept.  33,  1817,  and  inconsequence  . 
died  the  same  evening,  aged  38  years.  In 
his  last  houraliis  humerous  friends  crow- 
ded around  him,'<watcli(ng  with  trembling 
anxiety  the  flight  of  his  immortal  soul  to 
the  kindred  spirits  of  a  better  wo/ld. " 
Under  the  extreme  anguish  of  his  dying 
moments,  resigning  the  loveliness,  which 
he  had  hoped  would  be  shortly  his  own, 
and  all  the  fair  prospects  of  this  worldfhe 
exclaimed: — ^"The  lord  reigneth,  let  the 
earth  rejoice  !— 0,  Father,  thy  will  be 
done  !  So  seemeth  it  good  in  thy  sight, 
O  Lord."-^Professor  Frederic  Hall  has 
described  his  frank  and  noble  character 
and  his  many  virtues,  the  tenderness  of 
his  heart  and  his  energy  of  mind. 
Another  writer  speaks  of  his  unwearied 
perseverance  and  unconquerable  resolu- 
tion, and  says, — "his  march  to  eminence 
was  steady,  rapid,  and  sure.  Whether  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  abstruse  and 
profound  branches  of  mathematical  sci- 
ence or  to  the  stores  of  ancient  classical 
learning,  he  solved  every  problem  and 
overcame  every  obstacle  with  eqilal  facili- 
ty and  triumph."  Mr.  Allen  was  at  Ando- 
ver one  of  "the  groupof  stars,"  thefriends 
of  Carlos  Wilcox,  alluded  to  by  him  in 
the  following  lines.  The  others  were 
Sylvester  Larned,  Alexander  M.  Fisher, 
Levi  Parsons,  Pliny  Fisk,  and  Joseph  R. 
AndruB ;  all  recorded  in  this  volume. 
These,  with  Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Wilcox, 
all  young  men,  no  longer  shine  on  the 
earth ;  but,  it  is  believed,  they  make  a 
constellation  of  seven  stars,  like  the  Pleia- 
des, resplendent  in  heaven.  May  there 
be  in  future  many  such  groups  in  our 
theological  schools. — 

"Ye  were  a  group  of  stars  collected  liere, 
Some  mildly  glowing, others  sparkling  bright; 
Here ,  rising  in  a  rrgion  calm  and  clear. 
Ye  (hone  awhile  witli  intermingled  light; 


if 


Jg- 


ALLEN,    il      Aiim^i* 


ALLERTON. 


8S 


Thm,  parting,  each  punuiMLWi  own  flight 
O'ar  tba  wide  lMiii!i|ih#»«3liaingly  ihone ;     . 
Bat,  ureye  climlMd  l«  hld^yoar  prpniwd  lieigbt, 
Te  wiik  again  with  brjihtaiiiag  glory  ruuqd 
,''.'  you  thrown, 

'  ^  'Each. left  a  brilliaat  track,aa  eaeh expired  aJupe. 

— Hall's  et^ogyi  IVtleox'a  Renuum,  00; 
Nat^.,^m4mrd,  Oct.  \,  1817. 

■i^  ALLEN,  PSEto),  a  poeT,  was  born  at 
Piovideiwo,  R.  I.  Feb.  15,^j^75,  his  fath- 
er, Paul  Allen,  beijw  a  representative  in 
the  legislature,  andnis  mother  the  daugh- 
ter of  gov.  Otiok.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brotm  university  in  1796  and  afterwards 
studied,  but  never  practised,  law.  Devo- 
ted to  literature,  he  removed  to  Philadel- 
phu  and  was  engaged  as  a  writer  in  the 
Port  Folio  and  in  the  United  States'  Ga- 
zette, and  was  also  employed  to  prepare 
for  the  press  the  travels  of  Lewis  and 
Clark.  After  this  he  was  for  -ome  time 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Federal  Repub- 
lican at  Baltimore ;  but  on  quitting  this 
employment  he  found  himself  in  impaired 
health  and  extreme  indigence,  with  a 
widowed  mother  dependent  on  him  for 
support.  In  his  mental  disorder,  he  be- 
lieved tliat  he  wad  to  be  way  laid  and 
murdered.  To  the  disgrace  of  our  laws 
he  was  thrown  into  jail  for  a  debt  of  30 
dollars.  About  this  time  he  wrote  for 
^the!  Portico,  a  magazine,  associated  with 
Pierpont  and  Neal.  His  friends  procured 
for  him  the  establishment  of  the  Journal 
of  the  Times,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Morning  Chronicle,  which  was  widely 
circulated.  Having  long  and  frequently 
advertised  a  history  of  the  American  rev- 
olution, of  which  he  had  written  nothing, 
it  was  now  determined  to  publish  it,  an 
unequalled  subscription  having  been  ob- 
tained. The  work  appeared  in  two  vols, 
in  his  name,  but  was  written  by  Mr. 
John  Neal  and  Mr,  Watkins ;  Neal  wri- 
ting the  first  vol.,  beginning  with  the  de- 
claration of  Independence.  His  principal , 
poem,  called  Noah,  which  has  simplicity 
and  feeling,  was  also  submitted  to  Mr. 
Neal,  and  reduced  to  one  fifth  of  its  orig- 
inal size.  He  died  at  Baltimore  in  Aug. 
1826,  aged  51  years.  He  published  orig- 
inal poems,  serious  and  entertaining,1801. 
5 


A  long  extract  fVom  Noah  is  in  Spec^ 
mens  of  American  poetry. — Spec.  Ji.  P. 
II.  185. 

ALLEN,  Richard,  first  bishop  of  the 
Aftican  methodist  episcopal  church,  died 
at  Philadelphia  March  36,  1831,  aged  71. 

ALLEN,  Benjamin,  rector  of  St. 
Paul's  church,  Philadelphia,  died  at  sea 
in  the  brig  Edward,  on  his  return  from 
Europe,  Jan.  37,  1839.  He  had  been 
the  editor  of  the  Christian  magazine,  and 
was  a  disinterested,  zealous  servant  of 
God. 

ALLERTON,  Isaac,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Plymouth,  came  over  in  the 
first  ship,  the  Mayflower.  His  name  ap- 
pears the  fifth  in  the  agreement  of  the 
company,  signed  at  cape  Cod  Nov.  II, 
1 630.  There  were  6  persons  in  his  fami- 
ily.  Mary,  his  wife,  died  Feb.  35,  1631. 
In  the  summer  or  autumn  of  1636  he 
went  to  Elngland  as  agent  for  the  colony; 
and  he  returned  in  the  spring  of  1637, 
having  conditionally  purchased  for  his  as- 
sociates the  rights  of  the  Adventurers  for 
1800  pounds,  the  agreement  being  signed 
Nov.  15,  1636,  and  also  hired  for  them 
300  pounds  at  30  per  cent  interest  and 
expended  it  in  goods.  He  took  a  second 
voyage  as  agent  in  1637  and  concluded 
the  bargain  with  the  company  at  London 
Nov.  6,  accomplishing  also  other  bbjects, 
particularly  obtaining  a  patent  for  a  tra- 
ding pkce  in  the  Kennebec.  Judge  Da- 
vis erroneously  represents,  that  Mr. 
Prince  dates  the  departure  of  Mr.  Aller- 
ton  in  the  autumn;  but  Mr.  Prince 
speaks  only  of  his  going  "with  the  return 
of  the  ships,"  probably  June  or  July. 
The  voyage  of  the  preceding  year  he  re- 
gards as  made  "in  the  fall ;"  also  the  third 
voyage  in  1638,  for  the  purpose  of  enlarg- 
ing the  Kennebec  patent.  Afler  his  re- 
turn in  August,  1639,  he  proceeded  again 
to  England  and  with  great  diflictUty  ob- 
tained the  patent  Jan.  39,  1630.  A  fifth 
voyage  was  made  in  1630,  and  he  return- 
ed the  following  year  in  Hie  ship  Whit© 
Angel.  He  was  an  enterprising  trader  at 
Penobscot  and  elsewhere.  In  16S3  he 
was  engaged  in  "a  trading  wigwam," 
which  was  lost  at  Machias.     A  bark  of  liis 


%' 


vd'iir*. 


ALLISON.       If    ^  [ 


lost  on  tmpe  Ann  in  1635,  and  91 
penons  perished,  among  whom  were 
John  Avery,  a  minister,  his  wife  and  6 
children.  The  roc|c  is  called  'Avery's 
fall'  The  time  and  plaee  of  Mr.  Aller- 
ton's  death  are  not  mentioned.  Hutchin- 
son says,  that  he  settled  in  England. 
But  firom  164S  to  1658  he  lived  at  New 
Haven,  and  probably  traded  with  the 
Dutch  at  New  York.  In  165S  he  recei- 
ved mackerel  from  Boston  to  sell  for 
half  profits,  and  is  called  J-.  Allerton, 

senior. Point    Alderton   in    Boston 

harbor  is  supposed  to  be  named  fVom 
him. — His  second  wife,  whom  he  mar- 
ried before  1627,  and  who  died  of  "the 
pestilent  fever"  in  16S4,  was  Fear  Brews- 
ter, daughter  of  dder  Brewster,  who  had 
another  daughter,L»v«,  and  a  son,  Wrett- 
liitg.  It  seems,  that  he  was  married  again, 
for  coming  from  New  Haven  in  1644  he 
was  castaway  with  his  wife  at  Scituate, 
but  was  saved.— Damt'  Morton,  S8, 331, 
889,  S91 ;  Mast.  Aw.  coll.  in.  46;  Prince, 
343;  SaiM^e't  Wintkr.  i.  35;  ii.  310; 
/.  Mather't  rem.  prov. 

ALLISON,  Francis,  d.  d.,  assistant 
ministerof  the  first  presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1705.  After  an  early  classical  education  at 
an  academy  he  completed  his  studies  at  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  1735,  and  was  soon  appointed 
pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church  at  New 
London  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Here  about  the  year  1741  his  solicitude 
for  the  interests  of  the  Redeemer's  king- 
dom and  his  desire  of  engaging  young 
men  in  the  work  of  the  ministry  and  of 
promoting  public  happiness  by  the  diffu- 
sion of  religious  liberty  and  learning  in- 
duced him  to  open  a  public  school. 
There  was  at  this  time  scarcely  a  particle 
of  learning  in  the  middle  states,  and  he 
generally  instructed  all,  that  came  to  him, 
without  fee  or  reward. — About  the  year 
1747  he  was  invited  to  take  the  charge  of 
an  academy  inPhiladelphia;in  1755  he  was 
elected  vice  provost  of  the  college,  which 
had  just  been  established,  and  professor 
of  moral  philosophy.  He  was  also  minis- 
ter in  the  first  presbyterian  church.    In 


the  diachaiigi' of  the  laborious  dvties, 
which  devolved  upon  him,  he  continued 
till  his  death,  Nqv.  98,  1777,  aged  79. 

Besides  an  u^ubnally  accurate  and  pro- 
found acquaintance  with  the  Latin  and 
O^k  classics,  he  was  well  informed  in 
moral  philosophy,  history,  and  general 
literature. ..  To  his  zeal  for  the  clifiusion 
of  knowledge  Pennsylvania  owes  mucht 
of  that  tasteJ|>r  solid  learning  and  classic- 
al literature,  for  whi(^  many  of  her  prin- 
cipal characters  havei>een  so  distinguish* 
ed.  The  private  virtues  of  Dr.  Allison 
conciliated  the  esteem  of  all,  that  knew 
him,  and  his  public  usefulness  has  erected 
a  lasting  monument  to  his  praise.  For 
more  than  40  years  he  supported  the 
ministerial  character  with  dignity  \nd 
reputation.  In  his  public  services  he 
was  plain,  practical,  and  argumentative  ; 
warm,  animated  and  pathetic.  He  was 
greatly  honored  by  the  gracious  Redeem- 
er in  being  made  instrumental,  as  it  is  be- 
lieved, in  the  salvation  of  many,  who 
heard  him.  He  was  frank  and  ingenuous 
in  his  natural  temper ;  warm  and  zealous 
in  his  friendships  ;  catholic  in  his  senti- 
ments ;  a  friend  to  civil  and  religions  lib- 
erty. His  benevolence  led  him  to  spare 
no  pains  nor  trouble  in  assisting  the  poor 
and  distressed  by  hisadviceand  influence, 
or  by  his  own  private  liberality.  It  was  ^;, 
he,  who  planned  and  was  tlie  means  of 
establishing  the  widoiY8*^und,  which  was 
remarkably  usefuL  Hci  oi\en  expressed 
his  hopes  in  the  mercy  oi  God  unto  eter- 
nal life,  &  but  a  few  days  before  his  death 
said  to  Dr.  Ewing,  that  he  had  no 
doubt,  but  that  according  to  the  gospel 
covenant  he  should  obtain  the  pardon  of 
his  sins  through  the  great  Redeemer  of 
mankind,  and  enjoy  an  eternity  of  rest 
and  glory  in  the  presence  of  God. — He 
published  a  sermon  delivered  before  the 
synods  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
May  34,  1758,  entitled,  peace  and  unity 
recommended. — ^teembb/'t  miti.  mag. 
i.  457—361;  MiUer't  retr.  ii.  342; 
Holmei'  life  of  Stile$,  98, 99. 

ALLISON,  Patrick,  d.d.,  firet  minis- 
ter of  the  presbyterian  church  in  Balti- 
more, was  born  in  Lancaster  county  in 


.* 


JS»,J!svi>»vi« 


AL80P. 


«t-'.Mi|#'1(^V 


AMERICUS. 


k 


1740,  edueated  at  the  eoUflge  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  imUUed  In  ITM  at  Baltimore, 
where  he  remained  in  eminent  usefulness 
till  his  death,  Augr-  Sl>  IMt,  aged  61. 
His  few  publications  were  in  favor  of 
civil  and   religfious  liberty. 

ALSOP,  Oeorge,  published  "a  charac- 
ter of  the  province  of  Maryland,"  des- 
cribing the  laws,  customs,  commodities, 
usage  of  slaves,  &c.;  also  "a  small  tret- 
tise  of  the  wild  and  native  Indians,  &c." 
Lond.  1666,  pp,  118. 

ALSOP,  Richard,  a  poet,  was  born  in 
Middletowd,  Conn.,  in  1759,  and  bred  a 
merchant,  but  devoted  himself  chiefly  to 
literature.    He  died  at  Flatbush,  Long 
Island,  Aug.  30,  1815,  aged  66  years, 
with  a    character  of  correct  morality. 
Sevemlofhis  poetical  compositions  are 
preserved  in  the  volume  entitled  'Amer- 
ican poetry.'     In  1800  he  published  a 
monody,  in  heroic  verse,  on  the  death  of 
Washington,  and  in  1808  a  translation 
from  the  Italian  of  a  part  of  Berni's  Or- 
lando Inamorato,  under  the  title  of  the 
Fairy  of  the  enchanted  lake.  He  publish- 
ed also  several  prose  translations  from  the 
French  and  Italian,  among  which  is  Mo- 
lina's history  of  Chili,  with  notes,  4  vols. 
8vo.  1808.  This  was  republished  in  Lon- 
don without  acknowledgment  of  its  be- 
ing an  American  translation.   In  1815  he 
published  the  narrative  of  the  captivity  of 
J.  R.  Jewitt   at  Nootka  sound.     The 
universal  Receipt  book  was  compiled  also 
by  him.    Among  numet'  la  unpublished 
works,  left  by  him,  is  ti  ■  poem,  called 
The  Charms  of  Fancy,      fe  wrote  for 
amusement,  and  made  but  in  He  effort  for 
literary  distinction ;  yet  his  powera  were 
above  the  ccMumon  level.    .  With  a  luxu- 
riant fancy  he  had  a  facility  of  expression. 
Inl791  the  Echo  was  commenced  at  Hart- 
lord,  being  a  series  of  burlesque,  poetic 
pieces,  designed  at  first  to  ridicule  the 
inflated  style  of  Boston  editors.  The  plan 
was  soon  extended,  so  as  to  include  poli- 
tics. The  writers  were  Alsop,  Theodore 
Dwight,  Hopkins,  Trumbull,  and  others, 
callsd  the  "Hartford  wits."  This  was  re- 
published with  other  poem8,in  1807.  Alsop 
wrote  more  of  the  Echo,  than  any  other 


contributor;  ak)  the  Political  Green* 
house  in  the  same  volume. — His  widow, 
Mary,died  at  Middletown  Oct.  1839,aged 
90  yean.— Sjpee.  Jimer.  pott.  ii.  B4— 67. 
ALSTON,  Joseph,  general,  was  elect- 
ed governor  of  South  Carolina  in  1819. 
He  died  at  Charleston  Sep.  10, 1816,aged 
88.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  col.  Aaron 
Burr,  was  lost  ut  sea  on  her  passage  from 
Charleston  to  New  York  in  1819. 

AMERICUS  Vespucius,or  more  prop- 
erly Amerigo  Vespucci,a  Fk)rentine  gen- 
tleman, from  whom  America  derives  its 
name,  was  bom  March,  9, 1451  of  an  an- 
cient family.  His  father,  who  was  an 
Italian  merchant,  brought  him  up  in  this 
business,  and  his  profession  led  him  to 
visit  Spain  and  other  countries.  Being 
eminently  skilful  in  all  the  sciences  sub- 
servient to  navigation,  and  possessing  an 
enterprising  spirit,  he  became  desirous  of 
seeing  the  new  world,  which  Columbus 
had  discovered  in  1493.  He  accordingly 
entered  as  a  merchant  on  board  the  small 
fleet  of  four  Bhips>  equi{q[)ed  by  the  mer- 
chants of  Seville  and  sept  out  under  the 
command  of  Ojeda.  The  enterprise  was 
sanctioned  by  a  royal  license. 

According  to  Atnerigo's  own  account  he 
sailed  from  Cadiz  May  30,  1497,  and  re- 
turned to  the  same  port  October  15, 1498, 
having  discovered  the  coast  of  Paria  and 
passed  as  far  as  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  If 
this  statement  is  correct,  he  saw  the  con- 
tinent before  Columbus ;  but  its  correct- 
ness has  been  disproved,  and  the  voyage 
of  Ojeda  was  not  made  until  1499,  which 
Amerigo  calls  his  second  voyage,,  falsely 
representing  that  he  himself  had  the  com- 
mand of  6  vessels.-  He  sailed  May  30,1 499 
under  the  command  of  Ojeda  &  proceeded 
to  the  Antilla  islands  and  thence  to  the 
coast  of  Guiana  and  Venezuela,  and  re- 
turned to  Cadiz  in  Nov.  1 500.  After  his 
return  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  who 
was  jealous  of  the  success  and  glory  of 
Spain,  invited  him  to  his  kingdom,  &  gave 
him  the  command  of  three  ships  to  make 
a  third  voyage  of  discovery.  He  sailed 
from  Lisbon  May  10, 1501,  and  ran  down 
the  coasts  of  Africa  as  far  as  Sierra  Leone 
and  the  coast  of  Angola,  and  then  passed 


s 


Mmmuf. 


omt  to  Bnsil  in  South  America  «nd  con- 
tinued his  discoveries  to  the  south  as  far 
*is  Patagonia.  He  then  returned  to  Sier- 
ra Leone  and  the  coast  of  Guinea,  and 
entered  again  the  port  of  Lisbon  Sep.  7, 
1503. 

King  Emanuel,  highly  gratified  by  his 
success,  equipped  for  him  six  ships,  with 
which  h^  sailed  on  his  fourth  and  last 
voyage  May  10, 1608.  It  was  hip  object 
to  discover  a  western  passage  to  the  Mo- 
lucca islands.  He  passed  the  coasts  of 
Aflrica,  and  entered  the  bay  of  All  Saints 
in  Braxil.  Having  provision  for  only  SO 
months,  and  being  detained  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil  by  bad  weather  and  contrary 
winds  five  months,  he  formed  the  resolu- 
tion of  returning  to  Portugal,  where  he 
arrived  June  14,  1S04.  As  he  carried 
home  with  him  considerably  quantities  of 
the  Brazil  wood,  and  other  nrticles  6f  val- 
ue, he  was  received  With  joy.  It  was 
soon  after  this  period,  that  he  wrote  an 
account  of  his  four  vo5ragef«.  The  work 
was  dedicated  to  Rene  II,  duke  of  Lor- 
raine, who  took  the  title  of  king  of  Sicily, 
and  who  died  Dee.  10, 1508.  It  was 
probably  published  about  the  year  1507, 
for  in  tliat  year  he  went  from  Lisbon  to 
Seville,  and  king  Ferdinand  appointed 
him  to  draw  sea  charts  with  the  title  of 
chief  pilot.  He  died  at  the  island  of  Ter- 
cem  in  1514  aged  about  63  years,  or, 
agreeably  to  another  account,  at  Seville, 
10  1513. 

As  he  published  the  first  book  and 
chart,  describing  the  new.  world,  and  as 
he  clairaed  the  honor  of  first  discovering 
the  continent,  the  new  world  has  recei- 
ved! flxMn  him  the  ^me  of  jimeriea. 
His  pretensions  however  to  this  ifirst  dis- 
covery do  not  seem  to  be  well  supported 
against  the  claims  of  Columbus,  to  whom 
the  honor  is  uniformly  ascribed  by  the 
Spanish  historians,  and  who  first  saw  the 
continent  in  1498.  Herrera,  who  com- 
piled his  general  history  of  America  from 
the  most  authentic  records,  says,  that 
Amerigo  never  made  but  two  voyages, 
and  those  were  with  Ojeda  in  1499  and 
1501,  and  that  his  relation  of  his  other 
voyages  was  proved  to  be  a  mere  impoei- 


AMERICUS.  "^  ^.■, 

tion.  Thi8ol|pg»ne«iMfrti»Mnfffned  • 
by  strong  praitf,  for  Amerigo's  book  was 
published  within  ten  years  of  the  period, 
assigned  fbr  his  first  voyage,  when  the 
ikcts  must  have  been  flresh  in  the  memo- 
ries of  thousands.  Besides  the  improba- 
bility of  his  being  guilty  of  fitlsifying 
dates,  as  he  was  accused,  which  arises 
fVom  this  circumstance,  it  is  very  possi-  ' 
ble,  that  the  Spanish  writers  might  have 
felt  a  natioaai  resentment  against  him  for 
luving  deserted  the  service  of  Spain. 
But  the  evidence  against  the  honesty  of 
Amerigo  is  very  convincing.  Neither 
Martyr  nor  Benzoni,  frho  were  Italians, 
natives  of  the  same  country,ti  the  former 
of  whom  was  a  contemporary,  attrHj^ute 
to  him  the  first  dipcovery  of  the  conti- 
nent. Martyr  published  the  first  general 
history  of  the  new  world,  and  his  epistles 
contlun  an  account  of  all  the  remarkable  e- 
vents  of  his  time.  All  theSpaAish  historians 
are  against  Amerigo.  Herrera  brings  a- 
gainst  him  the  testimony  of  Ojeda  as  giv- 
en in  a  judicial  inquiry.  Fonseca,  who 
gave  Ojeda  the  license  for  his  voyage,' was 
not  reinstated  in  the  direction  of  Indian 
affiiirs  until  after  .the  time,  which  A- 
merigo  assigns  for  the  commencement 
ofhis  first  voyage.  Other  circumstances 
might  be  mentioned;  and  the  whole  mass 
of  evidence  it  is  difficult  to  resist.  The  4^ 
book  of  Amerigo  was  probably  published 
about  a  year  after  the  death  of  Columbus, 
when  his  pretensions  could  be  advanced 
without  the  fear  of  refVit!:tiOn  from  that 
illustrious  navigator.  But  however  this 
controversy  may  be  decided,  it  is  well 
known,  that  the  honor  of  first  discover- 
ing the  continent  belongs  neither  to  Co- 
lumbus nor  to  Vespucci,  even  admitting 
the  relation  of  the  latter;  but  to-  the  Ca- 
bots,  who  sailed  from  England.  A  life 
of  Vespucci  was  published  at  Florence  by 
Bandini,  1745,  in  which  an  p 'tempt  is 
made  to  support  his  pretensions. 

The  relation  of  his  four  voyages,  which 
was  first  published  about  the  year  1507, 
was  republished  in  the  Novus  Orbis,  fol. 
1 555.  His  letters  were  published  after 
his  death  at  Florence. — Mweri,  diet,  kit- 
torifucf  New  and  gen.  biog.  diet;  Rob- 


AMES. 


•r 


erl$bl^$  8.  Jmtr,  U  ^Mv  sxU;  Holmet* 
MMMib,  i.  16;  Herrero,  i.  fSl;  Prtnee, 
«filro<l.  80-49;  Avt'ii;'*  Columft.  iii. 
Jlpp.  ix. 

AMES,  Nathaniel,  a  physician,  died 
at  Dedham,  Mass.,  in  1766,  aged  67. 
He  had  published  for  about  40  yean  an 
almanac,which  was  in  high  repute.  His 
taste  for  astronomy  he  acquired  from  his 
father,  Nathaniel  Ames,  of  Bridgewater, 
who  died  in  17S6,  and  who  was  not,  as 
Dr.  Eliot  supposed,  a  descendant  of  tlie 
ftmou^  William  Ames.  He  married  two 
wives,  each  of  the  name  of  Fisher.  His 
most  distinguished  son  bore  that  name. 
His  son.  Dr.  Nath*l  Ames,  a  graduate  of 
1761,  died  at  Dedham  in  1833,  aged  83 ; 
another  son.  Dr.  Seth  Ames,  a  graduate 
of  1764,  settled  at  Amherst  N.  H.,  but 
removed  to  Dedham,  where  he  died  in 
1776.  His  widow,  wha  married  Mr. 
Woodward,  died  in  1818,  aged  96.— 
Mtmt.  Hut.  col.  n.  «.  tii.  164 ;  Awt.  eol. 
N.  H.  II.  79. 

AMES,  Fisher,  ll.d.,  a  distinguished 
statesman,  and  an  eloqueot  orator,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding  and  was  bom  at 
Dedham  April  9, 1768.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1774,  and  after 
a  few  years  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law  in  Boston.  He  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  his  native  village;  but 
his  expansive  mind  could  not  be  confined 
to  the  investigatioA  of  the  law.  Ri8i|ig 
into  life  about  the  period  of  the  American 
revolution  and  taking  a  most  afiectionate 
interest  in  the  concerns  of  his  country, 
he  felt  himself  strongly  attracted  to  poli- 
tics. His  researches  into  the  science  of 
government  were  extensive  and  pro- 
found, &  he  began  to  be  known  by  politi- 
cal discussions,  published  in  the  newspa- 
pers. A  theatre  soon  presented  for  the 
display  of  his  extraordinary  talents.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  his  native  state,  which  considered  and 
ntified  the  federal  constitution;  and  his 
speeches  in 'this  convention  were  indica- 
tions of  his  future  eminence.  The  splen- 
dor of  his  talents  burst  forth  at  once  upon 
his  country. 

When  the  general  government  of  the 


United  States  oommeneed  its  operations 
in  1789,  he  appeared  in  the  national  leg- 
islature as  the  first  representative  of  hia 
district,  and  for  eight  successive  yean 
he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  nation- 
al councils.  He  was  a  principal  speaker 
in  the  debates  on  every  import«nt  qaes-> 
tion.  Towards  the  eloae  of  this  period 
his  health  began  to  &il,  but  his  indisposi- 
tiou  could  not  prevent  him  firom  engaging 
in  the  discussion,  relating  to'  the  appro- 
priations, necessary  for  oanying  into 
e£Eeot  the  British  treaty.  Such  was  tha 
efibct  of  his  speech  of  April  38, 1796,  tHat 
one  of  the  members  of  the  legislature, 
who  was  opposed  to  Mr.  Ames,  rose 
and  objected  to  taking  a  vote  at  thattime, 
as  they  had  been  carried  away  by  the  im- 
pulse of  oratory.  After  hia  return  to 
his  family,  frail  in  health  andfondof  r»^ 
tirement,  he  remained  a  private  dtii^n. 
For  a  few  yean  however  he  yna  peraua- 
ded  to  become  a  member  of  the  couoeil. 
But  though  he  c(Hitinued  chiefly  in  retire- 
ment, he  operated  far  around  him  by  his 
writings  in  the  publip  papen.  A  few 
yean  before  his  death  he  was  cJhosen  pre- 
sident of  Harvard  colle^,  but -the  infirm 
state  of  his  health  induced  him  to  decline 
the  appointment.  He  died  on  the  mor- 
ning of  July  4,  1808.  His  wife,  Frances 
Worthington,  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Worthington,  Esq.  of  Springfield.  He 
left  seven  children:  his  QQly  daughter 
died  in  1839. 

Mr.  Amea  possessed  a  mind  of  a  great 
&  extraordinary  character.  He  reasoned) 
but  he  did  not  reason  in  the  form  of  logic. 
By  striking.allusions  more  than  by  regubr 
deductions ,  he  compelled  assent.  The 
richness  of  his  fancy,  the  feitility  of  his 
invention,  and  the  abundance  of  his 
thoughts  were  as  remarkable  as  the  just- 
ness and  strength  of  his  underatanding. 
His  political  character  may  be  known 
from  his  writings,  and  speeches,  and  mea^ 
sures.  He  was  not  only  a  man  of  distin- 
guished talents,  whose  public  career  was 
splendid,  but  he  was  amiable  in  private 
life  and  endeared  to  his  acquaintance.  To 
a  few  friends  he  unveiled  himself  With- 
out reserve.    They  found  him  modest  & 


AMES. 


J,  untainted  with  unbition, 
dmple  in  mnnnen,  oorraet  in  monia,  and 
n  model  ofeviery  aooial  end  personal  vir- 
tue. The  eharma  of  his  eonveraation 
were  unequalled^ 

He  entertained  •  firm  belief  in  ehria- 
tknity,  and  his  belief  waa  founded  upon  a 
thorouf  h  investigation  of  the  aubjeet. 
He  read  mostof  thebestwritings  indefenee 
of  the  christian  religion,  but  he  was  sctisfi- 
•d  I7  a  view  rather  of  ito  internal  than  ita 
•Ktemal  evidences.  He  thought  it  im- 
posaible,  that  any  man  of  a  fkir  mind  could 
lead  the  old  testament  and  meditate  on 
ita  eontenta  without  a  conviction  of  ita 
truth  and  inapiratiMi.  The  sublime  and 
correct  ideaa,which  the  Jewish  scriptures 
convey  of  Ood,  connedted  with  the  fact 
that  all  other  nations,  many  of  whom 
were  superior  to  the  Jews  in  civilization 
9l  general  improvement,reroained  in  dark' 
neas  k  error  on  this  great  subject,  formed 
in  his  vi^  a  conclusive  argument.  After 
reading  the  book  of  Deuteronomy  he  ez< 
pressed  |iti  astonishment,  that  anymaU; 
versed  in  antiquities,  could  have  the  hard- 
ihood to  atty,that  it  was  the  production  of 
human  ingenuity.  Marks  of  divinity,  he 
■aid,  were  atamped  upon  it.  His  views 
of  the  doctrines  of  religion  were  generally 
Calvinistic  An  enemy  to  metaphysical 
and  Gontipoversial  theology,  he  disliked 
the  use  oftechnical  and  sectarian  phrases. 
The  term  trinity  however  he  ftequent- 
ly  used  with  reverence,  and  in  a  manner, 
which  implied  his  belief  of  the  doctrine. 
His  persuasion  of  the  divinity  of  Christ 
he  often  deetered,  and  his  belief  of  this 
troth  seems  tp  have  resulted,  from  a  per- 
tieular  investigation  of  the  subject,  for 
he  remarked  to  a  friend,  that  he  once 
read  the  evangelista  with  the  sole  purpose 
of  learning  what  Christ  had  said  ofhimseir. 
He  was  an  admirer  of  the  common 
translation  of  the  Bible  He  said  it  was 
a  specimen  of  pure  English;  and  though 
he  acknowledged,  that  a  fev^  phhises  hod 
grown  obsolete,  and  that  a  few  passages 
might  be  obscurely  translated,  yet  he 
should  consider  the  adoption  of  any  new 
translation  as  an  iRcalculp.hle  evil.  He 
lamented  the  pre'.'ailing  disuse  of  the 


Bible  in  our  schools.  He  thought,  that 
children  should  early  be  made  acqu^nted 
with  the  important  truths,  which  it  con- 
tains, and  he  considered  it  as  a  principal 
instrument  of  making  them  acquainted 
with  their  own  hnguage  in  ita  purity. 
He  aaid, "  I  will  hazard  the  assertion, 
that  no  man  ever  did  or  ever  will  become 
truly  ekxinent,  without  being  a  constant 
reader  of  the  Bible,  and  an  admirer  of 
the  purity  and  sublimity  of  ita  kwguage." 
He  recommended  the  teaching  of  the 
assembly's  catechism;  not  perhaps  be- 
cause he  was  perfnctly  satisfied  with  eve- 
ry expression,  butbeca'jse,  as  he  remark- 
ed, it  was  a  good  thing  on  the  whole,  be- 
cause it  hod  become  venerable  by  age, 
because  our  pious  anoestora  taught  it  to 
their  children  with  happy  efl^t,  and  be- 
cause he  was  opposed  to  innovation,  un- 
willing to  leave  an  okl,  experienced  path 
for  one  new  and  uncertain.  On  the 
same  ground  he  approved  the  use  of 
V/'atte'  version  of  the  Psalms  and  Hymns. 
fio  uninspired  man,  in  his  judgment  had 
succeeded  so  igrill  as  Watta  in  uniting 
with  the  sentimenta  of  piety  the  embel- 
lishmenta  of  poetry. 

Mr.  Ames  made  a  public  profession  of 
religion  in  the  first  congregational  dhurch 
in  Dedham.  With  this  church  he  regu- 
krly  communed,  till  precluded  by  indis- 
position from  attendi.'g  public  worship. 
His  practice  corresponded  with  his  profes- 
sion. His  life  was  regubr  and  irre- 
proachable. Few,  who  have  been  (daced 
in  aimilar  circumstances,  have  been  less 
contaminated  by  intercourse  with  the 
world.  It  is  doubted,  whether  any  one 
ever  heard  him  utter  an  expression,  cal- 
culated to  excite  an  impious  or  impure 
idea.  The  most  scrutinizing  eye  discov- 
ered in  him  no  disguise  or  hypocrisy. 
His  views  of  himself  however  were 
humble  and  abased.  He  was  often  ob- 
served to  shed  tears,  while  speaking  of 
his  closet  devotions  and  experiences. 
He  lamented  the  coldness  of  his  heart 
and  the  wanderings  of  hia  thoughta  while 
addressing  his  Maker  or  meditating  on 
the  precious  truths, which  he  had  revealed. 
In  his' last  sickness,  when  near  his  end, 


AMHERST. 


MiHU^'^l-y 


wk  when  h«  had  jutt  ezpi«Med  his  b»- 
lief  of  his  aHHroMhing  dissolution,  he 
exhibited  submiBaion  to  the  divine  will 
and  the  hope  *f  the  divine  ihvor.  "  I 
have  peace  of  mind,  *'  aaid  he.  «  It  may 
aril"  '^om  stupidity ;  but  I  think  it  is  foun- 
ded on  a  belief  of  the  gospel."  At  the 
same  time  he  disclaimed  every  idea  of 
meriting  salvation.  *'  My  hope,  "  said 
he,  "  is  in  the  mercy  of  God,  through 
Jesus  Christ" 

Mr.  Ames'  speech  in  relation  to.  th6 
British  treaty,  which  was  delivered  April 
38,1796,  is  a  fine-specimen  of  eloquence. 
He  published  an  oration  on  the  death  of 
Washington  in  1800,  and  he  wrote  much 
for  the  newspapers.  His  politicalwritings 
were  published  in  180^9,  in  one  volume, 
8vo.  with  a  noticfe  of  his  life  and  character 
by  president  Kirklandl — PanopK$t,  Ju/y 
1800;  Dexter*!  fun.  eulogy;  MarthaWt 
Wathington,  v.  203;  .dm«(*  V)ork$.  • 

AMHERST,  Jeffery,  lord,  commander 
inchiefof  theBritiith  army  at  the  con- 
questofCanada  in  1760,  wim  born  in 
Kent,  England,  Jan.  39, 1717.  Having 
early  discovered  a  predilection  for  the  mil- 
itary life,  he  received  his  first  commission 
in  the  army  in  1781 ,  and  was  aid  de  camp 
to  gen.  Ligonier  in  1741,  in  which 
character  he  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Dettingen,  Fontenpy,  and  Rocoux.  He 
was  afterward  aid  de  camp  to  his  rqyal 
highness,  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  at  the 
battle  of  Laffeldt.  In  1758  he  received 
orders  to  return  to  England,  being>appoin- 
ted  for  the  American  service.  He  sailed 
from  Portsmouth.  March  16th  as  major 
general,  having  the  command  of  Ihe 
troops  destined  for  the  siege  of  Louis- 
bourg.  On  the  36th  of  Juiy  following 
hecaptured  that  place,  and  without  far- 
ther difficulty  took  entire  possession  of  the 
isbnd  of  Cape  Breton.  After  this  event 
he  succeeded  Aberorombie  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  North  America. 
In  1769  the  vaat  design  of  the  entire  con- 
quest of  Canada  was  formed.  Three  ar- 
mies were  to  attack  at  nearly  the  same 
time  all  the  strong  holds  of  tlie  French  in 
that  country.  They  were  commanded 
byWolfe,  Amherst,  and  Prideaux.  Gen- 


eral Amherst  in  the  spring  traasfenvd  hit 
head  quarters  flrom  New  York  to  Aljoay; 
but  it  was  not  till  the  3Sd  of  July,  tut  he 
reached  Ticonderoga,  against  whici  i  place 
he  was  to  act.  On  the  t7th  this  pbiee 
fell  into  his  hands,  the  enemy  having 
deserted  it.  He  nelt  took  Crown  pc^t, 
and  put  his  troops  in  winter  quartern 
about  the  last  of  October.  In  the  year 
of  1760  he  advanced  against  Canada,  em- 
barking on  lake  Ontario  and  proceeding 
down  th^  St.  Lawrence.  On  the  6tli  of 
September  M.  de  Vaudreuil  capitubited, 
surrendering  Montreal  and  all  oth«r  i^ocea 
within  the  government  of  Canada. 

He  continued  in  the  command  in 
America  till  the  latter  end  of  1768,  when 
he  returned  to  Enghnid.  Tl^e  author 
of  the  letters  of  Junius  was  his  iViend,  and 
in  Sept.  1768  wrote  in  his  Ikvor.  In 
1771  he  was  made  governor  of  Guernsey, 
and  in  1776  he  was  created  Baron  Am- 
herst of  Holmsdale  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
In  1778  he  commanded  the  army  in  Eng- 
land. At  this  period  lord  Sael^ville,  to 
Vrhom  the  letters  of  Junius  have  been  as- 
cribed,was  one  of  the  king's  ministers;  and 
he  had  been  intimate  with  Amherst  ftom 
early  life.  In  1783  he  received  the  {^old 
stick  fVom  the  king ;  but  .on  the  ohango 
of  the  administration  the  command  of  the 
army  and  the  lieutenant  generalship  of 
the  ordnance  were  put  into  other  hainds. 
In  1787  he  received  another  patent  of 
peerage,  as  baron  Amherst  of  Montreal. 
Oa.the  S8d  of  January  1793  he  was  again 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  army 
in  Great  Britain ;  but  on  the  10th  of 
Febrtiary  1795  this  veteran  and  very  d^ 
serving  officer  WA9  superseded  by  his  roy- 
al bigness,  the  duke  of  York,  tiie  second 
son  of  the  king,  who.  was  only  in  the  thii^ 
ty  first  year  of  his  age,  and  had  never 
seen  any  actual  service.  The  govern- 
ment upon  this  occasion  irith  a  view  to 
soothe  the  feelings  of  the  old  general  ofier> 
ied  him  an  earldom  and  the  rank  of  field 
marshal,  both  of  which  he  at  that  time 
rejected.  The  office  of  field  marshal  how- 
ever he  accepted  6n  the  30th  of  July,1796. 
He  died  without  children  at  his  seat  in 
Kent  August  8, 1797,  aged  eighty  years. 


* 


ANDERSON. 


ANDRB. 


tit,  408  ;  M^nhaU,  i.  44»-  470 ;  Jiff 
Ml,  U.S6. 

ANDERSON,  Rufua,  miniatar  of 
Wenhwn,  Mum.,  wu  born  In  London- 
derry March  5, 1765  and  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1791.  In  conae> 
quenee  of  a  religioua  education  h/j  mind 
waa  early  imbued  with  the  trutha  of  the 
goapeL  He  waa onlained  paatdrof  the 
aeeond  church  in  North  Yarmouth  Ocl. 
98, 1794. .  AAer  a  miniatry  of  ten  yeara 
he  waa  diamiaaed,  and  inatalled  July  10, 
IMS  at  Wenham,  wliere  he  died  Feb. 
1814.  Dr.  Worceater  haa  deacribed  hia 
exoeUent  character  and  apokeaof  hia  uae- 
ftil laboraaiid  peaceAil  death.  He  pub- 
liahfd  two  discoursea  on  the  fast,  1803 ; 
•pd  7  letters  against  the  elbae  communion 
of  the  baptists,  lSOi.-~Woree»ter'$  fim. 
$«rm.i  PmupL  10:  307. 

ANDERSON,  James,  m.  d.,  an  em- 
iaent  physician  of  Maryland,  died  at  hia 
aeat  near  €hestertown  Dec.  8,  1830,  in 
the  89th  year  of  his  age.  He  studied  at 
Philadelphia  and  at  Edinburgh.  His  fa- 
ther waa  a  phyaician  from  Scotland.  Dr. 
Anderson  waa  learned  and  skilful,  and 
highly  respected  in  all  the^rela^ona  of  life. 
Aa  a  Christian  he  was  distinguished, — in 
his  peculiar  views  being  a  disciple  of  Wes- 
ley. Witli  exemplary  patience  «nd  meek- 
neaa  he  submitted  to  a  painful  illness  and 
died  in  peace. — Thaeher*$  med.  Biog. 

ANDERSON,  Richard,  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  Colombia,  was  a  native 
of  kentucky  and  fo.r  some  years  a  mem- 
ber of  congress.  Being  appointed  envoy 
extraordinary  to  the  assembly  of  Ameri- 
can nations  at  Paliama,  while  on  his  way 
to  that  pkce  he  died  at  Carthagena'  July 
S4,  1838,  On  his  former  visit  to  Colom- 
bia he  lost  his  excellent  wife.  His  father, 
Richard  C.  Anderson,  died  Nov.6.— Mr. 
Anderson  was  a  very  amiable  man,of  a  dis- 
criminating mind,  and  very  discreet  and 
conciliatory  as  a  politician. 

ANDERSON,  John  Wallace,  u.  d., 
physician  to  the  colony  in  Liberia,  was 
the  son  of  col.  Richard  Anderson,  and 
bom  in  Hagerstbwn  Maryland,  in  1802. 
His  medical  education  was  at  Philadel- 


phia, where  he  took  hia  d^giw  in  18M, 
and  a(^rwt»ds.ipttle^  •■%»  phjwician  at 
lAferalbwn.  ''■•Mv«tW>  hoiiA/nmidat 
all  the  happiness  of  the  ik||||y  ^^  and 
of  religiou*  inalitutions,  iM  ^<«lkL  the 
purpose  of  devoting  his  UfV»-|o  th#  |pkv. 
BiaU  of  Liberia.  He  hoped  to>b«iSiefit 
them  by  hia  medical  skiU  andir^as  partku- 
hrly  anxioua  to  prom<ft«  the  «|al«  oT^ttn- 
pamnee  in  AfVica.  He  ||Ua#  Jo.  17, 
1880,fc  arrived  at  the  cotoily  VeUH.  Dr. 
Mechlin,  the  agent,  now  letuntingi  the 
affiursofthe  colony  were  commiMed  to 
Dr.  Anderaon;  but  he  died  of  the  Afirican 
fever  April  18,  aged  37  yearsk  |n  hia 
illness  he  waa  reaigned  and  joyflU-  in  the 
hope  of  salvation.  He  reqneated,  tbat.the 
foltowing  sentence  might  be  inacribed  on 
his  tomb-stone:— "Jesus,  for  thee  I  live, 
for  thee  I  die!"— .^He.  Bepot.  vi.  189- 
191. 

ANDRE,  John,  aid  de  camp  to  sir 
Henry  Clinton,  and  adjutant  general  of 
the  British  army  in  the  revolutionary 
w»r,  was  born  in  Engknd  in  1749. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Geneva  and  a 
considerable  merchant  in  the  Levant 
trade}  he  died  in  1769.  Yovig  Andre 
was  destined  to  mercantile  business,  and 
attended  his  father's  compting  house, 
afler  having  spent  some  years  for  his  edu- 
cation at  Geneva.  He  first  entered  the 
army  in  Jan.  1771.  At  this  time  he  had 
a  strong  attachment  to  Honoria  Sneyd, 
who  afterwards  ntarried  Mr.  Edgeworth. 
In  1773  he  visited  the  courts  of  Germany, 
and  returned  to  England  in  1779.  He 
landed  at  Philadelphia  in  Sept.  1774  aa 
lieutenant  of  the  Royal  English  Fusi- 
leers ;  and  soon  proceeded  by  way  of 
Boston  to  Canada  to  join  hia  regiment. 
In  1776  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  Mont- 
g<miery  at  St  Johns ;  butwas  aflerwarda 
exchanged,  and  appointed  captain.  In 
the  summer  of  1777  he  was  appointed  aid. 
to  Gen.  Grey  and  waspreaent  at  the  en- 
gagements in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1777  'Snd  1778.  On  the  return 
of  Gen.  Grey,  he  was  appointed  aid  to 
Gen.  Clinton.  In  1780  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  major,  and  made  adjutant 
general  of  the  British  army. 


■^- 


ANDRE. 


After  Arnold  had  intlmtted  to  the 
Britiflh  in  1780  hia  intention  of  delivering 
up  West  Point  to  them,  major  Andre 
vraa  selected  m  the  person,  to  whom  the 
maturing  of  Arnold's  treason  and  the  ar- 
rangements for  its  execution  should  be 
committed.  A  correspondence  was  for 
some  time  carried  on  between  them  under 
a  mercantile  disguise  tc  the  feigned  names 
of  Oustavus  and  Anderson ;  and  at  length 
to  Acilitata  their  communications  the 
Vulture  sloop  of  war  moved  up  the  North 
river  and  took  a  station  convenient  for 
the  purpose,  but  not  so  near  as  to  excite 
suspicion.  An  interview  was  agreed  on, 
and  in  the  night  of  September  31,  1780 
he  was  taken  in  a  boat,  which  was  des- 
patched for  the  purpose,  and  carried  to 
the  beach,  without  the  poets  of  both  ar- 
mies, under  a  pass  for  John  Anderson. 
He  met  general  Arnold  at  the  house  of  a 
Mr.  Smith.  While  the  conference  was 
yet  unfinished,  day  light  approached  ; 
and  to  avoid  the  danger  of  discovery  it 
was  proposed,  that  he  should  remain  con- 
cealed till  the  succeeding  night.  He 
is  understood  to  have  refused  to  be 
carried  within  the  American  posts,  but 
the  promise  nuide  him  by  Arnold  to  res- 
pect this  objection  was  not  observed.  He 
was  carried  within  them  contrary  to  his 
wishes  and  against  his  knowledge.  He 
continued  with  Arnold  the  succeeding 
day,  and  when  on  the  following  night  he 
proposed  to  return  to  the  Vulture,  the 
boatman  refused  to  carry  him,  because 
she  had  during  the  day  shifted  her  station 
in  consequence  of  a  gun  having  been 
moved  to  the  shore  and  brought  to  bear 
upon  her.  This  embarrassing  circum- 
stance reduced  him  to  the  necessity  of  en- 
deavoring to  reach  New  York  by  land. 
Yielding  with  reluctance  to  the  urgent 
representations  of  ArnoU,  he  laid  aside 
his  regimentals,  which  he  had  hitherto 
worn  under  a  surtout,  and  put  on  a  plain 
suit  of  clothes ;  and  receiving  at  pass  froip 
the  American  general,  authorising  him, 
under  the  feigned  name  of  John  Ander- 
son, to  proceed  on  the  public  service  to 
the  White  Plains  or  lower  if  he  thought 
proper,  he  set  out  on  his  return  in  the 
6 


a 


evening  of  the  Sid,  accompanied  by  Joali- 
ua  Smith,  and  passed  the  night  at  Crom- 
pond.  The  next  morning  he  crossed  the 
Hudson  to  King's  ferry  on  the  east  side. 
A  little  beyond  the  Croton,  Smith,  deem- 
ing him  sate,  bid  him  adieu.  He  had 
passed  all  the  guards  snd  posts  on  the 
road  without  8Uspicion,8i  was  proceeding 
to  New  York  in  perfect  security,  when, 
September  38«1,  one  of  the  three  militia 
men,  who  were  employed  with  others  in 
scouting  parties  between  the  lines  of  the 
two  armies,  springing  suddenly  fVom  hit 
covert  into  the  road,  seieed  the  reins  of 
his  bridle  and  stopped  his  horse.  Instead 
of  producing  his  pass,  Andre;,  with  a 
want  of  self  possession,  which  can  be  at^ 
tributed  only  to  a  kind  providence,  asked 
the  man  hastily  where  he  belonged,  and 
being  answered,  "to  below,"  replied  in»- 
mediately,  "and  so  do  I."  He  then  de- 
clared himself  to  be  a  British  officer,  on 
urgent  business,  and  begged  that  he  might 
not  be  detained.  The  other  two  militia 
men  coming  up  at  this  moment,  he  di»- 
covered  his  mistake  ;  but  it  was  too  hte 
to  repair  it.  He  offered  them  his  purse 
and  a  valuable  watch,  to  which  he  added 
the  most  tempting  proQiises  of  ample  re- 
ward and  permanent  provision  from  the 
government,  if  they  would  permit  him  to 
escape ;  but  his  offers  were  rejected  with- 
out hesitation. 

The  militia  men,  whose  names  were 
John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and 
Isaac  Van  Wart,  proceeded  to  search  him. 
They  found  concealed  in  his  boots  exact 
returns,  in  Arnold's  hand  writing,  of  the 
state  of  the  forces,  ordnance,  and  defen- 
ces at  West  Point  &  its  dependencie8,crit- 
ical  remarks  on  the  works,  and  an  esti- 
mate of  the  men  ordinarily  employed  in 
them,  with  other  interesting  papers.  An- 
dre was  carried  before  lieut.  col.  Jameson, 
the  pflScer  commanding  the  scouting  par- 
ties on  the  lines,  and  regardless  of  him- 
self and  only  anxious  for  the  safety  of 
Arnold,  he  still  maintained  the  character, 
which  he  had  assumed,  8t  requested  Jame- 
son to  infbrm  his  commanding  ofiicer, 
that  Anderson  was  taken.  A  letter  was 
accordingly  sent  to  Arnold,  and  the  trai-> 


P 


ANDRE. 


tor,  thus  bMoming  acquainted  with  hia 
danger,  eacaped.  Thj  narrative  of  the 
bearer  of  this  letter,  Mr.  Solomon  Allen, 
ia  given  in  the  sketch  of  hia  life:  it  differs 
in  several  respects  iVom  the  account  of 
the  affiiir  in  the  Enoyc.  Americana,  and 
throwa  light  upon  cireumatances,  which 
have  been  heretofore  obscure. 

A  board  of  general  officers,  of  which 
major  general  Greene  was  president,  and 
the  two  foreign  generals,  Lafayette  and 
Steuben,  were  members,  waa  called  to  re- 
port a  precise  state  of  the  case  of  Andre, 
who  had  acknowledged  himself  adjutant 
general  of  the  British  army,  and  to  de- 
termine in  what  character  he  was  to  be 
considered,  and  to  what  punishment  he 
was  liable.  He  received  from  the  board 
every  mark  of  indulgent  attention  ;  and 
fVom  a  sense  of  justice,  as  well  aa  of  deli- 
cacy, he  was  informed  on  the  first  open- 
ing of  the  examination,  that  he  was  at 
perfect  liberty  not  to  answer  any  inter- 
rogatory, which  might  embarrasa  his  own 
feelings.  But  he  disdained  every  evasion, 
and  iVankly  acknowledged  every  thing, 
which  waa  material  to  hia  condemnation. 
The  board,  which  met  Sept.  39th,  did  not 
examine  a  single  witness,  but,  founding 
their  report  entirely  upon  his  own  con- 
fession, reported  that  he  came  within  the 
description  of  a  spy  and  ought  to  suffer 
death.  The  execution  of  this  sentence 
was  ordered  on  the  day  succeeding  that, 
c  \  which  it  was  rendered. 

The  greatest  exertions  were  made  by 
ur  Henry  Clinton,  to  whom  Andre  was 
particularly  dear,  to  rescue  him  from  his 
fate.  It  was  first  represented,  that  he 
came  on  shore  under  the  sanction  of  a 
flag ;  but  Washington  returned  an  an- 
swer to  Clinton,  in  which  he  stated,  that 
Andre  had  himself  disckumed  the  pretext. 
An  interview  waa  next  proposed  between 
lieut.  gen.  Robertson  and  gen.  Greene ; 
but  no  facts,  which  had  not  before  been 
considered,  were  made  known.  When 
every  other  exertion  failed,  a  letter  from 
Arnold,  filled  with  threats,  was  presented. 

Andre  was  deeply  affected  by  the  mode 
of  dying,  which  the  laws  of  war  had  de- 
creed to  persons  in  his  situation.  He  wish- 


ed to  die  u  a  soklier  and  not  as  a  criminal. 
To  obtain  a  mitigation  of  hia  aentence  in 
this  respect  he  addrrased  a  lettar  to  general 
Waahington,  replete  with  all  the  feelings 
of  a  man  of  sentiment  and  honor.  The 
commander  in  chief  consulted  his  oflicera 
on  the  subject ;  but  aa  Andre  unquestion- 
ably came  under  the  description  of  a  apy, 
it  waa  thought,  that  the  public  good  re- 
quired his  punishment  to  be  in  the  usual 
way.  The  decision  however,  from  ten- 
derness to  Andre,  waa  not  divulged.  He 
encountered  hia  fate,  Oct.  3d,  at  Tappan 
with  a  composure  aiJ  fortitude,  which 
excited  the  admiration  and  interested  the 
feelinga  of  all,  who  were  present.  He 
exhibited  some  emotion,  when  he  first 
beheld  the  preparations  at  the  fatal  spot, 
and  inquired,  "must  I  die  in  this  man- 
ner?" He  soon  afterwards  added,  "  it 
will  be  but  a  momentary  pang  ;>*  and  be- 
ing asked,  if  he  had  any  request  to  make 
before  he  left  the  world,  he  answered, 
"none  but  that  you  will  witness  to  the 
world,  that  I  die  like  a  brave  man." 
While  one  weeps  at  the  ignominioua 
death  of  a  man  so  much  esteemed  and  be- 
loved, it  would  have  given  some  relief  to 
the  pained  mind,  if  he  had  died  more  like 
a  chriatian  &  less  like  a  soldier.  The  sym- 
pathy, excited  among  the  American  ofii- 
cers  by  his  fate,  was  as  uni  versal,a8  it  ia  un- 
usual on  such  occasions;  and  proclaima  the 
meritof  him,who  suffered,&  the  humanity 
of  thoae,  who  inflicted  the  punishment. — 
In  1831  the  bones  of  Andre  were  dug  up 
and  carried  to  his  native  land  by  royal 
mandate.  Major  Andre  wrote  the  Cow 
Chase,  in  S  cantos,  1781.  This  ptxm 
was  originally  published  in  Rivington's 
royal  Gazette,  N.  Y.  in  the  morning  of 
the  day,  in  which  Andre  waa  taken  pris- 
oner. The  last  stanza,  intended  to  ridi- 
cule gen.  Wayne  for  his  failure  in  an 
attempt  to  collect  cattle  for  the  army,  is 
this: — 

"And  now  I're  doied  my  epic  strnin, 

I  tremble,  m  I  ihow  it , 

Lest  this  same  Warrior-Drover,  Wayne, 

Should  ever  catch  the  Po<t\"— 

He  wrote  alfw>  letters  to  Miss  Seward, 
New  York,  1772.— Miss  Seward  wrote  a 


'« 


ANDREWS. 

monody  on  Andre.in  which  Bhc  predicted, 
that  Waahington  would  die  mlBerably  for 
executing  the  apy-'-^nn.  Regiiter  for 
1781,  89—46  ;  JHonhaU,  iv.  977—886  ; 
Oordon,  iii.  481—490;  Stedmm,  ii. 
340—956;  Hobnei,  u.  816;  Pentu.  Oax. 
for  Get.  96,  1780  ;  Samiay,  il.  196— 
901  ;  PolU.  Mag.  ii.  171  ;  ^mer.  Re- 
memb.  1781.  ;».  i,  101  ;  SmUh'$  narra- 
tive }  Thaeher'i  mil.  joum. 

ANDREWS,  Robert,  profeaaor  of 
mathematiea,  in  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege, Virginia,  died  in  Jan.  1804  at  Wil- 
liamaburg.  In  1779  he  was  a  commis- 
sioner with  Dr.  Madison  to  settle  the 
boundary  line  with  Pennsylvania,  Bryan, 
Ewing,  and  Rittenhouso  being  the  com- 
missioners of  Pa.  The  talents  of  Mr. 
Andrews  were  actively  employM  and 
regulated  by  reason  and  religion.  His 
wife  and  children  were  taught  by  him 
those  divine  principles,  which  bear  the 
afflicted  above  tlie  evils  of  life. 

ANDREWS,  John,  d.  d.,  provost  of 
the  university  of  Penns.jWasbom  in  Ce- 
cil county,  Maryland^  April  4, 1746,  and 
educated  at  Philadelphia.  After  receiv- 
ing episcopal  ordination  in  London  Feb. 
1767,  he  wafl  three  years  a  missionary  at 
Lewiston,  Maryland,  and  then  a  mission- 
ary at  York  town,  and  a  rector  at 
Queen  Ann's  county,  Maryland.  Not 
jNirtaiking  of  the  patriotic  spirit  of  the 
times  he  was  induced  to  quit  Maryland 
for  many  years.  In  1785  he  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  episcopal  academy  in 
Philadelphia,  and  in  1789  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  in  the  college. 
In  1810  he  succeeded  Dr.  M'Dowell  as 
provost.  He  died  March  29, 1813,  nged 
67.  As  a  scholar  he  was  very  distin- 
guished. He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
parable  of  the  unjust  stewarfl  '789;  and 
elements  of  logic. — Jenniion  s  nu. 

ANDREWS,  Loring,  a  distinguished 
editor,  died  at  Charleston  Or  .  19,  1805. 
He  was  the  brother  of  the  Rev.  John 
Andrews  of  Newburyport.  He  first  pub- 
lished, in  Boston,  the  Herald  of  Free- 
dom ;  thr>n  at  Stockbridge  the  Western 
Star;   and  in  1803  he  established  the 


1^ 

ANDROS.  M 

Charleston  Courier,  a  political  paper  of 
high  reputation. 

ANDROS,  Edmund,  governor  of  New- 
England,  had  some  command  in  New- 
York  in  1679,  and  in  1674  was  appointed 
governor  of  that  province.  He  contin- 
ued in  this  office  till  1689,  exhibiting  in 
this  government  but  little  of  that  tyran- 
nical disposition,  which  he  afterwards  dis- 
played. He  arrived  at  Boston  Dec.  90, 
1 686,  with  a  commission  Oom  king  Jamea 
for  the  government  of  New  England. 
He  made  high  professions  of  regard  to 
the  public  good,  directed  the  judges  to  ad- 
minister justice  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  place,ordered  the  eatabliuhed  ruleawith 
respect  to  rates  &  taxes  to  be  obaerved, 
and  declared,  that  all  the  colony  laws,  not 
inconsistent  with  his  commiasion,  should 
remain  in  AiU  force.  By  thes«  profession* 
he  calmed  the  apprehensions,  which  had 
agitated  the  minds  of  many;  but  it  was 
not  long  before  the  monster  stood  forth 
in  his  proper  shape. 

His  administration  was  most  oppres- 
sive and  tyrannical.  The  press  was  res- 
trained, exorbitant  taxes  were  levied,  and 
the  congregational  ministers  were  threat- 
ened to  be  deprived  of  their  support  for 
nonconformity.  Sir  Edmund,  knowing; 
that  his  royal  master  was  making  great 
progress  towards  despotism  in  England, 
was  very  willing  to  keep  equal  pace  in 
his  less  important  government.  It  was 
pretended,  that  all  titles  to  land  were  de- 
stroyed; and  the  farmers  were  obliged  to 
take  new  patents,  for  which  they  paid 
large  fees.  He  prohibited  marriage,  ex- 
cept the  parties  entered  into  bonds  with 
sureties  to  be  forfeited  in  case  there  should 
ufterwan  >  appear  to  have  been  any  law- 
ful impe<^  ment.  There  was  at  this  time 
but  one  episcopal  clergyman  in  the  coun- 
try; but  Andros  wrote  to  the  bishop  of 
London,  intimating  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  those,  who  might  be  persuaded 
to  come  to  this  country,  that  in  future  no 
marriage  should  be  deemed  lawful,  unless 
celebrated  by  ministers  of  the  church  of 
England.  With  four  or  five  of  his  council 
he  laid  what  taxes  bethought  proper.  The 


k 


*.      ■* 


44 


ANDRUS. 


^ 


fees  of  ofRce  were  raised  to  a  most  ez- 
oibitant  height.  JnOct.  1687  he  went 
with  troops  to  Hartford,  and  demanded 
the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  Connec- 
ticut, which  was  placed  in  the  evening 
upon  the  table  of  the  assembly,  but  in- 
stantly the  lights  were  extinguished,  and 
the  charter  disappeared,. having  been  car- 
ried off  by  capt.  Wadsworth  and  secre- 
ted in  a  hollow  oak,  near  the  house  of 
Samuel  Wyllys. 

In  the  spnng  of  1688  Andros  proceeded 
in  the  Rose  frigate  to  Penobscot  and 
plundered  the  house  and  fort  of  Castine 
and  thus  by  his  base  rapacity  excited  an 
Indian  war.  In  November  he  marched 
against  the  eastern  Indians  at  the  head 
of  7  or  800  men ;  but  not  an  Indian  was 
seen.  They  had  retired  to  the  woods  for 
hunting.  He  built  two  forts,  one  at 
Sheepscot,  the  other  at  Pegypscot  falls 
or  Brunswick,  and  left  garrisons  in  them. 
If  the  old  name  of  Amarascoggin,  on 
which  river  he  built  Pegypscot  fort,  re- 
ceived at  this  time,  in  honor  of  him, 
the  name  of  Androscoggin;  he  was  not 
worthy  of  such  remembrance.  The 
ancient  name  is  to  be  preferred. 

At  length  the  capricious  and  arbitrary 
proceedings  of  Andros  roused  the  deter- 
mined spirit  of  the  people. 

Having  sought  in  the  wilds  of  America 
the  secure  enjoyment  of  that  civil  and 
religious  liberty,  of  which  they  had  been 
-unjustly  deprived  in  England,  they  were 
not  disposed  to  see  their  dearest  rights 
wrested  from  them  without  a  struggle  to 
retain  them.  Animated  with  the  love  of 
liberty,  they  were  also  resolute  and  cour- 
ageous in  its  defence.  They  had  for  sev- 
eral years  suffered  ♦he  unpositions  of  a  ty- 
rannical admini"''  ..ion,  &  the  dissatisfac- 
tion and  indignation,  which  had  been 
gathering  during  this  period,  were  blown 
into  a  flame  by  the  report  of  an  intended 
massacre  by  the  governor's  guards.  On 
the  morning  of  April  18, 1689  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Boston  took  up  arms,  the  people 
poured  in  from  the  country,  and  the  gov- 
ernor with  such  of  the  council,  as  had  been 
most  active,and  other  obnoxious  persons, 
iibout£ftyiii  number,  were  seized  and 


confined.  The  old  magistrates  were  re< 
stored,  and  the  next  month  the  joyful 
news  of  the  revolution  in  England  reach- 
ed this  country,  and  quieted  all  apprehen- 
sion of  the  consequences  of  what  had 
been  done.  After  having  been  kept  at 
the  castle  till  February  following  Andros 
was  sent  to  Engkind  for  trial.  The  gen- 
eral court  about  the  same  time  despatched 
a  committee  of  several  gentlemen  to  sub- 
stantiate the  charges  against  him. 

The  government  was  reduced  to  a  most 
perplexing  dilemma.  If  they  condemned 
Andros'  administration,  the  sentence 
might  he  drawn  into  a  precedent,  and  they 
might  e&eta  to  encourage  insurrection  and 
rebellion  in  future  periods,  when  circum- 
stances did  not  render  so  desperate  an 
expedient  necessary.  On  the  other  hand, 
if  they  should  approve  of  the  administra- 
tion of  Andros  and  censure  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  colonists,  it  would  imply  a  rep- 
robation of  the  very  measure,  which  had 
been  pursued  in  bringing  about  the  revo- 
lution in  England.  It  was  therefore  deem- 
ed prudent  to  dismiss  the  business  with- 
out coming  to  a  final  decision.  The  peo- 
ple were  accordingly  left  to  the  full  en- 
joyment of  their  freedom  ;  and  Andros, 
in  public  estimation  guilty,  escaped  with- 
out censure. 

In  1693  he  was  appointed  the  governor 
of  yirginia,in  which  office  his  conduct  was 
for  the  most  part  prudent  and  unimpeach- 
ed.  He  was  succeeded  by  Nicholson  in 
1698.  He  died  in  London  Feb.  34, 1714» 
at  a  very  advanced  age.  His  narrative 
of  his  proceedings  in  New  England  was 
published  in  1691,  &  republished  in  1778. 
— Hutehinion ;  Douglats,  ii.  347,  373, 
369  ;  Holmet  i.  431,  425  ;  Belktu^,  i. 
344 ;  Eliot ;  Beverly. 

ANDRUS,  Joseph  R.,  agent  of  the 
Colonization  society,  was  graduated  at 
Middlebury  college  in  1313,  and  after 
studying  theology  at  New  Haven  and 
Andover,  and  also  under  bishop  Griswold 
at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  received  episcopal  or- 
dination. It  had  been  for  years  his 
purpose  to  devote  himself  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  the  degraded  and  oppressed 
race  of  Africans.    Being  appointed  the 


.*    #^ 


ANGB. 


m^ 


# 


APPLETON. 


46 


ifes  were  re- 
h  the  joyful 
igland  reach- 
nU  apprehen- 
)f  what  had 
teen  kept  at 
wing  Andros 
I.  The  gen- 
ie despatched 
emen  to  euh- 
thiin. 

iced  to  a  most 
y  condemned 
the  sentence 
ent,  and  they 
lurrection  and 
nrhen  circmn- 
desperate  an 
te  other  hand, 
le  administra- 
the  proceed- 
d  imply  a  rep- 
e,  which  had 
lOut  the  revo- 
lerefore  deem- 
tusiness  with- 
n.  The  peo- 
)  the  full  en- 
and  Andros, 
escaped  with« 

the  governor 

conduct  was 

unimpeach- 

^icholson  in 

eb.  34, 1714, 

lis  narrative 
England  was 

«hed  in  1778. 

II.  347,  373, 
Belknap,  i. 

gent  of  the 
graduated  at 
3,  and  after 

Haven  and 
lop  Griewold 

piscopal  or- 
}r  years  his 

promote  the 
d  oppressed 
ppointed  the 


agent  of  the  Colonisation  society,  he  sai- 
led early  in  1831,  and  proceeded,  with 
his  associate,  Ephraim  Bacon,  in  April 
firom  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Bassa  country 
to  negotiate  with  king  Ben  for  a  place 
of  settlement.  It  was  well  for  the  pro- 
posed cotony,  that  the  attempt  was  un- 
successful, for  a  more  healthful  and  eligi- 
ble territory  was  afterwards  purchased 
by  Dr.  Ayres  at  Montserado.  Mr.  An- 
drus  died  at  Sierra  Leone,  and  was  bu- 
ried July  39,  1831.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Carlos  Wilcox  and  by  him  honored  in 
his  lines,  "the  group  of  stars." — Pono- 
pli$t  18  ;  35,  400  ;  Bemaim  C(f  Wileox, 
00. 

ANGE,  Francis,  a  planter  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, died  in  1767,  aged  134  years.  He 
remembered  the  death  of  ChaWes  1.  ;  at 
the  age  of  130  was  in  good  health;  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  his  memory  was 
strong,  his  faculties  perfect.  He  had  liv- 
ed on  simple  food.  His  residence  was 
between  Broad  creek  and  the  head  of  Wi- 
eomoco  river. — Mem.  hitt.  toe.  Phil.  1. 
830;  Penn.  mag.  1.  315. 

ANTES,  John,  a  Moravian  missibna- 
ry,  was  bom  March  4,  1740,  and  sent 
from  America  to  Herrnhut  in  Germany 
in  1764.  In  1769  he  proceeded  to  Cairo 
on  a  proposed  mission  to  Abyssinia;  but 
meeting  Mr.  Brucei  he  was  induced  to 
abandon  the  undertaking.  He  returned 
to  Germany  in  1781;  and  in  1808  visited 
England,  and  died  at  Bristol  Dec.  17, 
1811.  He  published  a  reply  to  lord  Va- 
lencia, vindicating  Brace's  veracity;  ob- 
servations on  the  manners  of  the  Egyp- 
tians; and  wrote  a  memoir  of  his  own 
life. — L'vd't  Lempr. 

ANTHONY,  Susanna,  an  eminently 
pious  woman  of  Rhode  Island,  was  born 
in  1736  and  died  at  Newport  June  33, 
1791,  aged  64  years.  Her  parents  were 
quakers.  Dr.  Hopkins  published  the  me- 
moirs of  her  life,  consisting  chiefly  of  ex- 
tracts ftom  her  writings,  of  which  there 
was  a  second  edition  in  1810.  She  devo- 
ted herself  chiefly  to  prayer. 

APPLETON,  Nathaniel,  d.  d.,  min- 
ister of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  at  Ipswich,  December  9, 1 693.    His 


f&fller  was  John  Appleton,  one  of  the 
king's  council,  and  for  twenty  years  judge 
of  probate  in  the  county  of  Essex,  and 
his  mother  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
president  Rogers.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1713.  After  comple- 
ting his  education  an  opportunity  presen- 
ted of  entering  into  commercial  business  on 
very  advantageous  terms  with  an  uncle 
in  Boston,  who  was  an  opulentmerchant; 
but  he  resolved  to  forego  every  worldly 
advantage,  that  he  might  promote  the 
interest  of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom.  Soon 
after  he  began  to  preach,  he  was  invited 
to  succeed  Mr.  Brattle  in  the  ministry  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  ordained  October  9, 
1717.  On  this  occasion  Dr.  Increase 
Mather  preached  the  sermon  and  gave 
the  charge,  and  Dr.  Cotton  Mather 
gave  the  right  hand  of  fellowship.  He 
was  the  same  year  elected  a  fellow  of 
Harvard  college,  which  office  he  sustained 
above  60  yeara,  faithfully  consulting  and 
essentially  promoting  the  interests  of  the 
institution.  In  1771  the  university  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divin- 
ity, an  honor,  which  had  been  conferred 
upon  but  one  person.  Increase  Mather, 
about  eighty  yeara  before.  Degrees  have 
since  become  more  frequent  and  less  hon- 
orable. The  usefubiess  of  Dr.  Appleton 
was  diminished  for  a  few  of  his  last  yean 
through  the  infirmitiesof  age,  but  did  not 
entirely  cease  except  with  his  life.  He 
receiv^  Mh  Hilliard  as  his  colleague  in 
1 783 .  After  a  ministry  of  more  than  sixty 
six  years,  he  died  Feb.  9, 1784,in  the  91st 
year  ofliisage.  This  country  can  fur- 
nish few  instances  of  more  useful  talents, 
and  more  exemplary  piety,  exhibited  for 
BO  long  a  time  and  with  such  great  suc- 
cess. During  his  ministry  3138  persona 
were  baptized,  and  784  admitted  mem- 
bers of  the  church. 

Dr.  Appleton  was  as  venerable  for  his 
piety  as  for  his  years.  His  whole  char- 
acter was  patriarchal.  In  his  dress,  in  his 
manners,  in  his  conversation,  in  his  min- 
istry, he  resembled  the  puritan  miiustera, 
who  first  settled  New  England.  He  lived 
from  the  close  of  one  century  to  near  the 
close  of  another^  and  he  brought  down 


■^ks 


<tV 


4« 


Taro-'ftKn   ii>n\  i 


APPLETON. 


with  him  the  habfts  of  fonner  timw.  Mb 
nataral  temper  vn»  cheerful,  but  his  ha- 
bitual deportment  was  grave.  Early  con- 
secrated to  God,  and  having  a  fixed  pre- 
dilection for  the  ministry,  by  the  union 
of  good  sense  with  deep  seriousness,  of 
enlightened  zeal  with  consummate  pru- 
dence he  was  happily  fitted  for  the  pasto- 

'  ral  office. 

He  preached  with  great  plainness  and 

,  with  primitive  simplicity,  In  order  to 
accommodate  his  discourses  to  the  mean- 
est capacity  he  frequently  borrowed  sim- 
ilitudes from  familiar,  sometimes  from 
vulgar  objects;  but  his  application  of 
them  was  so  pertinent  and  his  utterance 
so  solemn,  as  to  suppress  levity  and  si- 
lence criticism.  Deeply  sensible  of  the 
fallen  state  of  man,  he  admired  the  wis- 
dom, holiness  and  mercy,  which  are  dis- 
played in  the  plan  of  redemption  through 
a  glorious  Savior.  From  the  abundance 
of  his  heart,  filled  with  the  love  of  God, 
he  spake  with  such  fervor,  as  was  fitted 
to  inspire  his  hearers  with  pious  senti- 
ments and  afiections. 

He  possessed  the  learning  of  his  time. 
The  scriptures  he  read  in  the  originals. 
His  expo;^ition,  preached  in  course  on  the 
sabbath,  comprehended  the  whole  new 
testament,  the  prophecy  of  Isaiah,  and 
«ome  of  the  other  prophets.  It  was 
chiefly  designed  to  promote  practical  pie- 
tyr  but  on  the  proj^etical  parts  he  disco- 
vered a  continued  attention, '  extent  of 
reading,  and  a  depth  of  research,  which 
come  to  the  share  of  but  very  few.  In 
his  preaching  he  carefully  availed  himself 
of  special  occurrences,  and  his  discourses 
(m  such  occasions  were  peculiarly  solemn 
and  impressive.  With  the  fidelity  and 
plainness  of  a  christian  minister  he 
administered  reproofs  and  admonitions, 
and  maintained  with  parental  tender- 
ness and  pastoral  authority  the  discipline 
of  the  church.  By  his  desire  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed,  and  continued  ibr 
many  years,  for  inspecting  the  manners 
of  professing  christians.  So  great  was 
the  ascendency,  which  he  gained  over  his 
people  by  his  discretion  and  moderation, 
by  his  condescension  and  benevolence,  by 


his  fidelity  and  piety,  that  they  regwded 
his  counsels  as  oracular. 

In  controversial  and  difficult  cases  he 
was  often  applied  to  for  advice  at  ecclesi- 
astical councils.  Impartial  yet  pacific, 
firm  yet  conciliator/,  he  was  peculiarly 
qualified  for  a  counsellor,  and  in  that  cha- 
racter he  mAterially  contributed  to  the 
unity,  the  peace,  and  order  of  the  church- 
es. With  the  wisdom  of  the  serpent  he 
happily  united  the  innocence  of  the  dove. 
In  his  religious  principles  he  was  a  Cal- 
vinist,  as  were  all  his  predecessors  in  the 
ministry.Hooker,  Stone,  Shepard,  Mitch- 
el,  Oakes,  Gookin,  and  Brattle.  But  to- 
wards those  of  different  principles  he  was 
candid  and  catholic. 

His  own  example  enforced  the  duties, 
which  he  enjoined  upon  others.  He 
was  humble,  meek,  and  benevolent.  He 
was  ready  at  all. times  to  relieve  the  dis- 
tressed, and  through  life  he  devoted  a 
tentli  part  of  his  whole  income  to  pious 
and  clwritable  uses.  He  wus  ever  a  firm 
friend  to  the  civil  and  m'  >  i  liberties 
of  mankind,  and  was  hapr  •■  .  a^to  see 
the  establishment  of  pet>  ...  1  indepen- 
dence in  his  native  kind.  He  deserves 
honorable  remembrance  for  Iiis  exertions 
to  send  the  gospel  to  the  Indians.  Un- 
der his  inany  heavy  trials  he  was  submis- 
sive and  patient.  When  his  infirmities 
had  in  a  great  measure  terminated  his 
usefulness,  he  expressed  his  desire  to  de- 
part and  be  with  Christ.  He  at  length 
cahnly  resigned  his  spirit  into  the  hands 
of  its  Redeemer.  His  son,  Nathaniel,  a 
merchant  in  Boston,  who  died  in  1798, 
wrote,  with  James  Swan  and  others, 
against  the  slave  trade  and  slavery  from 
1766  to  1770. 

His  publications  are  the  following  •-  tho 
wisdom  of  God  in  the  redemption  of  man, 
1728;  a  sermon  at  the  artillery  election, 
1733  ;  on  evangelical  and  saving  repent- 
ance, 1741 ;  discourses  on  Rom.  viii.  14, 
1743 ;  funeral  sermons  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  president  Leverett,  1724;  of 
Francis  Foxcroft,  1728 ;  of  president 
Wadsworth,  1737  ;  of  Rev.  John  Han- 
cock, 1752;  of  Spencer  Phips,  1757  ;  of 
Henry  Flynt,  1760 ;   of  Dr.  Wiggles- 


^Ik^w^ 


.:^.\i'iB:y^l 


APPLETON. 


worth,  1765;  of  president  Holyoke,1769{  oMnewas  very  mueh  endeared  to  his 
Bermonu  at  the  ordination  of  Joaiah  Cot^ ;  people.    At  his  suggestion  the  Piscataqua 


ton,  1728;  of  John  Sergeant,  1735 ;  of 
John  Sparhawk,  1736;  of  Matthew 
Bridge,  1746;  ofO.  Peabodyjun.  1760; 
of  Stephen  Badger,  1758;  a  sermon  at 
the  general  election,  1742 ;  at  the  con- 
vention, 1743';  two  discourses  on  a  fast, 
1748 ;  on  the  difference  between  a  legal 
and  evangalicel  righteousness,  1749 ; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1758  ;  at  the  Boston 
lecture,  1763 ;  against  profane  swearing, 
1765 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  con- 
quest of  Canada,  1760 ;  for  the  repeal  of 
the  stamp  act,  1766  ;  two  discourses 
on  a  fast,  1770. — Holmes'  hist.  Cam- 
bridge; col.  hUt.  »oe.  VII.  37,  9 — 68 ; 
X.  158  ;  Jimer.  herald,  Feb.  23, 1784  ; 
Independ.  chron.  March  4, 1784. 

APPLETON,  Jesse,  d.  d.,  the  second 
president  of  Bowdoin  College,was  born  at 
New  Ipswich,  in  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Nov.  17, 1772.  He  descended  from 
John  Appleton  of  Great  Waldingfield, 
Suffolk,  England,  who  died  in  1436. 
Samuel,  a  descendant  of  John,  came  to 
this  country  in  1635  and  settled  at  Ips- 
wich, Massachusetts.  Francis,  his  father, 
a  man  of  piety  and  vigorous  intellect,  died 
in  181 6,  aged  83. 

President  Appleton  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1792.  It  was  du- 
ring his  residence  at  that  seminary,  that 
he  experienced  deep,  religious  impres- 
sions ;  yet  of  any  precise  period,  when 
his  heart  was  regenerated  by  the  Spirit  of 
God,  he  was  not  accustomed  to  speak. 
The  only  safe  evidence  of  piety,  he  belie- 
ved, was  'tlu9  perception  in  himself  of 
thosequalities,  which  the  gospel  requires.' 
Having  spent  two  years  iu  the  instruction 
of  youth  at  Dover  and  Amherst,  he  stu- 
died theology  under  Dr.  Lathrop  of 
West  Springfield.  In  Feb.  1797,  he  was 
ordained  as  the  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Hampton,  N.  H.  His  religious  senti- 
ments at  tills  psriod  were  Arminian. 
Much  of  his  time  during  his  ten  years' 
residence  in  that  town  was  devoted  to  sys- 
tematic, earnest  study,  in  consequence 
of  which  his  sentiments  assumed  a  new 
form.    By  his  faithful,  affectionate  servi- 


EvangeUcal  magazine  was  published,  to 
which  he  contributed  valuable  essays, 
with  the  signature  of  Leighton.  Such 
was  his  public  estimation,  that  in  1808  he 
was  one  of  the  two  principal  candidates 
for  the  professorship  of  theology  at  Har- 
vard college ;  but  Dr.  Ware  was  elected. 
In  1807  he  was  cLosen  president  of  Bow- 
doin College,  into  which  office  he  was  ' 
inducted  Dec.  28.  After  the  toils  of  ten 
years  in  this  station,  his  health  became 
much  impaired  in  consequence  of  a  severe 
cold  in  October  1817.  In  May  1819  his 
illness  became  more  aknning,  his  comr 
plaints  being  a  cough,  hoarseness,  and  de- 
bility. A  journey  proved  of  no  essential 
benefit.  A  profuse  hemorrhage  in  Octo- 
ber extinguished  all  hope  of  recovery. 
As  the  day  of  his  dissolution  approached, 
he  remarked,  'Of  tins  I  am  sure,  that  sal- 
vation is  all  of  grace. — I  would  make  no 
mention  of  any  thing,  which  I  have  ever 
thought,  or  said,  or  done;  but  only  of 
this,  that  Ood  to  loved  the  world,  a$  to 
give  his  otUy  begotten  son,  that  ifhosoev- 
er  believeth  on  him,  should  nnt  perish 
but  have  everlasting  life.  The  atone- 
ment is  the  only  ground  of  hope.'  In 
health  he  was  sometimes  anxious  in  a 
high  degree  in  regard  to  the  college;  but 
in  his  sickness  he  said  in  cheerful  confi- 
dence, "  Ood  has  taken  tare  of  the  Col- 
lege, and  God  wiU  take  core  of  it.'" 
Among  his  last  expressions  were  heard 
the  words,  "Glory  to  God  in  the  high- 
est: the  whole  earth  shall  be  filled  with 
his  glory."  He  died  Nov.  12,  1819,  at 
the  age  of  47,  having  been  president  near- 
ly 12  years.  A  discourse  was  published, 
which  "was  delivered  at  his  funeral  by 
Benjamin  Tappan  of  Augusta,  describing 
the  excellences  of  his  character  and  his  pe- 
culiar qualifications  for  the  station,  which 
he  occT^pied. 

He  published  a  dedication  sermon  at 
Hampton,  1797 ;  sermons  at  the  ordina- 
tions of  Rev.  Asa  Rand,  of  Gorham,  1809; 
Rev.  Jonathan  Cogswell  of  Saco,  and 
Rev.  Reuben  Nason  of  Freeport,  1810; 
of  Rev.  Benjamin  Tappan  of  Augusta, 


^m: 


t- 


^- 


APTHORP. 


^'Ifk' 


)i- 


ARCHDALE. 


1811 ;  discoune  on  the  death  of  Frede- 
ric Southgate,  181S;  Messachuaetts  elec- 
tion sermou,  1814  ;  a  sermon  on  the  per- 
petuity and  importance  of  the  sabbath, 
1814 ;  thanksgiving^  sermon,  181o ;  ser- 
mon at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Enos  Mer- 
rill of  I  "eeport ;  sermon  before  the  Bath 
Societj  for  the  suppression  of  public 
▼ices ;  address  before  the  Massachusetts 
■ocinty  for  the  suppression  of  intemper- 
'aoee,  1816 ;  sermon  before  the  Am.  com- 
missioners for  foreign  missions,  1817  ; 
sermon  at  the  formation  of  the  Maine  edu- 
cation society,  1818  ;  also  a  aermon  on 
the  death  of  Mrs.  Buckmipster,  a  sermon 
before  the  Portsmouth  female  asylum,  and 
a  sermon  relating  to  Dr.  Enunons  on 
unity. 

In  1830  a  volume  of  his  Addresses  was 
published,  containing  his  Inaugural  Ad- 
dress and  eleven  annual  Addresses,  with 
a  sketch  of  his  character  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Nichols  of  Portland.— In  1832  his  Lec- 
tures &  Occasional  Sermons  were  publish- 
ed ip  one  volume  with  a  memoir  of  his  life 
by  Rev.  Benjamin  Tappan  of  Augusta. 
The  subjects  of  these  lectures,  it7  in  num- 
ber, arc  the  necessity  of  revelation,  hu- 
man depravity,  the  atonement,  regenera- 
tion, the  eternity  of  future  punishment, 
the  resurrection  of  the  body,  and  the  de- 
moniacs of  the  New  Testament. 

The  sermons  are  on  the  immortality  of 
the  sold,  the  influence  of  religion  on  the 
condition  of  man,  the  evils  of  war  and 
the  probability  of  universal  peace,  the 
truth  of  Christianity  from  ita  moral  effects, 
conscience,  and  consequences  of  neglec- 
ting tha  great  salvLtion. 

APTHORP,  East,  an  Episcopal  min- 
ister, was  the  son  of  Charles  Apthorp,  a 
merchant  of  Boston,  who  died  in  1758 
aged  61.  He  was  born  in  1733,  and  stu- 
died at  Je^  college,  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land. Having  taken  orders,  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1761,  by  the  Society  for  pro- 
pagating the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  a 
missionary  at  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  in 
which  place  he  continued  four  or  five 
years.  He  engaged  in  a  warm  controver- 
sy with  Dr.  Mayhew  concerning  the  de- 
sign and  conduct  of  the  society,  of  which 


he  was  a  missionary.  The  political  feel- 
ings of  the  people  were  mingled  with  their 
religious  attachment-  .  uic  cause,  which 
Mr.  Apthorp  espoused,  was  unpopular, 
and  he  returned  to  England.  He  wa« 
made  vicar  of  Croydon  in  1766,  and  in 
1778  rector  of  Bow  church,  London,  to 
which  he  was  presented  by  his  friend  and 
fellow  collegian,  bishop  Poiteus.  In 
1790,  having  lost  his  sight,  he  exchanged 
these  livings  for  the  prebend  of  Finsbury, 
&,  having  an  adequate  income,  he  retired 
to  spend  the  evenin jr  of  his  d&ys  among 
the  scenes  and  fViends  of  his  youth,  at  the 
university,  in  a  house  provided  for  him 
by  his  patron,  bishop  Watson.  He  died  at 
Cambridge,  England,  April  16,  1816, 
(tged  83  years.  His  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Foster  Hutchinson,  a  brother  of 
the  governor.  His  only  son  was  a  cler- 
gyman ;  of  three  daughters  one  was  mar- 
ried to  Dr.  Cary  and  one  to  Dr.  Butler, 
both  heads  of  colleges ;  the  third  mar- 
ried a  son  of  Dr.  Paley.  Dr.  Thomas 
Bulfinch  of  Boston  married  one  of  his 
sisters,  and  Robert  Bayard  of  New  York 
another.  He  was  eminent  as  a  writer. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  opening  of 
the  church  at  Cambridge,  1761 ;  on  the 
peace,  1763 ;  considerations  respecting 
the  society  for  the  propagation  &c.,  1763; 
on  the  death  of  Ann  Wheelwright,  1764; 
review  of  Mayhew's  remarks  on  the  an- 
swer to  his  observations  &c.,  1765  ;  dis- 
courses on  prophecy,  at  the  Warbnrton 
lecture,  Lincoln's  Inn  chapel,  3  vols ; 
and  an  answer  to  Gibbon's  statement  of 
the  causes  of  thb  spread  of  Christianity. 
— JeimUon,  m«.;  Holmet  ii.  130,  481. 

ARCH,  John,  a  Cherokee  Indian  and 
an  interpreter,  died  at  Brainerd  June  8, 
1835,  aged  37.  When  taken  sick,  he 
was  engaged  in  translating  John's  gospel 
into  Cherokee,  using  the  ingenious  alpha- 
bet invented  by  Mr.  Guess.  He  had 
been  a  christian  convert  several  years ; 
and  he  died  in  peace,  saying,  "God  is 
good,  and  will  do  right ;"  and  wasburied 
by  the  side  of  Dr.  Worcester. 

ARCHDALE,  John,  governor  of 
Carolina,  was  appointed  to  this  office  by 
the  proprietors,  after  lord  Ashley  had  de- 


M  X 


:f.^i 


■,-i 


dined  accepting  it.    He  was  a  qaaker  |  miide  two  yean  before,  he  Iintnediateiy 
and  a  proprietor,  and  arrived  in  the  sum- 


mer of  1605.  The  settlers  received  hini 
with  universal  joy.  The  colony  had 
been  in  much  confusion,  but  order  was 
now  restored.  The  assembly  was  called, 
and  the  governor  by  the  discreet  use  of 
his  extensive  powers  settled  almost  every 
public  concern  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
people.  The  price  of  landn  and  the  form 
of  conveyances  were  settled  by  law. 
Magistrates  were  appointed  for  hearing 
all  causes,  and  determining  all  difierences 
between  the  settlers  and  the  Indians. 
Public  roads  were  ordered  to  be  made  and 
water  passages  cut.  The  planting  of  rice, 
which  has  since !:<>come  the  greatsource  of 
the  opulence  of  Caroliaa,was  introduced. 
A  captain  of  a  vessel  from  Madagascar  on 
his  way  to  Great  Britain  anchored  off 
Sullivan's  island  and  ilnade  a  present  to 
the  governor  of  a  bag  of  seed  rice,  which 
he  had  brought  from  the  eadt.  This 
rice  the  governor  divided  among  sofne  of 
hid  friend8,who  agreed  to  make  an  experi- 
ment. The  success  equalled  their  expect 
tation,  and  from  this  small  beginning 
arose  the  staple  commodity  of  Carolina. 

He  continued,  it  is  believed,  but  five 
or  six  years  in  his  government.  Ailer 
his  return  to  London,  he  published  a 
work  entitled,  a  new  description  of  that 
fertile  and  pleasant  province  of  Carolina 
with  a  brief  account  of  its  discovery,  set- 
tling, and  the  government  thereof  to  this 
time,  with  several  remarkable  passages 
during  my  time,1707. — Holmei;  Heieatt, 
1. 119,  139—131 ;  Ramsay,  i.  47—50. 

ARG  ALL,Samuel,  deputy  governor  of 
Virginia,  came  to  that  colony  in  1609 
to  trade  and  to  fish  for  sturgeon.  The 
trade  was  in  violation  of  the  laws ;  but 
as  the  wine  and  provisions,  which  he 
brought,  were  much  wanted,  his  conduct 
was  connived  at,  and  he  continued  to 
make  voyages  for  his  own  advantage  and 
in  the  service  of  the  colony.  In  1612  he 
carried  off  Pocahontas  to  James  Town. 
In  161S  he  arrived  at  the  Island,  now 
called  Mount  Desert,  in  Maine,  for  the 
purpose  of  fishing,  and  having  discovered 
a  settlement  of  the  French,  which  was 
7 


attacked  it  and  took  most  of  the  settler* 
prisoners.  Gilbert  de  Thet,  a  Jesuit  fa- 
ther, was  killed  in  the  engagement.  This 
was  the  commencement  of  hostilities  be- 
tween the  French  and  English  coloniaui 
in  America.  Capt.  Argall  soon  ailerwardt 
sailed  iVom  Virginia  to  Acadie  and  d»- 
stroyed  the  French  settlements  of  St. 
Croix  and  Port  Royal.  The  pretext  for 
this  hostile  expedition  in  time  of  peace 
was  the  encroachment  of  the  French  on 
the  rights  of  the  English,  which  were 
founded  on  the  prior  din-xtvcty  of  the 
Cabots.  Argall  on  his  re  -u  n  »ubdued  the 
Dutch  settlement  at  Hudson's  river.  In 
1614  he  went  to  England  and  returned  in 
1617  as  deputy  governor.  On  his  arri- 
val he  found  the  public  buildings  at 
James  Town  fallen  to  decay,  the  mar- 
ket place  and  streets  planted  with  tobac- 
co, and  the  people  of  the  colony  dispersed 
in  places,  which  they  thought  best  adap- 
ted for  cultivating  that  pernicious  weed. 
To  restore  prosperity  to  ihe  icolony  capt. 
Argall  introduced  some  severe  regula- 
tions. He  prohibited  all  trade  or  famil- 
iarity with  the  Indians.  Teaching  them 
the  use  of  arms  was  a  crime  to  be  punish- 
ed by  death.  He  ordered,  that  all  goods 
should  be  sold  at  an  advance  of  95  per 
cent,  and  fixed  the  price  of  tobacco  at 
three  shillings  per  pound.  None  could 
sell  or  buy  at  a  different  pri^e  under  t»:'e 
penalty  of  three  years'  imprisonmeni. 
No  man  was  permitted  to  fire  a  gun^  be- 
fore a  new  supply  of  ammunition,  except 
in  self  defehce,  on  pain  of  a  year's  si  ivery. 
Absence  from  church  on  Sundays  i>r  hol- 
idays was  punished  by  confinement  for 
the  night,  and  one  week's. slavery  to  'he 
colony,  and  on  a  repetition  of  the  offencv^ 
the  punishment  was  'ncreased. 

The  rigorous  execution  of  these  laws 
rendered  him  odious  in  the  colony,  and 
the  report  of  his  tyranny  and  his  depre- 
dations upon  the  revenues  of  the  compa- 
ny reaching  England,  it  was  determined 
to  recall  him.  Lord  Delaware  was  direc- 
ted to  send  him  home  to  answer  the 
charges  brought  against  him  ;  but  as  his 
lordship  did  not  reach  Virginia,  being 


f*)t 


♦ 


'?pjllf''l' 


■«^' 


60 


ARMSTRONG. 


■M 


IB 


M- 
T 


Bummoncu  away  firom  life  while  on  hia  pu- 
eagejthe  letter  to  him  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Argall.  Perceiving  from  it  that  the  fine 
harvest,  which  now  occupied  him,  would 
be  soon  ended,  he  redoubled  his  ini^ustry. 
He  multiplied  his  acts  of  injustice,  and 
before  the  arrival  of  a  new  governor  ip 
1619  set  sail  in  a  vessel,  loaded  with  his 
effects.  He  was  the  partner  in  trade  of 
the  earl  of  Warwick,  and  by  this  connex- 
ion was  enabled  to  defraud  the  company 
of  the  restitution,  which  they  had  a  right 
to  expect.  In  1 630  he  commanded  a  ship 
of  war  in  an  expedition  against  the  Alge- 
rines ;  in  1633  he  was  knighted  by  king 
James ;  in  1635  he  was  engaged  in  the 
expedition  against  the  Spanish  under  Ce- 
cil. 

His  character,  like  that  of  most,  who 
were  concerned  in  the  government  of 
Virginia,  is  differently  drawn  ;  by  some 
he  is  represented  as  a  good  mariner,  a 
man  of  public  spirit,  active,  industrious, 
careful  to  provide  for  the  people,  and  to 
keep  them  constantly  employed.;  and  by 
others  he  is  described  as  negligent  of  the 
public  business,  selfish,  rapaciou8,pa88ion- 
ate,  arbitrary,  and  cruel,  pushing  his  un- 
righteous gains  in  every  way  of  extortion 
and  oppression.  He  was,  without  ques- 
tion, a  man  of  talents  and  art,  for  he  so 
foiled  and  porplexed  the  company,  that 
they  were  never  able  to  bring  him  to  any 
account  or  punishment.  Aq  account  of 
his  voyage  from  James  Town  beginning 
June  19, 1610,  in  which,  missing  Bermu- 
da, he  "put  over  towards  Sagadahoc  and 
cape  Cod,"  and  his  letter  respecting  his 
voyage  to  Virginia  in  1613,  are  preser- 
ved in  Purchas. — Belktu^'s  biog.  ii. 
&1— 63;  Holtne;  144,  155;  i.  Smith: 
Stith    Marthall,  i.  56,  107;  Beverly. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  general,  resi- 
ded in  Pennsylvania  St, .  as  distinguished 
in  the  Indian  wars.  In  1776,  being  ap- 
pointed brigadier  general,  he  assisted  in 
the  defence  of  fort  Moultrie  and  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown.  He  left  the  army 
in  1777  through  dissatisfaction  as  to  rank, 
and  was  afterwards  a  member  of  congress. 
He  died  at  Carlisle  March  9,  1795.  He 
was  a  professor  of  religion. — Lempr. 


ARNOLD. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  succeeded  Roger  Williams 
in  that  ofiice  in  1657  and  continued  till 
1660 ;  he  was  also  governor  from  1663  to 
1666,  iVom  1669  to  1673,  and  from  1677 
to  1 678,-in  which  last  year  he  died .  He 
had  lived  in  Providenpe  as  early  as  1639. 
Winthrop  speaks  of  him,  "as  a  great 
friend  of  Massachusetts,  especially  in  ue- 
gociations  with  th^  Indians." — In  1667 
he  and  Coddington  purchased  of  ths  In- 
dian sachems  the  island  Quononoquot, 
afterwards  called  James  Town. — Maua. 
hut.  eol.  v.  217  ;  Saeage'i  Winthrop ; 
Farmer. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  a  major  general 
in  the  American  "^rmy,  and  infamous  for 
deserting  the  cause  of  his  country,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  descendant  of  the 
preceding.  He  was  bred  an  apothecniy 
with  a  L  r.  Lathrop,  who  was  so  pleased 
with  him,  as  to  give  him  £  500  sterling. 
From  1763  to  1767  he  combined  the  busi- 
ness of  a  druggist  with  that  of  a  bookseller, 
at  New  Haven,  Con.  Being  captain  of  a 
volunteer  company,  after  hearing  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington  he  immediat«ly 
marched  with  his  company  for  the  Amei^ 
can  head  quarters,  and  reached  Cam- 
bridge April  29, 1775.  He  waited  on  the 
Massachusetts  committee  of  safety  and 
informed  them  of  the  defenceless  state  of 
Ticonderoga.  The  committee  appointed 
him  a  colonel,  and  commissioned  him  to 
raise  four  hundred  men,  and  to  take  that 
fortress.  He  proceeded  directly  to  Ver- 
mont, and  when  he  arrived  at  Castleton 
was  attended  by  one  servant  only.  Here 
he  joined  col.  Allen,  and  on  May  10th  the 
fortress  was  taken. 

In  the  fall  of  1775  he  was  sent  by  the 
commander  in  chief  to  penetrate  through 
tho  wilderness  of  the  District  of  Maine 
into  Canada.  He  commenced  his  march 
Sep.  16,  with  about  one  thousand  men, 
consisting  of  New  England  infantry, 
some  volunteers,  a  company  of  artillery, 
and  three  companies  of  riflemen.  One 
division,  that  of  col.  Enos,  was  obliged  to 
return  from  Dead  river  from  the  want  of 
provisions  ;  had  it  proceeded,  the  whole 
army  might  have  perished.    The  great- 


fm 


%^ 


■^■'' 


■^f. 


ARNOLD.' 


fti 


est  hardships  were  endured  and  the  most 
appalling  difficulties  surmounted  in  this 
expedition,  of  whfch  maj.  Meigs  kept  a 
journal,  and  Mr.  Henry  also  published  an 
account.  The  army  was  in  the  wilder- 
ness, between  fort  Western  at  Augusta 
and  the  first  settlements  on  theChaudiere 
in  Canada,  about  5  weeks.  In  the  want 
of  proWsiDiis  capt.  Dearborn's  dog  was 
killed,  and  eaten,  ev^n  the  feet  and  skin, 
with  good  appetite.  As  the  army  arrived  at 
the  first  settlements  Nov.  4th,  the  "ntel- 
ligence  necessarily  reached  Quebec  in  one 
or  two  days ;  but  a  week  or  fortnight  be- 
fore this  gov.  Cramahe  had  been  apprized 
of  the  approach  of  this  army.  Arnold 
had  imprudently  sent  a  letter  to  Schuyler, 
enclosed  to  a  friend  in  Quebec,  by  an  In- 
dian, dated  Oct.  IS,  and  he  was' himself 
convinced,  fVom  the  preparations  made 
for  his  reception,  that  the  Indian  had  be- 
trayed him.  Nov.  5th  the  troops  arrived 
at  St.  Mary's  10  or  13  miles  from  Que- 
bec, and  remained  there  3  or  4  days. 
Nov.  9th  Or  10th  they  advanced  to  Point 
Levi,  opposite  Quebec.  Forty  birch  ca- 
noes having  been  collected,  it  was  still 
found  necessary  to  delay  crossirtg  the  riv- 
er for  3  nights  on  account  of  a  high  wind. 
On  the  14th  the  wind  moderated  ;  but 
this  delay  was  very  favorable  to  the  city, 
for  on  the  ISth  col.  M'Lean,  an  active 
officer,  arrived  with  80  men  to  strengthen 
the  garrison,  wh<  ilready  consisted  of 
more  than  a  thousand  men,  so  as  to  ren- 
der an  assault  hopeless.  Indeed  Arnold 
himself  placed  his  chief  dependence  on 
the  co-operation  of  Montgomery. 

On  the  14th  o^T'ov.  he  crossed  the 
St.  Lawrence  in  the  night ;  and,  ascend- 
ing the  precipice,  which  Wolfe  had 
climbed  before  him,  formed  his  small 
corps  on  the  height  near  the  plains  of 
Abraham.  With  only  about  seven  hun- 
dred men,  one  third  of  whose  muskets 
had  been  rendered  useless  in  the  march 
through  the  wilderness,  success  could  not 
be  expected.  It  is  Burprising,that  the  gar- 
rison, consisting  Nov.  14th  of  1126  men, 
did  not  march  out  &  destroy  the  small  force 
of  Arnold.  After  parading  some  days  on 
the  heights  near  the  town,  and  sending  3 


flags  to  summon  the  inhabitants,he  retired 
to  Point  aux  Trembles,  twenty  milei 
above  Quebec,  and  there  waited  the  arri-' 
val  of  Montgomery,  who  joined  him  on 
the  first  of  December.  The  city  was  im- 
mediately besiegevS  but  the  best  measures 
had  been  taken  for  its  defence.  The  able 
gen.  Carleton  had  entered  the  ci^y  with 
60menNov.30th.  On  the  morning  of  the 
last  day  of  the  year  an  assault  was  made 
on  the  one  side  of  the  lower  town 
by  Montgomery,  who  was  killed.  At 
the  same  time  col.  Arnold,  at  the  head  of 
about  three  hundred  and  fifty  men,  made 
a  desperate  attack  on  the  opposite  side. 
Advancing  with  the  utmost  intrepidity 
along  the  St.  Charles  through  a  narrow 
path,  exposed  to  an  incessant  fire  of 
grape  shot  and  musketry,  as  he  approach- 
ed the  first  barrier  he  received  a  musket 
ball  in  the  left  leg,  which  shattered  the 
bone.  He  was  compelled  to  retire,on  foot, 
dragging  'one  leg  after  him'  near  a  mile 
to  the  hoqpitial,  having  lost  60  men  killed 
and  wounded,  and  three  hundred  prison- 
era.  Although  the  attack  was  unsuccess- 
ful, the  blockade  of  Quebec  was  continued 
till  May  1776,  when  the  army,  which 
was  in  no  condition  to  risk  an  assault,  was 
removed  to  a  more  defensible  position. 
Arnold  was  compelled  to  relinquish  one 
post  after  another,  till  the  ISth  of  June, 
when  he  quitted  Canada.  After  this  pe- 
riod he  exhibited  grciat  bravery  in  the 
command  of  the  American  fleet  on  lake 
Champlain. 

In  August  1777  he  relieved  fort  Schuy- 
ler under  the  command  of  colorieiOanse- 
voort,  which  was  invested  by  colonel  St. 
Leger  with  an  army  of  from  1 C  to  18  hun- 
dred mer  In  the  battle  neav  Stillwater, 
Sept.  19th,  he  conducted  himself  with 
his  usual  intrepidity,  being  engaged  incest 
santly  for  four  houra.  In  the  action  of 
October  7th,  after  the  British  had  been 
driven  into  the  lines,  Arnold  pressed  for- 
ward and  under  a  tremendous  fire  assaul- 
ted the  worksthroughout  their  whole  ex- 
tent from  right  to  left.  The  intrench- 
ments  were  at  length  forced,  and  with  a 
few  men  he  actually  entered  the  works; 
but  his  horse  being  killed,  and  he  himself 


m 


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ARNOLD. 


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badly  wounded  in  the  leg,  he  found  it  ne- 
Mmry  to  witlidraw,  and,  as  it  was  now 
almost  dark,  to  desist  irora  the  attack. 
Being  rendered  unfit  for  active  service  in 
consequence  of  his  wound,  ai\er  the  reco- 
very of  Philadelphia  he  n'as  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Ameiican  garrison. 
When  he  entered  the  city,  he  made  the 
house  of  gov.  Penn,  the  best  house  in  the 
city,  his  head  quarters.  This  he  furnish- 
ed in  a  very  costly  manner,  and  lived  far 
beyond  his  income.  He  had  wasted  the 
plunder,  which  he  had  seized  at  Montreal 
in  his  retreat  from  Canada;  and  at  Phila- 
delphia he  was  determined  to  make  new 
acquisitions.  He  laid  his  hands  on  every 
thing  in  the  city,  which  could  be  consi- 
dered as  the  property  of  those,  who  were 
unfriendly  to  the  cause  of  his  country. 
11(3  was  charged  with  oppression,  extor- 
tion, and  enormous  charges  upon  the  pub- 
lic in  his  accounts,  and  with  applying  the 
public  money  and  property  to  his  own 
private  use.  Such  was  bis  conduct,  that 
he  drew  upon  himself  the  odium  of  the  in- 
habitants not  only  of  the  city,  but  of  the 
province  in  generaL  He  was  engaged  in 
trading  speculations  and  had  shares  in  se- 
veral privateers,  but  was  unsuccessful. 
From  the  judgment  of  the  commissioners, 
who  had  been  appointed  to  inspect  his  ac^ 
counts,  and  who  had  rejected  above  half 
the  amount  of  his  demands,  he  appealed 
to  congress;  and  they  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  their  own  body  to  examine  and 
settle  the  business.  Th»  committee  con- 
firmed the  report  of  the  commissioners, 
arid  thought  they  had  allowed  him  more 
than  he  had  any  right  to  expect  or  de- 
mand. By  these  disappointments  he  be- 
^me  irritated  and  he  gave  full  scope  to 
his  resentment.  His  invectives  against 
congress  were  not  less  violent,  than  those, 
which  he  had  before  thrown  out  against 
the  commissioners.  He  was  however 
soon  obliged  to  abide  the  judgment  of  a 
court  martial  upon  the  charges,  exhibited 
against  him  by  the  executive  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  he  was  subjected  to  the  morti- 
fteation  of  receiving  a  reprimand  from 
Washington.  His  trial  commenced  in 
June  1778,  but  such  were  the  delays  oc- 


casioned by  the  movements  of  the  anny, 
that  it  was  not  concluded  until  January 
36,  1779.  The  senteAee  of  a  reprimand 
was  approved  by  congress,  nnd  was  soon 
afterwards  earried  into  execution. 

Such  was  the  humiliation,  to  which 
general  Arnold  was  reduced  in  conse- 
quence of  yieUing  to  the  temptations  of 
pride  and  vanity,  and  indulging  lumself 
in  the  pleasures  of  a  sumptuous  table  and 
expensive  equipage.  From  this  time  his 
proud  spirit  revolted  from  the  cause  of 
America.  He  turned  his  eyes  to  West 
Point  as  an  acquisition,  which  would  give 
value  to  treason,  while  its  los^  tvould  in- 
flict a  mortal  wound  on  his  former  friends. 
He  addressed  himself  to  t'le  delegation  of 
New  York,  in  which  state  his  reputation 
was  peculiarly  high,  and  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  this  state  recommended  him 
to  Wasnington  for  the  service,  which  he 
desired.  The  same  application  to  the 
commander  in  chief  was  made  not  long 
afterwards  through  gen.  Schuyler. 
Washington  observed,  that  as  there  was 
a  prospect  ofan  active  campaign  he  should 
be  gratified  with  the  aid  of  Arnold  in 
the  field;  but  intimated  at  the  same  time, 
that  he  should  receive  the  appointment 
requested,  if  it  should  be  more  pleasing  to 
him.  Arnold,  without  discovering  much 
solicitude,  repaired  to  camp  in  the  begin- 
ning of  August,  and  renewed  in  person 
the  solicitations,  which  had  been  before 
indirectly  made.  He  was  now  ofiered  the 
command  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army, 
which  was  advancing  against  New  York; 
but  be  declined  it  under  the  pretext,  that 
in  consequence  of  his  wounds,  he  was  una- 
ble to  perform  the  active  duties  of  the 
field.  Without  a  suspicio'i  of  his  patriot- 
ism he  was  invested  with  the  command  of 
West  Point.  Previously  to  his  soliciting 
this  station,  he  had  in  is>  letter  to  col.  Be- 
verley Robinson  signified  his  change  of 
principles  and  his  wish  to  restore  himself 
to  the  favor  of  his  prince  by  some  signal 
proof  of  bis  repentance.  This  letter 
opened  to  him  a  correspondence  with  sir 
Henry  Clinton,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  concert  the  means  of  putting  the  im- 
portant post,  which  he  commanded,  into 


its  of  the  army, 
until  January 
I  of  a  reprimand 
a,  nnd  was  soon 
cecution. 
ition,  to  which 
luced  in  conse- 
I  temptations  of 
dulging  liimself 
ptuous  table  and 
om  this  time  his 
■a  the  cause  of 
I  eyes  to  West 
'hich  would  give 
i  \of  would  in- 
is  former  friends, 
t^e  delegation  of 
te  his  reputation 
I  member  of  con- 
iK>mmended  him 
ervice,  which  he 
ilication    to   the 
made  not  long 
gen.     Schuyler, 
hat  as  there  was 
npaign  he  should 
lid  of  Arnold  in 
it  the  same  time, 
he  appointment 
more  pleasing  to 
iscovering  much 
np  in  the  begin- 
wed   in  person 
ad  been  before 
now  oflfered  the 
of  the  army, 
inst  New  York; 
he  pretext,  that 
|nds,  hewasuna- 
duties  of  the 
'X  ofhispatriot- 
the  command  of 
to  his  soliciting 
tter  to  col.  Be- 
his  change  of 
restore  himself 
by  some  signal 
This  letter 
dence  with  sir 
of  which  was 
itting  the  im- 
immanded,  into 


t^ 


ARNOLD. 


5S 


M%- 


the  possession  of  the  British  general.  I 
His  plan,  it  is  believed,  was  to  have  drawn 
the  greater  part  of  his  army  without  thr 
works  under  the  pretext  of  fighting  the 
enemy  in  the  defiles,  and  to  have  left  un- 
guarded a  designated  pasai' through  whkh 
the  assailants  might  securely  approach  and 
surprise  the  fortress.  H>  troops  he  in- 
tended to  place,  so  th»t  they  would  be 
compelled  to  surrender,  or  be  cut  in  pieces. 
But  juBt  as  his  scheme  was  ripe  for  exe- 
cution the  wise  Disposer  of  events,  who 
so  often  and  so  remarkably  interposed  in 
favor  of  the  American  cause,  blasted  his 
designs. 

Maj.  Andre,  after  his  detection,  apprized 
Arnold  of  his  danger,  and  the  traitor  found 
opportunity  to  escape  on  bot.i'd  the  Vul- 
ture, Sept.  2^  1780,  a  few  hours  before 
the  return  of  A^ashington,  who  had  been 
absent  on  a  journey  to  Hartford,  Con.  0  n 
the  very  day  of  his  escape  Arnold  wrote 
a  letter  to  Washington,  d(  .laring,  that 
the  love  of  his  country  had  governed  him 
in  his  late  conduct,  and  requesting  him  to 
protect  Mrs.  Arnold.  She  was  conveyed 
to  her  husband  at  New  York,  and  his 
clothes  and  baggage,  for  which  he  had 
written,  were  transmitted  to  him.  Du- 
ring the  exertions,  which  were  made  to 
rescue  Andre  from  the  destruction, 
which  threatened  him,  Arnold  had  the 
hardihood  to  interpose.  He  appealed  to 
the  humanity  of  the  commander  in  chief, 
and  then  sought  to  intimidate  him  by 
stating  the  situation  of  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  of  South  Carolina,  who 
!iivd  forfeited  their  lives,  but  had  hitherto 
been  spared  through  the  clemency  of  the 
British  general.  This  clemency,  he  said, 
could  no  longer  in  justice  be  extended  to 
them,  should  major  Andre  suffer. 

Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier  general 
in  the  British  service;  which  rank  he  pre- 
served throughout  the  war.  Yet  he  must 
have  been  held  in  contempt  &  detestation 
by  the  generous  and  honorable.  It  was 
impossible  for  men  of  this  description,  ev- 
en when  acting  with  him,  to  forget  that 
he  was  a  traitor;  first  the  slave  of  his  rage, 
then  purchased  with  gold,  and  finally  se- 
eur(^  by  the  blood  of  one  of  the  most  ac- 


complished officers  in  the  Britiah  army. 
One  would  suppose,  that  his  mind  could 
no.  have  been  much  at  ease  ;  but  he  had 
proceeded  so  far  in  vice,  that  perhaps  hia 
reflections  gave  him  but  little  trouble. 
"  I  am  mistaken,"  says  Washington  in  a 
private  letter,  "  if  a(  (Am  time  Arnold  ia 
undergoing  the  torments  of  a  mental  hell. 
He  wants  feeling.    From  some  traits  of 
his  character,  which  have  lately  come  to 
my  knowledgfe,  he  seems  to  have  been  so 
hacknied  .'n  crime,  so  lost  to  all  sense  of  - 
honor  and  khame,  that  while  his  facvltiea 
still  enable  h>m  to  continue  his  sordid  pur^ 
suits,  there  tp'11  be  no  time  for  remorse." 
Arnold  found  it  necessary  to  make  some 
exertions  to  secure  the  attachment  of  his 
new  friends.    AVith  the  hope  of  alluring 
many  of  the  discontented  to  his  standard, 
he  published  an  address  to  the  inhabitants 
of  America,  in  vhich  he  endeavored  to 
justify  his  conduc  t.    He  had  encountered 
the  dangers  of  th ;  field,  he  said,  from  ap- 
prehension, that  1  he  rights  of  his  country 
were  in  danger.  He  had  acquiesced  in  the 
declaration  of  indtpendence,  though  he 
thought  it  precipitate.    But  the  rejection 
of  the  overtures,  made  by  Great  Britain 
in  177S,  and  the  French  alliance  had  op- 
ened his  eyes  to  the  ambitious  views  of 
those,  who  would  sacrifice  the  happiness 
of  their  country  to  their  own  aggrandize- 
ment, and  had  made  him  a  confirmed  loy- 
alist.   He   artfully  mingled   assertions, 
that  the  principal  membere  of  congress 
held  the  people  in  sovereign  contempt. 
This  was  followed  in  about  a  fortnight 
by  a  proclamation,  addressed  "  to  the 
olfiCero  and  soldiera  of  the  continental  ar- 
my, who  have  the  real  interest  of  their 
country  at  heart,  and  who  are  determined 
to  be  no  longer  the  tools  and  dupes  of 
congress  or  of  France."  To  induce  the 
American  officera  and  soldiera  to  desert 
the  cause,  which  they  had  embraced,  he 
represented,  that  the  corps  of  cavalry  and 
infantry,  which  he  was  authorized  to  raise, 
would  be  upon  the  same  footing  with  oth- 
er troops  in  the  British  service;  that  he 
should     with    pleasure   advance  those, 
whose  valor  he  might  witness;  that  the 
private  men,  who  joined  him,  should  re- 


s'' 


f.  _  -* 


M 


AilNOLD. 


ceiveabounty  of  three  ffuineas  each,  be- 
■ides  payment  at  the  full  value  fur  horseS; 
amui,  and  accoutrements.  His  object  was 
the  peace,  liberty,  and  safety  of  America. 
"You  are  promised  liberty,"  he  exclaims, 
"  but  is  there  an  individual  in  the  enjoy- 
mentofit,  saving  your  oppressors?  Who 
among  you  dare  speak  or  write  what  he 
thinks  against  the  tyranny ,which  has  rob- 
bed you  of  your  property,  imprisons  your 
persons,  drags  you  to  the  field  of  battle, 
and  is  daily  deluging  your  country  with 
your  blood?" — "What," he  exclaims  a- 
gain,  "  is  America  now,  but  a  land  of  wid- 
ows, orphans,  and  beggars?  As  to  you, 
who  have  been  soldiers  in  the  continental 
army,  can  you  at  this  day  want  evidence, 
that  the  funds  of  your  country  are  exhaus- 
ted, or  that  the  managers  have  applied 
them  to  their  private  uses?  In  either  case 
you  surely  can  no  longer  continue  in  their 
service  with  honor  or  advantage.  Yet  you 
have  hitherto  been  their  supporters  in  that 
cruelty,  which  with  equal  indifference  to 
yours  as  well  as  to  the  labor  and  blood  of 
others,  is  devouring  a  country,  that  fVom 
the  moment  you  quit  their  colors  will  be 
redeemed  fVomtheir  tyranny.  "These  pro- 
clamations did  not  produce  the  effect  de- 
signed, and  in  all  the  hardships,  sufferings, 
and  irritations  of  the  war  Arnold  remaing 
the  solitary  instance  of  an  American  offi- 
cer ,who  abandoned  the  side  first  embraced 
in  the  contest,  and  turned  his  sword  up- 
on his  former  companions  in  arms. 

He  was  soon  despatched  by  sir  Henry 
Clinton  to  make  a  diversion  in  Virginia. 
With  about  1700  men  he  arrived  in  the 
Chesapeak  in  Jan.  1781,  and  being  sup- 
ported by  such  a  naval  force,  as  was  suit- 
ed to  the  nature  of  the  service,  he  commit- 
ted extensive  ravages  on  the  rivers  and 
along  the  unprotected  coasts.  It  is  said, 
that  while  on  this  expedition  Arnold  in- 
quired of  an  American  captain,  whom  he 
had  taken  prisoner,  what  the  Americans 
would  do  with  him,  if  he  should  fall  into 
their  hands.  The  officer  replied,  that 
they  would  cut  off  his  lame  leg  and  bury 
it  with  the  honors  of  war,  and  hang  the 
remainder  of  his  body  in  gibbets.  After 
his  recall  from  Virginia  he  conducted  an 


expedition  against  his  native  state,  Con- 
necticut.    He  took  fort  Trumbull  Sept. 
6tli  with  inconsiderable   loss.     On  the 
lather  side  of  the  harbor  lieut.  col.  Eyre, 
who    commanded    another  detachment 
made  an  assault  on  fort  Griswold,  and 
with  the  greatest  difficulty  entered  the 
works.    An  officer  of  the     conquering 
troo|)8  asked,  who  commanded?  "  I  did," 
answered  colonel  Ledyard,  "  but  you  do 
now,"  and   presented    him  his    sword, 
which  was   instantly  plunged  into    his 
own  bosom.    A  merciless  slaughter  com- 
menced upon  the  brave  garrison,  who  had 
ceased  to  resist,  until  the  greater  part 
were  either  killed  or  wounded.    Af\er 
burning  the  town  and  the  stores,  which 
were  in  it,  and  thus  thickening  the  lau- 
rels, with  which  his  biow  was  adorned, 
Arnold  returned  to  New  York  in  8  days. 
From  the  conclusion  of  the  war  till  his 
death  general  Arnold  resided  cheifly  in 
England.    In  1786  he  was  at  St.  John's, 
New  Brunswick,  engaged  in  trade  and 
navigation,  and  again  in  1790.  For  some 
cause  he  became  very  unpopular  in  179S 
or  1793,  was  hung  in  effigy,  and  the  may- 
or found  it  necessary  to  read  the  riot  act, 
and  a  company  of  troops  was  called  to 
quell  the  mob.    Repairing  to  the  West 
Indies  in  1794,  a  French  fleet  anchored 
at  the  same  island  ;    he  became  alarmed 
lest  he  should  be  detained  by  the  Ameri- 
can allies  and  passed  the  fleet  concealed 
on  a  raft  of  lumber.    He  died  in  Glouces- 
ter place,  London,  June  14,  1801. — He 
married  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Shippen  of  Philadelphia,  chief  jus- 
tice, and  a  loyalist.     General  Green,  it  is 
said,  was  his  rival.    She  combined  fasci- 
nating manners  with  strength  of  mind. 
She  died  at  London  Aug.  34,  1804,  aged 
43.     His  sons  were  men  of  property  in 
Canada  in  1839. — His  character  presents 
little  to  be  commended.     His  daring  cour- 
age may  indeed  excite  admiration  ;  but  it 
was  a  courage  without    reflection    and 
without  principle.    He  fought  bravely 
for  his  country  and  he  bled  in  her  cause; 
but  his  country  owed  him  no  returns  of 
gratitude,  for  his  subsequent  conduct  pro- 
ved, that  he  had  no  honest  regard  to  her 


« 


Sh 


# 


n"    ♦ 

J./  ■., " .  • 

■  -   »': 

■"■'.V      s 

*-'.i.  *;. 

■♦ 

.  .■-  •■- 

A}- 

''  ' .«  . 

:f 


'# 


ARNOLD. 


interesU,  but  was  governed  by  <«lfiah 
considerations.  His  progress  from  sell' 
indulgence  to  treMon  was  easy  and  rapid. 
He  was  vain  and  luxuriona,  and  to  gratify 
his  giddy  desires  he  must  resort  to  mean- 
ness, diuhooesty,  and  exUVtion.  These 
vices  brought  with  them  dtagrace;  and  the 
contempt,  into  which  he  fell,  awakened  a 
spirit  of  revenge,  and  left  him  to  the  un- 
restrained influence  of  his  cupidity  and 
passion.  Thus  from  the  high  fame,  to 
which  his  bravery  had  elevated  him,  he 
descended  into  infamy.  Thus  too  he 
furnished  new  evidence  of  the  infatuation 
of  the  human  mind  in  attaching  such  val- 
ue to  the  reputation  of  a  soldier,  which 
may  be  obtained,  while  the  heart  is  un- 
sound and  every  moral  sentiment  is  en- 
tirely depraved. — .Ann.  register  for  1781, 
37-49,  73  ;  MarthaU't  Wa$hington,  iv. 
271—290;  Warren'a  hitt.  war;  Holme*; 
Stedman,  1. 138,  336;  ii.247;  Gordon,  ii. 
3,  129,  165,  463;  in.  480;  iv.  116,  178  ; 
timer,  museum,  ix,  144;  Smith'snarra- 
tive  of  the  death  of  Andre;  Maine  hist, 
col.  i;  Amer  rememb,m6,  partu. ;  1778, 
p.  2;  Massa.  Mst.  eol.  2d  ser.  ii.  927. 

ARNOLD,  Peleg,  chiel"  justice  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  a  delegate  to  congress 
under  the  confederation  and  afterwards 
appointed  judge.  He  died  at  Smithfield 
Feb.  13,  1820,  aged  68.— Thomas  Ar- 
nold, appointed  chief  justice  in  1809,  di- 
ed at  Warwick  Oct.  8,  1820. 

ARNOLD,  Josiali  Lyndon,  a  poet, 
was  born  at  Providence  and  was  gradua- 
ted at  Di<:ciiiouth  college  in  1788.  After 
superintending  for  some  time  the  academy 
at  Plainfield,  Con.,  he  studied  law  at 
Providence  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  ; 
but  he  did  not  pursii  ■  the  profession,  be- 
ing appointed  a  tutor  in  the  college.  On 
the  death,  March  1793,  of  his  father,  Dr. 
Jonathan  Arnold,  formerly  a  member  pf 
congress,  he  settled  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt., 
the  place  of  his  father's  residence,  where 
he  died  June  7, 1796,  aged  28  years.  His 
few  hasty  effusions  in  verse  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death. — Spec.  Amer.  po- 
et. II.  77. 

ASBURY,  Franc iH,  senior  bishop  of 
the  methodist  episcopal  church  in  the 


ASHLEY.  >        66 

United  States,  came  to  this  country  in 
1771  as  a  preacher  at  the  age  of  36.  In 
1773  the  htst  annual  conference  of  the 
methodists  was  held  at  Philadelphis.when 
it  consisted  of  ten  preachers  and  about 
eleven  hundred  members.  He  was  con- 
secrated bishop  by  Dr.  Coke  in  1784. 
From  this  time  he  travelled  yearly  through 
the  U.  States,  probably  ordaining  8,000 
preachenand  preaching  17,000  sermons. 
He  died  suddenly  while  on  a  journey,  at 
Spotsylvania,  Va.,  March  81,  1816,  aged 
70  years.  A  letter  from  J.  W.  Bond  to 
bishop  M'Kendree  gives  an  account  of 
his  death. 

ASH,  John,  an  agent  of  Carolina,  was 
sent  by  that  colony  to  England  to  seek 
redress  of  grievances  in  1708.  In  the 
same  year  he  published  an  account  of  the 
aflairs  in  CaroUna. 

ASHE,  Samuel,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  was  appointed  chief  justice  in 
1777,  and  was  governor  from  1796  to 
1799.    He  died  Jan.  1813,  aged  88  years. 

ASHLEY,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1730,and  was  ordained  in  1788. 
He  died  in  1780,  aged  67.  He  possessed 
a  strong  and  discerning  mind  and  lively 
imagination,  and  was  a  pungent  and  ener- 
getic preacher.  He  proclaimed  the  doc- 
trines of  grace  with  a  pathos,  which  was 
the  effect,  not  merely  of  his  assent  to  their 
divine  authority,  but  of  a  deep  sense  of 
their  importance  and  excellency. — -He 
published  a  sermon  on  visible  saints,  vin- 
dicating Mr.  Stoddard's  sentiments  ^ea- 
pecting  church  membership ;  a  sei  aon 
at  the  ordination  of  John  Norton,  Deer- 
field,  1741  ;  the  great  duty  of  charity, 
1742 ;  a  letter  to  W.  Cooper,  1746.— 
Redeem,  captive,  6th  ed.  213. 

ASHLEY,  John,  maj.  general,  was 
the  son  of  col.  John  Ashley,  one  of  the 
settlers  in  1732  of  Houssatonnoc,  after- 
wards Sheffield,  and  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas, — and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1758.  In  the  Shays'  in- 
surrection he  commanded  the  force, which 
dispersed  the  insurpentsat  Sheffield  Feb. 
26,1787.  He  died  Nov.  5,  1799,  aged 
60.— Hw*.  Berkshire,  213. 


It 


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.»  ASHMUK. 

A8HMUN,  Jehudi,  agent  of  the 
^.  Ameriean  Coloniwtioii  eoeiety,  waa  born 
of  pious  parenta  in  Champlikin,  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  lake  of  the  same 
<  name,  New  York,  in  April,  1794.  In 
early  life  he  waa  an  unbeliever ;  but  it 
"^  *.  pleased  Ood  to  disclose  to  him  the  ini- 
quity of  his  heart  and  his  nec«l  of  mercy 
^  and  the  value  and  glory  of  the  gospel. 
He  graduated  at  Burlington  college  in 
1816,  and  after  preparing  for  the  minis- 
try waa  elected  a  professor  in  the  theologi- 
cal seminary  at  Bangor,  Maine,  in  which 
place,  however,  he  continued  but  a  short 
time.  Removing  to  the  district  of  Co- 
lumbia, he  became  a  member  of  the  epis- 
copal church,  edited  the  Theological  Re- 
pertory and  published  his  memoirs  of 
Rev.  Samuel  Bacon.  He  also  projected 
a  monthly  journal  for  the  American  Co- 
lonization Society,  and  published  one 
number ;  but  the  work  failed  for  want  of 
patronage.  Being  nppointed  to  take 
charge  of  a  reinforcement  to  the  colony 
at  Liberia,  he  embarked  for  Africa,  June 
19, 1833,  and  arrived  at  cape  Montserado 
Aug.  8th.  He  had  authority,  in  case  he 
should  find  no  agent  there,  to  act  as  snch 
for  the  society  and  also  for  the  navy  de- 
partment. In  the  absence  of  the  agents, 
it  was  at  a  period  of  great  didiciilty,  that 
he  assumed  the  agency.  The  settlers 
were  few  and  surrounded  with  numerous 
enemies.  It  was  necessary  for  him  to 
act  as  a  legislator  and  also  as  a  soldier 
and  engineer,  to  lay  out  the  fortifica- 
tions, superintending  the  construction, 
and  this  too  in  the  time  of  alTliction  from 
the  loss  of  his  wife  and  while  suffering 
himseU*  under  a  fever,  and  to  animate  the 
emigrants  to  the  resolute  purpose  of  self- 
defence.  About  three  months  after  his 
arrival,  just  as  he  was  beginning  to  re- 
cover strength,  and  while  his  whole  force 
was  thirty  five  men  and  boys,  he  was  at- 
tacked at  the  dawn  of  day,  Nov.  11 ,  by 
800  armed  savages;  but  by  the  energy  & 
desperate  valor  of  the  agent  the  assailants 
were  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  4  colonists 
killed,  and  4  wounded,  and  again  in  a 
fevr  duys,  when  they  returned  with  re- 
doubled numbers,  were  utterly  defeated. 


ASPINWALL. 


f 


Here  was  a  memorable  display  uf  heroism. 
The  same  energy,  diligence,  and  courage 
were  displayed  in  all  his  labora  (or  the 
benefit  of  the  colony.  When  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  take  a  voyage  to  Ameri- 
ca he  was  etoHttei  to  the  place  of  embar- 
kation March  96, 1838  by  three  companies 
of  the  militia,  and  the  men,  women  and 
children  of  Monrovia  parted  with  him 
with  tears.  He  left  a  community  of 
1300  iVeemen.  The  vessel  touched  and 
landed  him  at  St.  Bartholomews  in  very 
ill  health.  He  arrived  at  New  Haven 
Aug.  10th,  a  fortnight  before  his  death. 
In  his  sickness  he  was  very  humble  and 
patient.  He  said:  "I  have  come  here  to 
die.  It  is  hard  to  be  broken  down  by  the 
slow  progress  of  disease.  I  wish  to  be 
submissive.  My  sins,  my  sins  ;  they 
seem  to  shut  me  out  fVom  that  comfort, 
which  I  wish  to  enjoy."— "I  have  been 
praying  for  light ;  and  a  little  light  has 
come,  cheering  and  refreshing  beyond  ex- 
pression." He  died  in  the  evening  of 
Aug.  35,  1828,  aged  84  years.  An  elo- 
quent discourse  was  preached  by  Leonard 
Bacon  at  his  funeral,  describing  his  remar- 
kable character,  the  important  influence 
on  the  tribesof  Afiica  of  his  piety  and  re- 
gard to  justice,  and  his  great  services  for 
the  colonists.  He  was,  as  Mrs.  Sigour- 
ney  represents, 

"Their  leader,  when  the  lila«l 

Of  nithlcu  war  swept  by ;  — 

Their  teacher,  when  the  itorm  was  pait. 

Their  guide  to  worldi  on  high." 

Mr.  Gurley,  the  editor  of  the  African 
Repository,  is  preparing  an  account  of 
his  life.  In  the  Repository  various  com- 
munications, written  by  Mr.  Ashmun, 
were  published:  his  memoirs  of  S.  Bacon 
have  been  already  mentioned. — Afrit. 
Repo$.  IV.  'il4— 334,386;  Chri$tian 
Spect.  II.  538  ;  N.  Y.  Mere.  i.  18. 

ASPINWALL,  William,  m.  d.,  an 
eminent  physician,  was  born  in  Brookline, 
Massa.,  in  June  1743,  and  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1764.  His  ancestor,  Peter, 
was  the  first  settler  in  Brookline  in  1650. 
Dr.  Aspinwall  studied  his  profession  with 
Dr.  B.  Gale  of  Connecticut  and  at  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  received  his  medical  de- 


m 


*■. 


Iatherton. 

greeinl769.  In  the  war  oT  tho  revolu- 
tion he  acted  a«  a  turgeon  in  the  army. 
In  the  battle  of  Lexington  he  served  ns  a 
volunteer  and  bore  from  the  field  the 
corpaeofhia  towniman,  laaac  Gardner, 
Eaq.,  whoae  daughtftr  he  afterwarda  mar- 
ried. After  the  death  of  Dr.  BoyUton  he 
engaged  in  thebusinesa  of  inoculating  for 
the  smallpox,  and  erected  hospitals  for 
the  purpose.  Perhapa  no  man  in  Ameri- 
ca ever  inoculated  so  many,  or  had  such 
reputation  for  skill  in  that  diseaae.  Yet, 
when  the  vaccine  inoculation  waa  intro- 
duced, afler  a  proper  trial  he  acknowl- 
edged its  efficacy  and  relinquished  his  own 
profitable  eetablishment.  For  45  years 
he  had  extensive  practice,  frequently  ri- 
ding on  horse  back  40  mijea  a  day.  In 
his  youth  he  lost  thetise  of  one  eye;  in 
his  old  age  a  cataract  deprived  him  of  the 
other.  He  died  April  16,-  188  in  his 
80th  year,  in  the  peace  of  one,  who  had 
long  professed  the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ 
and  practised  its  duties.  At  the  bed  ol 
sickness  he  wns  accustomed  to  give  reli 
gious  counsel.  His  tentimony  in  favor  c ,' 
the  gospel  he  regarded  as  his  best  legac, 
to  his  children.  In  his  political  views  he 
was  decidedly  democratic  or  republican; 
yet  he  was  not  a  persecutor,  and  when 
in  the  council  he  resisted  the  measures-  of 
the  violent.  He  was  anxious,  that  wise 
and  good  men  should  bear  sway,  and 
that  all  benevolent  and  religious  institu- 
tions should  be  perpetuated.  His  son  of 
the  same  name  succeeded  him  in  his  pro- 
fession. Another  son,  col.  Thomas  As- 
pinwall,  lost  an  arm  in  the  war  of  1813 
and  was  afterwards  appointed  consul  at 
London. — Thaeher'$  mci   lirg. 

ATHERTON,  Huni;  t ;,  j,  major  get 
neral,  came  to  this  country  about  the 
year  1696,  succeeded  Rob.  Sedgwick  in 
his  military  office  in  !854,  and,  was  much 
employed  in  negotiations  with  the  Indi- 
ans. He  diftd,  in  consequence  of  a  fall 
iVom  his  horse  Sep.  17,  1661.  His  resi- 
dence was  at  Dorchester.  Among  his 
children  are  the  names  of  R^st,  Increase, 
Thankful,  Hope,  Consider,  Watshing, 
and  Patience. — Hope,  a  graduate  of  1665, 
was  the  first  minister  of  Hatfield.      As 

8 


ATLEE.  W 

chaplain  he  was  at  the  Indkn  battW  in 
MonUgue,  May  18,  W9.—Fmrm«r'$ 
getuat.  rtgUt. ;  Sa»0se'»  ^iniArop,  ii. 
187;  Jtf.  *«'«(.  «o/. 

ATKINS,  Henry,  a  navigator,  sailed 
from  Boston  in  the  ship  W  hale,  on  a  voy- 
age to  Davis'  straiu,  in  1739.  In  thia  and 
in  aubseqwent  voyages  for  the  purpose  of 
trade  with  the  Indians,  the  last  df  which 
waa  made  in  1758.  he  explored  mueh  of 
the  coast  of  Labrador.  A  short  account 
of  his  obaervatiom  waa  published  in  the 
first  vol.  of  Maasa.  historical  collections. 

ATKINSON,  Theodore,  chief  Juatiee 
of  New  Hampshire  was  born  at  New  Caa- 
tle,  son  of  col.  Theodore  Atkinson,  and 
graduatod  at  Harvard  college  in  1718. 
Hi  '  sustained  many  public  offices,  civil  and 
military ;  was  secretary  in  1741 ;  •  deb* 
gi.Le  to  the  congress  at  Albany  in  1754, 
id  chief  j'-tice  in  the  same  year.  The 
revolution  -^pVived  him  of  the  offices  of 
judge  nr.a  jfvcretary.  He  died  in  1779, 
bequeat :  JtiK  300/  to  the  episcopal  church, 
'he  interest  to  be  <  rended  in  bread  for 
tat  poor,  distributed  on  the  sabbath.-* 
Adunu*  mm.  Porl*m.' 369. 

ATKINSON,  Israel,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, Waa  a  native  of  Harvard,  Mass.  It 
graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1769.  He 
settled  in  1765,  at  Lancaster,  where  he 
died  July  30,  1833,  aged  83.  For  aome 
years  he  waa  the  only  physician  in  the 
county  of  Worcester,  who  had  been  well 
educated. — Tkaeher'$  med.  biog. 

ATLEE,  Samuel  John,  colonel,  co.d> 
manded  a  Pennsylvania  company  in  the 
French  war  &  a  regiment  in  the  war  of  the 
revolution,  li  acquired  great  honor  in  the 
battle  on  L.  laland,  tho>  taken  prisoner  It 
subject  to  a  long  captivity.  Afterward*  he 
acted  as  commissioner  to  treat  with  the 
Indians.In  1780  he  was  elected  to  congress 
and  was  on  the  committee  concerning  the 
mutiny  of  the  Pennsylvania  troops  in 
1781 .  HiA  usual  residence  was  at  Lane  s- 
ter.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  Nov.SS,  1786, 
aged  48.-- William  Augustus  Atlee,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  and  president 

I  of  the  common  pleas  for  Lai^caster  and 
other  counties,  died  at  his  seat  on  the 
Susquehanna  Sept.  9,  1799.— JennMon. 


Ik 


ijl' 


AUCHMUTY. 


AUCHMUTT,  Robert,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  of  Scottish  descent,  and  after 
his  education  at  Dublin  studied  law  at 
the  Temple.    He    came  to  Boston  in 
early  life  ;  and  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Mensies  was   aj^inted  judge  of  the 
court  of  admiralty  in  170S,  but  held  the 
place  only  a  few  months.    In  1740  he 
was  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Land 
Bank  bubble,  or  Manufiuituring  company, 
in  which  theiatherofSamuel  Adams  was 
involved.     When  seilt  to  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony  on  the  boundary 
question  with  Rhode  Island,  he  projected 
the  expedition  to  cape  Breton,  publish* 
ing  a  palnphlet,  entitled,  "the  impor- 
fance  of  cape  Breton  to  the  British  na- 
tion, and  a  plan  for  taking  the  place." 
On  the  death  of  BjrfieM  he  was  again 
appointed  judge  of  admiralty  in  1799. 
He  died  April  1750.— His  daughter  mar- 
ried Mr.  Pratt.    His  son  Samuel,  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  i74S,  was  an 
episcopal  minister  in  New  York,  and  re- 
caved  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity 
tnm  Oxford.    He  died  March  9,  1777; 
and  his  son,  sir  Samuel,  lieut.  general  in 
the  British  army , died  in  18S3.— His  name 
is  introduced  in  the  versification  of  Hugh 
Gaine's  petition^  .Jan.  1,  1789.     He  is 
aUuded  to  also  in  Trumbull's  M'Fingal.— 
His  other  son,  Robert,  a  most  interesting, 
persuasive  pleader,  defended  with  John 
Adams  eapt  Prestom      He  had  previ- 
ously been  appointed  jaigeof  admiralty 
in  1768.    His  letters,  with  Hutehinson's, 
were  sent  to  America  by  Franklin  in 
1779.    Like  his  brother,  he  was  a  seatons 
royalist,  and  left  America  in  1776.    He 
died  in  En^^and.— Jmnsmii,  m*;  Thow- 
m,  II.  488;  AttleAsMon'*  but  hitt.  401; 
Ma$».  Ami.  tol.  v.  SOS ;  Eliot 

AUSTIN,  Benjamin,  a  poUtical  wri- 
ter, early  espoused  the  democratic  or  re- 
publican side  in  the  political  controversy, 
which  r^ged  during  the  administntion  of 
John  Adams.  He  was  bold,  unflinching, 
uncompromising.  He  assaikd  others  for 
their  political  errors ;  and  he  wa>  hunself 
traduced  with  the  utmost  virulence. 
Perhaps  no  man  ever  met  such  a  tide  of 
obloquv.    Yet  many,  who  once  detested 


AUSTIN,  f^ 

■t 

his  party,  have  sinee  united  themselves 
to  it.  Ailer  the  triumph  of  Mr.  Jefferson, 
he  was  appointed,  without  qoliciting  the 
place,  commissioner  of  Loans  for  Mass. 
In' 1806  his  son,  Charles  Austin,  when 
attempting  to  chastise  Mr.  Selfridge  for 
abuse  of  his  father,  was  by  him  shot  and 
killed  in  the  streets  of  Boston.  Mr.  8. 
was  triM  and  acquitted.  Mr.  Austin 
died  May  4, 18S0,  aged  68  years.  His 
political  writings,  with  the  signature  of 
'Old  South,'  published  in  the  Chronicle, 
were  collected  intoavolume,entitled'Con- 
stitutional  Republicanism,'  8vo.  1809. 
His  brother,  Jonathan  Loring  Austin, 
successively  secretary  and  Treasurer  of 
Massa.  died  in  May  1836. 

AUSTIN,  Moses,  an  enterprising  set^ 
tier  in  upper  Louisiana,  was  a  nativr  of 
Durham,  Con,  and  after  residing  in  Phila- 
delphia and  Richmond  emigrated  to  the 
west  with  his  family  in  1798,  having  ob- 
tained a  considerable  grant  of  land  from 
the  Spanish  governor.  He  commenced 
the  business  of  mining  at  Mine  au  Breton, 
and  cre&tdd  there  a  town;  but  becoming 
embarrassed  by  his  speculations,  he  sold 
his  estate  and  purchased  a  large  tract  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Cok>redo,  in  Mex- 
ico. Ere  his  arrangonente  for  removal 
were  completed,  he  died  in  1831.  Believ- 
ing the  gospel,  he  placed  his  hopes  of  fu- 
ture happiness  on  the  atonement  of  the 
Savior.— SeAoofer({^'«  bfoo.  1831,  p.  339 
-350. 

AUSTIN,  Samuel,  o.d.,  president  oi 
the  university  of  Vermont,  was  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1789,  and  ordained, 
as  the  successor  of  Aliyn  Mather,  at 
Fairhaven,  Conn.,  Nov,  9, 1786, but  was 
dismissed  Jan.  19, 1790.  He  was  after- 
wards for  many  years  pastor  of  a  chnreh 
in  Worcester,  Mass.  He  was  but  a  few 
years  at  the  head  of  the  college  in  Bur- 
lington. After  his  resignation  of  that 
place  he  wiis  not  resettled  in  the  ministry. 
He  died  at  Olastonburyj  Con.,  Dec.  4, 
1830,  aged  70  years.  He  was  eminently 
pious  and  distinguished  as  a  minister. 

He  published  letters  on  baptism,  exam- 
ining Merrill's  7  sermons,  1805;  reply  to 
Merrill's  13  letters,  1806 ;   and  the  fol- 


»..     •  «       -^  AVERY.  ».^i»afttf. 

lowing  sennous, — on  disinterested  love, 
1790 }  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Blair,  1793 ; 
Massa.  missionary,  1803 ;.  dedicaUon  at 
JFkdley ;  ordination  of  W.  Fay,  and  of 
J.  M.  Whiton,  1808  ;  at  a  fast  1811 ;  at 
two  fasts,  1813. 

AV£RY,John,  a  minister,  came  to  this 
country  in  1685.  While  ashling  iVom 
Newbury  towards  Marblehead,  where  he 
proposed  to  settle,  he  was  shipwrecked  in 
a  violent  storm  Aug.  14, 1635  on  a  rocky 
island,  called  Thacher's  wo,  and  Avery's 
fall,  and  died  with  his  wife  and  six  chil- 
dren.—Mr.  A.  Thacher  escaped.— His 
last  words  were:  "I  can  lay  no  claim  to 
deliverance  from  this  danger,  but  through 
the  satisfaction  of  Christ  I  can  lay  claim 
to  heaven:  this.  Lord,  I  entreat  of  thee." 
—MagtuU.  III.  77;  8mage,  1. 165;  Eliot. 

AXTELL,  Henry,  d.d.,  minister  of 
Geneva,  New  York,  was  born  at  Mend- 
ham,  N.  J.  a  1773,  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1796.  He  went  to  Geneva 
soon  after  the  settlement  of  that  part  of 
the  state,  and  was  very  useful.  At  the 
time  of  his  ordination  in  1813  his  church 
consisted  of  70  members:  at  the  time  of 
his  death  of  about  400.  In  two  revivals 
his  labors  had  been  particularly  blessed. 
He  died  Feb.  11>  1839,  aged  65.  His  el- 
dest daughter  was  placed  in  the  same 
grave. 

BACHE,  Richard,  postmaster  general 
cfthe  United  States,  was  appointed  in 
the  place  of  Dr.  Franklin  in  Nov.  1776, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Hazard  in 
1783.  A  native  of  Engknd,  he  came  in 
early  life  to  this  country,  and  was  at  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution  chainnan  of 
the  republican  society  in  Philadelphia. 
He  married  in  1767  Sally,  th^  only  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Franklin,  who  died  in  Oct. 
180S  ;  he  died  at  Settle  in  the  county  of 
Berks,  Penn.,  July  39, 1811,  aged  74. 

BACIIE,  Benjamin  Franklin,  a  prin- 
ter, was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
accompanied  Dr.Franklin  to  Paris,  where 
he  completed  his  education  as  a  prin- 
ter a  ad  founder  in  the  printing  house  of 
the  celebrated  Didot.  After  his  return 
in  1785  he  pursued  with  honor  his  studies 
at  the  college  of  Pliiladelphia.    In  Oct. 


BACKUS. 


m 


1790  he  commenced  the  publieation  of 
the  General  Advertiser,the  name  of  which 
wasaiUrwards  changed  to  that  of  the 
Aurora,— a  paper,  wiiich  under  the  direo* 
tion  of  Mr.  Bache  and  his  successor,  Mr. 
Duane,  exerted  i^  poweiful  influence  on 
the  politics  of  the  country  in  hostility  to 
the  two  first  administrations.  Mr.  Bache 
died  in  1799  ;  his  widow  married  Mr. 
Duane.— Jennwoii'*  nw. 

BACKlTS,  Isaac,  a  distinguished  b^ 
tist  minister  of  Masiiachuvetts,  was  bom 
at  Norwich  in  Connecticut,  m  1784.  In 
1741,  a  year  memorable  fdr  the  revival  of 
religion  through  this  country,  his  atten- 
tion was  first  arrested  by  the  concerns  of 
another  world,  and  he  was  brought,  as  he 
believed,  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth, 
as  it  is  in  Jesus.  In  1746  he  commenced 
preaching  the  gospel ;  and  April  13, 1748 
he  was  ordained  first  minister  of  e  congre- 
gational church  in  Titicut  precinct,  in  the 
town  of  Middl^rough,  Massachusetts. 
This  society  was  formed  in  F^.  1743  in 
consequence  of  disputes  with  regard  to 
the  settlement  of  a  minister.  The  mem- 
bers of  it  wished  for  a  minister  of  different 
sentiments  from  the  man,who  was  settled, 
and  88  they  cor^I  notobtain  adismission 
from  UiQ  church  by  an  eccleuastical  coun- 
cil, at  the  end  of  five  years  they  with- 
drew without  this  sanetioA,  and  formed  a 
church  by  themselves  in  F.eb.  1 748.  The 
society,  however,  was  not  permitted  now 
to  rest  in  peace,  for  they  were  taxed  with 
the  other  inhalutants  of  the  town  for  the. 
purpose  of  building  a  new  meeting  house 
for  the  first  church. 

In  1749  a  number  of  the  members  of 
Mr.  Backus*  cburth  altered  their  senti- 
ments with  regard  to  baptism,  and  obtai- 
ned wa  exemption  frpm  the  congregation- 
al tax ;  and  he  at  length  united  with  them 
in  opinion.  He  was  baptized  by  immer- 
sion in  August  1751.  For  some  years  af^ 
rrds  he  held  communion  with  those, 
were  baptized  in  infancy,  but  he 
withdrew  from  this  intercourse  with 
christians  of  otiier  denominations.  A 
baptist  church  w&s  formed  Januar;^  16, 
1756,  and  he  was  installed  its  pastor  June 
33  of  the  same  year  by  ministers  from 


fr 


M 


BACKUS. 


•jr  II  -.1    I  ♦ 


W 


Boston  and  Rehoboth.  In  this  relation 
he  continued  through  the  remainder  of 
hisUfe.  He  died  Nov.  30,  1806,  aged 
83  years.  He  had  been  enabled  to  preach! 
nearly  60  years  until  the  spring  before  his 
death,  when  he  experienced  a  paralytic 
stroke,  which  deprived  him  of  speech, 
and  of  the  use  of  his  limbs. 

Mr  Backus  was  a  plain,  evangelical 
preacher,  without  any  pretensions  to  elo- 
quence. It  may  be  ascribed  to  his  natu- 
ral diffidence  that,  when  preaching  or 
eonventing  on  important  subjects,  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  shutting  his  eiyeti.  To  his 
exertions  the  lH4>tist  churches  in  America 
owe  not  a  little  of  their  present  flourishing 
condition.  He  was  ever  a  zealous  friend 
to  the  equal  rights  of  christians.  When 
the  congress  met  at  Philadelphia  in  1774, 
he  was  sent  as  an  agent  from  the  baptist 
churches  of  the  Warren  association  to 
support  their  claims  to  the  same,  equal  li- 
berties, which  ought  to  be  given  to  every 
denomination.  In  October  he  had  a  con- 
ference with  the  Massachusetts  delega- 
tion and  6thers,  at  which  he  contended 
only  for  th*  same  privileges,  which  were 
given  to  the  eharehes  in  Boston  ;  and  he 
received  the  promise,  that  the  rights  of 
the  baptists  should  be  regarded.  On  his 
return,  as  a  report  had  preceded  him, 
that  he  had  been  attempting  to  break  up 
the  union  of  the  i^obnies,  he  addressed 
himself  to  the  convention  of  Massa.  Dec. 
9,  and  a  vote  was  passed,  declaring  his 
conduct  to  have  been  correct.  When 
the  convention  in  1779  took  into  consi- 
deration the  constitution  of  the  state,  the 
subject  of  the  extent  of  the  civil  power  in 
regard  to  religion  naturally  presented  itr 
aelf,  and  in  the  course  of  debate  the  per- 
/eet  correctness  of  the  baptist  memorial, 
Which  was  read  at  Philadelphia,  was  cal- 
led'inqnestion.  In  consequence  of  which 
Mr.  Baekns  published  in  the  Chronicle 
of  Dee.  3d  a  narrative  of  his  proceedings 
as  baptist  agent,  and  brought  arguments 
against  an  article. in  the  bill  of  rights  of 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts.  He 
believed,  that  the  civil  authority  had.  no 
right  to  require  men  to  support  a  teacher 
«f  piety,  morality,  and  religion,  or  to  at- 


tend public  worship ;  that  the  church 
ought  to  have  no  connexion  with  the 
state ;  that  the  kingdom  of  the  Lord  Je- 
sus was  not  of  this  world,  and  was  not  de- 
pendent on  the  kingdofu  of  this  world  ; 
and  that  the  subject  of  religion  should  be 
leil  entirely  to  the  consciences  ofiAen. 

The  publications  of  Mr  Backus  are 
more  numerous,  than  those  of  any  other 
baptist  writer  in  America.  An  abridge- 
ment of  the  whole  work  was  published  in 
one  volume,  when  the  author  was  80 
years  of  age. 

Little  can  be  said  in  commendation  of 
his  3  volumes  of  the  history  of  the  Bap- 
tists, of  which  he  published  an  abridge- 
ment, brought  down  to  1804.  It  contains 
indeed  many  facts,  for  which  the  public 
is  indebted  to  the  patient  industry  of  the 
writer,  and  it  must  be  a  very  valuable 
work  to  the  baptists,  as  it  presents  a  mi- 
nute account  of  almost  every  church  of 
that  denomination  in  New  England. 
But  these  facts  are  combined  without 
much  attention  to  the  connexion,  which 
ought  to  subsist  between  them,  and  the 
author  shows  himself  too  much  under  the 
influence  of  the  zeal  of  party. — Matta. 
mitt,  mag.,  t.  387,  388;  Baekui^ 


ehurek  hitt.  iii.  1S9 — 141  ;  Baektu' 
ahridg.  309, 314 ;  Benedict,  ii.  367—374. 
BACKUS,  Charles,  d.  d.,  an  emi- 
nent minister,  was  born  in  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut, in  1749.  He  lost' his  parents  in 
his  childhood,  but,  as  he  eariy  discovered 
a  love  of  science,  his  friends  assisted  him 
to  a  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1769.  His  theological 
education  was  directed  by  Dr.  Hart  of 
Preston.  In  1774  he  was  ordained  to 
the  pastoral  charge  of  the  church  in  So- 
mers,  in  which  town  he  remained  till  his 
death,  Dec.  SO,  1808,  after  a  faithful  mi- 
nistry of  more  than  39  years.  In  the  last 
year  of  his  residence  at  college  the  mind 
of  Dr.  Backus  was  impressed  by  divine 
truth,  and,  although  his  conduct  had  not 
been  immoral,  he  was  deeply  convinced  of 
his  sinfulness  in  the  sight  of  God.  He  was 
for  a  time  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel,  particularly  to  the  doctrine  of  the 
atonement,  and  of  the  dependence  of  man 


I!  I 


i.«*r*.i  ?»»r?»TC»  > 


upon  the  special  influences  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  to  renew  his  heart.    But  at  last  his 
pride  was  humbled,  and  he  was  brought 
to  an  acquaintance  with  the  way  of  salva- 
tion by  a  crucified  Redeemer.    From  this 
time  he  indulged  the  hope,  that  he  was 
reconciled  unto  Ood.  A  humble  k  an  ex- 
emplary christian,  under  the  afflictions  of 
life  he  quietly  submitted  to  the  will  of  his 
Father  in  heaven.      He  was  a  plain, 
evangelical,  impressive  preacher.  Know- 
ing  the  worth  of  immortal  souls,   he 
taught  with  the  greatest  clearness  the 
way  of  salvation  through  faith  in  the 
Redeemer,  and  enforced  upon  his  hear- 
ers that  holiness,  without  which  no  man 
can  see  the  Lord.    During  his  ministry 
there  were  four  seasons  of  peculiar  atten- 
tion to  religion  among  his  people.    Dr. 
Backus  was  eminent  as  a  theologian.  His 
retired  situation  and  his  eminence  as  an 
instructer  drew  around  him  many,  who 
were  designed  for  the  christian  ministry. 
Nearly  fiily  young  men  were  members  of 
his  theological  school.    In  his  last  sick- 
ness he  had  much  of  the  divine  presence. 
I'he  last  words,  which  he  was  heard  to 
whisper,  were  "glory  to  God  in  the 
highest,  and  on  earth  peace,  good  will 
towards  men."  He  published  the  follow- 
ing sermons ;  at  the  ordination  of  Free- 
grace  Reynolds,  1796;  of  Tim.M.  Cooley 
and  Joseph  Russell,  1796 ;  of  Thomas 
Snell,  179S ;  five  discourses  on  the  truth 
oftheBible,1797;acentury8ermon,lS01; 
a  volume  on  regeneraUon.-Con.  mag.  iv. 
BACKUS,  Azel,  d.  d.,  president  of 
Hamilton  college,  state  of  New  York, 
was  the  son  of  Jabez  Backus  of  Norwich, 
Con.    His  father  bequeathed  to  him  a 
farm  in  Franklin,  which,  he  says,  "I 
wisely  exchanged  for  an  education  in  col- 
lege."   He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1787.    While  in  college  he  was  a  deist ; 
but  his  uncle  and  friend,  Rev.  Charles 
Backus  of  SomeiB,  won  him  from  infidel- 
ity through  the  divine  blessing,  &  reared 
him  up  for  the  ministry.   From  the  time, 
that  he  believed  the  gospel,  he  gloried  in 
the  cross.     In  early  life  he  was  ordained 
as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Bellamy  at  Beth- 
Jem,  where  he  not  only  labored  faithfully 


BACKUS.  -^^m-  '        ,    '# 

in  the  ministry,  but  also  Instituted  and 
conducted  a  school  of  eonsideiablo  cele- 
brity. After  the  establishment  of  Ham- 
ilton college,  near  Utiea,  he  was  chosen 
the  first  president.  Hediedofthet3rphus 
fever  Dec.  38, 1816,  aged  T>\,  and  was 
succeeded  by  president  Davis  of  Middle-^ 
bury  college.  He  was  a  nuui  of  an  orig- 
inal cast  of  thought,  distinguished  by  sua- 
ceptibility  and  ardor  of  feeling  and  by  vig- 
orous and  active  piety.  Of  his  benevo- 
lence and  goodness  no  one  could/  doubt. 
In  his  sermons,  though  fiuniliar  and  not 
perhaps  sufficiently  correct  and  elevated 
in  style,  he  was  earnest,  affectionate,  and 
faithful.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  gov.  WolcOtt,  1797;  at  the  elec- 
tion, 1798;  at  the  cjdination  of  John 
Frost,  Whitesborough,  1818. — Eetig. 
Intel.  1. 537, 599  ;  Panopl.  13: 43. 

BACON,  Nathaniel,  general,  a  Virgin- 
ia rebel,  was  educated  at  the  Inns  of  court 
in  England,  and  after  his  arrival  in  thia 
country  was  chosen  a  member  of  th& 
council.  He  was  a  young  nwn  of  fine 
accomplishments,  of  an  interesting  coun- 
tenance, and  of  impressive  eloquence. 
The  treachery  of  the  English  in  the  mur- 
der of  six  Woerowances  or  Indian  chiefs^ 
who  came  out  of  a  besieged  fort  in  order 
to  negotiate  a  treaty,  induced  the  sava- 
ges to  take  terrible  vengeance,  inhuman- 
ly slaughtering  60  for  the  6,  for  they 
tiiought,  that  ten  for  one  was  a  just  atone- 
ment for  the  loss  of  their  great  men. 
Their  incursions  caused  the  frontier  plan- 
tations to  be  abandoned.  Thus  did  the 
crime  of  the  Virginians,  in  is  always  the 
case  with  public  crime,  <!raw  after  it  pun- 
isliment.  The  govei J<n,',Berkeley,resort- 
ed  to  the  wretched  policy  of  building  a 
few  forts  on  the  ftontiers,  which  could 
have  no  effect  in  preventing  the  incur- 
sions of  the  savagt!},  who  quickly  found 
out,  as  an  old  history  of  the  affair  expres- 
ses it,  "where  the  mouse  traps  were  set." 
The  people,  in  their  indignation,  deter- 
mined on  wiser  and  more  active  meas- 
ures. Having  chosen  Bi'con  as  their 
general,  he  sent  to  their  governor  for  a 
commission,  but  being  refused,  he  march- 
ed without  one  at  the  head  of  80  or  90 


BACON. 


Ji 


n.'. 


1,  and  in  a  battle  defeated  the  Indians 
and  destroyed  their  nuigasine.  In  the 
mean  time  the  governor,  at  the  instigsr- 
tion  of  men,  vho  were  envious  of  the 
rising  popularity  of  Bacon,  proclaimed 
him  a  rebel  May  S9, 1S76  and  marched  a 
force  against  him  to  "  the  middle  planta- 
tion,"  or  Williamsburg,  but  ip  a  few  dajrs 
returned  to  meet  the  assembly.  Bacon 
himself  soon  proceeded  in  a  sloop  with 
80  men  to  Jamestown;  but  was  taken  by 
surprise  and  put  in  irons.  At  his  trial 
before  the  govemorand  council,  June  10, 
he  was  acquitted  and  restored  to  the 
council,  aiid  promised  also  in  two  days  a 
commission  as  general  for  the  Indian  war, 
agreeably  to  the  passionate  wishes  of  the 
peqile.  Their  regard  to  him  will  account 
for  his  acquittance.  As  the  governor  re- 
fused to  sign  the  promised  commission, 
Bacon  soon  appeared  at  the  head  of  600 
men  and  obtained  it  by  force.  Thus  was 
he  "crowned  the  darling  of  the  people's 
hopes  and  desires."  Norilid  the  people 
SHiijadge  as  to  his  capacity  to  serv  e  them. 
!Sy  sending  companies  under  select  uiS- 
«er3  into  the  di^rent  counties  to  iscour 
ithe  thickettj,  swamps,  and  forests,  where 
^  Indians  might  be  sheltered,  he  re- 
stored the  dispersed  people  to  their  plan- 
tations. While  he  was  thv4  honorably 
employed,  the  governor  again  proclaimed 
him  a  rebel.  This  measure  induced  him  to 
countermarch  to  Williamsburg,  whence 
be  issued,  Aug.  6,  his  declaration  against 
tiie  governok'  and  soon  drove  him  serosa 
the  bay  to  Aeeomac.  He  also  exacted  of 
the  pao|«le  an  oath  to  support  him  against 
the  forces,  employed  by  the  governor. 
He  then  prosecuted  the  Indian  war.  In 
8ept.  he  again  put  the  governor  to  flight 
and  burned  Jamestown,  consisting  of  16 
or  18  houses  and  a  brick  church,  the  first, 
that  was  built  in  Virginia.  At  this  peri- 
od he  adopted  a  singular  expedient  to 
prevent  an  attacik  by  the  governor,  besieg- 
.edby  him.  He  seized  the  wives  of  several 
of  the  governor's  adherents  and  brought 
<tltem  into  camp ;  then  sent  word  to  their 
husbands,  tliat  they  would  be  placed  in 
the  fore  front  of  his  men.  Entirely  suc- 
.xessful  on  the  western  shore.  Bacon  was 


about  to  cross  the  bay  to  attack  the  ^v- 
emor  at  Accomac,  when  he  was  called  to 
surrender  up  his  life  "into  tlie  hands  of 
that  grim  and  all  conquering  captain, 
death."  In  his  sickness  he  implored  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Wading,  a  :naini8ter,  in 
preparing  for  the  future  worU.  He  died 
Oct.  1,  !676,  at  the  house  qf  Dr.  Oreen 
in  Gktucester  county.  The  Enc.  Amer. 
mistakes  in  mentioning  the  house  of  Dr. 
Pate,  instead  of  6reen.  The  poets,  who 
wrote  his  epitaph,  belonged,  like  the  Vir- 
ginians, to  different  fRctions.  That  of 
the  hostile  poet  is  ended  with  these  lines: 
"DaatH ,  keep  him  cIom  : 
"We  have  too  amy  Divellf  ttiil  goe  looee.'* 

After  the  death  of  Bacon  one  Ingram, 
a  weak  man,  assumed  his  commission, 
but  was  soon  won  over  by  the  governor. 
-^Among  his  followers,  who  were  execu- 
ted, was  coL  Hansford,  who,  with  the 
feelings  of  maj.  Andre,  had  no  favor  to 
ask,  but  that  "he  might  be  shot  like  a  sol- 
dier, and  not  be  hanged  like  a  dog  *,"  also 
captains  Carver  and  Farlow  and  Wilford. 
Maj.  Cheisman  died  in  prison.  Drum- 
mond  also,  formerly  governor  of  Caroli- 
na, and  col.  Richard  Lawrence  were 
victims  of  this  civil  war,  which,  besides 
the  loss  of  valuable  lives,  cost  the  colony 
100,000  pounds.  After  reading  the  hi»> 
toiy  of  tfiis  rebellion,  one  is  ready  to  pier- 
euade  himself,  that  its  existence  might  have 
been  prevented,  had  the  governor  consul- 
ted the  wislies  of  the  people  by  giving 
Bacon  the  command  in  the  Indian  war; 
had  he  been  faithful  to  his  own  promise; 
had  he  not  yielded  to  the  envious  or  ma- 
lignant counsels  of  others.  Had  Bacon 
lived  and  been  triumphant,  he  would 
probably  have  been  remembered,  not 
as  an  insurgent,  but  as  the  deliverer  of 
his  country.  Yet  it  is  very  obviouij,  that 
under -an  organized  government  he  did 
not  prove  himself  a  good  citiien,  but  was 
an  artful  demagogue,  &  borne  away  by  a 
reprehensible  and  rash  ambition.— DeatA 
of  Baeott',  Keith' t  hitt  of  Virginia,  166- 
163 ;  Holmet,  i;  Chalmer$,  i.  S33— 336  ; 
Beverly,  106;  WytMe,u,  232,  333  iMm-- 
shall,  1. 198—301  ;  Jlfa««.  hi$t.  eoL  n.  «. 
1.73-80. 


f1;; 


fll' 


m 


,5TO*».j»««-»«)«', 


BACON. 


--i=;>j»A^* 


BADGER. 


BACON,  Thomaa,  an  epkeopal  min- 
ister at  Fraderietown,  Maryland,  died 
May  34, 1768.  He  compiled  "  a  complete 
system  of  the  revenue  of  Ireland,"  pub- 
lished in  17S7 ;  also  a  complete  body  of 
the  laws  of  Maryland,  fol.,  1766.  He 
also  wrote  other  valuable  pieces. — Jenn. 

BACON,  John,  minister,  of  Boston, 
was  a  native  of  Canterbury,  Con.,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  college  of  New  Jer- 
sey in  1  765.  After  preaching  for  a  time 
in  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  he  and 
Mr.  John  Hunt  were  settled  as  colleague 
pastors  over  the  old  south  church  in  Bos- 
ton, as  successors  of  Mr.  Blair,  Sept  35, 
1771.  Hid  style  of  preaching  was  argu- 
mentative; his  manner  approaching  the 
severe.  Difficulties  ooon  sprung  up  in 
regard  to  the  doctrines  of  the  atonement 
and  of  imputation  and  the  administration 
of  baptism  on  the  half  way  covenant, 
which  led  to  the  dismission  of  Mr.  Ba- 
con Feb.  8,  1775.  His  views  seem  to 
to  have  been  such,  as  now  prevail  in  New 
England,  while  his  church  advocated 
limited  atonement  and  the  notion  of  the 
actual  transference  of  the  sins  of  believ- 
ers to  Christ  and  of  his  obedience  to  them. 
Probably  the  more  popular  talents  of  Mr. 
Hunt  had  some  influence  in  creating  the 
difficulty.  Mr.  Bacon  removed  to  Stock- 
bridge,  Berkshire  county,  where  he  died 
Oct.  36, 1830.  He  was  a  magistrate ;  a 
representative;  associate  and  presiding 
judge  of  the  common  pleas ;  a  member 
and  president  of  the  state  senate ;  and  a 
member  of  congress.  In  his  political 
views  he  accorded  with  the  party  of  Mr. 
Jefferson.  He  married  the  widow  of  his 
predecessor,  Mr.  Cumming.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Goldthwt*.  <  veg- 
ister  of  deeds  for  Suffolk.  Ujs  sou,  liize- 
kiel  Bacon,  was  a  distinguished  member 
ofcongress  just  before  the  war  of  1813. 
He  published  a  sermon  after  his  installa- 
tion, 1779 :  an  answer  to  Huntington  on 
a  case  ..;  uiscipline,  1781  ;  speech  on  the 
courts  of  U.  S.  1803 ;  con;  tures  on  the 
prophecies,  ISOb.— Winter's  hitt.  O.  S. 
ehureh,  33  ;  Hist,  of  Berkshire,  104,301. 

BACON,  Samuel,  agent  of  the  Amer- 
ican government  for  establishing  a  colony 


in  Africa,  was  an  episcopal  clergynan. 
He  proceeded  in  the  Elixabeth  to  Sienrn 
Leone  with  83  colored  people,  accompa* 
nied  by  Mr.  Bankson,  also  agent,  and  Dr, 
Crornr;  and  arrived  March  9, 1830.  The 
Augusta  schooner  was  purchased  and  the 
people  and  stores  were  transhipped,  and 
carried  to  Campelar  in  SheAro  river 
March  30th.  Dr.  Crozer  and  Mr.  Bank- 
son  died  in  a  few  weeks,  and  Mr.  Bacon 
being  taken  ill  on  the  17th  April  proceed- 
ed to  Kent,  at  cape  Shilling,  but  died 
two  days  after  his  arrival,  on  the  third  of 
May.  Many  others  died.  The  circuhr 
of  the  colonization  society,  signed  by  E. 
B.  Caldwell  Oct.  36,  describes  this  din^ 
trous  expedition. — Jdemoir$  by  jithmun. 
BADGER,  Stephen,  minister  of  Na- 
tick,  Massa.,  was  born  in  Charlestown  in 
1735  of  humble  parentage,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1747,  his  name  b^- 
ing  last  in  the  catalogue,  when  the  names 
were  arranged  according  to  parental  dig- 
nity^  Employed  by  the  commissipnera 
for  propagating  the  gospel  in  New  Eng- 
land, he  was  ordained  as  missionary  over 
the  Indians  at  Natick,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Peabody,  March  37, 1753,  and  died 
Aug.  38, 1808,  aged  78  years.  Mr.  ^- 
low  represents  him  as  in  reality  a  unitari- 
an, although  not  avowedly  such. — He 
published  a  letter  from  a  pastor  agaiaat 
the  demand  of  a  confession  of  particular 
sins  in  order  to  church  fellowship ;  » let- 
ter concerning  the  Indians  in  the  Mass. 
hist,  collections,  dated  1797 ;  and  two 
discourses  on  drunkenness,  1774,  recent- 
ly reprinted.  In  his  letter  concerninf 
the  Indians  he  stages,  that  deacon  Eph- 
raim,  a  good  christian  Indian  of  his 
church,  on  being  laked  how  it  was  to  be 
accounted  for,that  Indian  youth,virtnoaB- 
ly  educated  in  English  families, were  apt, 
when  losi'ug  the  restraints,  under  which 
they  had  been  brought  up,  to  become 
indolent  and  intemperate  like  others,  re-  , 
plied — *  Ddcks  will  be  ducks,  notwith- 
standing *^?,';  sire  hatched  by  the  hen,* 
— or  in  .  ':  tvn  imperfret  English— 
'  Tucks  will  oe  tucks,  for  a  I!  ole  hen  he 
hatchum.' — Another  fndian  of  Natick 
once  purchased  a  d],i    .it  a  shop  in  Bos- 


, .,« 


u 


m  BADLAM. 

toil  KoS  fhe  next  spnagri  after  drinking  | 
rum  at  the  same  shop,  found  that  the 
price  of  the  poison  was  doubled.  On  in- 
quiring the  reason,  the  dealer  replied, 
tiiat  he  had  kept  the  cask  over  winter 
and  it  was  as  expenBi>'e,  v..-i  to  kcfp  a 
horse.  **  Hah,"  replied  the  Jndiitn,  "  !in 
no  eat  so  much  hay  .  but  i  WMeve  he 
drink  as  much  water  !' — Oi  *';:  strength 
of  mm  the  Natickswei^e  vnJmppily  too 
good  jtdges.  It  is  (apiotable  .h&i  .' 
»?97  there  vmre  amoug  the  Natick  In- 
dipn^i,  "Jorwhov  the  api^iiolic  Eliot  la- 
boreK* ,  -mly  two  or  Ihrwi  church  members, 
and  nc'  one,  who  could  Bi>eak  their  lan- 
]gU8g8,  into  which  he  tr&nsli>.ted  the  Bi- 
ble. Among  ^::B  ma./  causes  of  their 
^egeneicicy  muybe  laentioncd  the  snie  oi 
their  lands,  thc.<r  ir  laniaxura  with'  H 
«nd  whites,  It'vt^ing  only  aboi't  30  clear 
liieoded  Indians,  their  uncvonquerable  in- 
•dolence  and  propensity  to  excess,  and 
perhaps  the  want  of  zeal  on  the  part  of 
<thcir  religious  teachersi — In  1670  there 
were  40  or  50  church  members.  The 
number  of  Indians  in  1749  was  160  ;  in 
I76S  only  37.  The  war  of  175^  and  a 
putrid  fever  had  deat  roved  many  of  them. 
—Biglow'$  hiit.  Naiirk,  69—69,  77  ; 
Col.  hi$t. ioe,  v.  33 — 45. 

BADLAM,  Stephen,  brigadier  gener- 
al of  the  militia,  was  born  in  Canton, 
Mass.,  and  joined  the  American  army  in 
1775.  In  the  next  year,  as  major  of  ar- 
tillery, he  took  possession,  July  4th,  of 
the  mount,  which  fVom  that  circumstance 
was  called  Mount  Indrpendence.  He  did 
good  service  witJi  his  iieldpiece  in  the 
action  at  fort  Stanwix,  under  Willett,  in 
Aug.  1777.  His  residence  was  at  Dor- 
chester, where  he  was  an  eminently  use- 
ful citizen,  acting  as  a  magistrate  and  a 
cieacon  of  the  church. — Codman'B  fun, 
term.;  Pmopl.  xi.  673;  Jm«r.  rem. 
1777,  449. 
H,-  BAILY,  John,  an  excellent  minister  in 
Boston,  was  born  in  1644  in  Lancashire, 
England.  From  his  ffrrliest  years  his 
mind  seems  to  have  btt*»i  jupressed  by 
the  truths  of  religion.  V'  'tile  he  was  yet 
very  youH)?,  his  mot' %  -  day  persua- 
ded him  to  lep/^  the  c        uns  of  the  fam- 


BAlLY. 

ily.    When  his  father,  who  ynn  a  very 
dissolute  man,  heard  of  it,  his  heart  was 
touched  with  a  sense  of  his  sin  in  the 
neglect  of  this  duty,  and  he  became  after- 
wards an  eminent  christian.    After  hav- 
ing been  carefully  instructed  in  classical 
leer^ing,  he  commenced   preaching  the 
g«>iip«il  about  the  age  of  93.    He  soon 
w*n<  >  j  Ireland,  whereby  ftequent  hbors 
ht!  in  .  \  injured  his  health,  which  was 
never    jrfectly  restored.    Hespent about 
i.4  ^r.ars  of  his  life  at  Limerick,  and  was 
exceedingly  blessed  in  his  exertions  to 
turn  men  from  darkness  to  light.    Yet, 
while  in  this  place  as  well  as  previously, 
'iswai'  persecuted  by  men,  who  were 
contending  for  form  and  ceremony  in  vio- 
ktioii  of  the  precepts  and  the  spirit  of  the 
gosjwl.    While  he  was  a  young  man,  he 
oflan  travelled  far  by  night  to  enjoy  the 
ordinances  of  the  gospel,  privately  admin- 
istered in  dissenting  congregations,  and 
for  this  presumptuous  offwice  .-  he  was 
sometimes  thrown  into  Lancashire  jail. 
As  soon  as  he  began  to  preach,  his  fidelity 
was  tried,  and  he  suffered  imprisonment 
because  in  his  conscience  he  eonld  not 
conform   to    the    established    ehnrch. 
While  at  Lunerick  a  deanery  was  offered 
him,  if  he  would  confbrm,  with  the  prom- 
ise of  a  bishopric  upon  the  first  vacancy. 
But  disdaining   worldly  things,    when 
they  came  in  competition  with  duty  to 
his  Savior  and  the  purity  of  divine  wor- 
ship, he  rejected  the  offer  in  true  disinter- 
estedness and  elevation  of  spirit.      But 
neither  this  proof,  that  he  was  intent  on 
higher  objects,  than  this  world  presents, 
nor  the  blamelessness  of  his  life,  nor  the 
strong  hold,  which  le  had  in  the  affec- 
tions of  his  acquaintance,  could  preserve 
him  from  again  suffering  the  hardships 
of  imprisonment,  while  the  papists  in  the 
neighborhood  enjoyed  liberty  and  coun- 
tenance.     When    he   was  before   the 
judges,  he  said  to  them,  "  if  I  had  been 
drinking,  and  gaming,  and  «    njsinf  at  a 
tavern   with  my  company.,  .^s  iorcfcs.  A 
presume,  that  would  f^    '  ^ve  procured 
my  being  thus  treat'      ds  an   offender. 
Must  praying  to  God,  and  preaching  of 
Christ  with  a  company  of  chriet.'ans,  who 


I 


BACON. 


BALCH. 


ho  WHd  a  very 
,  his  heart  wa« 
'  his  sin  in  the 
le  became  after- 
an.  After  hav- 
Bted  in  classical 

preaching  the 
'  22.  He  soon 
r  frequent  hbors 
tlth,  which  was 

He  spent  about 
nerick,  and  was 
his  exertions  to 

I  to  light.    Yet, 

II  as  previously, 
men,  who  were 
ceremony  in  vio- 
\  the  spirit  of  the 
I  young  man,  he 
ght  to  enjoy  the 
,  privately  admin- 
ngregations,  and 
offence ;  he  was 

Lancashire  jail, 
ireach,  his  fidelity 
ed  imprisonment 
ice  he  could  not 
iblished    church, 
inery  was  offered 
n,  with  the  prom- 
;he  first  vacancy. 
f  things,    when 
on  with  duty  to 
ty  of  divine  wor- 
ir  ia  true  disinter- 
of  spirit.      But 
le  was  intent  on 
world  presents, 
his  life,  nor  the 
iiad  in  the  affec- 
t,  could  preserve 
|g  the  hardships 
the  papists  in  the 
iberty  and  coun- 
was  before   the 
,«*iflhad  been 
id  ct-   'US'Ti;^  »t  a 
in.Vi,  .<y  Jiiw*t.  ■< 
^ve  procured 
AS  an   offender, 
id  preaching  of 
if  chrifltjans,  who 


are  peaceable  and  inoffensive  and  as  ser- 
viceable to  his  majesty  and  the  govern- 
ment as  any  of  his  subjects ;  must  this  be 
a  greater  crime  ?"  The  recorder  answer- 
ed, "we  will  have  you  to  know  it  is  a 
greater  crime."  His  flock  often  fasted 
and  prayed  for  his  release  ;  but  he  was 
discharged  on  this  condition  only,  that  he 
should  depart  from  the  country  within  a 
limited  time. 

He  came  to  New  England  in  1684,  and 
was  ordained  the  minister  oi  Watertown, 
Oct  6, 1686,  with  his  brother,  Thomas 
Bailey,  as  bis  assistant ;  he  removed  to 
Boston  in  1693,  and  became  assistant 
minister  of  the  first  church  Jni|r  17, 1693, 
succeeding  Mr.  Moody.  Here  he  contin- 
ued till  his  death  Dec.  12, 1697,  aged  58. 
In  1 696  Mr.  Wadsworth  was  settled.  His 
brother,  Thomas,who  died  in  Watertown 
in  Jan.  1689,  wrote  Latin  odes  at  Lindsay 
in  1668,  which  are  in  manuscript  in  the 
library  of  the  Mass.  hist,  society. 

He  was  a  man  eminent  for  piety,  of 
great  sensibility  of  conscience,  and  very 
exemplary  in  his  life.  It  was  his  constant 
desire  to  be  patient  and  resigned  under 
the  calamities,  which  were  appointed  him, 
and  to  fix  his  heart  more  upon  things 
above. — His  ministry  was  very  acceptable 
in  different  places,  and  he  was  a  warm  and 
animated  preacher.  Dunton  says,  "I 
heard  him  upon  these  words — Looking 
unto  Jesus — and  I  thought,  he  spake  like 
an  angel."  But  with  all  his  faithfulness 
he  saw  many  disconsolate  hours.  He 
was  distressed  with  doubts  respectiog  him- 
self; but  his  apprehensions  only  attached 
him  the  more  c'lOsely  to  his  Redeemer. 

In  his  last  sickness  he  suffered  under  a 
complication  of  disorders ;  but  he  did  not 
complain.  His  mind  was  soothed  in 
dwelling  upon  the  sufferings  of  his  Savior. 
At  times  he  was  agitated  with  fears,  tho' 
they  had  not  respect,  as  he  said,  so  much 
to  the  end,  as  to  what  he  might  meet  in 

the  way.  His  last  words  were,  speaking '  and  Mr.  White,  September  19, 
of  Christ,  «  0,  what  shall  I  say  }  He  is '  &  died  Oct.  1,  1776,  aged  31  years 
altogether  lovely.  His  glorious  pngels  i  was  a  man  of  greai  talents  and  learning, 
are  come  for  m«> !"  He  then  closed  his '  an  unwearied  student,  grave  in  manners, 
eyes,  and  h  -.  spirit  passed  into  eternity,  and  an  able  supporter  of  the  sound  doc- 
He  published  an  address  to  the  people  of  trines  of  the  gospel.    He  left  a  lega(<v  of 

9 


Limerick  ;  and  man's  chief  end  to  glorify 
God,  a  sermon  preached  at  Watertown, 
l&i9.—Middleton'i  hiog.  evang.  iv.  101 
— 105  ;  NoneoT\fortn.  memorial,  i.  331 — 
.335;  Mather't  fun.  term.;  Magnalid, 
III.  224—238  ;  Eliot ;  Farmer. 
BALCH,  William.ministerof  Bradford, 

MassB.,  was  born  at  Beverly  in  1704  and 
graduated  in  1724.  Ho  was  a  descendant 
of  John  Balch,  who  came  to  this  country 
about  1625  and  died  at  Salem  in  1648.- 
Ordained  in  1728  over  the  second  chuich 
in  Bradford,  he  there  passed  his  days,  andt- 
died  Jan.  12,  1792,  aged  87  years.         /, 

About  the  year  1742  or  1748  several^^ 
members,  a  minority,  of  his  church,  di|^^  ., 
satisfied  with  his  preaching,  applied  to  a, ;?, 
neighboring    church  to  admonish    tli^r' 
pastor,  agreeably  to  the  Platform.      A-- 
council  was  convened,  which  censureo   . 
the  conduct  of  the  complainants.    BKti|) 
1746  Mr.  Wigglesworth  and  Mr.  Chip- 
man,  ministers  of  Ipswich  and  Beverly, , 
accused  Mr.  Balch  of  propagating   A^-- 
minian  tenets.     He  wrote  a  reply,  migg'<> 
ling  keen  satire  with   solid   arguro'enj.' 
After  this,  they,  who  were  disitetisii^ 
with  Mr.  Balch,  built  a  meetiai^> house, 
for  themselves.     In  his  old  age  hefjpi^ived 
a  colleague.    He  lived  in  retirement,  occu- 
pied in  agriculture,  and  raising  the  t^ 
apples  in  Essex.    His  mental  powers  n^^ 
tained  their  vigor  in  old  age.     New .  wrlr^V 
tings  delighted  him ;  and  he  engaged  fw^ ' 
ly  in  theological  discussion. — He  publiffli^^i- 
ed  the  following  discourses ;  on  reconcihi^-' 
tion  1740;  faith  &works,  1743;  at  the  ele^^ 
tion,l  749;at  the  convention,!  760;  accotm    . 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  2nd  church;  n^J^ 
to  Wigglesworth  and  Chipman,  1746'.^^;*  ■ 
Eliot;  M.  hist.  eol.  iv.  i.  $.  145.  '  JV 

BALDWIN,  Ebenezer,   minister  ;^f 
Danbury,  Connecticut,  was  graduated  it 
Yale  college  in  1763,  and  was  tutor  in '''' 
that  seminary  from  1766  to  1770.    He;itV' 
was  ordained  as  successor  of  Mr.  Warinet  J  V* 

177QI* 


BALDWIN. 


about  800  pounds  to  hid  society,  which 
id  appropriated  to  the  support  of  religion. 
— /?o6Ain»'  cent.  term. 

BALDWIN,  Abraham,a  distinguished 
statesman,  was  born  in  Connecticut  in 
^54  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1772.  From  1775  to  1779  he  was  a 
tutor  in  that  seminary,  being  an  eminent 
classical  and  mathematical  scholar.  Hav- 
ing studied  law,  he  removed  to  Savannah 
and  was  admitted  a  counsellor  at  the 
Georgia  bar,  and  in  three  months  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  state  legislature. 
At  the  first  session  he  originated  the  plan 
of  the  university  of  Georgia,  drew  up  the 
charter,  by  which  it  was  endowed  with 
40,000  acres  of  land,  and,  vanquishing 
many  prejudices,  by  the  aid  of  John  Mil- 
ledge  persuaded  the  assembly  to  adopt  the 
i)rqject.  The  college  was  located  at 
Athens,  and  Josiah  Meigs  was  appointed 
its  first  president.  Being  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  congress  in  1786,  he  was  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  convention,  which 
formed  the  present  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  during  its  session  from 
May  25  to  Sep.  17, 1787.  After  its  adop- 
tion he  was  continued  a  member  of  con- 
gress QJIJI0  1799,  when  he  was  appointed 
as  colleague  with  Mr.  Miiledge  a  senator, 
in  which  station  he  umained  until  his 
d«ifti,  at  Washington  city,  March  4, 
1807,  aged  53  years.  His  remains  were 
placed  by  the  side  of  his  friend  and  former 
colleague,  general  Jackson,  whom  he  had 
foUowed  to  the  grave  just  one  year  before. 
He  was  the  brother  in  lawof.Toel  Barlow. 
Having  never  been  married,  his  economy 
put  it  in  his  power  to  assist  many  young 
BiaB  in  their  education.  H>s  father  dying 
in  1787  with  little  property,  six  orphan 
dl^Idren,  his  half  brothers  and  sisters, 
w*re  protected  and  educated  by  him,  and 
owed  every  thing  to  his  care  and  affec- 
tion. In  public  life  he  was  industrious  & 
ffilhful.  Though  firm  in  his  own  re- 
^bli(  111  principles  during  tha  contests 
of  the  lant  ten  years  of  his  life,  he  was  yet 
moderate,  and  indulgent  towards  his  op- 
ponents. Until  a  week  before  his  death 
his  public  services  for  22  years  had  been 
uninterrupted  by  sickness.— iVa<,  intell. 


BALDWIN,  Thomas,  D.  D.,a  baptist 
minister  in  Boston,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
Con.  Dec,  23, 175S.  After  he  had  remov- 
ed to  Canaan,  in  New  Hampshire  he  be- 
came pious,  and  joined  the  baptist  church 
in  1781.  It  was  with  pain,  that  he  thus 
forsook  his  connexions  and  early  friends, 
for  he  had  been  educated  a  pedo-bap- 
tist  and  his  venerable  minister  at  Norwich 
was  his  grand  uncle.  Having  for  some 
time  conducted  the  religous  exercises  at 
public  meetings,in  Aug.  1782  he  ventured 
for  the  first  time  to  take  a  text  and  preach 
doctrinally  and  methodically.  His  advan- 
tages for  intellectual  culture  had  been 
few.  At  the  request  of  the  church  he  was 
ordained  June  11,  1783  as  an  evangelist, 
and  he  performed  the  duties  of  pastor  for 
seven  years,  besides  preaching  often  du- 
ring each  week  in  the  towns  within  a 
circle  of  50  miles,  "  chiefly  at  his  own 
charges,"  sometimes  receiving  small  pres- 
ents, but  never  having  a  public  contri- 
bution. In  these  journeys  he  was  obliged 
to  climb  rocky  steeps  and  to  pass  through 
dismal  swamps  ;  and  as  the  poor  people 
hadno  3ilver,and  the  continental  currency 
was  good  for  nothing,  'sometimes  the 
travelling  preacher  was  obliged  either  to 
beg  or  to  starve.  For  several  years  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature. 

In  1790  he  was  invited  to  Boston,  as 
the  pastor  of  the  second  baptist  church. 
He  now  successfully  pursued  a  course  of 
study,  and  by  hia  unwearied  exertions 
acquired  a  high  rank  as  a  preacher.  His 
church,  though  small  in  1790,  became 
under  his  care  numerous  and  flourishing. 
Of  his  own  denomination  in  NewEngland 
he  was  the  head,  and  to  him  all  his  breth- 
ren looked  for  advice.  Besides  being  con- 
nected with  most  of  the  benevolent  in- 
stitutions of  Boston,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  for  revising  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  state,  and  just  before  his 
death  was  fixed  upon,  by  one  party  among 
the  people,  as  a  candidate  for  an  elector 
of  president  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  very  suddenly  at  "^Y&in  •Hie,  Maine, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  attend  the  com- 
mencement, Aug.29, 1825,  aged"'!  years. 
The  following  stanza  on  hk-    k     ^  will 


^^w«s.■i->••w■^,lp 


D.  D.,a  baptist 
rn  in  Norw.'ch, 
he  had  remov- 
mpshire  he  he- 
baptist  church 
I,  that  he  thus 
d  early  friends, 
ed  a  pedo-bap- 
iterat  Norwich 
ving  for  some 
us  exercises  at 
'82  he  ventured 
text  and  preach 
ly.    His  advan- 
llure  had  been 
church  he  was 
8  an  evangelist, 
ies  of  pastor  for 
;hing  often  du- 
towns  within  a 
fly  at  his  own 
ving  small  pres- 
B  public  contri- 
s  he  was  obliged 
to  pass  through 
lie  poor  people 
nental  currency 
'sometimes  the 
}liged  either  to 
iveral  years  he 
the  legislature, 
i  to  Boston,  as 
)apti8t  church, 
ued  a  course  of 
aried  exertions 
preacher.     His 
1790,  became 
ind  flourishing, 
n  NewEngland 
m  all  his  breth- 
sides  being  con- 
benevolent  in- 
as  a  member  of 
ig  the  constitu- 
ust  before  his 
ne  party  among 
for  an  elector 
d  States.    He 
tei  Wile,  Maine, 
ittend  the  corn- 
aged ''1  years. 
h^s  'ic     1  will 


BANISTER. 

apply  to  a  multitude  of  others,  recorded 
in  this  work. 
"H*  toni  a  good  mnn.    Yet  nmid  our  teara 
Sweeligrnteful  thought!  witltiii  our  boanm«  ri*e ; 
Wa  trace  hii  iipirit  up  to  brighter  ipherei, 
Ami  ihiok  with  what  pure  rupturou*  nurpriae 
He  found  biiawlf  traniluted  to  the  ikiui: 
From  night  at  once  awoiio  to  endleu  noon. 
Oh!  with  wliattrnnrportdid  hii  eager  eyiia 
Heboid  liii  Lord  In  gloryl   'Twai  (he  boon 
Uii  heari  liad  lunged  Toi'!  Why  deem  we  it  came 
too  mjonl" 
He  publithed  the  following  discourses; 
at  the  thanksgiving,  1795;  quarterly  ser- 
mon ;  at  the  concert  of  prayer  ;  account 
of  revival  of  religion,  1799  ;  on  the  death 
oflieut.  gov.  Phillips;  election  sermon, 
1803;  on  the  eternal  purpose  of  God; 
at  thanksgiving;  before  a  missionary  so- 
ciety, 1804;  at  the  ordination  of  D.  Mer- 
rill, 180!»;beforethe  female  asylum,  1806; 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  Stillman;  at  the 
artillery  election,  1807;  and  the  baptism 
of  believers  only,  and  particular  commu- 
nion vindicated,  12mo.   1806.      Of  this 
work  the  first  and  second  parts  were  orig- 
inally published  in  1789  and  1794. 

BANISTER,  John,  an  eminent  bot- 
anist, was  a  native  of  England.   After 
passing  some  time  in  the  "W  est  Indies  he 
came  to  Virginia  »'  '  settled  on  James' 
river,  near  James  ji'own.     Rees  speaks  of 
him  as  a  clergyman.     In  1690  he  trnns- 
mitted  to  Mr.  Ray  a  catalogue  of  plants, 
observed  by  him  in   /irginia,  which  was 
published  by  Ray  in  the  second  volume 
of  his  history  of  j^lants,  in  the  preface  to 
the  supplement  of  which  work,  published 
in  1704,  he  speaks  of  Banister  as  an  illus- 
ti-ious  man,  who  had  long  resided  in  Vir- 
ginia, devoted  to  botaniral  pursuits,  and 
as  drawing  with  his  own  hand  the  figures 
of  the  rarer  species.     He  mentions  also, 
that  he  had  fallen  a  victim  to  his  favorite 
pursuit  before  he  had  completed  a  work, 
in  which  he  was  engaged,  on  the  natur- 
al history  of  Virginia.   In  one  of  his  bo- 
lanical  excursions,  while  clambering  the 
rocks.  Banister  fell  and  was  killed.    This 
I  vt.it  occurred  after  1687  and  probably 
before  the  end  of  the  century.     Many  of 
his    .cocendants  are  living  in    Virginia 
and  ait!  very  riespectable.    ?'i  honor  of 


BARCLAY.  W 

him  Dr.  Houston  named  a  plant  B<m- 
ialeria,  of  which  34  species  are  enumera- 
ted. Lawson  says,  he  '•  was  the  greatest 
virtuoso  we  ever  had  on  the  continent. 
Besides  his  '« catalogue  of  plants,"  hi* 
principal  work  in  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions 1693,  other  communications  on 
natural  history  were  published  ;  observa- 
tions on  the  natural  productions  of  Jamai- 
ca; the  inserts  of  Virginia,  1700;  curiosi- 
ties in  Virginia;observation8  on  themusca 
lupus;  on  several  sorts  of  snails;  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  pistolochia  or  serpentaria  Vir- 
giniana,  the  snake  root. — Barton'$  med. 
jour. II.  1 34-139;Aay'«  ««p. ;  Lawion,  136. 

BARBOUR,  Thomas,  colonel,  was  a 
whig  of  the  revolution  and  in  1769  was 
a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  of 
Virginia,  which  made  the  first  protest 
against  the  stamp  act.  He  died  at  Bar- 
hours  ville.  May  16, 1825,  aged  90.  For 
60  years  he  had  discharged  the  duties  of 
a  civil  magistrate,  and  was  many  years 
the  sheriff  of  the  county,  enjoying  in  a 
high  degree  the  confidence  of  his  fellow 
citizens.  He  was  the  father  of  James  Bar- 
bour, the  secrttary  of  war. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  governor  rw'East 
Jer  •",.  the  author  of  the 'apology  <bjr 
thequ,  kers.'wasbornin  1648  in  Scotland, 
and  recci-"'  l."i  education  at  Paris  lie 
at  first  imMlp  the  catholic  tenets,  but 
afterwards  wit.'i  his  father  embraced  the 
principles  of  the  quakers.  His  book  was 
published  in  Latin  in  1676  and  translated 
by  himself.  He  travelled  with  William 
Penn  in  England  and  on  the  continent. 
In  1682,  when  East  Jersey  was  trans- 
ferred to  Penn  and  11  associates,  he  was 
appointed  the  governor,though  he  never 
came  to  this  country  ;  in  which  office  lord 
Neil  Campbe'I  succeededhim  in  1685. 
Hea.  -  <690,  aged41.  'His brother, 
John,  :i  .iteelul  citizen  of  Jersey,  died  at 
Amijoy  in  1731,  leaving  2  sons.  Hia 
grandson,  Alexander,  was  comptroller  of 
the  customs  in  Philadelphia,  and  died  in 
177i  .-r-Jcnnison. 

BARCLAY,  Henry,  d.  d.,  an  episto- 
pal  clergyman  in  New  York,  was  a  native 
of  Albany,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1734.    In  England  he  rer-ived  orders 


BARD. 


. 


in  the  church,  ami  waa  appointed  mimion- 
ary  to  tho  Mohawk  Indians.  Having 
■erved  in  tliii  capacity  lor  some  years 
with  but  little  success  he  was  called  tu 
the  city  of  New  York  and  appointed  rec- 
tor of  Trinity  church.  In  this  respecta- 
ble station  he  continued  till  hia  death,  in 
1 765.  The  translation  of  the  liturgy  into 
the  Mohawk  language,  made  under  his 
direction  and  that  of  Rev.  W.  Andrews 
and  J.  Ogilvie,  was  printed  in  1769.  Mr. 
Ogilvie  succeeded  him  both  among  the 
Indians  and  at  New  York. — Life  ofRit- 
ten.  245 ;  Miller's  retr.  u.  356. 

r  *  r  ^  '  ^hn,  a  learned  physician,  was 
hum  III  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  Fob.  1, 
1716.  His  father,  Peter  Bard,  an  exile 
fronj  France  in  consequence  of  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  came  to 
this  country  in  1703  as  a  merchant ;  he 
soon  married  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Mar- 
mion,  and  was  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  council  and  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court. 

Mr.  Bard  received  his  early  education 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Annan  of  Philadel- 
phia, a  very  eminent  teacher.      About 
tho  age    of   15  he  was  bound  an  ap- 
prentice for  7  years  to  Dr.  Kears'' ,  a  sur- 
gcoB  of  unhappy  temper  and  ligoious  in 
the  treatment  of  his  pupils.    Under  his 
thraldom  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Kearsly 
and  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Franklin  begui- 
led his  sorrows.    He  engaged  in  business 
in  173.7  and  soon  acquired  a  large  share  of 
practice  and  became  much  respected.     In 
J  743  he  was  induced  by  urgent  applica- 
tions from  New  York  to  remove  to  that 
city  to  supply  the  loss  of  several  eminent 
physicians.     Here  he  continued  till  with- 
in a  few  months  of  his  death.     In  the 
year  1795,  when  the  yellow  fever  had  put 
to  flight  a  number  of  physicians, who  were 
in  the  meridian  of  life,  the  veteran  Dr, 
Bard,  though  verging  towards  his  eigh- 
tieth year,  renuined  at  his  post.     In  May 
1798  he  removed  to  his  estate  at  Hyde 
"•ark.  near  Foughkeepsie.    Here  he  con- 
inueil  in  the[enjoyment  of  perfect  health, 
till  he  felt  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  in  a 
few  days  occasioned  his  death.    He  died 
March  30,  1 799,  aged  SS  years.    He  was 


a  Arm  believer  in  the  truth  and  excellency 
of  the  Christian  religion.  In  a  letter  to 
his  son.  Dr.  Samuel  Bard,  he  said,  "a- 
bnve  all  things  suffer  not  yourself  by  any 
company  or  example  to  depart,  either  in 
your  converMation  or  practice,  l>om  the 
highest  reverence  to  God  and  your  reli- 
gion." In  his  old  age  he  was  cheerful 
and  remarkable  for  his  gratitude  to  his 
heavenly  father. 

Dr.  Bard  was  eminent  in  hia  profes- 
sion, and  his  practice  was  very  ex  tensive. 
Soon  after    the   close   of  the  war  with 
Great  Britian,on  the  reestablishment  of  the 
medical  society  of  the  state  of  New  York 
he  was  elected  its  president,  and  he  waa 
placed  in  the  chair  for  sLx  or  seven  suc- 
cessive I'ears.    He  possessed  a  singular 
ingenuity  and  quickness  in  discriminating 
diseases ;  yet  he  did  not  presumptuously 
confide  in  his  penetration,  but  was  re- 
markably particular  in  his  inquiries  into 
the  circumstances  of  the  sick.     Ever  de- 
sirous of  remi.ving  the  disorders,  to  which 
the  human  frame  is  subject,  his  anxiety 
and    attention    were    not    diminished, 
when  called  to  visit  the  indigent,  from 
whom  he  could  not  expect  compensation. 
His  conduct  through  his  whole  life  was 
marked  by  t '^  strictest  honor  and  integ- 
rity.    In  con   .  sation  he  wus  polite,  affa- 
ble, cheerful,     -id  entertaining.     To  his 
j)upil3  he  was  not  only  an  instructer,  but 
u  lather.    In  tin  early partofhis  life  hede- 
voted  much  attention  to  polite  learning, 
in  which  he  n».  'e  great  proficiency.    He 
possessed  a  conectandeleg  mt  taste,  and 
wrote  with  unco/nmon  accuracy  and  pre- 
cision.    He  drew  up  an  essay  on  the 
pleurisy  of  Long  Island  in  1749,  which 
wes  not  published  ;   a  paper,  inserted  in 
the  Lond.  med.  observations  ;  and  sev- 
eral papers  on  the  yellow  fever  and  the 
evideoee  of  its  importation,   inserted  in 
the  American  medical  register.     In  1750 
he  assisted  Dr.  Middleton  in  the  first  re- 
corded dissection   in   America,    that  of 
Hermannus  Carroll,  executed  for  murder. 
—Thacher'smed.  biog.  96-103  ;  JtfTic- 
kar'slifeofS.  Bard. 

BARD,   Samuel,  m..  d.,  son  of    the 
preceding,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  Apr. 


1 


V-.'?  I . 


PARD. 


nt}  excellency 
n  a  letter  to 
he  said,  "a- 
urselfby  any 
irt,  either  in 
ice,  IVom  the 
11(1  your  reli- 
was  cheerful 
titude  to  his 

\  hia  profes* 
Bry  extensive. 
:he  war  with 
ishment  of  the 
of  New  York 
,,  and  he  was 
or  seven  suc- 
id  a  singular 
liacriminating 
^sumptuously 
but  was  re- 
inquiries  into 
ik.     Ever  de- 
ders,  to  which 
I,  his  anxiety 
;    diminished, 
[idigent,  from 
compensation, 
hole  life  was 
nor  an(i  integ- 
iiii  polite,  aflii- 
ing.     To  his 
utructer,  but 
his  life  he  de- 
ilite  learning, 
ifieiency.    He 
t  taste,  and 
racy  and  pre- 
essay  on  the 
1749,  which 
r,  inserted  in 
ns  ;  and  sev- 
ever  and  the 
inserted  in 
ler.     In  1750 
the  first  re- 
rica,   that  of 
d  for  murder. 
103 ;  Jtf'  Vic- 

sou  of   the 
idelphia  Apr. 


I,  MA  When  a  boy,  in  order  to  screen 
aserva/it,  who  had  broken  hia  father's 
cane,  he  falsely  took  the  blame  to  himself. 
His  father  praised  his  generosly,  but 
severely  punished  his  falsehood,  thus 
giving  him  a  lesson  on  the  va/u«  o/lru/A, 
which  he  was  careful  to  transmit  to  his 
children.  From  his  mother  he  received 
early  impressions  in  favor  of  religion.  Re- 
siding one  summer,  on  account  of  ill 
health,  in  the  family  of  lieut.  gov.  Golden, 
his  father's  friend,  he  acquired  a  taste  for 
botany  under  the  teachmg  of  Miss  Col- 
den.  His  skill  in  painting  enabled  him  to 
perpetuate  the  beauties  of  plants.  While 
a  student  at  Columbia  college  he  formed 
thehabit  of  early  rising,  at  day  light  in 
summer  and  an  hour  previous  to  it  in 
winter,  which  he  continued  through  life. 
In  Sept.  1761  he  embarked  for  England 
in  order  to  obtain  a  thorough  medical 
education,  and  was  absent,  in  France, 
England,  and  Scotland,  5  years.  His  pro- 
fessional studies  were  pursued  with  un- 
diminished zeal,  and  especially  undef 
the  illustrious  teachers  in  the  school  of 
Edinburgh.  Such  was  his  skill  in  botany, 
that  he  obtained  the  annual  medal,  given 
by  Dr.  Hope  the  profe8Sor,for  the  best  col- 
lection of  plants.  He  received  his  degree 
at  Edinburgh  in  May  1765.  On  his  return 
he  found  his  father  in  debt  for  hia  edu- 
cation, which  had  cost  more  than  a 
thousand  pounds  ;  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  him  and  for  three  years 
drew  nothing  beyond  his  expenses  from 
the  profits  of  the  business,  amounting  to 
1500  pounds  a  year.  Having  thus  hon- 
orably discharged  this  debt,  he  married 
his  cousin,  Mary  Bard,  a  lady  of  beauty 
and  accomplishments,  to  whom  he,  had 
long  been  attached.  He  formed  this 
connection  on  a  stock  of  100  p«)uncl!i, 
observing,  that  "  his  wife's  econoniy 
would  double  his  earnings." 

Dr.  Bard  formed  the  plan  of  the  Med- 
ical school  of  New  York,  which  was  es- 
tablished within  a  year  afler  his  return. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  prac- 
tice of  physic.  Metrical  degrees  were 
first  conferred  in  1 769.  In  the  same  year 
the  hospital  was  founded  by  his   exer- 


tions; but  the  building  wa8burnt,eaniing 
a  delay  of  the  establishment  until  1791. 
In  1774  he  delivered  a  course  of  chemi- 
cal lectures.  In  the  time  of  the  war  ha 
left  the  city,  placing  his  family  in  the 
house  of  his  father  at  Hyde  Park;  but 
anxious  to  provide  for  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren, 'and  to  secure  his  property,  he 
the  next  year  by  permission  returned  to 
New  York,  while  ,the  enemy  had  powwi 
sion  of  it,  and  engaged  anew  in  his  pro- 
fessional business,  after  being  a  consid- 
erable time  without  a  call  and  reduced  to 
his  last  guinea.  After  the  return  of 
peace  Washington  selected  him  a«  his 
family  physician.  At  this  period  he  kMt 
four  out  of  his  six  children  by  the  scarla- 
tina, which  prevailed  in  a  virulent  form, 
attended  with  delirium.  In  consequence 
of  the  illness  of  Mrs.  Bard  he  withdrew 
from  business  for  a  year,  devoting  him- 
self to  her.  A  prayer  for  her  recovery 
was  found  among  his  papers.  In  1784 
he  returned  to  the  city.  At  this  period 
he  devoted  6  thousand  guineas  to  enable 
his  father  to  free  himself  iVom  debt.  At 
another  time,  when  he  had  accumulated 
1 500guinea8,  he  sent  that  sum  to  England, 
but  lost  it  by  the  failure  of  the  banker.  On 
receiving  the  intelligence,  he  said  to  his 
wife,  "we  are  ruined  ;"  but  she  replied, 
"never  mind  the  loss,  we  will  soon  make 
it  up  again."  Having  formed  the  pur- 
pose to  retire  from  business,  he  in  1795 
took  Dr.  Hosack  into  partnership,  and  in 
1798  removed  to  his  seat  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  his  father  at  Hyde  Park. 
But  when  the  yellow  fever  appeared,  he 
resolutely  returned  to  his  post.  By  his 
fearless  exposure  of  himself  he  took  the 
disease,  but  nursed  by  his  faithful  wife  he 
recovered.  The  remaining  28  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  happy  retirement, 
surrounded  by  his  children  and  grand 
children,  delighted  with  their  society,  and 
finding  much  enjoyment  also  in  agricultu- 
ral improvements,  in  contemplating  the 
beauties  of  nature,  and  in  the  gratification 
of  his  continued  thirst  for  knowledge. 
For  the  benefit  of  those,  who  with  hinr.- 
self  had  engaged  in  rearing  merino  sheep, 
he   published  "the  shepherd's  guide." 


VI  BARD. 

In  16l8hewnHappointe><lprp*)l0ntof  the 
College  of  phyaiciana  and  aur  a  o  m.  His 
diacouraea,  on  conferring  df^,^  •;ea,  were 
very  impresaive.  He  died  of  the  pleuriay 
May  34,  1831,  aged  79  yeara,  and  hia 
iKrife  of  the  aame  diaorder  the  preceding 
day :  they  were  buried  in  one  grave.  It 
had  lon$r  been  their  wiah  to  be  thua  united 
in  death,  and  a  remarkable  dream  of  Mra. 
Bard  to  thia  effect  waa  remembered. 

Dr.  Bard  waa  attached  to  the  epiacopal 
mode  of  religioua  worahip.  The  church 
at  Hyde  Park  waa  chiefly  founded  by  him 
in  1811,  and  to  provide  for  the  ubaence  of 
ita  rector  lie  procured  a  license  tn  act  aa 
lay  reader  at  the  age  of  70.  He  regular- 
ly devoted  a  part  of  the  morning  to  re- 
ligious reading  and  reflection.  Of  reli- 
gion he  aaid  tohiaaon,  Wm.  Bard,  Eaq., 
"this  ia  our  atrong  hold,  our  caatle  and 
rock  of  defence,  our  refuge  in  timea  ol' 
adversity ,our  comforter  under  misfortune, 
our  cheerful  companion  and  friendly 
monitor  in  the  hours  of  gladness  and 
prosperity."  The  following  is  an  ex- 
tract llrom  the  form  of  daily  devotion, 
used  by  himself  and  wife:— "O  God !  en- 
lighten our  understanding,  that  we  may 
«omprehend  thy  will,  strengthen  our  res- 
olution to  obey  thy  commands,  endow  us 
with  resignation  under  thy  dispensations, 
and  fill  our  hearts  with  love  and  gratitude 
for  all  thy  benefits.  Give  unto  us,  0 
Lord,  whose  lives  thou  hast  continued  to 
so  late  a  day,  sincere  and  true  repentance, 
tt  grant,that  as  age  advances  upon  us,our 
minds  may  be  more  &more  enlightened  by 
the  knowledge  of  thy  will,  more  resigned 
to  thy  dispensations,  and  more  invigora- 
ted with  the  resolution  to  obey  thy  com- 
mands. Calm  all  our  thoughts  and  fears; 
give  jjeace  and  quiet  to  our  latter  days  ; 
and  so  support  us  by  thy  grace  through 
the  weakness  and  infirmities  of  age,  that 
we  may  die  in  humble  hope  and  confi- 
dence of  thy  merciful  pardon  through  the 
merits  of  our  Redeemer."— He  published 
a  treatisede  viribusopii,  1765;  on  angi- 
na suffocativa,  repub.  in  Vol  i.  Amer. 
phil.  soc;  on  the  use  of  cold  in  hemorr- 
hage ;  compendium  of  midwifery,  1807, 
and  subsequent  editions  ;  many  occasion- 


BARLOW. 

al  aTtdreasea  to  public  bodies  ;  and  annU 
veraary  diacouraes  to  medical  students. — 
Life  hy  MeViekari;  Thaeher^t  med. 
biofi;.  lOS— 14S. 

BARLOW,  Joel,  an  eminent  atatea- 
man  and  poet,  waa  born  at  Reading,  Fair- 
field county,  Connecticut,  about  the  year 
1757,  and  waa  the  youngest  of  ten  chil- 
dren. His  father,  a  respectable  farmer, 
(lied  while  he  was  yet  at  school,  leaving 
him  property  sufficient  only  to  detVay  the 
expenaea  of  hia  education.  In  1774  he 
waa  placed  at  Dartmouth  college  ;  but  he 
very  aoon  removed  to  Yale  college,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1778,  being  ranked 
among  the  first  of  his  class,for  talents  and 
learning,  and  particularly  conspicuous  for 
his  skill.in  poetry.  During  the  vacations 
of  the  college  he  more  than  once  seized 
hid  musket,  and  repaired  as  a  volunteer  to 
the  campiwhere  four  of  his  brothers  were 
on  duty.  He  was  present  at  several 
skirmishes,  and  is  said  to  have  fought 
bravely  in  the  battle  of  the  White  Plains. 

Ailer  leaving  college  he  engaged  for  a 
short  time  in  the  study  of  the  law ;  but, 
being  urged  to  qualify  himself  for  tiie  of- 
fice of  chaplain,  he  applied  himself  dili- 
gently to  the  study  of  theology,  and  at 
the  end  of  six  weeks  was  licensed  to 
preach.  He  immediately  joined  the  army 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  new  sta- 
tion until  the  return  of  peace.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  much  respected.  But  in 
the  camp  he  continued  to  cultivate  his 
taste  for  poetry,  writing  patriotic  songs, 
and  composing,  in  part,  his  Vision  of 
Columbus.  He  also  published  in  1780 
an  elegy  on  the  death  of  his  early  friend 
and  patron,  Titus  Hosmer,  and  in  1781 
a  poem  entitled  "the  Prospect  of  Peace," 
which  he  had  pronounced  at  Commence- 
ment. About  this  time  he  married 
Ruth  Baldwin  of  New  Haven,  sister  of 
Abraham  Baldwin. 

In  178.S,  after  the  army  was  disbanded, 
hr  returned  to  the  study  of  the  law  at 
Hartford,  where  for  his  immediate  sup- 
port he  established  a  weekly  newspaper. 
The  original  articles,  which  he  inserted, 
gave  it  celebrity  and  a  wide  circulation. 
In  1785  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 


BARLOW. 


in  the  nme  year  published  •  correcied 
■nd  enlarged  edition  of  WatU*  veraion  of 
the  Paalraa  with  a  collection  of  Hymna. 
It  was  printed  at  Hartford  by  "Barlow  k 
Babcock.*'  This  work  was  undertaken 
at  the  request  of  the  General  Association 
of  the  ministers  of  Connecticut,  and  pub- 
lished by  their  recommendation.  Many 
of  the  pHalms  were  altered  so  as  tu  be  adap- 
ted to  the  American  churches,  several 
were  written  almost  anew,  and  several, 
which  had  been  omitted  by  Dr.  Watts, 
were  supplied.  Barlow  inserted  also 
some  original  hymns.  In  1787  he  pub- 
lished the  Vision  of  Columbus,  a  large 
poem,  with  flattering  success.  It  was 
dedicated  to  Louis  XVI.  Some  of  its  in- 
teresting passages  are  said  to  be  imita- 
tions or  copies  of  descriptions  in  the 
Incas  of  Marmontel. 

About  this  time  he  gave  up  his  concern 
in  the  weekly  paper,  and  opened  a  book 
shop  chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  sale  of 
his  poem  and  of  the  new  edition  of  the 
psalms.  Having  accomplished  these  ob- 
jects, he  quitted  the  business  and  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  the  law.  But  in  this 
profession  he  was  not  successful,  for  his 
elocution  was  embarrassed  and  his  man- 
ners not  familiar  and  conciliating,  and  his 
attention  was  also  diverted  from  it  by  po- 
etical and  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
concerned  in  several  occasional  publica- 
tions at  Hartford,  particularly  in  the  An- 
archiad,  a  very  singular  poem,  which  was 
projected  by  Dr.  Hopkins,  and  which 
had  considerable  political  influence.  In 
an  oration  July  4,  1787  he  earnestly  re- 
commended an  efiicient  general  govern- 
ment, the  new  Constitution  being  then 
under  consideration  of  the  convention  at 
Philadelphia.  Urged  by  the  necessity  of 
providing  for  hia  subsistence,  he  went  to 
Europe  in  1788  as  the  agent  of  the  Scioto 
land  company,  but  ignorant  of  their  frau- 
dulent deisigns.  From  England  he  crossed 
over  to  France,  where  he  made  sale  of 
some  of  the  lands;  but  in  the  result  he  was 
leA  without  any  resource  for  his  mainte- 
nance, excepting  his  own  talents  &  repu- 
tation. At  this  period  his  zeal  for  repub- 
licanism induced  him  to  take  an  active 


part  in  the  French  revolution,  'Mn^  naiw 
ticularly  connected  with  the  ritondviMt 
or  the  moderate  party.     In  T  'I  t\n  <  ^nt 
to  England,  where  he  published  the  first 
part  of  hia  "Advice  to  the  Privileged  Or- 
ders," a  work  in  which  he  reprobates  the 
feudal  system,  the  national  church  estab- 
lishments, the  military  system,  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  and  the  system  of 
revenue  and  finance,  as  they  exist  in  the 
royal  and  aristocratical  governments  of 
Europe.   In  Feb.  1793  he  published  th» 
"Conspiracy  of  Kings,"  a  poem  of  about 
400  lines,  occasioned  by  the  first  coalition 
of  the  continental    sovereigns    against 
France  ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  sama 
year  a  letter  to  the  national  convention 
of  France,    in    which    he  recommends 
among  other  measure*  the  abolition  of 
the  connexion  between  the  government 
and  the  national  church.     These  publica- 
tions brought  him  some  profit  as  wellias 
fame.    At  the  close  of  this  year  he  waS' 
deputed  by  the  London    constitutional 
society  to  present  their  address  to  the 
French  national  convention,  which  con«- 
ferred  upon  him  the  rights  of  a  French 
citizen.    Fearful  of  the  resentment  of  the 
English  government,  he  now  fixed  his 
residence  in  France.    A  deputation  btirg' 
soon  sent  to  Savoy  to  organize  it  as  a  de- 
partment of  the  Republic,  he  accompanied 
it  with  his  friend,  Gr*>D  ire,  to  Chamber- 
ry,  the  capital,  wher    ,         'ded  several 
month8,&  at  the  requei  ,  legislative 

friends  wrote  un  ml!''  -■  u'  "u-  people  of 
Piedmont,inciHnf«;:iv«.i  t\  (.hiov  iflf their 
allegiance  to  "  '  aicr.  At -In.' .,rie  he 
also  compose  P  ■  ly  Pudilirf;,'  •■  mock 
didactic  poem,  the  .  h  st  jxipui,'  •  of  his  po- 
etical productions.  Aiki  .,  return  to 
Paris  he  translated  Vohiev'a  ruins,  but 
his  time  was  principally  occupied  by  com- 
mercial speculations,  in  which  he  acquired 
a  large  property.  Shocked  by  the  atro- 
cities of  the  revolution,  he  took  Uttle  part 
in  politics. 

About  the  year  1795  he  went  to  the- 
north  of  Europe  to  accomplish  some  pri- 
vate business,  entrusted  to  him,  and  on 
his  return  was  appointed  by  president 
Washington  as  consul  at  Algiers,  with. 


1^ 


[*. 


7S 


BARLOW. 


If:' 


i: 


powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  peace  with 
the  Dey  and  redeem  the  American  cap- 
tives on  the  coast  of  Barbary.  He  im- 
mediately lefl  Paris,  and  passing  through 
Spfin  crossed  over  to  Algiers.  He  soon 
concluded  a  treaty  and  negotiated  also  a 
treaty  with  Tripoli,  rescuing  many  Amer- 
ican citizens  from  slavery.  His  humane 
exertions  were  attended  with  great  dan- 
ger. In  1797  he  resigned  his  consulship 
and  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  purcha- 
sed the  splendid  hotel  of  the  count,  Cler- 
mont de  Tonnere,  in  which  he  lived  for 
some  years  in  a  sumptuous  manner. 

On  the  occurrence  of  the  rupture  be- 
tween his  native  country  and  France,  he 
published  a  letter  to  the  people  of  the 
United  States  on  the  measures  of  Mr. 
Adams'  administration.  This  was  soon 
followed  by  a  second  part,  containing 
speculations  on  various  political  subjects. 
At  this  period  he  presented  a  memoir 
to  the  French  government,  denouncing 
the  whole  system  of  privateering,  and 
contending  for  the  right  of  neutrals  to 
trade  in  articles  contraband  of  war. 

In  the  spring  of  1805,  having  sold  his 
real  estate  in  France,  he  returned  to 
America  after  an  absence  of  nearly  17 
years.  He  purchased  a  beautiful  situ- 
ation and  house  near  Georgetown  but 
within  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton. This  place  he  called  "Kalorama." 
Ee  printed  in  1806  a  prospectus  of  a  na- 
tional Institution  at  Washington,  which 
should  combine  a  university  with  a  lear- 
ned society,  together  with  a  military  and 
naval  academy  and  a  school  of  fine  arts. 
In  compliance  with  this  project  a  bill  was 
introduced  into  the  Senate,  but  it  was 
not  passed  into  a  law. 

In  1808  he  published  the  Columbiad,  a 


poem. 


which  had  been  the  labor  of  half 


his  life,  ,in  the  most  splendid  volume, 
which  had  ever  issued  from  the  American 
press.  It  was  adorned  by  excellent  en- 
gravings, executed  in  London,  and  was 
inscribed  to  Robert  Fulton,  with  whom  he 
had  long  lived  in  friendship  and  whom  he 
regarded  as  hisadopted  son.  This  work, 
though  soon  published  in  a  cheaper  form, 
has  never  acquired  much  popularity.    As 


an  epic  poem  it  has  great  faults  both  in  the 
plan  and  the  execution.  It  is  justly  ex- 
posed to  severe  criticism  for  some  extrava- 
gant and  absurd  flights  of  fancy  and  ibr 
the  many  new-coined  and  uncouth  words, 
which  it  contains.  Its  sentiments  also  have 
been  thought  hostile  to  Christianity. 
Gregoire  addressed  a  letter  to  the  author, 
reproving  him  for  placing  the  cross  a- 
mong  the  symbols  of  fraud,  folly,  and  er- 
ror. Mr.  Barlow  in  his  reply  declared,  that 
he  was  not  an  unbeliever,  or  that  he  had 
not  renounced  Christianity,  and  endeavor- 
ed to  justify  the  description,  which  had  of- 
fended Gregoire,  on  the  ground  that  he 
had  been  accustomed  to  regard  the  cross 
not  as  the  emblem  of  Christianity  itself 
but  of  its  corruptions  by  popery. 

In  1811  he  was  nominated  a  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  the  French  govern- 
ment, but  in  his  attempt  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  of  commerce  and  indemnification 
for  spoliations  he  was  not  successful.  At 
length,  in  October,  1812,  he  was  invited 
to  a  conference  with  the  emperor  at  Wil- 
na.  He  immediately  set  off,  travelling 
day  and  night.  Overcome  by  fatigue, 
and  exposed  to  sudden  changes  from  ex- 
tieme  cold  to  the  excessive  heat  of  the 
small  cottages  of  the  Jews,  which  are  the 
only  taverns  in  Poland,  he  was  seized  by 
a  violent  inflammation  of  the  lung8,which 
terminated  his  life  at  Zarnowica,  or  Zar- 
nowitch,  an  obscure  village  near  Cracow, 
Dec.  32,  1812,  aged  64  years.  His 
widow  died  at  Kalorama  May  SO,  1818, 
aged  62. 

He  was  of  an  amiable  disposition  and 
domestic  habits,  generally  silent  in  mixed 
company,  and  often  absent  in  mind.  His 
manners  were  grave  and  dignified.  If, 
as  there  is  reason  to  conclude,  though 
once  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  he  had 
ceased  to  regard  it  as  of  divine  authority, 
and  died  without  the  support  of  its  glo- 
rious promises  ;  there  is  no  wise  man, 
who  will  envy  him  the  possession  of  his 
worldly  prosperity  and  distinction  to  be 
acquired  at  the  price  of  the  abandonment 
of  the  religion,  which  he  once  preached. 
As  a  poet  Mr.  Barlow  will  hardly  live  in 
the  memory  of  future  ages.   His  vision  of 


BARNARD. 


71 


Coiwnbm,  replete  with  the  teenes  of  the  |  lafait,  whoMcompftnied  the  army  to  Port 
ivm/bakm, aeqaired,  notwHhMindhi^ ito  ]l«gr«i failfor to Rfdue* tint VtutNm.  Ilr . 


impnifestioni^  fNit  p^pfdKrfty  w  «  m»' 
tiOMl,  ptulotfo  fWinb  Batwkf»eMV 
aiMMr  IM»  an  epkrHRnitilrith  the  itlMDijiM; 


WaKrtlromi/iwaartI  iHBjiiMiBi  to^ 


Uffththftmrnm^*  vftrioa  an epieittityjjigy^^t  Ito- aml^inifciK  af  tapt  John 

to«  laiy  wilw tif  tiiMBicctei  »wioi>^  ' 

prawBtiaf     fMrnmidML     a|i<euh<k<i 

rathw  than  ialM«Miiiff  naiwthne,   that 

OohaWbfad  annk  hrto  negate*,    ffeaidea 

iittaleistiiid  ftnm  a  itoet  nnat  h««e  a 


an^ttMiiii  •(»  Maftrpteaof  tih»  Dnrt  a 


ei^  tlK»  a^ili^--ef-^»^?■mlWl)>li»<r>•■tw>k 
pMee)  o*  wnwu  im  winiti  umn-apiaKt  m 
b«iiiaiB  lw4«iiiM«tiVittiMl»  thfwi^^ 

rM  fliaqr/iMfiiHdtMte/aadaheiM^tflMntiiif  lltfaitfi^  iWMiiwIioine 

fedtafv-oMr.  Bwio«r  ted  i&edilMBd  » 

geneRBl  Mrtoiy  of  the  United  Stetea  aiid 

made  large  eoileetiMiaof  the  nrrtmny 

doenaaenta. 
8e  piMiiriied  several  pieces  in  Ameri* 

can  Paenu  ;   Proepeet  of  l^^aee,  1781 } 

ViaiMi  dfCohimbus,  1787 ;  theeohspira- 

cyof  Uags,  London,  179$;   advice  to 

privilegtid  orders,  in  two  parts ;   a  letter 

to  the  national  convention ;  address  to 

the  people  of  Piedmmit;  hasty  pudf^in;, 

a  poem,  ISmo.  1798;  theColnnri>iad,  4to. 

1808,  and  ISmo.  1809;  omtion  on  the 

the  fourth  July.  1809.— Ltftulm  MotUk. 

mag.,  1798;  PvA.  thar.  1806,  p.  1&3— 

180 ;  MvtMtg  WMg.  and  Jtmer.  review, 

I.  465—488;  Anakt*.  Mag.  iv.190— 16S; 

iS^.  Amer.  Putt.  n.  1-18. 
BARNAftD,  John,  ministor  of  Mar- 

blehead,  Masaa  ehnaetts,  was  bom  in  Boa- 
ton  Nov.  8,  188]^  His  parents  were  r»> 

marM^  Anr  their  pie^,  and  they  took 

particular  CMC  of  his  edaeation.  He  was 

gmdoatad  at  Hbrvardeollege  in  1700.  In 

the  former  part  of  his  eollegrial  course  the 

sudden  Aeath  of  two  of  his  aequaintanee 

imprened  his  mind  and  led  him  to  think 

of  his  own  departure  ftom  this  worid; 

but   the  impnssion  was  soon  effiieed. 

However,  before  he  left  that  f  stitution 

lie  wasbrouifht  to  repentance,  and  lie 

resohred  to  yield  himself  to  Uie  commands 

of  God.  In  I70S  he  united  hhnself  to  the 

north  church  in  Boston  under  the  paatoni 

care  of  the  Mathers.  In  1708  he  waainvited 

to  settle  at  Taraiouth,  bat  ha  teelinr  i  ac- 
cepting the  invitation.  He  was  employed 

for  some  time  us  an  aasistent  to  Dr.  Col- 
man.  Being  fond  of  active  life,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  gov,  Dudley  one  of  the  chap* 
10 


advkntagviaas  oi^'  ef  asMtmiir  if  he 
would  learMditte  l^iiglwL  HeMigiitham 
acMHipaidid  h»d  Whartm  t»lfieteid  as 
hia  ehapUa,  bat  he  refliiwdtocanfenp  to 
the  articles  of  tiiB  aationaldiareh.  Soon 
after  thb  he  retoraed  lu  aeaka  aetttonent 
in  his  own  country.  1^  north  ehmeh  in 
Boatoc  was  buth  fbrUm  and  he  ^Nsoeh- 
ed  Oe  dedieatkm  aermOA  May  M,  171% 
expecting  soon  to  beordaisad  aeeoiding' 
to  mutual  agreemwit ;  biiin  vaora  popular 
candidate,  a  Mr.  Wabb,  being  invited  at 
the  request  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  the 
people  choee  him  for  tiwir  pastor^  Of 
this  transaction  he  could  not  speak  with 
calmneas  tothe  day  of  hia  death.  He 
was  ordained  uimster  of  Mtrblehead 
July  18,  1716,  aa  eoUeagao  With  Mr. 
Cheever.  InltMhoieeemdMr^Whit- 
well  aa  hia  assistant  f%o  Hit  aermon, 
which  he  pMaohad,  waa4ali««iai  Janua« 
ry  t,  1789.  Ho4M  tvnuf  t4,  i17e^t 
aged  88  yfears. 

Mr.  Barnard  waa  eminent  for  his  learn- 
ing and  piety,  ai|d  wn  Amona  aaiong»^ 
the  divines  of  Ameriea.  DuriBf  the  lat- 
ter part  frf"  his  Kfe,  when  ho  mtained  a 
vigor  of  mind  and  seal  uncommon  at  so 
advanced  an  age,  he  was  regarded  as  the 
father  <^  the  churohaa.  His  form  was 
remarkably  erect,  and  he  never  be-:t  un- 
der the  infirmitieaof  years.  His  counte- 
iianee  was  grand,  hi*  mien  majestic,  and 
there  was  a  dignity  in  his  whole  depcrt< 
ment.  His  presence  restrained  the  im^ 
prudence  and  foU;  of  jrouUi,  and  when 
the  aged  saw  him,  they  aroae  and  stood 
up.  He  added  a  knowledge  of  the  He- 
brew to  hia  other  theologies  attainments; 
he  waa  well  acqainted  with  the  mathemat- 


74 


BARNARD. 


I 


ies ;  and  he  excelled  in  skill  for  naval 
architecture.  Several  dreugrhts  of  his, 
the  amusement  of  leisure  hourB,were  com- 
mended by  master  ship  builders.  When 
he  fiivt  went  to  Marblehead  and  fbr  some 
years  aflerw&rdsjthere  was  not  one  trading; 
veaatl  belonging  to  the  town.  It  was 
through  his  exertions,  that  a  commercial 
improvement  soon  took  place.  Having 
taken  great  pains  to  learn  "  the  mystery 
of  the  fish  trade, "  he  directed  the  people 
to  this  best  use,  which  they  could  make  of 
the  advantages  of  their  situation.  A 
young  man  was  first  persuaded  to  send 
a  small  cargo  to  Barfoadoes,Si,hi8  success 
was  so  encouraging,  that  the  people  were 
aoonable  in  their  own  vessels  to  trans- 
piort  their  fish  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Europe.  In  1767  there  were  thirty  or 
forty  vessels,  belonging  to  the  town,  em- 
pk)yed  in  the  foreign  trade.  When  Mr. 
Barnard  first  went  to  Marblehead,  there 
was  not  in  the  place  so  much  as  one  prop- 
er carpenter,  nor  mason,  nor  tailor,  nor 
butcher. 

By  prudence  in  the  management  of  his 
affiurs  he  acquired  considerable  property; 
but  he  gave  <,ythes  of  all  he  possessed. 
His  charity  was  of  a  kind,  which  is  wor- 
thy of  imitation.  He  was  not  disposed 
to  give  much  encouragement  to  common 
beggars,  but  he  sought  out  those  objects 
of  benevolent  attention,  who  modestly 
hid  their  wants.  The  poor  were  often 
fed  by  him,  and  the  widow's  heart  was 
gladdened,  while  they  knew  not  where 
to  return  thanks,  except  to  the  merciful 
Father  of  the  wretched.  In  one  kind  of 
charity  he  was  somewhat  peculiar.  He 
generally  supported  at  school  two  boys, 
whose  parents  were  unable  to  meet  this 
expense.  By  his  last  will  he  gave  two 
hundred  pounds  to  Harvard  college.  He 
left  no  children.  In  his  sickness,  which 
terminated  in  his  death,  he  said  with 
tears  flowing  from  his  eyes,  "  my  very 
soul  bleeds,  when  I  remember  my  sins  ; 
but  I  trust  I  have  sincerely  repented,&that 
God  will  accept  me  for  Christ's  sake.  His 
righteousness  is  my  only  dependence." 

The  publications  of  Mr.  Barnard  are 
munerous  and  valuable.    They  show  his 


theological  knowledge,  and  his  talents  as 
a  writer.  His  style  is  plain,  warm,  and 
energetic.  The  doctrines,  which  he  en- 
forces, are  the  same,  which  were  embra- 
ced by  the  Ihthers  or  New  England.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev. 
O.  Curwin  of  Salem,  1717  ;  on  the  death 
of  his  colleague,  S.  Cheever,  1734;  his- 
tory of  the  strange  adventures  of  Philip 
Ashton,  1735  ;  two  discourses  addressed 
to  young  persons,  with  one  on  the  earth- 
quake, 1787  ;  a  volume  of  sermons  on  the 
confirmation  of  the  christian  religion,  on 
compelling  men  to  come  in,and  the  saints' 
victory  and  rewards,  1737 ;  judgment, 
mercy,  and  faith  the  weightier  matters  of 
the  law,  1739  ;  on  the  certainty  of  the 
birth  of  Christ,  17S1 ;  election  sermon, 
1734 ;  call  to  parents  uid  children,  J737  ; 
convention  sermon,  17SS ;  zeal  for  good 
works  excited  and  directed,  1743 ;  election 
sermon,  1746 ;  the  imperfection  of  the 
creature  and  the  excellency  of  the  divine 
commandment,  in  nine  sermons,  1747  ; 
janua  coelestis,  or  the  mystery  of  the  gos- 
pel in  the  salvation  of  a  sinner,  in  several 
discourses,  1750  ;  a  version  of  the  psalms, 
1753 ;  a  proof  of  Jesus  Christ's  being  the 
Messiah,  a  Dudleian  lecture,  and  the  first 
one,  that  was  published,  1756  ;  the  true 
divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  at  a  public  lecture 
in  Boston,  1761 ;  a  discourse  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  Mr.  Whitwell,  a  charge,  and  an 
address  to  the  people,  annexed  to  Mr.  T. 
Barnard's  ordination  sermon,  176S.  His 
version  of  the  psalms,  which  hepublished 
when  he  iras  about  seventy  years  of  age, 
he  fondly  hoped  would  be  suui;  in  all  the 
New  England  churches  ;  but  it  was  never 
used  beyond  the  limits  of  the  town,  in 
which  it  was  composed.  The  labors  of 
Watts  had  rendered  it  unnecessary.  A 
letter  from  Mr.  Barnard  to  president 
Stiles,  written.in  1 767,  giving  a  sketch  of 
the  eminent  ministers  of  New  England, 
is  published  in  the  Massachusetts  hist, 
collections. —  Whitwell' $  Jim.  term. ;  Col- 
leet.  hitt.  toe;  viii.  66—69  ;  x.  157  167  ; 
Holmeg;  ii.  635. 

BARNARD,  John,  minister  of  Ando- 
ver,  Mass.,  was  the  grandson  of  Francis 
Barnard  of  Hadley,  and  the  son  of  Rev. 


BARNARD.  . 

Thomits  Barnard,  the  third  minister  of 
Andover,  who  was  ordained  colleague 
with  Francis  Dane  in  1683  and  died  Oct. 
13,  1718.  The  first  minister  of  Andover 
was  J.  Woodbridge.-— Mr.  Barnard  was 
graduated  in  1709  and  succeeding  his  fath- 
er in  the  ministry  died  June  14,  1753, 
aged  68.  During  his  ministry  Mr.  Phil- 
lips was  the  minister  of  the  South  Parish. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Symmes.  His 
sons  were  ministers  of  Salem  and  Haver- 
hill. He  published  a  discourse  on  the 
earthquake ;  to  a  society  of  young  men  ; 
on  sinful  mirth,  1738 ;  election  sermon, 
1746. 

BARNARD,  Thomas,  minister  of  Sa- 
lem, Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  17<?S 
and  ordained  at  Newbury  Jan.  31,  1739. 
Disturbed  by  those,  who  called  in  ques- 
tion the  correctness  of  his  sentiments,  he 
\vas  dismissed  at  his  own  request,  and  af- 
terwards studied  law.  He  was  in- 
stalled Sent.  17, 1755,  as  the  minister  of 
the  first  church  at  Salem,  and  received 
Asa  Dunbar  as  his  colleague  in  1773  : 
Dr.Prince  succeeded  Mr.  Dunbar  in  1779. 
A  paralytic  affection  impaired  his  men- 
tal powers.  He  died  Aug.  15, 1776,  aged 
63  yeaia.  He  was  regarded  as  a  semi- 
arian  of  Dr.  Clarke's  school,  and  as  rath- 
er an  arminian,  than  a  calvinist.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  destitute  of  animation 
and  he  was  deficient  in  perspicuity  of 
style.  He  published  discourses  at  the  or- 
dination of  E.  Barnard,  1743 ;  of  Mr. 
Bailey  of  Portsmouth,  1757  ;  of  William 
Whitwell,  1762 ;  before  the  society  for 
encouraging  industry,  1757;  at  the  artil- 
lery election,  1758  ;  attheel«iCtion,1763; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1768  ;  at  the  funeral  of 
Rev.  P.  Clarke,  nc>b,~  Matt.  hiit.  coL 
VI.  273. 

BARNARD,  Edward,  minister  of 
Haverhill,  the  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  in  1736,  and  ordain«] 
April  37,  1743  as  the  successor  of  John 
Brown.  He  died  Jan.  36, 1774,  aged  S3, 
and  was  succeeded  by  John  Shaw.  In 
his  last  days  a  division  sprung  up  in  his 
society.  There  were  those,  who  accuii- 
ed  him  of  not  preaching  the  gospel.    He 


BARNES.^ 


«. 


was  regarded  as  an  arminian.  Yet  he 
was  accustomed  to  preach,aB  he  said,  "the 
fallen  state  of  man,  which  gave  rise  to 
the  gospel  dispensation,  the  fulness  and 
freeness  of  divine  grace  in  Christ  as  the 
foundation  of  all  our  hopes,  the  influence 
of  the  Spirit,  the  necessity  of  regenera- 
tion, implying  repentance  towards  God 
and  faith  towards  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ, 
the  necessity  of  practical  religion,  origi- 
nating from  evangelical  principles."  He 
was  an  excellent  scholar  and  a  highly  es- 
teemed preacher  and  minister.  He  pub- 
lished a  poem  on  the  death  of  Abiel  Ab- 
bot ;  serm.  at  the  ordination  of  H.  True, 
1754;  of  G.  Merrill,  1765  ;  ofT.Cary;at 
the  fast,  1764 ;  at  the  election,  1766 ;  at 
theconveTitioa,m3.-SaUon8taWtiktiieh 
ofHaverhillin  hitt.  eoL  n.t.  lv.143-146. 

BARNARD,  Thomas,  d.  d.,  minister 
lU  Salem,  the  son  of  Rev.  IT.  Barnard, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1766, 
and  was  ordained  over  the  north  church 
Jan.  IS,  1773.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy 
Oct.  1 , 1 8 1 4,  aged  66.  He  published  the 
following  discourses  ;  at  the  ordination 
of  A.  Bancroft,  1786  ;  of  I.  Nichols, 
1809 ;  at  the  election,  1789  ;  at  the  con- 
vention, 1793  ;  before  the  humane  socie- 
ty, 1794  ;  at  the  thanksgiving ;  Dudleian 
lecture,  1795 ;  at  thanksgiving,  1796 ; 
before  a  female  charitable  society,  1808  ; 
before  the  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians,  1806  ;  before 
the  Bible  society  of  Salem,  1814. 

BARNES,  David,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Scituate,  Ma3a.,;'Wa8  born  at  Marlbo- 
rough, graduated  in  1753,  and  ordaine4 
Dec.  4, 1754.  His  predecessors  in  the 
second  society  since  1645  were  Wether- 
ell,  Mighill,  LawBon,  Eelles,  and  Dorby. 
He  died  April  27,  1811,  aged  80  years.— 
HiG  wife  was  the  daughter  of  col.G.Leon- 
ard.  David  L.  Barnes,  a  lawyer  of  Prov- 
iflence,  appointed  district  judge  of  Rhode 
island  in  1801,  and' who  died  Nov.  S, 
1812,  was  his  only  son. — Dr.  Barnes  is 
represented  as  remarkable  for  meekneM. 
A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published 
with  a  biographical  sketch.  He  publish- 
ed an  ordination  sermon,  1756;  on  the 
!ove  of  life  and  fear  of  death,   1795 ;   on 


7« 


BARNEh. 


BARNEY. 


; 


the  death  of  Washington,  1800;  on  the 
death  of  Rev.  James  Hawley,  1801 ; 
ordination  germon,  1803  ;  diacourss  on 
education,  1803. — Ma$t.  hitt.,  eol.  s.  ». 
IV.  937 

BARNES,  Daniel,  H.,  a  dictinguish- 
ed  concliologist,  died  in  the  meridian  of 
life  Oct.  37, 1818.  He  and  Dr.  Griscom 
originated  and  conducted  with  great 
reputation  the  high  school  of  New  York. 
He  was  also  &  baptist  preacher.  Invited 
by  gen.  Van  Rensselaer  to  attend  the  first 
public  examination  of  the  school  estab- 
lished by  him  at  Troy,  he  proceeded  to 
New  Lebitnon  and  there  preached  on 
Sunday,tht  day  before  hib  death,frcm  the 
text,  "Ye  know  not  what  shall  be  on  the 
morroie.  For  what  is  your  life,  &c." 
On  Monday,  while  riding  between  Nas- 
aau  and  Troy,  the  driver  being  thrown 
from  his  seat,  as  the  stage  was  rapidly 
descending  a  hill,  Mr.  Barnes  in  his  alarm 
jumped  from  the  carriage  and  fractured 
his  skull.  He  died  in  a  short  time  after. 
Of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  natural 
history  he  was  an  active  member.  He 
was  a  classical  scholar  of  high  attainments 
and  of  a  most  estimable  character  as  a 
man.  He  had  presided  over  several  sem- 
inaries, and  refused  the  presidency  of  the 
college  at  Washington  city.  He  was 
probably  the  first  conchologist  in  the 
United  States.  His  learned  communica- 
tions on  eonchology  were  published  in 
SiUiman>fljournal,with  explanatory  plates. 
Of  his  writings  in  that  journal  the  follow- 
ing is  a  catalogue  :  geoiogical  section  of 
the  Canaan  mountain,  v.  8-31 ;  memoir 
on  the  genera  unio  and  alasmodonta, 
with  numerous  figures,  vi.  107-137,  358- 
380 ;  five  species  of  chiton,  with  figures, 
VII.  69-72  ;  memoir  on  batrachian animals 
and  doubtful  reptiles,  xi.  369-397,  xiii. 
46-70 ;  on  magnetic  polarity,  xiii.  70-73; 
reclamation  of  unios,  xiii.  353-364. — 
8iU.jowr.  XV.  401. 

BARNEY,  Joshua,  commodore,  a  dis- 
tinguished commander,  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore, July  e,  1759.  In  early  life  he 
made  several  voyages.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  war  he  entered  as  master's  mate  in 
the  sloop  of  war.  Hornet,  in  which  vessel 


he  accompanied  the  fleet  of  oonunodoM 
Hopkins,  who  in  1776  captured  New 
Providence.  .  Promoted  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  for  his  bravery,  he  was  captu- 
red in  the  Sachem,  but  was  soon  exchan- 
ged. He  was  twice  afterwards  captured. 
But  in  Oct.  1778  he  and  his  friend  capt. 
Robinson  brought  a  valuable  prize  into 
Philadelphia.  In  1790  he  married  the 
daughter  of  alderman  Bedford.  In  a  few 
weeks  afterwards,  having  all  his  fortune 
with  him  in  paper  money,  he  was  robbed 
of  it,  while  going  to  Baltimore.  With- 
out mentioning  his  loss  he  soon  went  to 
sea,  but  was  captured  and  sent  to  Fly- 
mouth,  England.  From  the  Mill  prison 
he  escaped  and  returning  to  Pennsylva- 
nia, the  state  in  March  1782  gave  him  the 
command  of  the  Hyder  Ally,  a  small  ship 
of  16  guns.  In  this  vessel,  carrying  4 
nine  and  12  six  pounders,  iie  captured, 
April  26th,  afto  an  action  of  36  minutes 
the  Gsjn.  Monk  of  IS  guns,  nine  pounders, 
w'th  the  loss  of  4  killed  and  1 1  wounded. 
The  Gen.  Monk  lost  30  killed  and  53 
wounded.  In  Sept.  1782  he  sciled  in  the 
command  of  the  Gen.  Monk,  which  was 
bought  by  the  United  States,  with  des- 
patches for  Dr.  Franklin  at  Paris ;  he 
brought  back  a  valuable  loan  from  the 
king  of  France  in  chests  of  gold  and  bar- 
rels of  silver.  In  1 796  he  went  to  France 
with  Mr.  Monroe,  deputed  the  bearer  of 
the  American  flag  to  the  National  Con- 
vention. He  was  induced  to  take  the 
command  of  a  squadron  in  the  French 
8ervice,but  resigned  in  lUOO  and  returned 
to  America.  In  1813  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  flotilla  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  Chesapeak.  He  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Bladensburg  Aug.34, 1814 
and  was  wounded  in  the  thigh  by  a  ball, 
which  was  never  extracted.  In  May  1815 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Europe  and 
returned  in  Oct.,  and  resided  on  his  farm 
at  Elkridge.  He  visited  the  western 
country  in  1817.  Having  resolved  to  em- 
igrate to  Kentucky,  while  on  his  journey 
he  was  taken  ill  at  Pittsburg  and  died 
Dec.  1,  1818,  aged  59.  He  had  been  41 
years  in  public  st^rvice  and  engaged  in  36 
battles  and  one  dusl.    He  fought  with 


■.;iWw*f-'*ir.TW«'y'- 


BARON. 


/n-si.i'i'.i^ 


BARRY. 


It 


Lemnel  Tailor  in  private  combat  Sep.  8, 
1813,— observing  the  laws  of  honor  but 
contemning  the  laws  of  his  country  and  of 
God.  The  want  of  moral  courage,  the 
courage  to  do  right  in  disregard  of  the 
opinion  of  those,  who  judge  wrong,  the 
want  of  fixed  virtuous  principle  is  r 
grept  deficiency  in  any  character,— JGfi- 
eye.  dmer. 

'  BARON,  Alexander,  m.  d.,  was  bom 
in  Scotland  in  1746,  and  received  his  me- 
dical education  at  Edinburgh.  He  arri- 
ved at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and 
soon  obtained  extensive  practice  in  part- 
nership successively  with  Drs.  Milligan, 
Ohphant,  and  Samuel  and  Robert  Wil- 
son. He  died  Jan.  9,  1819,  aged  74. 
He  had  great  reputation  as  a  physician. 
Possessing  extensive  knowledge  and  en- 
dowed with  almost  every  attribute  of  ge- 
nius, he  was  a  most  agreeable  and  instruc- 
tive companion.  His  af&bility  and  kind- 
ness nude  him  a  favorite  with  the  youn- 
ger members  of  the  profession. — Thaeh- 
er's  med,  biog.  144 — 146. 

BARRES,  Joseph  Frederic  Walht, 
Des,  had  the  title  of  colonel,  and  was 
lieut.  gov.  of  cape  Breton,  and  afterwards 
of  Prince  Edward  island.  He  died  at 
iJalifax,  Nova  Scotia,  Oct.  22, 1804,  aged 
102  years.  During  the  revolutionary 
war  he  published  in  1730  by  order  of  ad- 
miral Howe,  for  the  use  of  the  British  na- 
vy, valuable  charts  of  the  coasts  and  har- 
bors in  the  gulf  of  St.Lawrence,  of  Nova 
Scotia,  of  New  England,  of  New  York 
and  southerly,  compiled  from  surveys  by 
majorSamuel  Holland,  surveyor  general. 
These  charts  of  Des  Barres  are  still  the 
most  authentic  surveys  of  these  extensive 
coasts.  All  the  numerous  islands  in  Cas- 
co  bay  and  along  the  whole  coast  of  Maine 
are  here  described.  A  copy,  with  the  ti- 
tle of  Atlantic  Neptune  Vo'.  ii,  is  in  the  li- 
brary of  Bowdoin  college  and  another  in 
that  of  the  Amer.  phil.  society  at  Phila- 
delphia. 

BARRON,  Samuel,  a  commodore  in 
the  navy,  commanded  about  tlie  year 
1798  the  brig  Augusta,  equipped  by  the 
citizens  of  Norfolk  in  consequence  of  ag- 
gressions by  the  French.     When  a  fleet 


was  sent  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1806  to 
co-opeiate  with  gen.  Eaton  in  his  opora  • 
tions  against  Tripoli,  commodore  Barron 
had  the  command  of  it. ;  but  ill  health  in- 
duced him  to  transfer  the  command  to 
capt.  Rodgers.    Eaton  was  indignant  at 
the  negotiation  for  peace,  commenced  by 
Barron.    On  his  return  Barron  felt  keen- 
ly  the  neglect  of  the  government  in  not 
continuing  him  in  service.    A  few  months 
before  his  death  he  was  made  superinten- 
dent of  the  naval  arsenal  at  Oosport. 
He  died  of  the  apoplexy  at  Hampton, 
Virginia  Oct.  29, 1810.    In  the  private 
walks  of  life  he  was  greatly  esteemed.— 
Norfolk  Ledger  ;   Life  of  Eaton,  368. 
BARRY,  John,  first  commodore  in  the 
American  navy,  was  bom  in  the  country 
of  Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1745     Witli  an 
education  adapted  to  his  proposed,  active 
life  upon  theses,  he  came  to  this  country 
about  1760  and  was  for  years  employed 
by  the  most  respectable  merchants  in  the 
command  of  vessels,  having  their  unreser- 
ved confidence.    In  Feb.  1770  congress 
appointed  him  to  the  command  of  the 
brig  Lexington  of  16  guns,  and  he  sailed 
on  a  successful  cruise  from  Philadelphia. 
From  this  vessel  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Effingham,  a  large  frigate.     Shut  up 
by  the  ice  in  the  winter,  he  joined  the  ar- 
my as  aid  to  gen.  Cadwallader  in  the  ope- 
rations near  Trenton.    When  Philadel- 
phia was  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy  and 
the  American  frigates  were  up  the  river, 
at  Whitehill,  Barry  formed  and  executed 
the  project  of  descending  the  river  in  boats 
to  cut;off'the  supplies  of  the  enemy.    For 
this  enterprise  he  received  the  thanks  of 
Washington.    Aft«r  his  vessel  was  de- 
stroyed, he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Raleigh  of  32  guns,  which  a 
British  squadron  compelled  him  to  run  on 
shore  at  Fox's  island,  in  Penobscot  bay. 
He  next  made  several  voyages  to  the 
West  Indies.     In  Feb.  1781  he  sailed  in 
the  frigate  Alliance  of  36  guns  from  Bop- 
ton  for  L'Orient,  carrying  col.  Laurens 
on  an  embassy  to  the  French  court.     On 
his  return,  Mayfi9,  1781,  he  fought  the 
ship  of  war  Atlanta  of  between  20  and  30 
guns  and  her  consort  the  brig  Trepasa. 


78 


BARTLETT. 


After  a  severe  action  both  struck  their  co- 
lon. Commodore  Barry  was  dangerous- 
ly wounded  in  the  shoulder  by  a  grape 
shot.  He  sailed  again  from  Boston  in 
the  Alliance,  and  carried  La  Fayette  and 
the  coimt  de  Noailles  to  France,  and  pro- 
ceeded on  a  cruise.  Returning  from  Ha- 
vana he  fought  a  vessel  of  the  enemy  of 
equal  size,  which  escaped  only  by  the  aid 
of  her  consorts.  It  is  related,  that  gen. 
Howe  at  one  period  attempted  to  bribe 
him  to  desert  the  cause  of  America  by  the 
promise  of  15  thousand  guineas  and  the 
command  of  a  British  frigate,  and  that 
theoffer  was  rejected  with  disdain.  Un- 
der the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams  he 
tsuperintended  the  building  at  Philadelphia 
of  the  frigate  United  States,  of  which  he 
retained  the  commund,  until  she  was 
laid  up  in  ordinary  ailrr  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  executive  chair. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia  of  an  asthmatic 
affection  Sept.  13,  1803.  Hie  ;)orBon, 
above  the  ordinary  stature,  was  graceful 
and  commanding.  His  strongly  marked 
coTmtenancee:!:pr<"«cd  the  qualities  of  his 
mind  and  virtues  of  his  heart.  He  pos- 
sessed all  the  important  qualities,  requi- 
site in  a  naval  commander.  Though  a 
«igid  disciplinarian,  his  kindness  and  ge- 
nerosity secured  the  attachment  of  his 
men.  There  was  no  desertion  from  his 
ship.  To  the  moral  deportment  of  his 
crew  he  scrupulously  attended,  and  he  en- 
forced on  board  a  strict  observance  of  di- 
'vine  worship.  Educated  in  the  habits  of 
religion,  he  experienced  its  comforts;  and 
he  died  in  the  faith  of  the  gospel. — Port' 
Jblio ;  w3i»,,  nao.  biog.  156—166. 

BARTLETT,  Josiah,  m.d.,  governor 
of  New  Hampshire,  was  the  son  of  Ste- 
phen Bartlett,  and  born  in  Amesbury, 
Mass.,  in  Nov.  1739.  After  an  imperfect 
medical  education  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  physic  at  Kingston  in  1750. 
During  the  prevalence  of  the  angina  ma- 
ligna in  1754  his  successful  antiseptic 
practice  in  the  use  of  the  Peruviati  bark 
«stabli8hed  his  fame.  He  also  acted  as  a 
magistrate,  and  gov.  Wentworth  gave 
him  the  command  of  a  regiment,  but  at 
last  deprived  him  of  his  commissions  in 


Feb.  1775  in  consequence  of  his  being  a 
zealous  whig.  Being  appointed  a  delegate 
to  congress,  his  name  was  first  called  as 
representing  the  most  easterly  province, 
on  the  vote  of  the  decoration  of  indepen- 
dence, and  he  boldly  answered  in  the 
affirmative.  In  1777,  as  medical  agent, 
he  accompanied  Stark  to  Bennington. 
In  1 778  he  withdrew  from  congress.  He 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas  in  1779,  a  justice  of  the 
Huperior  court  in  1784,  and  chief  justice 
in  1788.  In  1790  he  was  President  of 
New  Hampshire,  chosen  by  the  legisla- 
ture, thoiigh  Pickering  and  Josiiua 
Wentworth  received  each  many  more  of 
the  votes  of  the  people.  The  next  day 
after  accepting  the  office  he  sent  his 
message,  which,  it  is  said,  like  some  other 
messages  of  men  elevated  to  high  places, 
was  not  written  by  the  great  man,  who 
presented  it.  A  distinguished  gentleman 
has  asserted,  that  he  was  the  writer  of 
the  paper  and  that  it  was  copied  verbatim. 
In  1791  and  1793  he  was'chosen  by  the 
people.  He  had  nominated  his  rival,  J. 
Pickering,  chief  justice.  In  1793  he  was 
elected  the  first  governor  under  the  new 
form  of  government.  Of  the  medical  so- 
ciety, established  by  his  efforts  in  1701, 
he  was  the  president.  The  duties  of  his 
various  offices  were  faithfully  discharged. 
He  died  suddenly  of  a  paralytic  affection 
May  19,  1795,  aged  65  years.  He  was 
a  good  physician,  devoting  most  of  his 
time  to  his  profession.  His  patriotism 
induced  him  to  make  great  sacrifices  Cor 
the  public  good.  By  the  force  of  his  tal- 
ents, without  much  education,  he  rose  to 
his  various  high  offices.  His  mind  was 
discriminating,  his  judgment  sound,  and 
in  all  his  dealings  he  was  scrupulou»- 
ly  just.  In  his  dress  he  was  very  plain ; 
in  his  habitt:  extremely  parsimonious, 
whether  from  mere  poverty  or  avarice  is 
not  known.  If,  when  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme courtjhe  coulJ  travel  SOmiles  a  day 
without  eating,  except  the  biscuit  in  his 
pocket ;  he  might  have  had  reason  for  his 
frugality.  He  k  new  little  of  social  visits . 
In  his  Isbt  years  his  health  was  impaired 
and  after  the  loss  of  his  wife  in  1789  his 


;  mm-^muemn'c'v  ■  •/.' 


BARTLETT. 


i   :  ;    I  "1, 


BARTON. 


spirits  greatly  depressed.  Whether  he 
found  any  consolation  in  religion  is  a 
matter  ordoubt,  for  some,  who  Itnew  him, 
represent,  that  he  was  an  unbeliever  in 
Christianity,  though  he  did  not  pubUcly 
avow  deism  &  often  attended  preaching, 
out  of  regard  to  office.— TAocAcr'*  med. 
biog.    147—150;     Eliot  i     QoodrichU 

livei. 
BARTLETT.Jociah,  m.  d.,  was  bom 

in  Charleatown,  Mass.,in  1759,  and  stud- 
ied physic  with  Dr.  Israel  Foster  of  the 
same  town,  who  was  chief  surgeon  of  the 
military  hospital  in  the  war  of  1775,  un- 
der whom  he  served  as  surgeon's  mate  till 
1780.  He  then  went  two  voyages  as  sur- 
geon to  ships  of  war.  He  settled  in 
Charlestown,  where  for  many  years  he 
had  extensive  practice.  At  lengfli  misfor- 
tune broke  down  his  spirits  and  health, 
and  Hie  ceased  to  be  dedired.  After  two 
years  the  apoplexy  terminated  his  life 
March  5,1830.  He  had  been  a  represen- 
tative, senator,  and  counsellor.  He  deliv- 
ered many  orations,  medical,  political  and 
literary  ;  and  published  various  papers  in 
the  works  of  the  medical  society  and  in 
the  N.  E.  medical  journal ;  address  to 
free  masons,  1797  ;  discourse  before  the 
Middlesex  med.  assoc;  progress  of  med- 
ical science  in  Mass.,  1810;  history  of 
Charleetown,  1814  ;  oration  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  John  Warren,  1815.— Thaeher's 
med.  biog.  150,15?. 

BARTON,  Thomas,  an  episcopal  min- 
ister, was  a  native  of  Ireland  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  Dublin.  In  1753  he 
married  at  Philadelphia  the  roister  of  Mr. 
Rittenhouse  and  the  next  year  was  or- 
dained in  England.  His  talents  and  learn- 
ing were  of  great  service  to  his  friend  Mr. 
Rittenhouse,  who  enjoyed  few  advan- 
tages of  early  education.  From  1755  to 
1759  he  was  a  missionary  of  a  society  in 
England  and  resided  in  Redding  township 
York  county.  In  1758  he  was  a  chaplain 
in  the  expedition  against  fort  Du  Quesne 
and  became  acquainted  with  Washington 
and  Mercer  and  other  distinguished  otfi- 
cers.  He  resided  in  Lancaster  as  rector 
nearly  20  years.  Adhering  to  the  rojral 
government  in  the  revolution  and  refusing 


to  take  a  required  oath,  he  went  in  1778 
to  New  York,where  he  died  May  36,1780, 
aged  50  years.  Hisekiest  son,  Wm.  Bar- 
ton  Esq.of  Lancaster,  wrote  the  memoir* 
of  Rittenhouse  ;  ho  left  7  other  children, 
one  of  whom  was  professor  Barton.  His 
widow  passed  her  last  years  in  th^  honse  of 
her  nephew  and  niece.  Dr.  Samuel  Bard 
and  wife.  Within  a  few  days  of  their 
decease  she  also  died,  aged  DO.  He  pub- 
lished  n  sermon  on  Braddock's  defeat, 
1755  ;  Mem^of  Sittenh.  100,  113,387, 
441  ;  Thaeker'i  med.  biog.  1S9. 

BARTON,  Benjamin  Smith,  m.  d., 
professor  in  the  university  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bartoa 
of  Lancaster,  Penns.,  and  was  born  Feb. 
10,  1766.  His  mother  was  the  sister  of 
Rittenhouse,  whose  life  was  written  by 
his  brother,  William  Barton.  After 
spending  several  years  in  study  in  Phila- 
delphia, he  went  to  Edinburgh  &  London 
in  1 786  to  pursue  his  medical  studies.  His 
medical  degree  he  obtained  at  Gottingen. 
In  1789  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  physic.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
natural  history  and  botany  in  the  college. 
He  succeeded  Dr.  GrifBths  as  professor 
of  materia  medica  and  Dr.  Rush  as  pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine. He  died  Dec,  19, 1815,  aged  49 
years. 

Dr.  Barton  was  distinguished  by  his 
talents  and  professional  attainments.  He 
contributed  much  to  the  progress  of  nat- 
ural science,  and  his  various  works  evince 
a  closeness  of  observation,  an  extent  of 
learning,  and  a  comprehensiveness  of 
mind,  honorable  to  his  character.  He 
was  the  first  American,  who  gave  to  his 
country  an  elementary  work  on  botany. 
His  publications  are  the  foltowing:— Oni 
the  fascinating  quality  ascribed  to  the  rat- 
tlesnake, 1796  j  new  views  of  the  origin 
of  the  tribes  of  America,  1797  ;  collec- 
tions towards  a  materia  medica  of  the 
U.  S.  1798 ;  remarks  on  the  speech 
attributed  by  Jefi'erson  to  Logan,  1798  ; 
Medical  physical  journal,  begun  1804» 
continued  several  years  ;  eulogy  on  Dr» 
Priestley  ;  elements  of  botany  with  30 


80 


BARTON. 


BARTRAM. 


pktM,  1804 ;  also  in  two  vols.  40  plates, 
181S  ;  flora  Virginica,  1813  ;  an  edition 
of  Cullen's  materia  medica,  130B  ;  ac- 
eountof  the  Syren  laeertina;  observations 
on  the  opoMum,  1819;  collections  on 
extinct  animab,  Itc.  1814;  fhigmentsof 
the  Mtunl  history  of  Penns.;  remedy 
for  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake ;  on  the 
honey  bee ;  on  the  native  country  of  the 
potato,  and  other  papere  in  the  A.  philos. 
transaction  —W.  P.  C.  Bm-tm't  biog. 
iktleh;  Thaeher't  med.  biog.  151—158. 
BARTON,  WilUam,  lieut.  col.  a  pat- 
riot of  the  revolutioiTi,  planned  the  capiure 
of  ntaj.gen.  Prescott  on  Rhode  Island,  & 
executed  the  project  July  10, 1777.  Infor- 
mation had  been  received  at  Providence, 
that  the  general  was  to  sleep  at  Overing's 
houae,4.mile8  from  Newport.Barton  went 
with  a  party  of  40  men,  including  capts. 
Adams  and  Phillips,  in  4  whale  beats 
from  Warwick  neck  ten  miles  by  watur, 
landed  about  half  t«'«y  from  Newport  to 
Bristol  ferry,  then  marched  one  mile  to 
the  general's  quartera.  On  reaching  the 
chamber,at  midnight,  the  sentry  was  se- 
cured ;  then  a  negro,  called  Prince,  who 
accompanied  Barton,  and  who  died  at 
Plymouth,  Ms.  1831  aged  78,  dashed  his 
hind  against  the  door  and  knocked  out  a 
pannel,  so  that  col.  Barton  rushed  in  and 
surprised  Prescott  in  bed  and  carried  him 
off  with  his  aid,  maj.  Wm.  Barrington, 
who  jumped  from  the  window  in  his  shirt. 
He  escaped  the  guard  boats  and  no  alarm 
was  given  to  the  enemy,  until  the  party 
on  their  return  had  nearly  reached  the 
main,  when  the  firing  of  rockets  was  in 
vain.  For  thii)  exploit  congress  presented 
him  with  a  sword  and  with  a  grant  of 
land  in  Vermont.  By  the  transfer  of 
some  o(  this  land  he  became  entangled  in 
the  toils  of  the  law  and  w^s  imprisoned  in 
Vermont  for  years,  until  the  visit  to  this 
country  in  1835  oi  La  Fayette,  who  in 
his  munificence  liberated  his  fellow  soldier 
and  restored  the  hoary  veteran  to  his 
family.  Col,  Barton  was  woundetl  in  an 
action  at  Bristol  ferry  in  May  1778.  He 
died  at  Providence  in  Oct.  1831,  aged  84 
yetiTB.—Jlmer,  rememb.  1777,371,  361  ; 
J\iaia.  hit.  col.  II.  107, 138 ;  Heath,  123. 


BARTRAM,  John,  an  eminent  bota- 
nist, was  bom  at  Marpolt,  Cheater  oonn- 
ty,  Pennsyhrania,  in  tiieyear  1701.  Hia 
grandfather,  Richard,  accompauied  Wil- 
liam Penn  to  this  country  in  168t.  His 
father,  John,  removed  to  North  Carolina 
and  was  killed  by  the  Whitoc  Indians. 
He  himself  inherited  the  estate  of  hie  an- 
cle, Isaac,  at  Derby,  a  few  miles  fVom 
Philadelphia. 

This  self  taught  genius  early  discoverea 
an  ardent  desire  for  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge,  especially  of  botanical  know- 
ledge ;  but  the  infant  stiteof  the  cok)ny 
placed  great  obstacles  in  his  way.  He 
however  surmounted  them  by  intense  ap- 
plication and  the  resources  of  bis  own 
mind.  By  the  assistance  of  respectable 
charactei%  he  obtained  the  rudiments  of  the 
learned  languages,  which  he  studied  with 
extraordinary  success.  So  eam*^'.  wat, 
he  in  the  pursuit  of  learning,  1  t  he 
could  hardly  spare  time  to  eat  -,  .  .id  he 
might  often  have  been  found  with  his  vic- 
tuals in  one  hand  and  hia  book  in  the  other. 
He  acquired  so  much  knowledge  ui' medi- 
cine and  surgery,  as  to  administer  great 
aanistance  to  the  indigent  and  distressed  in 
his  neighborhood.  He  cultivated  the 
ground  as  the  means  of  supporting  a  large 
family ;  but  while  ploughing  or  sowing 
his  fields,  or  mowing  his  meadows,  he  was 
still  pushing  his  inquiries  into  the  operar 
tions  of  nature. 

He  was  the  firet  American,  who  con- 
ceived and  carried  into  efiect  the  desigrj 
of  a  botanic  garden,  ibr  the  cultivatica  of 
American  plants,  as  well  as  of  exotics. 
He  purchased  a  fine  situation  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Schuyikill  about  four  milea 
bek)w  Philadelphia,  where  he  laid  out 
with  his  own  hands  a  garden  of  5  or  6 
acres.  He  furnished  it  with  a  variety  of 
the  most  curious  and  beautiful  vegetables, 
collected  in  his  excursions  from  Canada  to 
Florida.  These  excursMns  were  made 
principally  in  autumn,  when  his  presence 
at  home  was  lea$t  demanded  by  his  agri- 
cultural avocations.  His  ardor  in  these 
pursuits  was  such,  that  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty hemade  a  journey  into  East  Florida 
to  explore  its  natural   productions.     His 


^^ 


.«3TJ«va». 


BARTRAM. 


r//f«lJkA« 


traveh  Mnonf  thp  Indians  were  IVvquent- 
ly  attended  wit  h  u.  nger  and  difficulty.  By 
hit  meaiu  the  f  mrdeni  of  Europe  wereen- 
riched  with  elegant,  flowering  ahruba, 
with  plants  and  trees,  collected  in  diife- 
rent  parts  of  our  country  tVom  the  shore 
ofla'te  Ontario  to  the  <iource  of  th-»  river 
St.  Juan.  He  mHe  such-  profic;.  icy 
^  his  favorite  pursuit,  that  Linnnus 
pronounced  him  "the  greatest  natural  I  > 
tanist  in  the  world."  His  eminence  in 
natural  history  attracted  the  esteem  of 
the  moat  distinguished  men  in  America 
and  Europe,  and  he  corresponded  with 
many  of  thrnn.  He  wr>s  a  fellow  of  the 
royal  society.  B>  ^'  *  i  of  the  friend- 
ship of  sir  Hans  Sloane,  Mr.  Cateehy, 
Dr.  Hill,  Linnasus,  ui<*.  othera,  he  was 
furnished  *vith  >ooks  ft  apparatus,  which 
he  much  needed,  and  which  greatly  les- 
sened the  difRcultier  "if  his  situation.  He 
in  return  sent  them  what  was  new  and 
curious  in  the  productions  of  America. 
He  waa  elected  a  member  of  several  of  the 
most  eminent  societies  and  academies 
abroad,  and  was  at  length  appointed 
American  botanist  to  his  Britannic  ma- 
jesty, George  III,  in  which  appointment 
he  continued  till  his  d  .'ath  in  September 
1777,  aged  76. 

Mr.  Bartram  was  an  Ingenious  mechan- 
ic. The  stone  hituse,  in  which  he  lived, 
he  built  himself,  and  several  monuments 
ofhis  skill  remain  in  it.  He  was  often 
his  own  mason,  can  :  ter,  &.  blacksmith, 
and  generally  madt-  a  own  farming 
utensils.  His  statute  \  <s  rtwther  above 
the  middle  size ;  his  ')ody  was  erect  and 
slender  ;  his  complexion  was  sandy  ; 
his  countenance  was  cheerful,  tho'  there 
was  a  solemnity  in  his  air.  His  gentle 
manners  corresponded  with  his  amiable 
disposition.  He  was  nndest  &  charitable; 
a  fViend  to  social  ordci  ■  &  an  advocate  for 
the  abolition  of  slavery.  He  gave  iVeedora 
to  a  young  African,  vrhom  ho  had  brought 
up  ;  but  he  in  gratitude  to  his  master 
continued  in  his  service.  Though  tem- 
perate, he  kept  a  plentiful  table  ;  and  an- 
nually on  new  year's  di»/  he  made  an  en- 
tbiUiinment,  consecrated  to  friendship 
and  philosophy.  Born  and  e<)ucated  in 
11 


the  society  of  Quakers,  he  proiVsacil  td 
be  a  worshipper  of  "Otxl  ak>ne,  tJ.e  Al- 
miglity  lord."  He  often  read  the  scrlp- 
turea,  particularly  on  Sunday.  Of  his 
children,  John,  his  youngest  son,wlio  suc- 
ceeded him  in  his  botanic  garden,  died  at 
Philadelphia  Nov.  I81«.  In  addition  to 
his  other  attainments  he  acquired  some 
knowledge  of  medicine  and  vurgery, 
which  rendered  him  useful  to  his  neigh- 
bora.  In  his  firat  eflbrts  to  makv  a  eol- 
leotion  of  AmerKan  plants  he  was'aided 
by  a  liberal  subscription  of  some  seientifle 
gentlemen  ia  Philadelphia.  In  1787,  Mr. 
CoUinaon  wrote  to  col.Custia  of  Virginia, 
that  Bartram  was  employed  by  "a  set  of 
noblemen"  at  his  recommendation  ;  and 
he  added,  "  be  so  kind,  as  to  give  him  a 
a  little  entertainment  and  recommendatioii 
to  a  friend  or  two  of  yours  in  the  country, 
for  he  does  not  value  riding  50  or  100 
miles  to  see  a  new  flaiit." 

Mr.  Bartram's  communications  in  the 
British  philosophical  transactions,  vols. 
41,  43,  46,63,  are  these  ;  on  the  teeth  ofa 
rattlesnake ;  on  the  muscles  and  oyst«r 
banks  of  Penn. ;  on  clay  wasp  nests  ;  on 
the  great  black  wasp  ;  on  the  libella  ;  ac- 
count of  an  aurora  borealis,  observed 
Nov.  13,  1757.  He  published  also  ob- 
servations on  the  inhabitants,  climate, 
soil  tc^.  in  his  travels  to  bike  Ontario,  4th 
ed.  4t^.  Lond.  1751  ;  description  of  East 
Florida,  with  a  journal,  4to.  1774.~i 
Ree$s  Month,  antkol.  v.  SSI;  Miller,  t. 
515;  11.867;  Lt/co/ J?t«enA.  875;  Jtfm. 
Penn*.  hi$t.  toe.  i.  134;  Holmet;  Bon* 
fon'f  med.  and  phys.  joumal,i.  115-194. 

BARTRAM,  William,  a  botanist,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  the  botanic 
garden,  Kingsessing,  Penns.,  in  1780. 
After  living  with  a  merchant  in  Philadel- 
phia six  yean,  he  went  to  North  Carolina, 
engoged  in  mercantile  pureuits  ;  but,  at- 
tached to  the  study  of  boiany,he  accompa- 
nied his  father  in  his  journey  to  E.Florida. 
After  residing  for  a  time  on  the  river  St. 
John's  in  Florida,  he  returned  to  his  fa- 
ther's residence  in  1771.  In  April  1778, 
at  the  request  of  Dr.  Fothergill  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Charleston  in  order  to  examine 
the    natural  productions    of   Carolina, 


IS' 


H 


BART RAM. 


0«orf  to,  and  tho  FloridM,  and  wm  thwi 
employed  nearly  five  yean.  Hia  eollec- 
tkiw  Jl  dramngfl  were  fonmirded  to  Dr. 
Fotherfill.  Hia  account  or  hia  travela 
waa  publiahed  in  1701.  It  ia  a  delightAil 
■peeimen  of  the  enthuaiasro.  with  which 
the  lover  of  nature  and  |:^^t!t;  :>-.*arly  the 
botaniit  aunreya  the  beaitU:'.il.<nd  won- 
darAil  produetione,  which  are  acattered 
over  the  fkee  of  the  earth.  Of  hinuelf 
Mr.  Bartram  laid,— "continually  impel- 
led by  a  reatleaa  spirit  oTcurioaity  in  pnr- 
anitofnidw  productiona  of  nature,my  chief 
happineaa  conaiated  in  traeinfr  and  admi- 
ring the  infinite  power,  majeety,  and  per- 
fection of  the  great  Ahnighty  Creator, 
and  in  the  contemplation,  that  through 
divine  aid  and  permisaion  I  might  be  in- 
atrumental  in  diacovering  and  introducing 
into  my  native  country  aome  original 
productions  of  nature,  which  might  be 
naeful  to  society."  Reposing  in  a  grove 
of  oranges,  palms,  live  oaks,  and  magno- 
lias, in  the  midst  of  beautiful  flowers  and 
singing  birds,  he  cried  out, — ^"ye  vigilant 
and  moat  faithful  servanta  of  the  Most 
High ;  ye,  who  worahip  the  Creator 
morning,  noon,  and  eve  in  aimplicity  of 
heart !  I  haate  to  join  the  universal  an- 
them. My  heart  and  voice  unite  with 
youra  in  aincere  homage  to  the  great 
Creator,  the  universal  sovereign." 

In  1783  he  waa  elected  prof,  of  botany 
in  the  university  of  Penns.,  but  from  ill 
health  declined  the  appointment.  Besides 
hia  discoveries  in  botany,  he  prepared  the 
moat  complete  table  of  American  ornith- 
ology before  the  appearance  of  the  book 
of  Wiboiv  whom  he  aasisted  in  the  com- 
mencement of  that  work.  Such  waa  his 
continued  love  to  botany,  that  he  wrote  a 
djeaeription  of  a  plant  a  few  minutes  before 
^  death,whieh  occurred  suddenly  by  the 
ropture  of  a  bkxkl  vessel  in  the  lung8,July 
St,  188S,  in  the  85th  year  of  his  age.  He 
published  Travela  through  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  Georgia,  East  &  West  Florida, 
the  Cherokee  country,  with  observations 
on  the  nwnnera  of  the  Indians,  with 
platea,  8vo.  Phil.,  1731 ;  the  same,  Lon- 
4on,  1793  ;  and  translated  into  French  by 
Benoist,  entitled  Voyage  &c.    2  vols  ; 


BAXTER. 

Paris,  180(  an  aeoowit  of  J.  Bartram  ; 
anecdotr  ^  <«( '■  crow  }  deacription  of  Cer- 
thia;  on  .no  site  of  Bristol.— £iir.  dmtri 
Bmrton'i  med.j«wn.  i.  i.  8»-9»;  i.  ii.lM. 

BASS,  Edward,  n.  d.,  fitat  biahop  of 
Maasaohusetts,  waa  bom  at  Dorchester 
Nov.  38, 1738,  and  gradiuted  at  Harvard 
college  in  1744.  For  aeveral  years  he 
waa  the  teacher  of  a  school.  From  1741 
to  1761  he  resided  at  Cambrlge,  pursu- 
ing his  theological  studies,  and  occaaion- 
ally  preaching.  In  1 763  at  the  request  of 
the  episcopal  society  in  Newburyport  he 
went  to  Engkind  for  orders,  and  was  or- 
dained May  84,  by  bishop  Sherlock.  In 
1796  he  was  elected  by  the  convention  of 
the  protestant  rpiscopal  churohea  of  Maa- 
sachusetts  to  the  office  of  bishop,  and  waa 
consecrated  May  7,  1797  by  the  bishops 
of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Mary- 
land. Allerwards  the  episcopal  churckea 
in  Rhode  Island  elected  him  their  bishop, 
and  in  1803  a  convention  of  the  churches 
in  New  Hampshire  put  themselves  under 
his  jurisdiction.  He  died  Sep.  10,  1808, 
humble  and  resigned.  He  waa  a  sound 
divine,  a  critical  schokir,  an  accomplished 
gentleman,  and  an  exemplary  christian. — 
Mati.hUt.  eol.tx.  198. 

BASSETT,Richard,govemor  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  of  the  old  congress 
in  1787,  and  was  appointed  a  senator  un- 
der the  new  constitution.  He  was  gov- 
ernor, after  Mr.  Bedford,  from  1798  to 
1801,  when  he  waa  placed  by  Mr.  Adams 
on  the  bench  of  the  federal  judiciary. 
The  repeal  of  the  act,  constituting  the 
courts,  displaced  him  from  his  office  in 
1803.  He  had  practised  law  for  many 
years  with  reputation  and  was  a  gentle- 
man of  fortune.  His  daughter  married 
Mr.  Bayard.    He  died  in  Sept.  1616. 

BAXTER,  Joseph,  minister  of  Med- 
field.  Ma.  was  the  son  of  lieut.  John  Bax- 
ter of  Braintree,  who  died  in  1719  aged 
80,  and  grandson  of  Gregory  Baxter,  a 
settler  of  B.  in  1633.  He  was  born  in 
1676,  graduated  in  1693,  and  ordained 
April  31 ,  1697.  When  gov.  Shute  had  a 
conference  with  the  Indiana  at  George- 
town, on  Arrousic  island,  in  Aug.  1717, 
he  presented  to  them  a  Mr.  Baxter  as  a 


.^AIVM 


BAYARD. 


/(mj.rit^u 


pratMUnt  miaaionary,  who  wm  proUblj 
Mr.  JoMph  B. ;  but  through  the  inilu- 
euM  ot'  the  jeauit  Ralie  he  mu  reiected. 
He  had  a  eorraapondenoe  in  Latin  with 
Ratle,  and  the  je«uit  accuaed  him  of  the 
want  of  achdarahip.  Gov.  Shute  in  hia 
letter  replied,  that  the  main  qualiBcaiion 
in  a  aiiaaionary  to  the  barbaroua  Indiana 
waa  not  "to  be  an  exact  acholar  aa  to  the 
Latin  tongue,"  but  to  bring  them  iVom 
darkneas  to  the  light  of  the  goapel,  and, 
"under  the  inlluenr    of  the  divine  Spirit 


to  transiate  thei 
tan,  who  has  liad 
these  partH  of  the  v 
to  the  king(lur> 
Mr.  Baxter  dieu 
Joseph,  aphysir    n 
He  published  the  eii 


the  power  of  sa^ 

-dpoaaeaaion  of 

<  many  agea, 

o.a  of  Ood." 

f'ii.    Hiaaon, 

'ft  small  pox. 

inon,  1737; 


sermons  to  two  socieucs  ot  young  men  ; 
and  sermona  on  the  danger  of  security, 
1739.— Jtfas.  ki$t.  eol.  v.  115  ;  eol.  N.  H. 
kuL,  see.  ii.  345  ;  Farmer. 

BAYARD,  John,  a  friend  to  his  coun- 
try, and  an  eminent  christian,  was  born 
Aug.  11,  1788,  on  Bohemia  manor  in  Ce- 
«!!  county,  Maryland.  Hia  father  died 
writhout  a  will,  and  being  the  eldest  son 
he  became  entitled  by  the  laws  of  Mary- 
land to  the  whole  real  estate.  Sueh  how- 
ever was  his  affection  for  his  twin  broth- 
er, younger  than  himself,  that  no  sooner 
had  he  reached  theage  of  manhood,  than 
he  conveyed  to  him  half  the  estate.  Af- 
ter receiving  an  academical  education  un- 
der Dr.  Finley,  he  waa  put  into  the  comp- 
ting  house  of  Mr.  John  Rhea,  a  merchant 
of  Philadelphia.  It  was  here,  that  the 
aeeds  of  grace  began  first  to  take  root, 
and  to  give  promise  of  those  fruits  of  righ- 
teousness, which  aflerwards  abounded. 
He  early  became  a  communicant  of  the 
presbyterian  church  under  the  charge  of 
Gilbert  Tennent.  Some  years  after  his 
marriage  he  was  chosen  a  ruling  elder, 
and  he  filled  this  place  with  seal  and  re- 
putation. Mr.  Whitefield,  while  on  his 
visits  to  America,  became  intimately  ac- 
quainted with':Mr.  Bayard,  and  was  much 
attached  to  him.  They  made  several 
tours  together.  On  the  8th  of  January, 
1770,  Mr.  Bayard  lost  hia  only  brother, 


Dr.  James  A.  Bayard,  a  man  of  proMiaint . 
talenu,  of  prudence  and  akill,  of*  iDoal 
amiable  disposition  and  f  rowing  reputa- 
tion. The  violence  of  his  Borrow  at  first 
produced  an  illneaa,  which  coaflned 
to  hia  bed  for  aeveral  daya.  By 
it  aubaided  into  a  tender  meknoholy, 
which  for  years  after  would  ateal  aeroaa 
hia  mind,  and  tinge  hiahoura  of  domeatk 
intercourse  and  solitary  devotion  with 
penaive  aadnesa.  When  hia  btothefa 
widow  died,  he  adopted  the  chUdfe*,  aad 
educated  them  aa  hia  own.  One  of '  . 
waa  an  eminent  atateaman. 

At  the  crnnmenccment  of  t^  ;  '  >  vs- 
tioaaiy  war  he  took  a  decided  ^Atia  fv 
vor  of  hia  country.  At  the  head  of  the 
second  battalion  of  the  Philadelphia  mili- 
tia he  marched  to  the  assistance  of  Wash>- 
ington  and  waa  present  at  the  battle  of 
Trenton.  He  waa  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  safety,  and  for  many  yearn  speaker 
of  the  legislature.  In  1777,  when  there 
was  a  report  that  eol.  Bayard's  house  liad 
been  destroyed  by  tlie  British  army,  and 
that  his  servant,  who  had  been  intrusted 
with  his  personal  property,  luul  gone  off 
with  it  to  the  enemy,  Mr.  William  Beli, 
who  had  aerved  his  apprenticeship  with 
col.  Bayard,  and  accumulated,  several 
thousand  pounds,  insisted  that  his  patron 
should  receive  one  half  of  his  estate. 
This  generous  offer  was  not  accqitad,  a« 
the  report  was  without  foundation.  Re- 
iterated afflictions  induced  a  deep  depres- 
sion of  mind,  and  for  some  time  he  wsa 
no  longer  relieved  by  the  avocations  of 
business.  In  1785  however  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  okl  congress, 
then  sitting  in  New  York,  but  in  tlui  fol- 
lowing year  he  wa»  left  out  of  the  delega- 
tion. In  1 788  he  removed  to.New  Bruns- 
wick, where  he  wi|s  mayor  of  the  city, 
judge  of  the  cpurt  of  common  pleas,  and 
a  ruling  elder  of  the  church.  Here  he 
died  Jan.  7, 1807,  in  the  69th  year  of  hia 
age. 

At  his  last  hour  he  was  not  left  in  dark- 
ness. That  Redeemer,  whom  he  had  ae  r- 
ved  with  zeal,  was  with  him  to  support 
him  and  give  him  the  victory.  During 
his  lost  illness  he  spoke  much  of  his  broth- 


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Photographic 

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BAYARD,  i^ 


.anrun 


BAYLEY. 


et!KntmpmtftiM,  AWtUiif  fVom  ■leq», 
eBRkinei,  "Aqr  dear  brother,  I  shall  Mbii 
b*wHk<ye«.*^  UetMimiei  hbtwo  mnw, 
'imf  4c:v  duMnii,  jommB  me  jaat  it  the 
(Am/btflUk)  Deifli  has  no  tenon  tome. 
WhHt^Boir  is  aU  thii  worU  to  me  ?  I 
vdaii  net  exchange  my  hope  in  Ohiiet 
fbr  iaa  :  thonitand  worlds.  I  onee  enter' 
tainedaome  dowbtsoT  hia  dMnity ;  hat, 
Usaaed  be^Ood,  thMe  doubta  were  aeon 
iMaaivedbyinquiiyahd  refaction.  From 
tka  tiBM  i^  hB^oTaMeptauca  withOod 
baa-  MatcAtib  hk  merits  andatoaemsMt. 
Oat  of  Christ  God  is  a  oimaamiBf 
fir^.>*  lAa  he  ippioauhed  nearer  tlMfmve, 
he  said,  **i  ahaH  soon  bo  at  reat  ;  I  ahall 
soon  be  with  my  Ood.  Ohgtorionahi^l 
BieMediWti  Ii<rtrprMioi»arathepiom> 
isMofthefoapeii  It  la  the  support  of 
illy  soill  in  niy  bilt  momenla."  While  sit- 
ting np,  supported  by  ht»tw6daaghters, 
holding  one  of  his  sons  by  the  hand,  and 
hmkihg  intently  ill  his  fwe,  he  mid,  "my 
«hristiattbrOth«'l*>  Tk^n  turning  to  his 
daughten  he  edntinuei,  "yoti  are  ngr 
dMMAMsistefB.  8oo»wW<nT  pMMit 
tias  be  diflSOHredi  but  moio  glorious  bonds 
-i-^*  Heeouid  say  no  mere,  but  his 
ktohk  and  arms,  directed  timaids  heaven, 
tapMHed  «very  thing.  H«  fleqnaitiy 
eooteended  himself  to  the  blessed  Redsa* 
m^r,  «ionMent  of  his  knre ;  and  the  k«t 
wovdiiWhieh  escaped  flom  his  dying  lips, 
wife,  "Lord  Jesus,  Lord  Jesus,  Lwd  Je- 
att8.>''^JBe«^r-  iliMliselUert  1. 1—7,  49 
--67. 

VbayaRD<,  JiMies  A.,  a  disthtgnished 
tmtamMi'viUlillii  *ub of  Dh  J.  A.  Bay- 
*t&i  ifld  >«it  b«M  ih  Phihidelphia  in  1 7«7. 
Oh  thMlitetli  of  hi«4tker  he  #tts  Ivoeived 
Into  the  ftinifydrhti  cnde^  Idhh  Bayard, 
and  M>k»  gmdtaat^id  at  PrittcMOh  College  in 
17M.  AlVN-8tad5«itlit«»*tniiiaddphia 
with  gHii  Rood  and  Uh  IngeMtril*  he 
«6mniineed^Opmi9tieeinDdMrii«.  In 
^t  1796  he  wall  deeted  a  aMndier  oT 
congress.  In  the  party  contests  of  theday 
he  wtt  k  distiftgttiihM  ittppoTter  of  the 
federal  adteirist»ati<HL  In  the  menmrai- 
bis  eonteat  in  the  hbuse  ooncorning  the 
•leetiOn  of  presidMittn  1801,  JefibtMn 
nnd  Burr  hadtig  an  equal  nauiber  of  the 


eMtoral  votes,  he  diraat«d  tha<eoans«i 
whkh  issued  in  thedeetlon  eflfp.  J«Al* 
aoB.  Among  thedibaMatet  the  repaalof 
the  judiekiy  bill  in  Marsh  MM  ho  waa  thn 
ableat  advocate  of  tho  system,  wiikh'Wan 
ovMrthrowtt.  From.<idw'lMMso  he  waa 
tnmsftned  to  the  sanaia.  iik  IflM,  and 
waa  again  eleoted  fo»  six  Taamnftom 
Bfttroh  1806,  and  alas  ftom  Mareh  1M<K 
He  oppoeed  the  daclanitkm  >  of  wa»  in 
I8lt.  AAw  theeoa«neneteBsnt>«C<tha 
war.ihemsdhitiottorBuaria  bainff  oAt' 
ed,  he  waa  aeleetedl^  Mr.  MadiiMiaaa 
eomwissinmiir  with  Mr.>  GaUstiai  to  Mig»> 
tiato  a  paaee  with  Oraat;  Biitafa^  and 
teiledfiom  Pbibdriphia  fiH^  St.  Fatera. 
borg  May  9, 1818.  The  absen«e  Of  tfan 
emperor  pteveaiing  the  tmfasactioit  of 
any  business,  ho  ptoaeoded  to  Hdlnnd  kf 
kodin  Jan.  1814.  Ma  tent  hia  able  msis 
taaee  in  the  negoliatioii  of  tite  paaseat 
Ghent  in  thia  year,  and  aAaranMo  mode 
a  journey  to  Paris,  where  ha  waa  appiiaai 
of  his  appointSMnt  aaenVoy  U:  tha  OOOrt 
of  St  Psterabnrg.  Thislwdsoliaed,st»> 
thig,'<lhathebad  QO  wishtoiaer*»  «h* 
adnridistmtion,  except  whii  his  seryieoa 
were  neeeasary  Ibr  the  good  of  htecMn- 
try^  *'  Yet  he  proposed  to  eo-opeiato 
in  Ibtming  a  Mumereial  treaty  with 
Great  Britdn.  An  ataimiag  iUnsm, 
however,  constrained  him  to  latnm  to 
die  United  Sutes.  He  arrived  4n  JanO 
and  died  at  Wihninglon  Aag< «,  171ft^ 
aged  48  years.  His  wiA ,  titedeughter  -of 
gOV.Baasettk  and  aevemlohlldian  awrvivad 
him.  Mr.  Bi^aidwaftanlngoniousrsa* 
rtoAet  and  an  aoeoriipllshcd  cnater.  Hia 
fine  countenance  knd  minly  petaon 
r<M/Mnmended  hiselofiQent  words.  There 
wen  few  of  Ms  contempotaliea  of  highM 
potitieal  distinction.  But  Ms  moe  of 
Worldly  eminence  waa  sooi  rttn.—4iii 
speech  on  the  foreign  inteicouiae  bill 
vras  published  1798  ;  and  tiia  apeach  on 
the  rqieal  of  the  judiciary  in  a  vol.  of  the 
speeches,  1808.— JB<S!g.  •Aflter.  60{  J!n» 
in/c.Jhiut.  ■■■  i-iLiA^m-* 

BAYLEY,  Matthiaii.  ittMtttaMa  Ibr 
longeiniy,  died  about  tiie  yiiar  1788M 
Jones*  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Fedee,  in 
North  CaraUnS)  aged  186  years.    Ho  was 


wciin  of  Va»  Y«ik«  wMbora  •O'ufflaW* 
Con., i>.lli* joir  1T4».  FifMtt Iwiinlii* 
•rti  bafag  of  Fmwii  Atwtat  mad  kkp»* 
NBto>  jMUMiMMaoiiv  the  FMBob.  pm* 
tMta«t  «RUfiMl»  i^JN«(v  Rooliriki»  N. 
¥.,  h*  kMMM  MT^  finailkr  with  .«h« 
Kninoh  IngMife.  He  itndMi  yfajnio 
Killi  Or.  GltatltO%  whoM  aatw  hfs  joq^ 
IM.  ^B 1TB9  or  1770  be  attradcd  tlM 
LoDdenleetiifaeMidlioiiHtdi.  Betum- 
ingiOi  177S  he  aOBMnMced  pnwtiee  with 
Pr.ClMtltoBiiiNeir.Ttndk  Hkettaih 
tkm  in  1774  waa  dnwli  to  the  eionp, 
uliieb  pMv*Ued,.alid  whieikmaodf  hiflk 
efcanoles,  at  Off.BMdi  lud  fclailjr  tifealcd 
■atiw^utridaofelhraat.  Hehadaeatta 
oUld  pariah  ift  M.honia  nddar  tlie  uae  Of 
atimnlaata  ani  antiaaptica.  Hie  diMef»> 
tiooa  aonfinaed  him  in  hia  viem ;  and 
they  mm  ado|rtad  afterwanb  by  hia 
Ga^  Miehaalia,  tiie  ehief  of  the  Her 
cian  BMdieal  ataff  in  New  Tork^the  attU;or 
of  a  ticatiae  "De  eagina  po^rpoaa." 

In  the  autumn  of  1775  he  reviaited 
England  in  order  to  make  jRtfthe*  hn- 
provameat  ondar  Uontert  and  q>eai  the 
wintat  in  diaaaatfoaa!  and  atudy.  In  the 
apriag  of  1776  he  Mtuniedio  th«  cqMoity 
of  Burgeon  in  th*  Engliah  army  under 
Howe.  Thie  waa  a  meaauro  of  mhtahan 
pmdenee,  in  order  to  provide  fbr  hia  wife 
ll  children.  In  the  iall  he  proceeded  with 
the  fleet  to  Newport;  butinoqiable  of 
enduiMw  tUa  aapatation  ihm  hia  wifot 
ha  raaigned  and  ratumad  to  Now  Yorlt  in 
the  spring  of  1777  jnat  bafora  her  death. 
Hie  influence  waa  now  banafleially  exer- 
tbd  in  aaving  the  property  of  hia  ab- 
aent  iellew  citiaeaa.  In  1781  hia  letter  to 
Hunter  on  the  cioupwaa  pubiiahed,  in 
«rtlleh  he  raeommended  bleeding,  Uiateia 
to  thethroatt  antioMny,  calomel,  and  «• 
emata.  He  aaid,  there  was  no  fear  of  pn- 
ireaeency,  unlcM  there  were  ukerai  To 
Baylqr  the  public  ia  indebted  for  the  praa> 
ent  active  tteatn)«tnt  of  the  croup.  In 
1767  hedeiireredlectureaon  8urgery,and 


BAarLne.  ii 

hia  «0A  inlaw,  Ilr,Wiight  A>al,laa(w«ad 

on  anatomy  in  tha^  adifiqi^  ainea  coniwr 
tiidinKi>th0Nfw,Xoifi(hopita),  lnl<88 
"the  DpcUM(aliMb»?'  in  aapae«ienoo  .of 
the  iatpQidanaeof  aQmeatnda«t|»bnifeo 
jntothobnildiag  and  daatroyad  Bayky > 
valnablaanatomiaileaUmBt.  Innillw 
«aa  eleatad  piofoaev  of  aaMomy  at  (V 
lonbia  eoUage  y  but  in  1799  he  tool  thr 
daimrinant  of  auigwy,  in  whieh  ha  waa* 
ve^akiUW.  AbovtiTMhewnaapiiMntad 
health  oQqer  to  the  poit,.  Dunagthar 
pievataace  .of  the  yellow  feywr  h»Sm' 
kmif  attended  nponthe  aide  and  invaatl- 
gatadthediaaaae^  In  1797  he  puhlMbed 
bin  eaaay  <w  that  fever,  noaintaiaing^tbal 
it  had  •  hMal.oQgin  and  waa  not  conta^ 
poua^  HeaJ8QM>U>hedin  I798>aa(riin 
of  lettara  on  the  aufcgeet.  ByoQiM«io» 
he  meant  a  apecifio  poiaon,  aa  in  lanaB 
pox.  He  aUowed,that thefaver  inaeilMBi 
circum^tanceawaainlbetioua.  Noauiacr 
w  attandNit  in  theho^itala  bad  takinthe 
diaaaaat  yet  it  mii^t  becontayed  in  clo- 
thing and  in  other  wnya.  Heneothaim' 
portance  of  deaoiineae  and  ventiktwn. 
Theatateqnanntine  Inwaoiiginnted  with 
him  (  -the  total  inteidietion  df  aomawnco 
with  tha  Weat  Indiae  had  by  aome  bean 
cotttamphktad*  In  Mg.  19«  an  Irieh 
amigienti  ah4>  mth  ah^  fever  ariivad. 
Ha  firand  the  crew  aod  paaaengais  and 
baggage  huddled  in  one  unventibted 
apaatmant,  centmry  to  hia  ordera.  £n> 
taring  it  only  a  mowmt,  a  deadly  aielt- 
neaa  at  the  stomach  and  intenae  pain  in 
tha  heed  aeiaad  him,  and  on  the  aevianth 
day  he  esj^rcd  Aag.^7, 1901,  aged  6§* 
He  ia  repmcntad  ac  ia  tan^pr  fiai^,  in- 
vindbla  in  lua  diaLlcea,  inflaatibte  in  nt* 
taabment,  of  p«rfeat  integiitv,  gantieman- 
ly  and  chivahoualy  honorabiie.  He  mar- 
ried in  1778  Qharlotte  Amelia,  dau^ter 
of  Andrew  Barday,  a  merdMnt  of  New 
York.  Hit  writinga  have  beenmentioaed ; 
on  the  crom>t,1781 ;  assay  on  the  yellow 
fever,  1797;  letteia  on  the  same,  1788.— 
Thtfcher't  med.  Hog,  166--188. 

SAYLIES,  William,  v.  n.,  died  at 
Dightoa,  Mass.,  June  17, 1836,  aged  88. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1760  and  was  a  member  of  the  provincial 


:.,.  t 


BATNAM. 


BBAOH. 


eoaftMt  itt  1T75»  and  siUn  •  MBiber  of 
tha  «ottiieil  of  tlie  irtite. 

HATNAM,  WUIiunt  a  sWyeoa,  the 
MB  of  Dr.  John  Baynham  Of  CaroUn^ 
voutj,  TiifiBiat  was  born  in  1T49,  aad 
aftor  atv^yingiWitk  Dr.  Walker  was  aent 
to  London  in  1769,  whoio  he  made  freat 
pfofi^nqriBumtoniyandaiuifaiy.  Ha 
waaiiir jreanan  aariatant  denonstimtor 
<oMr.  Ebe,  piofcMor  in  St.  ThouMa' 
lidapitBL  iUtor  icakfing  16  ymn  in  Bn- 
Ihad  He  Ntnrned  to  ^  eonntry,  and 
aettied  in  Eimx  abont  1786.  He  diad 
Dee.8,18l4,a8ed66yeara.  Heperfona^ 
edmany  reinariiable  aiufieal  opwationa. 
JkM  an  analomiat  be  had  no  tnperior. 
The  best  pieparations  in  the  mnaenm  of 
dUne  and  Cooper  at  London  were  made 
by  him.  Yarioua  papers  by  Mr.  B.  w«re 
frabliahed  in  tfie  medieal  joumah.— 
Tkmhei^tmed.  iioy.  168—179;  N,Y, 
wud,J9ttm.  I ;  PAtL^enm.  ir. 

BBACH,  John,  an  cpiMopal  elergy- 
man  and  writer,  wu  pibb(Bbly  a  deaoend* 
ant  of  Biebaid  Beach,  ^  lived  in  New 
Haven  and  had  •  aon,  John,  bom  in  16^ 
He  wae  gmluated  at  Yale  eoUege'  In 
ITtl, andwasforaeveral  yeanaco&gr»- 
faticmai  miaiater  at  Newtown.  Throagh 
hiaaBqaaiatanoeirath  Dr.  Johnaob  he  waa 
induced  to  embiaee  the  qitaec^l  Ibrm  of 
wordiip.  In  179*  he  went  to  England 
ibr  <Hdeia,  and  on  hie  return  waa  enqdoyed 
aa  an  epimwpalian  miMionaiy''at  BaacUng 
and  Newtown.  AAar  thedeefaimticm  of  in* 
dependaiee  oongieaaoidere<l  'unb  nuniaten 
<o  pmy  Ibr  tbecommonweahh  and  not  for 
tf»  king.  Mr.  Beaeh,  who  retained  hh 
loyally,  oheae  to  pray  asninal  for  hia  ma- 
jcaly,  and  waa  in  eonaeqaenoe  handkid 
fottghfy  by  the  whiga.  He  died  Man:i 
It,  1781. 

He  mAiiahed  an  appeal  to  the  uapiejn* 
diced  IB  anawwto  a  aermoo  d'Sdekineon, 
17S7;  abo,  about  tiie  year  1745,  aaermon 
on  Btnaaaa  ti.  SS,  entitled,  a  aermon 
ahewing  that  eternal  life  ia  God'afree  gift, 
beetowed  upon  men  aocoidiBg  to  their 
moral  bdiavior.  In  this  he  oppoeed 
with  much  eeal  aome  of  die  ealviniatic 
doctrinea,  contained  in  the  articles  of 
the  church,  which  he  had  joined.     Jona- 


than Diokinaon  wfote  lamaika  upon  it  tha 
ibibwiog  year  in  hiavindieatioB  of  God^ 
sovereignty  and, hia  aafawiaat  kiva  totlM 
soulsofmenreeonciled,  iotbefofm  «(  a 
diahigae,  1747.    Hewnteahoaiq^yto 
DiaUiMoo'a  aeeond  nadkatiai.      Mr. 
Beaeh  wMa  bold  and  diatingiriahad  advD> 
eato  of  those  doetrinea,  which  are  daaoaii- 
natsdarmiBian.    Whatavw  may  he  said 
of  hk  atgument  in  hki  diapate  widi  Dfekb 
inscm,  he  evidently  yieldito  hiaaatagoahf 
ia  gaallaiMMand  dvilityofa 
other  eentiovarqr,  in  urtdeh  he  i 
had  vsapeet  to  epiaoopacy.    Ha  pablishad 
inl748,inanni«rto  HobavfU  ^  ad* 
dms,  aeahnaad  dJapaasionateTiBdicattai 
of  the  prateonof  Oeehurehof  Bn^aad^ 
towUchDr.  Johnson  wrote  a  pieiiwe  aad 
Mr.  Oaaer  an  appendix.    He  soema  lo 
have  had  high  notiona  of  the  nstiawityof 
epieoopal  oidinatieB.    ifiaoAar  pnhUea> 
tioaa  are,  thaduty  of  kyviag  ear  !wwihia>, 
1786;  an  inquiry  into  the  state- efihe 
dead,  17U;  a  eimtianatkm  of  the  Tiudba* 
tkmofthe  proAasora,  ftc  1766;  the.  iiH 
quiqr  of  the  young  man  brto  the  gospel  ;^a 
sennon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Johnaoa, 
177S.— CAMMllfr't  Itft  V  Jokumt,  68} 

BBACH,  Almdiam,  d.  d.,  an  qiiaeo* 
pal  minieter,  waa  bom  at  Cheahire,  Con., 
Sep.  9, 1740,  and  gmduatad-  at  Yale  eol* 
le|^  in  1767.  The  bahopof  London  oiw 
dained  him  9f  1767  aa  a  priest  for 
NewJerac,''  tring  17  yeare,includtng 
the  period  oh  u^  revolution,  he  tmMpuU 
ly  diachatged  the  dntiee  of  M»  office  at 
New  Branswiok.  After  the  peace,  he 
was  called  to  New  York  ae  anaasietant 
minister  of Trini^  chureh,  wherehe  re^ 
mained  about  80  years,  and  then  retired 
in  ISlStohiafiHrmontheBarilontopasa 
the  evening  of  hia  Ufo.  HediedSep.lt, 
1888,  aged  88  yeara.— Hiadan|^rter,  Ma> 
ria,  and  his  son  in  bw,  Abiel  Carter,  an 
episM^  minister,died  et  Savannah,  Oct. 
38,  and  Nov.  1,  1887.~His  dignified 
person,  expressive  countenance,  and  live* 
ly  feelings  rendered  his  old  age  interee- 
ting  to  hie  acquaintance.  He  waa  re> 
spected  and  honored  in  hia  failing  years. 
A  sermon  of  his  on  the  hearing  of  the 


BEADLE. 


BEAW.Ma 


ii  in  iUoMT.  PfMfllM^,  m.  He 
jMMidMil  •  flim  Mfnb  on  Dr.  Otandler, 
If H.'-'Efitt.  Wmkmm. 

BEADLE,  Wittm,  a  dBitt,  WM  bora 
•Mv  LaBdM,  iiri  eMM  to  tUa  towaHjy 
uMi  •  anil  umaaitfti  gooils.  After 
AMiiii«^-M*  Hmt  Voik,  8tmtfi»d,  mA 
Deibyi  he  nmoted  to  Ffeirlidd,  where 
WaienrM*  MIm  Lethrop  ofPiyaMillth, 
InlTfthetnnqiluited  htaaeif  to 
1,  iriMM  he  fwteiiied  (be 
ehiiMter^fefldrdHder.  Ilith^dqpra* 
eiMieB  of  ttepeper  enrreney  hethnHirh 
KMto  error  of  jadgnent  thought  he  ma 
•HH  hmind  to  erfl  ha  fooda  at  the  oU 
prieeai  aa  HMogh  the  oontiBeBtal  moutj 
had  ratdoed  ila  neninal  vahie.  In  the 
d^mfot  fate  property  he  became  ntekw- 
eholjr;  Fo#  yaue  he  nedHated  the  dea- 
tnielionofMafiHntljr.  AtlMt,Dee.  11, 
ITMi-he  inttidered  with  an  aMaadaknife 
Ma  wife  and  ohildren  and  then  ahot  hfanr 
aelf  witha  piatol.  He  was  aged  M ;  bii 
wife 89;  andtheeldeat  child  It  yeMi. 
The jmytif  iaqMat  pronounced  Mm  to 
be  <^  a  aound  mind  ;  and  tiie  indignatft 
inhabitanta.dtagged  Iiiabody,  nncoffined, 
with  the  Moody  knife  tied  to  it,  on  a  aled 
to  the  river,  and  "buried  it,  as  they  wonUl 
iMMw  buried  the  caKaae  of  a  bCMt,**  and 
aa  1km  BNWoaio  oMfaa  apeak  at  buying  a 
maeottrmndMed  forhia  AitlileasBesa  to 
maaoniy,  "between  high  and  tow  waler 
mark*"  He  waa  a  man  of  good  aenaci,  of 
gentlemanly  eondvet,  and  a.  hoapitriile 
cKspoaitton.  Hia  wife  waa  very  pleaaing 
in  peiM)n,lnind,  and  manners.— It  appears 
from  his  writings,  that  he  waa  a  deiat,  and 
tlMtpi^Me  was  the  canseof  his  erfanes. 
He  waa  unwilHilv  to  svbmit  to  the  eviia 
of  poverty  or  to  receive  aid  from  otlieni, 
and  oawiHfaigto  keave  hisftadly^witfaont 
the  meana  imT  distinction.  Yet  was  In 
worth  SOO  pounds  sterling.  He  endeav- 
ored to  convince  Maself,  that-he  had  a 
i^ht  to  kill  his  ohildren,  because  th^ 
wtore  M» ;  as  for  his  wife,  he  relfed  on  the 
Mthortty  of  •  dream  for  a  right  to  murder 
her«  His  wife,  in  consequence  of  his 
carrying  the  implementa  of  death  into  his 
bed  chamber,  had  dreamed,  that  she  and 
the  children  were  exposed  in  coffins  in  the 


atrOBi  ThisaohFed  Madoritti.  Asia 
killing  hfanaelf  he  had  no  qnalai*,  noia 
iMeh  hanMe  erimes  what  is  theiwtn  rea» 
train  that  ehaa  of  men,  irik>  Rgimt  th* 
■nriptana,  or  Who,  while  preinsbig 
to  beHeve  them,  deiqr  that  there 
iriU  be  a  ihtnre  jtidgaiMli  and  maiatain^ 
that  death  wOl  tmmdst*  the  bkiod-stained 
wretch  to  hiKfm^^JMglU't  tim,  e. 


BEAIf,Joaeph,miBiiterofWrettthamk 
waa  bora  hi  Boston  March  7,  171«.  of 
|rions  parents,  who  dtovoted  Mm  to  God. 
Having  learned  a  trade,  he  commenced 
baatnenat  Caaferidg*;  bat  in  1741  tha 
laeaehhig  of  WhitafleUandTttnaeatand 
of  his  OWB  minister,  Appleton,  was  ibe 
means  of  subduing  his  wve  of  the  workl 
aad  of  leaftrlng:  him  wlae  uttfb  aahnttim. 
He  aow  mafea  proihsaioaof  reBgion  and 
eommeneed  a  eowdstilit  coutae  ctjkljr 
and  benefieenee,  in.  which  he  eontiaaed 
tluoagh  life.  He  joined  i  religions  soci^ 
ety  of  young  mea,  whtf  met  oaee  a  week ;; 
and  seited  every  opportunity  fer  eonvev- 
iting  with  other*,  especially  with  the 
young  on  their  a|rirftuid  concerns.  In!  748. 
he  deemed  it  his  duty  to  abandonhki  tnufe 
and  to  seek  aa  edncathm,  that  he  might 
preadi  the  goapet.  The  study  of  the 
haguagCs  Waa  wearisome ;  but  heptoee- 
vered,  and  was.  gMdmit«d  at  Harvard 
college  in  1748,  and  ordldned  the  tUtd 
miaitterof  Wrentham  Nov.  34,  1750; 
He  died  Dee.  IS,  1784,'  aged  66.  Mr. 
Bean  waa  an  eaiiaAitly  pious  aad  AithAil 
BiinistiNr,  aad  is  wortlqr  Of  hoaorable  re- 
membrance. From  his  diaty  it  afqwars, 
that  he  usualty  qtent  Ode  or  two  hours, 
moraiag  aad  eveaipg,  ia  readbg  the  BHile 
aad  ateiet  devOtimi;  abo  the  sAwaooa  of 
Saturday,  when  his  discourses  were  pre- 
pared for  the  Sabbath;  and  the  days  of 
Ui«  birth  of  himaelfand  oMUren,  as  well 
aaotherdaya.  Ha  was  truly  hmtibte,  and 
watchfbl  against  all  the  exotemeata  of 
pride.  Hia  conscience  wa»  peealiariy 
saaoeptaUe.  His  heart  waa  teader  and 
benevolent.  Such  was  his  eoastaat  ia- 
tercourse  with  heaven,  that  hundreds  of 
times,  when  riding  in  the  performaace 
of  parochial  duty,  he  had  dismounted  ia 


BEATTT. 


BKLOIOBB. 


«t" 


-■;'■•     r    "•'.■■A"'       .,%a<»lfw.'*wsi|»*'t^<'''^««!{p-  •«^ 
f^?^.      ^  ,-  V..^,«»^*M  ;W^^*l||  |if«*»*««^«-  -««wH!p-Hi^^.i«ll»*^ 


ofii 


•'"iirll  1 


BELCH£R. 


89 


Aa  the  hopes  of  the  fkmily  reeled  on  him, 
hk  fkther  eareflilly  ■uperintended  his  edu- 
cation. HewM  gnduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1608.  While  a  member  of  this 
institntion  his  open  and  pleasant  conversa- 
tion, joined  with  his  manly  and  gener- 
ous conduct,  eoneiliatedtlw  esteem  of  all 
his  acquaintance,  if  at  long  after  the  ter- 
mination of  his  eollegial  course  he  visited 
Europe,  that  he  might  enrich  his  mind  by 
his  observations  upon  the  various  manners 
and  characters  of  men,  and  might  return, 
furnished  with  that  useful  knowledge, 
which  is  gained  by  interoourse  with  the 
world. 

During  an  absence  of  six  years  from  his 
native  country  he  was  preserved  fVom 
those  follies,  into  which  inexperienced 
youth  are  iVequently  drawn,  and  he  even 
maintained  a  constant  regard  to  that 
holy  religion,  of  which  he  had  early  made 
a  profession.  He  was  every  where  trear 
ted  with  the  greatest  respect  The  ac- 
quaintance, which  he  formed  with  the 
princess  S<^hia  and  her  son,  afterwards 
king  George  II,  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
future  honors.  After  his  return  from  his 
travels  he  lived  in  Boston  as  a  merchant 
with  great  reputation.  He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council,  and  the  general 
assembly  sent  him  as  an  agent  of  the  pro- 
vince to  the  British  court  in  the  year  1739. 
Hutchinson  relates,  that  just  before  he 
obtained  this  appointment,  he  suddenly 
abandoned  the  party  of  gov.  Shute  and 
his  measures,  to  which  he  had  been  at- 
tached, and  went  over  to  the  other  side. 
This  sudden  change  of  sides  »  no  rare  oc- 
currence among  politicians. 

After  the  death  of  governor  Burnet,  he 
was  appointed  by  his  majesty  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire in  17S0.  In  this  station  he  continued 
eleven  years.  Hisstyle  of  living  was  ele- 
gant and  splendid,  and  he  was  distinguish- 
ed for  hospitality.  By  the  depreciation  of 
the  currency  his  salary  was  much  dimi- 
nished in  value ,  but  he  disdained  any  un- 
warrantable means  of  enriching  himself, 
though  apparently  just  &  sanctioned  by 
his  predecessors  in  office.  He  had  been 
one  of  the  principal  merchants  of  New 
12 


England  ;  but  he  quitted  his  business  on 
his  secession  to  the  chair  of  the  first  ma- 
gistrate. Having  a  high  sense  of  the  dig- 
nity of  his  commiHion,  he  was  determi- 
ned to  support  it  even  at  the  expense  of 
his  private  fortune.  Fnnk  and  sincere, 
he  was  extremely  liberal  in  his  censures 
both  in  conversation  and  letters.  This 
imprudence  in  a  public  officer  gained  him 
enemies,  who  were  dete^ined  o*  re- 
venge. He  also  assumed  some  authority, 
which  had  not  been  exercised  before, 
though  he  did  not  exceed  his  con^mission. 
These  causes  of  complaint,  together  witu 
a  controversy  respecting  a  fixed  salary, 
which  had  been  transmitted  to  him  from 
his  predecessors,  and  his  O[qposition  to  the 
land  bank  company  finally  occasioned  his 
removal.  His  enemies  were  so  invete- 
rate and  so  regardless  of  justice  and  truth, 
that,  as  they  were  unable  to  find  real 
grounds  for  impeaching  his  integrity, 
they  forged  letters  for  the  purpose  of  his 
ruin.  They  accused  him  of  being  a 
fKend  of  the  land  bank,  when  he  was  its 
determined  enemy.  The  leading  men  of 
New  Hampshire,  who  wished  for  a  dis- 
tinct government,  were  hostile  to  him ; 
and  his  resistance  to  a  proposed  new  emis- 
sion of  paper  bills  also  created  him  en^ 
roies.  On  being  superseded,  he  repaired 
to  court,  where  he  vindicated  his  charac- 
ter and  conduct,  and  exposed  the  base  de- 
signs of  his  enemies.  He  was  restored  to 
the  ro3ral  favor,  and  was  pnNuised  the 
first  vacant  government  in  America.  This 
vacancy  occurred  in  the  province  of  New 
Jersey,  where  he  arrived  in  1747,  and 
where  he  spent  the  remaining  years  of  his 
life.  In  this  province  his  memory  has 
been  held  in  deserved  respect. 

When  he  first  arrived  in  this  province, 
he  found  it  in  the  utmost  confusion  by  tu- 
mults and  riotous  disorders,  which  had 
for  some  time  prevailed.  This  circum- 
stance, joined  to  the  unhappy  controver- 
sy between  the  two  branches  of  the  legis- 
lature, rendered  the  first  part  of  his  admi- 
nistration peculiarly  difficult ;  but  by  his 
firm  and  prudent  measures  he  surmoun- 
ted the  difficulties  of  his  situation.  He 
steadily  pursued  the  interest  of  the  pro- 


0 


BELCHER. 


vinoe,  eadeaTOriog  to  distingniah  and  firo- 
motenwn  of  worth  without  pwrtisUty. 
Heenhrged  tha  charter  of  PriBeeton  col- 
lege, and  WM  Ite  ehief  patron  and  bene- 
Aetor.  Even  v  nder  the  growing  inilnni* 
tieeofage  he  applied  himaelf  with  hk  ao- 
coatmned  utidvit;r  and  diligenee  to  the 
high  dutiea  of  hia  oflke.  He  died  at  EU- 
££eth  Town,  August  81, 1757,  aged  76 
yeara.  Hia  body  waa  brought  to  Cam- 
bridge, Ifaaaaehnaetta,  where  it  waa  en- 
tombed. Hia  eldeat  aon,  Andrew,  a 
member  of  the  couneil,  died  at  Milton  be- 
fore the  revolution.  In  the  opinion  of 
Dr.  Eliot  he  did  not  inherit  the  apiiit  of 
Ua  ftther. 

Ctovemor  Beleher  poaaeaaed  uncom- 
mon graoefUneaa  of  peraon  and  dignity 
of  deportment.  He  obeyed  the  royal  in- 
stmetiona  on  the  one  hand  and  exhibited 
a  real  regard  to  the  Ubertieaand  hai^ineaa 
of.  the  people  on  the  other.  He  waa  dia- 
tinguished  by  hia  unabaken  integrity,  by 
hiasealibr  justice,  and  care  to  have  it 
equally  distrSrated.  Neither  the  elaima 
of  interest,  nor  theaolicitationa  of  flisnda 
could  move  him  iVom  what  appeared  to 
be  his  duty.  He  seems  to  have  possessed, 
■a  addition  to  hia  other  aocompliahmenta, 
that  piety,  whoae  lustre  is  eternal.  Hia 
religion  waa  not  a  mere  formal  thing, 
which  he  received  ftom  tradition,  or  pro- 
ftaaed  in  conformity  to  the  custom  of  the 
country,  in  which  he  lived ;  but  it  im- 
pressed his  heart,  and  governed  hia  life. 
He  had  auch  viewa  of  the  majeaty  and 
holineas  of  Qod,  of  the  strictness  and  pu- 
rity of  the  divine  law,  and  of  his  own  un- 
worthinesB  and  iniquity,  as  made  him 
disclaim  all  dependence  on  hia  own  right- 
eousness, and  led  him  to  {dace  hia  whole 
hope  for  salvation  on  the  merita  of  the 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  appeared  to  him 
an  all  auffident  and  glorious  Savior.  He 
expressed  the  humbleat  sense  of  his  own 
eharacter  and  the  moat  exalted  viewa  of 
tiie  rich,  ftee,  and  glorious  grace,  oflered 
in  the  gospel  to  ainners.  Ifisfiuthworii:- 
edby  love,  and  produced  the  genuine 
fhiita  of  obedience.  It  exhibited  itaelf 
in  a  life  of  piety  and  devotion,  of  meek- 
I  and  humility,  of  justice,  truth,  and 


benevolenee.  He  searched  the  holy 
aoripturea  with  tha  graataat  diUgenea  and 
del^ht.  In  hia  fl»^  he  maintained  the 
worship  of  Ood,  himself  readlog  the  vo^ 
ume  of  truth,  and  addressing  in  prayer 
the  Mqeaty  of  heaven  and  of  eaiih,  aa 
k>ng  M  hia  health  and  atrength  would 
poaaibly  admit.  In  t||  houra  of  retire- 
ment he  held  interoMie  with  heaven, 
careAiUy  redeeming  time  ftom  the  busi- 
ness of  thisworldto  attend  tothamore 
important  eonoems  (^  another.  Though 
there  waa  nothing  oatentattoua  in  hia  re- 
ligion, yet  he  waa  not  aahamed  to  avow 
hia  attachment  to  the  goapiltof  Chriat, 
evenwhen  he  expoaed  himaelf  to  ridicule 
and  censure.  When  Mr.  Whitefield  waa 
atBoatonin  the  year  1740,  he  treated 
that  eloquent  itinerant  with  the  greateat 
reapect  HeevenfoUowed  himaaihraa 
Worcester,  and  reqneated  him  to  oontin- 
ue  hia  ihithftil  instruetioBa  and  pungent 
addresses  to  the  conscience,  desiring  him 
foipare  neUher  miiii»ter$  iter  mlmn. 
He  waa  indeed  deeply  intereated  in  the 
progreaaofhdineas  and  religion.  Aa  he 
aiqtroaehed  the  terminatioQ  of  hia  life, 
he  often  expreased  hia  desire  to  dqwrt 
and  to  enter  the  world  of  gtory. — Bmrr'i 
fim.  Bermtn}  Hutekimnm,  n.  867 — 897  ,* 
Holmes,  II.  78;  AnM't  JVl  J.,  487, 488; 
BeUmap't  N.  H.  ii.  96, 1S6, 165—180 ; 
}VhU^fieli>$  jam.  fw.  1748 ;  AEsrtJkall, 
I.  S99  ;  Jlfinof,  i.  61 ;  JBKef ;  M.  kU*.  ee/. 
VII.  88. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  chid*  juatieeof 
Nova  Scotia,  waa  the  aecond  aon  of  the 
preceding,  and  waa  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  17S8.  He  atudied  hw  at  the 
temple  in  London  and  gained  aome  dis- 
tinetion  at  the  bar  in  England.  At  the 
settlement  of  Chebueto,  afterwarda  called 
Haliftx,  in  honor  of  one  of  the  king's 
ministers,  he  proceeded  to  that  piaee,  and 
being  in  1760  aenkw  counadk>r,  on  the 
death  of  governor  Lawrence  he  waa  ap- 
pointed lient.  governor,  in  whieh  office 
he  was  succeeded  by  eoLWibnot  in  1768. 
In  1761  he  received  hia  anwintmeDt  of 
chief  justice ;  in  the  same  year,  aa  eom- 
mander  in  chief,  he  made  a  treaty  with 
the  Mirimiohi,  Jediuk,  and  Poginoueh, 


\ 


BBLDftN. 


BKLKNAP. 


MMMMktribMoriiidkM.  He  died  at 
HiJifltxMuthl77t,eged«6.  Hewuft 
man  of  pnidenee  and  integrity,  and  a 
MendofNewEiWlaikl.  Inl766hemai^ 
ried  at  Boaton  the  aiater  of  Jerem.  Allen, 
Sheriff  of  SoilbUc:  on  her  death  in  1771 
Mr.  Seeeomb  pubiiahod  a  diaeourae  and 
her  Unaman,  Ht^kt,  a  monody.  An- 
drew Beleher,  hMKn,  waa  a  diatinguiah- 
ed  eitiaen  of  Halt  A«  and  a  member  of  the 
eoaneilinlSOl.  A  daughter mar]ried  Dr. 
Timothy  L.  Jenniaon  of  Cambridge, 
IfMB.— JirM«.iUi<.eel.T.10l;  J«im.{EIM. 

BELDEN,  Joahna,  phyaieian  of 
Wetherafleid,  Con.,  waa  the  aon  of  Her. 
Joahua  Balden  of  that  town,  who  reaehed 
the  age  M>  yeara.  After  graduating  at 
Yale  college  in  1787,  he  atodied  phyaie 
with  Dr.  L.  Hopkina.  Beaidea  hia  uaeAil 
toila  aa  a  phyaieian,  he  waa  employed  in 
varioua  oflkea  of  public  truat.  He  waa  a 
zealoua  aupporter  of  all  charitable  and  re- 
ligioua  inatitutiona.  At  the  age  of  60  he 
fell  a  victim  anddenly  to  the  apotted  fever 
June  6, 1819.— Thaeher'B  med.  Hog. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  o.  o.,  miniater 
in  Boaton,  and  eminent  aa  a  writer,  waa 
bom  June  4,  1744,  and  waa  a  dea- 
eendant  of  Joaeph  Belknap,  who  lived  in 
Boaton  in  1669.  He  received  therudi- 
menta  of  learning  in  the  grammar  achool 
of  the  celebrated  Mr.  Lovtl,  and  waa 
gmduatedat  Harvard  college  in  176S. 
He  exhibited,  at  thia  early  period,  aneh 
mariia  of  geniua  and  taate,  and  auchtal- 
enta  in  writing  andoonvenation,aa  toW 
eite  the  moat  pleaaing  hopea  of  hia  fiiture 
uaeAUneaa  and  diatinction.  Having  upon 
hia  mind  deep  impieaai(Hia  of  the  trutha 
of  religion,  he  now  applied  himaelf  to 
the  atudy  of  theokjgy,  and  he  waa  ordain 
ned  paator  of  the  church  in  Dover,  New 
Hampahire,  February  18,  1767.  Here 
hepaaaed  near  twenty  yean  of  hie  life 
with  the  eateem  and  affection  of  hia  flock, 
•nd  reapeeted  by  the  fint  charaetera  of 
the  atate.  He  wu  perauaded  by  them  to 
eompOe  hia  hiatory  of  New  Hampahire, 
which  gained  him  a  high  rq>utation.  In 
1786  he  waa  diamiaaed  flrom  hia  people. 
The  preabyterian  church  in  Boaton,  be- 
coming vacant  by  the  removal  of  Mr. 


Annan,  and  having  changed  ita  eatabliah- 
ment  ftom  the  |Kra4>yterian  to  thecongre- 
gational  form,aoon  invited  him  to  become 
ita  paator.  He  waa  accordingly  inatalled 
April  4, 1787.  Here  he  pawed  the  re- 
mainder of  hia  daya,  diaeharging  the  dop 
tieaofhia  paatoral  office,  esploring  vari* 
oua  fielda  of  literature,  and  giving  hia 
efficient  aupport  to  every  uaeftil  and  be- 
nevolent inatitution.  After  being  ^abject 
to  fVequentreturna  of  ill  health  he  waa 
auddenly  aeiaed  by  a  paralytic  aftotion, 
and  died  June  90,  1708,  aged  64  yeara. 
Dr.Belknap  in  hia  preaching  did  not  po»- 
aeaathe  graoeaofekieution;  nor  did  he  iim 
at  aplendid  diction,  but  preaented  hia 
thoughta  in  plain  and  perapieuoua  lan- 
guage, that  all  might  understand  him. 
While  he  lived  in  Boaton,  he  avoided 
controveraial  aubjeeta,  dwelling  chiefly 
upon  the  practical  viewa  of  the  goepel. 
Hia  aermona  were  filled  with  a  rich  vari- 
ety of  obaervatimui  <m  human  life  and 
mannera.  He  wsa  peculiarly  carefld  in 
giving  religioua  inatmction  to  young 
children,  that  their  ibet  might  be  early 
guided  in  the  way  ofliib.  In  the  after- 
noon preceding  hia  death  he  waa  enga- 
ged in  catechiaing  the  youth  of  hia  soci- 
ety. In  the  varioua  relati(nia  of  life  hia 
conduct  waa  exemplary.  He  waa  a  men»» 
ber  of  many  literary  and  humane  aocietiea, 
whoae  intereata  he  essentially  promoted. 
Wherever  he  could  be  of  any  aervice  he 
fteely  devoted  his  time  and  talents.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  '^  the  Maaaa- 
chnsetts  historical  society,  \ii^  design  of 
which  he  was  induced  to  form  in  conse- 
quence of  a  suggestion  of  Thomas  Wall- 
cutofB08ton,adiligentcolleetpr  ofold  and 
valuable  books,  as  well  aa  on  account  of 
hia  fVequent  disappointment  ftom  the  loss 
of  valuable  papers  in  prosecuting  his  his- 
torical reaearches.  He  had  been  taught 
the  value  of  an  association,  whoae  duty 
it  ahould  be  to  collect  and  preserve  manu^ 
Bcripta  and  bring  together  the  materiab 
for  iUostmting  the  hktory  of  our  conn- 
try;  and  he  had  the  happiness  of  seeing 
anch  an  institution  incorpomted  in  1794. 
Dr.  Belknap  gained  a  high  reputation 
aa  a  writer ;  but  he  is  more  remarkable 


m  BELKNAP. 

ibrtiM  pttieaeeaiid  MontMy  of  hia  hitto- 
*k*l  NMarohMi  than  for  elegutee  of  ityle. 
Hk  dcAeieiiey  in  Mtural  wektuet,  m  mani- 
ftitad  in  his  history  of  New  Hampthire, 
k  r*nderad  mora  prominent  by  the  rapid 
pnograaa  of  natural  hiatory  ainee  hit 
deaUi.  His  Foreatera  ia  not  only  a  des- 
cription of  American  manners,  but  a  work 
of  humor  and  wit,  which  went  into  a 
second  edition.  Before  the  revolution 
ha  wrote  much  in  fiivor  of  flreedom  ^nd 
hia  country,  and  he  afterwards  gave  to 
the  public  many  iVuitsof  his  labora  and 
Nsearehea.  His  last  and  most  intareating 
work,  bk  American  bk)f  raphy,  he  did 
aot  live  to  complete.  He  was  a  decided 
•dvoeate  of  our  republican  forma  of  gov- 
emment  and  ever  was  a  warm  fViend  of 
the  constitution  of  the  United  SUtes, 
which  he  considered  the  bulwark  of  our 
national  aecurity  and  hantiness.  He  waa 
earneat  in  his  wishes  and  prayeraforthe 
government  of  his  country,  and  in  critical 
periods  took  an  open  and  unequivocal, 
•nd,  aa  &r  aa  profeaaional  and  private 
dutiea  aUowed,  an  active  part  , 

The  foUowing  extractflrom  aome  linea, 
found  among  his  papers,  expressea  his 
chdoe  with  regard  to  the  manner  of  his 
death,  and  the  event  corresponded  with 
hia  wishes. 

MThM frith ud  puiaMt, hope udlora 

Hvn  nwla  m  attt  for  hwvM  abof*, 

H«w  bhtt  iha  privikg*  to  riw, 

BMiehad  io  a  aoiMiit  to  the  Aiae  1 

VacoMnioae  to  rai!|o  our  braedi. 

Nor  taMe  the  bittemeH  of  death. 

Dr.  Belknap  published  a  sermon  on 
military  duty,  1778 ;  a  aerioua  addreas  to 
a  pariahioner  upon  the  neglect  of  public 
worship ;  a  sermon  on  Jesus  Christ,  the 
only  foundation  j  election  semum,  1784; 
history  of  New  Hampshire,  the  fint  vol- 
ame  in  1784,;the  second  in  1791,  and  the 
third  in  17iMI;  aaermonav  the  ordination 
of  Jedediah  Morse,  1789;  a  dkoourae  at 
the  request  of  the  historical  society,  Oct. 
179S,  being  the  completion  of  the  third 
century  firom  Columbus*  discovery  of 
America ;  dissertations  upon  the  charac- 
ter snd  resurrection  of  Chrkt,  13mo ; 
collection  of  psahns  and  hymns,  1795; 


^  BELX«AMONT. 

convention  sermon,  179«  ;  a  sermon  oa 
the  national  ftst,  IHay  9, 1799;  Amariean 
biogmphy,  first  volume  in  1794,  the  sec- 
ond in  1798  ;  the  foresters,  aa  American 
tale,  being  a  ssquel  to  the  history  of 
John  Bull,  the  cbthier,  19mo.  He  pub- 
lished also  several  easays  upon  the  African 
trade,  upon  civil  ai^rdigtoua  liberty, 
upon  the  state  k  aetlHiMitof  this  coun- 
try in  periodical  papen ;  in  the  Colum- 
bian magasine  printed  in  PhilaMphia ; 
in  the  Boston  magaiine,  1784;  b  the 
hiatorieal  collections ;  and  in  newspapers. 
Two  of  his  sermons  on  the  institntk>n 
and  obaervation  of  the  sabbath  wera 
publiahed  in  1801.— .JWsss.  ki$t.  eel.  vi.  x 
—XVIII ;  Celaiat.  cent.  June  S6, 1798  : 
Pol^mtkoB,  1. 1—IS. 

BELL,  John,  a  distinguished  citiien 
of  New  Hampshira,  of  great  judgment, 
decision,  and  integrity,  died  at  London- 
derry, Nov.  80,  18S6,  aged  9ft  yean. 
His  father,  John,  waa  an  early  set- 
tler of  that  town. During  the  revo- 
lutionary war  he  was  a  Inading  mem- 
ber of  the  senate.  From  an  ear(y  age 
he  was  a  profossor  of  religion.  Two 
of  his  sons,  Samuel  and  John,  have  been 
governors  of  New  Hamshire;  the  former 
ia  now  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 
His  grandson,  John  Bell,  son  of  Samuel, 
a  physician  of  great  promise,  died  at 
Grand  Cailton,  Louisiana,  Nov.  97,1880, 
aged  80. 

BELLAMONT,  Richard,  eari  <^, 
governor  of  New  York,  Massachusetto, 
and  New  Hampshire,  was  aiqwinted  to 
these  offices  early  in  May  1696,  but  did 
not  arrive  at  New  York  until  May  1898. 
He  had  to  struggle  with  many  difficulties, 
for  the  people  wera  divided,  the  treasu- 
ry was  unsupplied,  and  the  fortifications 
were  out  of  rapair.  Notwithstanding 
the  can  of  government,  the  pirates,  who 
intimeofpeace  made  great  depredations 
upon  Spanish  ships  and  settlemento  in 
America,  wera  frequently  in  the  sound, 
and  wera  suj^lied  with  provisk>ns  by  the 
inhabitante  of  Long  Island.  The  belief, 
that  large  quantitiea  of  money  wera  hid 
by  these  pirates  along  the  coast,  led  to 
manya  iVuitleas  search ;  and  thus  the  na- 


BBLLAMT. 


unl  ercdttUty  of  Um  hwrnm  mind  and  the 
dfrira  of  sudden  weelth  were  euitebly 
punkhed.  The  eeri  of Belkmont  remain- 
ed in  the  proWnee  of  New  York  about  a 
year.  He  arrived  at  Beaton  May  86, 
1 999,  and  in  Maaaaehnaetta  he  waa  raoeir- 
ed  with  thegreateat  reiqwet,  aa  it  waa  a 
new  thinf  to  aMa  noblemen  at  the  heed 
of  the  gii  I  iiiiwint.  Twenty  compe- 
niee  of  aoldiera  and  a  vaat  eonoourae  of 
people  met "  hia  lordahip  and  eonnteaa" 
on  hit  arrival.— "There  were  all  manner 
of  expreaaiona  of  joy,  and  to  end  all, 
fireworii  and  good  drink  at  night."— 
He  in  return  took  every  method  to  ingra- 
tiate  himaelf  with  the  people.  He  waa 
eondflaeending,afiable,and  courteona  up- 
on all  ooeaaiona.  Though  a  ehurehman, 
he  Attended  the  weekly  lecture  in  Boaton 
with  the  general  court,  who  alwaya  ad- 
journed for  the  purpoee.  For  the  prea- 
chers he  professed  the  greateat  regard. 
By  his  wise  conduct  he  obtained  a  htrger 
aumMaaabryand  aa  a  gratuity,  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  or  successors. 
Though  he  remained  but  fourteen 
months,  the  grants  made  to  him  were  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  aeventy 
five  pounds  sterling.  Hia  time  waa  much 
taken  up  in  aeeuring  thepiratee  and  their 
eActs,  to  aeeompikh  which  waa  a  prin- 
cipal reaaon  of  his  appointment.  During 
hia  administration  captain  Kidd  was  sei- 
led,  and  sent  to  Engluid  for  trial.  Soon 
after  the  aession  of  the  general  court  in 
May  1700,  he  returned  to  New  York, 
where  he  died  March  6,  1701.  He  had 
made  himaelf  very  popular  inliia  govern- 
menta.  He  was  a  nobleman  of  polite 
manners,  a  fKend  to  the  revolt  tioi;,  whkh 
excited  so  much  joy  in  New  Engbind, 
and  a  favorite  of  king  William.  Hutch- 
inson, who  waa  himself  not  unskilled  in 
the  arts  of  popularity,  aeerns  to  consider 
his  regard  to  religion  as  pretended,  and  re- 
presents him  as  preferring  for  his  asso- 
ciates in  private  the  lesa  preeite  part 
of  the  country.  As  the  earl  was  once 
going  firom  Uie  lecture  to  his  house  with 
a  great  crowd  around  him,  he  passed  by 
one  BuUivant,  an  apothecary,  and  a  man 
of  the  liberal  cast,  who  was  standing  at 


his  ahop  door  kiitering.  "Ooetor,"  said 
the  earl  with  an  audible  voiee,<*you  have 
kMt  a  preeraua  eermon  to  day."  Bulli- 
vant  whkpered  to  one  of  hk  eom- 
paniona,  who  atood  by  him,  "if  I 
could  have  got  aa  much  by  being  there, 
aa  hhi  lordahip  will,  I  wouU  have  been 
there  too."  However,  there  seems  to 
be  no  reaaon  to  diatruat  the  aineerity  of 
Bellamont  The  disaipatk>n  of  hia  aarly 
yearn  cauaed  afterwanla  a  deep  regret 
It  is  said,  that  while  residing  at  fort 
George,  N.  Y.,  he  once  a  week  retired 
privately  to  the  chapel  to  meditate  hum- 
bly upon  hia  juvenile  folly.  Sueh  a 
man  might  deem  a  eermon  on  the  method 
of  salvation  "preoioua,"  without  meriting 
ih>m  the  aeoftr  the  charge  of  hypocrisy. 
— HiildUiMeii,  II.  87, 100, 11»-116,  Ifl; 
Belknof^t  N.  H.  i.  801, 804, 809;  D9¥f 
lm$$,  II.  S48. 

BELLAMY,  Joaeph,  d.  n.,  an  emi- 
nent minister,  waa  born  at  New  Cheahire, 
Connecticut,  in  1719,  and  waa  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1785.  It  Waa  not 
k>ng  after  hia  removal  ftom  New  Haven, 
that  he  became  theaubject  of  those  seri- 
ous impressions,  which,  it  is  believed,  ie- 
sued  in  renovation  of  heart.  From  this 
period  he  conaecrated  his  talenta  to  the 
evangelical  ministry.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  began  to  preach  with  accep- 
tance and  auccess.  An  uncommon  bleat- 
ing attended  his  ministry  at  Bethlem  in 
the  town  of  Woodbury ;  a  krge  propor- 
tion of  the  society  appeared  to  be  awak- 
ened to  a  sense  of  religion,  and  they 
were  unwilling  to  part  with  the  man,  by 
whose  ministry  they  had  been  conducted 
to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth.  He  waa 
ordained  to  the  pastoral  office  over  thia 
church  in  1740.  In  this  retirement  he 
devoted  himself  with  uncommon  ardor 
to  his  studies  and  the  dutiea  of  his  office 
till  the  memorable  revival,  wlkich  was 
most  conspicuous  in  174S.  His  spirit  of 
piety  waa  then  blown  into  a  flame  ;  he 
could  not  be  contented  to  confine  his  k- 
bors  to  his  small  society.  Taking  care 
that  his  own  pulpit  should  be  vacant  aa 
little  as  possible,  he  devoted  a  conaiderable 
part  of  his  time  for  several  yeara  to  itine- 


c 


BELLAMY. 


ntiag  in  dUbrent  parte  of  Conneetieat 
and  Um  neif  hborinff  eotoniw,  prcMhiag 
tiMffoapel  daily  to  maltitiidM,  who  floeli- 
«d  to  iMar  liiok  Hawat  iMtniniMitaiiB 
tlM  coBvanioa  of  nany.  Whan  Um 
awakndaff  daeliaad,  Im  ratttmad  to  a 
moneoaataat  attention  tohiaowneharga. 
Ha  now  bagan  tlia  taali  of  writing  an  n- 
floilant traatiaa,  antitlad, truaraiigioa da> 
linaated,  wMeli  waa  pnblkliad  in  ITM. 
Hia  abUitiaa,  liia  aidant  piety,  hia  tlMO- 
lofioal  Vaiowladge,  hiaaoqnnintenoe  with 
paiaona  nnder  ail  Idnda  of  raiigiona  im* 
pianiona  qnaliflad  him  peeuliarly  for  a 
woritof  thia  Idnd.  From  thia  time  he 
beeama  mora  eonqpienoni,  and  yoong 
man,  who  were  preparing  for  the  gaapel 
miniitry,  applied  to  him  u  a  teaohar.  In 
this  blanch  of  hie  worit  he  waa  eminently 
vmM  tin  the  deolina  of  life,  when  he  re- 
linquished it.  Hia  method  of  instruction 
waa  the  following.  Alter  ascertaining 
the  abilities  and  genina  of  thoae,  who  ap- 
plied to  him,  he  gara  them  a  number  of 
qveatkma  on  the  leading  and  moat  e 
aantial  snlrjeete  of  religion  in  the  form  of 
aaystem.  He  then  directed  them  to  such 
;bookBaa  treat  these  aukgecte  with  the 
greateat  perapicnity  and  force  of  argu- 
ment, and  usually  spent  his  evenings  in 
inquiring  into  their  improvemente  It  soIt- 
iingdiffieulties,tiU  they  had  obtained  agood 
degree  of  understanding  in  the  general 
system.  After  this,  he  directed  them'to 
write  on  each  of  the  questions  liefore 
given  them,  reviewing  those  parte  of  the 
authors,  wliich  treated  on  the  subject 
proposed.  These  duaertetions  were  sub- 
mitted to  his  examination.  As  they  ad- 
vanced in  ability  to  make  proper  distino- 
ti<ms  he  led  them  to  read  the  most  learned 
•nd  acute  opposers  of  the  truth,  the  deis- 
tieal,  arian,  and  soeinian  writom,  and  laid 
open  the  falhey  of  their  most  specious 
leasoniijgs.  When  the  system  was  com- 
pleted, he  directed  them  to  write  on  sev- 
eral of  the  most  important  foinU  system- 
atically, in  the  foim  of  sermons.  He 
next  led  them  to  peruse  the  best  experi- 
mental and  practical  discourses,  and  to 
compose  sermons  on  like  subjecte.  He 
revised  and  corrected  their  oompoaitionB, 


inculcating  the  neeessity  of  a  heart  traly 
devoted  to  Christ,  and  a  lift  of  watohing 
and  pnyer,  diaeoursing  occasionally  on 
the  various  duties,  trials,  comforte,  and 
motives  of  the  evangeUeal  work,  that  his 
pupils  might  be,  as  <kr  as  possible,  "scribee 
well  instructed  in  the  kingdom  of  Ood." 
In  1786  Dr.  fieUamy  wMseisad  by  a  par- 
alytic afiectk>n,f1rom  wMk  he  never  re- 
covered .  He  died  March  6, 1790,  in  the 
60th  year  of  his  ministry,  aged  Tl.  Hto 
flfst  wift,  Frances  Sherman  of  New  Ha- 
ven, whom  he  married  about  1744,  died 
in  178ft,  the  mother  of  seven  children.  Of 
these  Jonathan  BeUsmy,  a  kwyer,  took 
an  active  part  in  the  war  and  died  of  the 
small  pox  in  1777;  and  Rebecca  married 
Rev.  Mr.  Hart.  Hk  eldest  son,  Davkl, 
died  at  Bethlem  May  ISM,'  aged  7S. 
His  second  wife  was  the  relict  c^  Rev. 
Andrew  Storrs  of  Watertown.  Dr.  Bel- 
lBmy"waaabrgeandwelM>uiltman,  of 
a  commanding  appearance.'* 

As  a  preacher,  he  had  perhaps  no  su- 
perior, and  veiy  fow  equak.  Hk  voice 
wss  manly,  hk  manner  engaging  and 
most  impiesshre.  He  had  a  peeuHarfte- 
ulty  of  arresting  the  attention ;  he  waa 
master  of  hk  subject  and  could  sdapt 
himself  to  the  meaneat  capacity.  When 
thakw  was  hk  theme,  he  was  awAil  and 
terrifying ;  on  the  contrary,  in  the  most 
melting  strains  would  he  describe  the 
sufierings  of  Chrkt  It  hk  k>ve  to  sinners, 
and  with  most  persuasive  ekiquence  in- 
vite them  to  be  reconciled  to  God.  In 
hk  declining  yean  he  did  not  retain  his 
popukrity  as  a  preacher.  As  a  pastor  he 
was  dilig«nt  and  fldthibi .  He  taught  not 
only  pubUcly  but  flom  house  to  house. 
He  was  particukriy  attentive  to  the  rising 
genemtion.  Besides  the  steted  kbors  <^ 
the  Lord's  day  he  flrequentiy  spent  an  hour 
in  the  interms  of  pubUe  wordiip  in  cate- 
chising the  children  of  the  congregation. 
In  a  variety  of  respeeto.Dr.  Belkmy 
shone  with  distingukhed  lustre.  Exten- 
sive science  and  ease  of  communicating 
hk  ideas  rendered  him  one  of  the  beat  of 
instmoteiB.  Hk  writings  procured  him 
the  esteem  of  the  pbus  and  learned  at 
home  and  abroad,  with  many  of  vdmm  he 


.'•"t^'i 


""f^    1«t 


»,=? 


BELLAMY, 


BELUNOHAM. 


awintaiiiad  ucpiMolHy 
lo kk  pfMohinff,  saiad,  rkh  inthovcbt, 
•  giwt  eomnand  of  luf«|*.Mid  apow- 
•rAd  ToiM  randHtd  hto  nimfonay  di»> 
oounw  pMulMjr  Moaptabk  Ha  wm 
OMoTtbenxwtabledhrinMof  Ihkaova* 
tiy.  In  hit  MDtiBMnti  ha  aeaordad  nain* 
ly  with  pfjdin^  Edwaida,  wHh  whoot 
lie  WM  liiiiiiwiiiiaiiniiaiiiKiil  Fronaaoiii* 
paring  the  flntebuMar  of  John  with  tha 
fintofOcnaaiahawaaladtobeiiava,  and 
ha  maintained,  that  tha  Ood,  nentionad 
in  the  latter,  aa  tha  ereator,  waa  Jeaua 
Chmt 

He  pubUehed  a  Mnnon  entitled,  earij 
piety  reeommeodcd;  tme  religion  delink 
•ted,  1750;  aemona  on  the  divinity  of 
Chrkt,  the  miliennium,  and  the  wiadom 
of  Ood  in  tha  permiHioo  of  lin,  17S8 }  lei* 
tera  and  dialoguca  on  the  nature  of  love  to 
God,  ihith  in  Chriit,  and  aeeuranee,  1769 ; 
eiaay  on  the  gloiy  of  the  goapel }  a  vindi- 
cation of  his  lennon  on  the  iriadom  of 
Ood  in  the  pernuMion  ctfain ;  the  law 
■ehoohnaiter,  a  eennon  ;  the  great  evil  of 
•in ;  eleetion  eennon,  1769.  Beeides  these 
he  published  eevenl  small  pieoee  on  creeds 
andeonfcssioDs;  on  the  covenant  of  grace; 
on  ohureh  covenanting ;  and  in  answer 
to  objections  made  against  his  writings. 
The  following  are  the  titles  of  eome  of 
these ;  the  halfway  covenant,  17C9 ;  the 
inconsistenqr  of  renouncing  the  half  way 
covenant  and  retaining  the  halfway  prac- 
tice; that  there  is  but  one  covenant, 
against  If  OSes  Mather.  His  works  were 
published  in  three  vols.  1811,  withasketch 
of  hk  life.*— B«iMi(iet'«yim.  term, ;  Brmm- 
erd'$  life,  33. 41,  4S,  65 ;  TnmMl,  ii. 
169;  TA«oI.«iag.  I.  5. 

BELLAMY,  Samuel,  a  noted  pirate, 
in  his  ship,  the  Whidah  of  88  guns  and 
180  men,  captured  several  vessels  on  the 
coast  of  New  England ;  but  in  April 
1717  he  was  wrecked  on  cape  Cod.  The 
inhabitants  of  WeUfleet  still  point  out  the 
place  of  the  disaster.  More  than  100 
bodies  were  found  on  the  shore.  Only 
one  Englishman  and  one  Indian  escaped. 
A  few  days  before,  the  master  of  a  cap- 
tured vessel,  while  7  piratea  on  boaid 
were  drunk,  run  her  on  shore  on  the  beck 


ofthecape.  SizofthepifateawaNesp 
aeuted  at  Boaton  in  Nov..— HoJkMi,  i. 
517;  HhIsA  II.  388;  M.  Met.  eot.  iii. 
IM. 

BELLINOHAM,  Rkhaid,  govanor 
of  Maaairhasms,  waa  a  nativa  of  Eag- 
land,  whan  ha  was  brsd  a  lawyer.    H» 
eama  to  thia  country  hi  1684,  and  A«g.  8 
wasrseshrsd  into  the  ehureh,  with  hia 
wift  Elisabeth,  and  b  the  foUowhig  year 
waa  choaeB  deputy  govamor.    li  1641  ha 
waa  elected  governor  in  oppoaitkm  to  Mr. 
Winthrop  by  a  nu^ri^  of  six  votss ; 
but  the  electkin  dkl  not  seem  to  ba  agrsa> 
abte  to  the  general  court     Ha  waa  ra> 
choaco  to  thk  office  in  1664,  and  after  tha 
death  of  governor  Endieot  waa  again  elee- 
ted  in  May  1666.     Ha  continued  ehief 
magistrate  of  Massaohusetts  during  tha 
remafaiderof  his  life.     He  wu  depaty 
governor  18  years  and  governor  10.    In 
1664  he  waa  choaen  nug.  general.    '.  thki 
year  the  king  sent  4  coinmissk>iiars,  i>lieh- 
ola,  Cartwright,Carr,aiid  Maverick,  to 
regufaitetheaflBinoftheookmiea.  Akng 
account  of  their  transaotkMW  h  given  by 
Hutchinson.    BelUugbam  and  others,  oh- 
noxious  to  the  king,  were  required  to  go 
to  England  to  answer  for  thiemsdves; 
but  the  general  court,  by  the  advk;e  d 
the  ministers,  refused   oonq>lianee   aail 
maintained  the  charter  rights.    But  they 
appeased  his  majes^  by  sending  hfan  *'a 
ship  kMd  of  masts."  He  died  Dec.  7,1673» 
aged  80  years,  leaving  several  children. 
Of  his  singular,  second  marriage  in  1641 
tha  folbwing  is  a  brief  history ;  a  young 
gentlewoman  waa  about  to  be  contracted 
to  a  IViend  of  his,  with  his  coaaent,  <*whea 
on  the  sudden  the  governor  treated  with 
her  and  obtained  her  for  himself."     He 
felled  to  publish  the  contract  where  he 
dwelt,  and  he  performed  the  marriage 
ceremony  himself.      The  great  inquest 
presented  him  for  breadi  of  the  order  of 
court ;  but  at  the  appointed  time  of  trial, 
not  choosing  to  go  off  fiom  the  bench  and 
answer  as  an  offender,  and  but  few  mag- 
istntes  being  present,  he  escaped  any 
censure. 

His  excuse  for  this  marrisge  was  "the 
strength  of  his  affection."     In  his  last 


■# 


*-*» 


^. 


''M:. 


^ 


BENEDICT. 


BENEZET. 


'■■:»■ 


will  he  gave  certain  faniui,8fter  his  wife's 
decease,  and  his  whole  estate  at  Winisi- 
met,  after  the  decease  of  his  son  and  his 
son's  daughter,  for  the  annual  encourage- 
ment of  "godly  ministers  and  preachers," 
attached  to  the  principles  of  the  first 
church,  "a  main  one  whereof  is,  that  all 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  is  committed  by 
Christ  to  each  particular  organical  church, 
fVom  which  there  is  no  appeal."  The 
general  court,  thinking  the  rights  of  his 
family  were  impaired,  set  aside  the  will. 
His  sister,  Anne  Hibbins,  widow  of  Wm. 
Hibbins,  an  assistant,  was  executed  as  a 
witch  in  June  1€56. — Hubbard  speaks  of 
Bellingham  as  "a  very  ancient  gentleman, 
having  spun  a  long  thread  of  above  80 
years;"— "he was  a  great  justiciary,  a 
notable  hater  of  tribes,  firm  and  fixed  in 
any  resolution  he  entertained,  of  larger 
comprehension  than  expression,  like  a 
vessel,  whose  vent  hokleth  no  good  pro- 
portion with  its  capacity  to  contain,  a  dis- 
advantage to  a  public  person."  He  did 
not  harmonize  with  the  other  assistants ; 
yet  they  respected  his  character  and  mo- 
tives. 

Governor  Bellingham  lived  to  be  the 
only  surviving  patentee,named  in  the  char- 
ter. He  was  severe  against  those,  who 
were  called  sectaries  ;  but  he  was  a  man 
of  incorruptible  integrity,  and  of  ac> 
knowledged  piety.  In  the  ecclesiastical 
controversy,  which  was  occasioned  in 
Bcii'on  by  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Daven- 
port, he  was  an  advocate  of  the  first 
church.— HttfeAtiuon,  I.  41,43, 97,  311, 
369  ;  Neaft  Am(.  i.  S90;  Mather's  mag. 
II.  18;  Holtne$  i.  414;— iSavogre's  Win- 
throp,  II.  4S ;  Hut.  eoU.  n.  s.  in.  143 ; 
VI.  610. 

BENEDICT,  Noah,  minister  of 
Woodbury,Con.  ,was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  in  1757,  and  was  ordained  as 
the  successor  of  Anthony  Stoddard,  Oct. 
22,  1760.  He  died  in  Sept.  1813,  aged 
76.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
ofDr.  Bellamy,  1790. 

BENEDICT,  Joel,  d.  d„  minister  of 
Plainfield,  Con.,  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  in  1765,  settled  at  Plainfield 
in  1782,  and  died  in  1816,  aged  71.    He 


was  a  distinguished  Hebrew  scholar;  and 
for  his  excellent  character  he  was  held  in 
high  respect.  One  of  his  daughters  mar- 
ried Dr.  Nott,  president  of  Union  college. 
— He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Hart,  1809. 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  a  philanthro- 
pist of  Philadelphia,  was  bom  at  St> 
Quintins,  a  town  in  the  province  of 
Picardy,  France,  Jan.  SI,  1718.  About 
the  time  of  his  birth  the  persecution 
against  the  proteetants  was  carried  on 
with  relentless  severity,  in  consequence 
of  which  many  thousands  found  it  neces- 
sary to  leave  their  native  country,  &  seek 
a  shelter  in  a  foreign  land.  Among  these 
were  his  parent8,who  removed  to  London 
in  Feb.  1715,  and,  after  remaining  there 
upwards  of  sixteen  years,  came  to  Phila- 
delphia in  Nov.  1731 .  During  their  resi- 
dence in  Great  Britain  they  had  imbibed 
the  religious  opinions  of  the  quakers,and 
were  received  into  that  body  immediately 
after  their  arrival  in  this  country. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  life  Benezet 
was  put  an  apprentice  to  a  merchant ; 
but  soon  after  his  marriage  in  1723, 
when  his  affiiirs  were  in  a  prosperous 
situation,  he  left  the  mercantile  business, 
that  he  might  engage  in  some  pursuit, 
which  would  a£R>rd  htm  more  leisure  for 
the  duties  of  religion  and  for  the  exercise 
of  that  benevolent  spirit,  for  which  during 
the  course  of  along  life  he  was  so  eon- 
q)ieuous.  But  no  employment,  which 
accorded  perfectly  with  his  inclination, 
presented  itself  till  the  year  1743,  when 
he  accepted  the  appointment  of  instructer 
in  the  friends'  English  school  of  Philadel- 
phia. The  duties  of  the  honorable, 
though  not  very  lucrative  ofike  of  a 
teacher  of  youth  he  from  this  period  con- 
tinued to  fulfil  with  unremitting  assiduity 
and  delight  and  with  very  little  inter- 
mission till  his  death.  During  the  two 
last  years  of  his  .life  his  zeal  to  do  good 
induced  him  to  resign  the  schoo),  which 
he  had  long  superintended,  and  to  engage 
in  the  instruction  of  the  blacks.  In 
doing  this  he  did  not  consult  his  worldly 
interest,  but  was  influenced  by  a  regard 
to  the  welfare  of  men,  whose  minds  had 


^saprr^-rf-^i^TT^aasssvi^'-Ti.   i- .■ 


{mi»:n»'A^ 


BENEZET. 


>?»« 


by  Mrvttwte.  H*  whliadr 
to  floMribvto  KNoeriiiar  towM#  itbdcr* 
ioff  dMB  fit  fct  liM  ew^yiwit  «r  liMt 
fi««dM»v "!» "wMoii  nuy  or  tbMK  hwl 
bcaankoM.  So  fiM*  WM Im •;aip»' 
thgr  wkh  ttwy  MMf  flapaU*  fof  fttHiif 
fimtl»mk»makni  tamuit  the  dew 
of  WilifttoMt  aourfiMl  «mnL  Thk 
cbanfafahtoiniifcoriiviaf  ia  mippOMd 
tolMnr»be«B  tto  oooanoa  of  his  dMtb. 
Ha  mHv*  Mind  did  not  yield  to  the  debil. 
ity  of  Mi  bedy.  HepeTteverad  ia  hie 
attendeMevpea  hie  eehool  till  wHhin  • 
few  dejw  of  Mi  deceeee.  HadicdMi^fS, 
ITMyafedllynre. 

•ash  wae  tho  general  esteeai,  ia  whieh 
hewaa^held,  thatMsfoneial  was  attend- 
ed by  femas  el*  all  reiitione  deaoniaa- 
tioae.  Maayhaadnd  aefiaee  ibllowed 
their Meadand bcaeAwtor  to  the  fmva, 
•ad  by  their  tears  they  proved,  tfaa*  ;h«y 
pnisa»edlhesiiMibilitiesofB>e».iat  Oblv-jr, 
who  had  served  Jn  the  anay  d  uriag  tlie  mar 
withfliitaJB/ihesrredattMethae,'*!  woald 
rather  be  Antboi^  Beneaet  in  that  ooffia, 
than  Gaarge  Washington  with  ail  hie 
laaw^ '»  He  exhUiitsd  aaeonmKNi  activity 
andJadnetiy  ii»  every  thmg,  whieh  he  un* 
denaok  ;  He  tascd  tosay»  that  the  highest 
aet  of  eharily  was  to  bear  with  the  aarea- 
sonaUeMss  of  aMtaUad.  Ha  genmrfly 
wove  plneh-ekitfaes,  and  gave  as  a  reaeoa 
for  it,  that,  after  he  had  worn  them  for 
two  wr  three  yeaiSi  they  made  eomforta* 
bleaad  deeeat  garments  for  the  poor.  So 
disposed' wae  he  to  sMhe  himself  content* 
ed  in  every  sitaationt  that  whea  his  men»> 
ory  bcfaa  to  foil  him,  instead  of  tannent» 
ing  the  deoqr  of  hie  powtts,  he  eaid  toa 
young Mmd,  "this  gives  me  one  great  ad< 
vantage  over  yoa,  foryDueaafind  enter> 
taiaaaent  ia  leading  a  good  boob  only 
onoe ;  bnt  I  enjoy  that  pleasure  as  often 
as  I  read  it,  for.  it  ie  always  new  to  me." 
Few  mea,.siate  thodays  of  the  apostles, 
ever  bead  a  more  diriaiereetcd  Ufej  yet 
upoa  his  death  bed  he  s»pwassd  a  da> 
sire  to  Uva  a  little  loager,  "that  he  might 
bring  dowa  self."  The  lest  time  he  ever 
walhsd  aerosshis  roan  waa  to  tabe  ftom 
his  desk  six  dolkn,  which  he  gave  toa 
poor  widow,  whom  he  had  long  assisted 
13 


to  malataia.    In  his  eonvcmtioa  he  wnsi ' 
afihble  and  vnreeerved  ;  ia  hie  maanersf 
geatle  aad  eeaetiiatiBg.    For  the  aeqa^i^ 
■ition  (rf"  wealth  he  waated  neither  abUi«i' 
ties  BorcpportaMty;^  but  he  ssade  him^^^ 
■elf  eonteated  tHth  a  little,  and  with  at 
ooanpetency  he  wae  Iftaai  beyond  rooatr 
of  these,  whom  aboantilU  providene«if 
had  eneombered  with  riehss.     By  hii*  '^ 
will  he  devised  his  Setate,  irfter  ^«  de- 
eeaee  of  hie  wife,  to  ewtain  trastece  for 
the  use  of  the  Aflriean  school.     WMIa 
the  British  army  waa  ia  posssssloa  oi^ 
PhiladslpMa  he  was  iadefotigable  ia  hiiC^ 
endeavors  to  render  the  sttuatioa  of  th^/^^ 
penoae,  who  euflbred  flrom  eapthrity,ai  ^ 
eaiy  as  possfole.     He  haew  no  Aar  i»' 
the  preseace  of  a  follow  maa,  howevar 
digaified  by  titlee  or  statioa jaad  saeH' 
was  the  propriety  and  gentleness  of  hi* 
mannsn  in  his  intereoune  with  the  ge»i ' 
tlemen,  who  commended  the  British  aad  ^ 
German  troops,  that*  when  he  could  not|, 
obtain  the  object  of  his  leqneets,  be  never  / 
lUled  to  secure  dieirehrilities  and  eeteem<  f 
Although  the  lifoof  Mr.  Beneset  was|^ 
passed  in  the  instruction  of  youth,  yet 
his  expansive  beaevolenee  extended  iteelf 
to  a  widnr  sphere  of  nseftiiness.    Oivinf^^ 
but  a  smaU  paMrti«Ni  of  his  time  to  sleep,  j^ 
he  empkiyed  hie  pen  both  day  and  nIgM  f 
in  writing  beaks  on  religknis  suliijeets^. ' 
oonfMaed  chiefly  with  a  view  to  ineukata| 
tha  peaeeable  temper  and  dootriaee  of  th«  f '; 
goepel  in  <q>poeition  to  the  spirit  of  war, 
and  to  expoos  the  flagrant  ii^Hstiee  of 
sbveiy,  and  ix  the  stamp  of  inftmy  oa 
the  tmflfe  in  human  blood.    His  writings 
MMStributed  much  towarde  meUoiating 
the  condition  of  shves,  snd  undoubtedly 
bed  influoice  on  the  public  mind  in  et- 
footing    the    complete   prohibition    of 
^that  trade,  whidi  until  the  year  1809 
was  a  blot  on  the  American   national 
chameter.    In  order  to   dfaeeroinate  hkl  ; 
pubNeatMas  and  inereaae  his  useflilness  f 
behddaoorreoponfcncewitksuch  pcN^ 
eons  in  various  parts  of  Europe  It  Amsri-  • 
ea,  as  ^ited  with  him  in  the  same  benev- 
oleat  design,  or  would  be  likely  to  pro* 
mote  Uie  objects,  whieh  hoWaapursu&ig. 
No  ambitious  or  covetoue  views  impelled 


9S 


BENNET. 


^W^mm^ 


BERKELEY. 


/ 


V  i 


him  to  hit  exertioiuk      Regtrding  all 
Awnldiid  u  children  ofone  ooinmoii  Fath- 
er  and  menben  of  cm  fiMt  Amily,  he 
was  anxioua,  that  oppnanon  and  tyranny 
should  cease,  and  .that  men  should  live 
together  in  mutual  kindneia  and  afieo- 
tkm.    He  himself  respected  and  he  wish- 
ed others  to  reqieet  the  sesred  injunction, 
«do  unto  others  as  you  would,  that  they 
should  do  unto  yon."    On  the  return  of 
peace  in  178S,  apprehendingthat  the  revi- 
val of  commerce  would  be  likely  to  renew 
the  African  slave  trade,  which  during  the 
'  wsf  had  been  in  some  measure  obstructed, 
;  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the  queen  of 
'  Great  Britain  to  solicit  her    influence 
on  the  side  of  humanity.    At  the  close 
of  this  letter  he  says,  "I  hope  thou  wilt 
kindly  excuse  the  freedom,  used  on  thia 
occasion  by  an  ancient  man,  whose  mind 
iinr  more  than  forty  years  past  has  been 
much  separated  from  the  common  course 
'  9C  the  world,  and  k>ng  painfully  exercised 
in  the  consideration  of  the  miseries,  un- 
'  der  which  so  large  a  part  of  mankind, 
equally  with  us  the  objects  of  redeosM^g 


love,  are  sufiering  the  most  unjust  and 
grievous  oppression,  and  who  sincerely 
desires  the  temporal  and  eternal  felicity 
of  the  queen  and  her  royal  consort."  His 
published,  among  other  traets,an  account 
of  that  part  of  Afiica,  inhabited  by  ne- 
groes, 1763 ;  a  caution  to  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies  in  a  short  iepresentation 
of  the  cabunitous  state  (rf'the  ensfatved  ne- 
groes in  the  British  dominions,  1767 ; 
some  historical  account  of  Guinea,  with 
an  inquiry  into  the  rise  and  progress  of 
the  slave  trade,  1771  ;  a  short  account 
ofthe  religious  society  of  Friends,  1780; 
a  dissertation  on  the  plainness  and  simpli- 
eity  of  the  Christian  religion,  1783 ;  tracts 
against  the  use  of  ardent  spirits ;  obser- 
«atk>ns  on  the  Indian  natives  d*  this  con- 
tinent, 1784.— iItM*'«  eMoy*,  811—814  ; 
V0U»'$  memoir  iNeunmdgen.biog.  diet} 
Jimer.  mtu.  ix.  193—194 ;  Reei*  eyeL 

BENNET,  David,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  England  Dee.  1,  1616,  and 
died  at  Rowley,  Mass.  Feb.  4, 1719,  aged 
103  yean.  He  never  kst  a  tooth.  His 
senses  were  good  to  the  last.    Hi«  wife 


was  the  sister  of  William  Phippa.  Bis 
son,  Speaoer,  who  took  the  name  of 
Ph^pa,  was  graduated  in  170S,  waa  tiaut. 
goverapr  of  Mass.  and  died  Apiil  4, 1767* 
aged  73.— JPsraisr. 

BENTLEY,WilUamyn.D.,  a  ninistw 
in  Salem,  was  bom  in  Borton,  gnduated 
in  1777,  and  was  ordained  over  the  aeeoad 
chureh  Sep.  34, 1788.    He  died  sudden- 
ly Dec.  39, 1819,  aged  61.    In  his  theo- 
logical notiona  he  was  regarded  aaaao- 
einian.    Some  of  his  sermons  were  re-, 
markably  deficient  i»peiq»euity  pf  style. 
For  nearly  30  years  he  edited  the  Essex 
Register,  a  newqwper,  which  eiyonaed 
the  demoeratie  side  in  poUties.    He  waa 
a  great  collector  of  IkkAs,  and  much  eim- 
versant  with  ancient  branches  of  learning, 
admitting  of  little  practical  abdication. 
His  valuable  library  and  cabinet- he  be- 
queathed chiefly  to  the  college  at  Mead- 
ville,  Pennsylvania,  and  to  the  American 
Antiquarian  society  at  Woraester.    It 
wassiud,  that  Harvard  c(41sge,whieh  had 
given  him  a  degree  of  Doctor  in  Divinity, 
expected  this  bequest ;  but  the  library 
was  more  needed  and  maybe  more  uaefid 
atMeadville.  An  euk)gy  was  pronounced 
by  pntf.  E.  Everett.— He  published  a 
sermon  on  Mat.  7:  31,  1790;  on  the 
death  of  J.  (Sardiner,  1791 ;  of  gen.  Fkdw, 
1797  ;  of  B.  Hodges,  1804 ;  coUeetion  of 
psalms  and  hymns,  1796 ;  8  maeonie  ad- 
dresses and  a  masonic  charge,  1797-1799; 
at  the  artillery  election,  1796 ;  at  ordina- 
tion of  J.  Richardson,  1806;  Mian  the 
female  charitable  society ;  at  the  election, 
1807 ;  a  history  of  Salem  in  Historical 
collections,  vol.  6th. 

BERKELEY,  William,  govemw 
of  Virginia,  was  bom  of  an  aneirat  ftmi- 
ly  near  London  and  was  educated  at 
Merton  college,  in  Oxf(»d,  of  which  he 
was  afterwards  a  fellow.  He  waa  ad- 
mitted master  of  arts  in  1639.  In  1680 
he  travelled  in  diffinrent  parts  of  Europe. 
He  is  described  as  being  in  early  lift  Uie 
perfect  model  of  an  elegant  courtier  and  a 
high  minded  cavalier.  He  suooeeded  sir 
Francis  Wyatt  in  the  government  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1641.  Some  years  after  his  arri- 
val the  Indians,  irritated  by  encroach- 


Jl  .1  ■ili.fi'MU 


BERKELEY. 


mentsoB  tbalir  i  ^17,  muHorad  abont 
600  of  the  colr^Sc  ;X«.  This  maanere  oe- 
emnd  about  Apii'  13»  1M4,  soon  after,  a« 
Wiiithropai}«,anaetofpefaeeutkHi.  Sir 
Wniiam  with  a  party  of  hone  raipriaed 
the  aged  Oppeoaneaiionf  h,  and  broof  ht 
him  priMmer  to  Janea  Town.  The  In- 
dian  emperor  waa  a  man  of  dignified  aen- 
timenta.  One  day,  when  there  waa  a 
krge  erowd  in  hia  room  gasing  at  him, 
he  called  flnr  the  governor,  and  aaid,  to 
him,  "if  it  had  been  my  fortune  to  have 
taken  airWUHam  Berlieley  priaoner,  I 
should  have  dhdahwid  to  have  made  a 
show  of  him  to  my  people."  About  a 
Ibrtnight  after  he  waa  taken,  a  brutal 
soldier  ahot  him  through  the  back,  of 
whieh  wound  the  old  man  aoon  died.  A 
firm  peaee  waa  aoon  afterwards  made  with 
the  Indiana. 

During  th6  eivil  war  in  England  gov. 
Berkeley  took  the  aide  of  Uie  king,  and 
Virginia  waa  the  hurt  of  the  poaaeaaioi 
of  England,  whieh  acknowleged  the  a 
thority  of  Cromwell.  Severe  hwa 
made  againat  the  puritana,  though  there 
were  none  in  the  eok>ny;  eommeree  was 
interrupted ;  and  the  people  were  unable 
to  Bvpfij  themsehwa  even  with  toda 
fbr  agriculture.  It  waa  not  till  1 661 ,  that 
Virginia  waa  aubdued.  The  parliunent 
had  sent  afieet  to  reduce  Baibadoes,  and 
from  thia  phoe  a  amall  aqnadron  waa  A^ 
tached  under  the  emnmand  of  captain 
Dennis.  The  Virginians  by  the  help  of 
eome  Dutch  veeaela,  which  were  then  in 
the  port,  made  aueh  reaistance,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  other 
means  besides  force.  He  sent  word  to 
two  of  the  members  of  the  council,  that 
he  had  on  board  a  valuable  cargo  bek>ng- 
ing  to  them,  vrtiiehthey  must  lose,  if  the 
protector's  authority  was  not  immediate- 
ly acknowledged.  Such  dissensions  now 
took  place  in  the  eokmy,  that  sir  William 
and  his  fHends  were  obliged  to  submit 
on  the  terms  of  a  geiienl  pardon.  He 
however  ranahied  in  die  country  ,paaBing 
his  time  in  retirement  at  his  own  pbmta- 
tion,  and  observing  with  aatiaftction,  that 
the  parliament  made  a  moderate  uae  of 
ita  Bueeess,  and  that  none  of  the  Virginia 


royalists  were  peneouted  for  .their  resi*» 
tance.  ft>i»»-»v  t'i<<i-,..'»!  no 

After  the  death  d'gov.  Matthews,who 
was  appointed  by  Cromwell,  the  people 
an>lied  to  sir  William  to  resume  the  gov 
emment;  but  he  declined  complying  with 
their  request,  unless  they  would  snb> 
mit  themsdves  again  to  the  author!^ 
ty  of  the  king.  Upon  their  etM- 
senting  tc  do  this,  he  resumed  his 
former  authority  in  January  1666 ;  and 
king  Charles  II  wiu  prochumed  in  Vir>- 
ginia  before  his  restontion  to  the  throne 
of  Engknd.  The  death  of  Cromwell,  in 
the  mean  time,  dissipated  from  the  minds 
of  the  eok>nista  the  ftar  of  the  consequen- 
ces of  their  boldness.  After  the  restora- 
tion governor  Berkeley  received  a  new 
commission  and  wlu  permitted  to  go  to 
England  to  pay  hia  respects  to  his  majes- 
ty. During  his  absence  the  deputy  gov- 
ernor, whom  he  had  appointed,  in  obedi- 
.ence  to  hia  oideia  oolleeted  the  laws  into 
one  body.  The  church  of  Engknd  waa 
Ife  the  eatabliahed  religion,  parishes 
were  regukted,  and,  beaides  a  parsonage 
house  and  gM>e,  a  yearly  stipend  in  to- 
bacco, to  the  value  <^  eighty  pounds, 
was  settled  on  the  minister.  In  166S 
governor  Berkeley  returned  to  Virgink, 
and  in  the  folknring  year  the  kws  were 
enforced  againat  the  dissenters  from  the 
estsbUshmeDt,  by  which  a  number  of 
them  were  driven  fiom  the  colony.  In 
1667,  ia  eonsequence  of  his  attempt  to 
extend  the  influence  of  the  council  over 
certain  measures  of  the  assembly,  he 
awakened  the  fears  and  indignation  of  the 
ktter  body.  From  thu  period  the  gov- 
ernor's popukrity  declined.  A  chuige 
also  was  observed  in  hu  deportment, 
which  lost  its  accustomed  uibanlty.  His 
faithlessness  and  obatinaey  may  be  regard- 
ed as  the  causes  of  Bacon's  rebellion  in 
1676.  The  people  eamestiy  desired, 
that  Baeon  might  be  appointed  general  in 
the  Indkn  war ;  and  the  governor  prom- 
ised to  give  him  a  commission,  but  broke 
hu  promiBe,and  thus  occasionoi  the  rebel- 
lion. As  hu'obstinaoy  caused  tiie  rriiel- 
lion,  BO  his  revengeibl  spirit,  after  it  was 
I  suppressed,  aggravated  the  evils  of  it  by 


'4^.'^!''f-l^  r 


BERKELEY. 


'\^,if,%f:iJi: 


Ike  wrerity  of  die  pankilinMBte,  inflkted 
on  Baeon'a  adherent*.  Though  he  had 
promMed  pardon  and  iBdeaaaity,  **nothing 
WM  hfwd  orbatfiBea,execationatand  eon- 
iaeations."  When  the  juriea  leAued  to  aid 
hb  proieeta  of  vengeance,  he  leaortcd  to 
the  Biumnaryproeeadinga  of  nartml  hw. 
The  aiaembly  nt  length  leatraincd  him  by 
their  ramMntraneea.  Charleelliaaaid  to 
have  remarlndeonemiing  him>- "thedd 
ibol  haa  taken  away  more  livea  in  that  nakn 
ed  eountry,  than  I  have  taken  for  the 
mvrderof  my  frther."  After  the  rebellion 
peaee  waa  preaerved  not  so  much  by 
the  removal  of  the  grisvaneea,  which 
awakened  discontent,  as  by  the  arrival  of 
a  regiment  firom  England,  which  re- 
mained a  k>ng  time  in  the  country. 

In  1687  air  William  was  induced  on  ae- 
eount  of  his  ill  state  of  health,  to  return 
to  Enghmd,  leaving  col.  Jefi&eys  deputy 
governor.  He  died  soon  after  his  arrival, 
•nd  before  he  had  seen  the  king,  after  an 
administration  of  nearly  forty  years.  He 
wubnriedat  Twickenham  July  IS,  1677. 
The  folbwing  extract  ftom  his  answAin 
June  1671  to  inquiries  of  the  committee 
for  the  cotonies  is  a  curious  specimen  of 
his  loyalty.  *'We  have  forty  eight  per* 
Jakes  and  our  ministers  are  well  paid,  and 
by  my  consent  should  be  better,  if  they 
would  pray  oftener  and  preach  less;  but, 
as  of  all  other  commodities,  so  of  this, 
the  worst  aresent  us^i  we  have  ftw,  that 
we  can  boast  of,  since  the  persecution  in 
Cromwell's  tyranny  drove  divers  worthy 
men  hither.  Tetl  thank  God,  there  are 
no  free  sehoob,  nor  printing ;  fcl  hope  we 
shall  not  have  these  hundred  years.  For 
learning  has  brought  disobedience,  and 
heresy,  and  sects  into  the  world,  and 
printing  has  divulged  them  and  libels 
against  the  best  government."  Thus 
Sir  Willisra,of  a  very  different  spirit  fVom 
the  early  govemora  of  New  England, 
seems  to  have  had  much  die  same  notion 
of  education,  na  the  African  governor, 
mentioned  by  Robert  Southey  in  his  collo- 
quies: the  black  prince  said,  he  would 
sand  his  son  to  Engfamd,  that  he  might 
Jeam<'to  read  bode  and  be  rogue."  More 
TCcently  Mr.  Giles  of  Viiyinia  expressed 


his  belief,  diat  ieaminr  wafe  become  too  . 
general. 

He  published  the  lost  hdy,  a  tngir 
comedy,  19S9;  a  discourse  and  view  of 
Virginia,  pp.  IS.  1668.~JMa's  ki$i. 
Ftr9*MM,144— 16S;  Wymu,n.  916— 
tM;  IToInm*,  I.  998,  Ml )  CAaJHiert,  r. 
886, 887  ;  Woti'i  JUk«m»  OmmtutmB, 
II.  666  ;  am.  WuUht.  ii.  160, 165. 

BERKELEY,  George,  biahop  of 
Cloyne  in  Irehnd,  and  a  distinguished 
beneftetor  of  Yale  college,  was  bom 
March  It,  1684  at  Kilerin  in  the  county 
of  Kilkenny,  and  waa  educated  at  Triai* 
ty  college,  Dublin.  After  pubUahing  a 
number  of  his  works,  which  gained  him 
a  high  reputation,  particularly  his  theory 
of  vision,  he  travelled  four  or  five  years 
upon  thecontinent.  He  returnedin  1781, 
and  a  fortune  was  soon  bequeathed  him 
by  Mrs.  Vanhomrigh,  a  huly  of  Dublin, 
the  "Vanessa"  of  Swift.  In  1734  he  was 
promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Derry, 
worth  11  hundred  pounds  per  annum. 
Having  for  aome  time  conceived  the  be- 
nevolent project  of  oonverting  the  savagea 
of  America  to  Christianity  by  meanaof 
a  college  to  be  erected  in  one  of  the  islet 
6f  Bermuda,  he  published  a  proposal  for 
this  purpose  at  London  in  1786,  and 
ofiered  to  resign  his  own  opulent  prefer- 
ment, and  to  dedicate  the  remainder  of 
his  life  to  the  instruction  of  youth  in 
America  on  the  subsisteoce  of  a  hundred 
pounds  a  year.  He  obtained  a  grant  of 
lOyOOOi.  iVom  the  government  of  Great 
Britain,  and  immediately  set  sail  for  the 
field  of  his  kibors.  He  arrived  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Ishind,  in  February  1739  with  a 
view  of  settling  a  correapondence  there 
for  supplying  his  college  with  such  pro- 
visions, as  might  be  wanted  flom  the 
northern  eotonies.  Here  he  purchased  a 
eountry  seat  and  ferm  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Newport,  and  resided  about  two 
yeavB  tad  a  half.  His  house,  which  he 
called  IVkUek&U,  »ii\l  remains,  situated 
half  a  mile  north  east  fWmi  the  state 
houae.  To  the  episcopal  church  he  gave 
an  organ  and  «  small  Uhmry.  His  usual 
place  of  study  waa  a  cliff  or  crag  near 
his  dwelling.    His  nsidence  in  this  eoun- 


■ci«.- 


BEBKLST. 


i>mwmifmir 


tot 


try  had  Mine  influence  on  theprograM 
oTIiterature,  particularly  in  Rhode  laland 
and  Connecticut.  The  pnaenee  and 
eonvemtion  of  a  man  ao  iUuatriona  for 
talents,  learning,  virtue,  and  aoeial  attrae- 
tiona  could  notftil  ofgivingaapring  to 
the  literary  diligence  and  ambition  of 
many,  who  enjoyed  his  acquainUnoe. 
Finding  at  length,  that  the  promiaed  aid 
of  the  ministry  towards  his  new  college 
would  fiul  him,  dean  Berkeley  returned 
to  England.  At  his  departure  he  diatr3>- 
utod  the  books,  which  he  had  brought 
with  him,  among  the  clergy  of  Rhode 
Island.  He  embarked  at  Boston  in  Sept. 
1731.  In  the  fbllowing  year  he  publish- 
ed his  minute  philosopher,  a  work  of 
great  ingenuity  and  merit,  which  he 
wrote,  while  at  Newport  It  was  not 
long,  before  he  sent  as  a  giA  to  Yale  col- 
lege a  deed  of  the  Arm,  which  he  hekl  in 
Rhode  Island;  the  renU  of  which  he 
^directed  to  be  appropriated  to  the  main- 
tenance of  the  three  best  classical  schol- 
ars, who  should  reside  at  college  at  least 
nine  months  in  a  year  in  each  of  three 
years  between  their  first  and  second  de- 
grees. All  surplusages  of  money,  arising 
ftom  accidental  vacancies,  were  to  be  dis- 
tributed in  Greek  and  Latin  books  to 
such  undergraduates,  as  should  make  Uie 
best  compositim.  in  the  Latin  tongue 
upon  such  a  moral  theme,  as  should  be 
given  them.  He  also  made  a  present  to 
the  library  of  Yale  college  of  nearly  one 
thousand  volumes.  When  it  is  considered, 
that  he  was  warmly  attached  to  the 
episcopal  church,  and  that  he  came  to 
America  for  the  express  purpose  of  foun- 
ding an  episcopal  college,  his  munificence 
to  an  institution,  under  the  exclusive 
direction  of  a  difiisrent  denomination, 
must  be  thought  worthy  of  high  pmiae. 
It  was  in  the  year  1788,  that  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Cloyne ;  and  flrmn  this 
period  he  discharged  with  exemplary 
faithfulness  the  episcopal  duties,  and 
prosecuted  his  studies  witii  unabating  dili- 
gence. On  the  14th  of  January  1768  he 
was  suddenly  seized  at  Oxford,  whither 
he  had  removed  in  1763,  by  a  disor- 
der, called  the  palsy  of  the  heart,  and 


instantly  expired,  being  neariy  sixty  nine 
years  of  age.    Popeasoribea  '   m 

•'T»B«riulqrafM]F  viftos  MMhr  bwraa.*' ^^ 
His  fine  portrait  by  Smibert,  with  hii 
Amily  and  the  artist  hfanaelf,  will  be 
eontemphited  with  delight  by  all,  whd 
visit  Yale  college.  Bish(^  Berkdey,  while 
atCk>yne,  constant  rose  between  three 
and  four  in  the  morning.    His  fiivorite 
author  was  Plato.   His  eharaeter,tthongh 
marked  by  enthuriasn,  was  singularly 
excellent  and  amiable.    He  was  held  by 
his  acquaintance  in  the  highest  estimft- 
tion.    Bishop    Atterbnry,    after  being 
introduced  to  him,  exelaimed,*'so  much 
understanding,  so  much  knowledge,  so 
much  innocence,  and  such  humility  I  did 
not  thfaik  had  been  the  portion  of  any 
but  angeb,  till  I  saw  thb  gentleman." 
It  is  well  known,  that  bishop  Berkeley  re- 
jected the  commonly  received  notion  of 
the  existence  of  matter,  and  contended, 
that  what  are  called  sensible   material 
objects  are  not  external  but  exist  in  the 
mind,  and  are  merely  impressions  made 
upon  our  mind  by  the  immediate  act  of 
God.    These   peculiar    sentiments    he 
supported  in  his  work,  entitled,  the  prin- 
ciples of  human  knowledge,  1710,  and  in 
the  dialogues  between  Hyhsand  Phik>n- 
oua,  1718.    Besides  these  worics,  and  the 
minute  philosopher,  in  which  he  attaeka 
the  free  thinker  with  great  ingenuity  and 
efiect,  he  published  also,  arithmetica  abs- 
que algebm  aut  Euclide  demonstrata, 
1707  ;  theory  of  vision,  1709  ;  de  mota, 
1731 ;  an  essay  towards  preventing  the 
ruin  of  Great  Britain,  1731 ;  the  analyst, 
1784  ;a  defenoeof  iVee  thinking  in  mathe- 
matics, 1786 ;  the  querist,  1786;diseourw 
addressed  to  magistrates,  1786  ;  or.  the 
virtues  of  tar  water,  1744  ;  maxims  con- 
cerning   patriotism,  ilM.— Chandler*! 
itfe  ofJohmom,  47—80  ;  MiUer  ii.849  ; 
Ree»'  eyeL ;  Hebiu$,  ii.  68. 

BERKLEY,  Norbome,  baron  de  Bo- 
tetourt, oneof  the  Isst  governors  of  Vir- 
ginia, while  a  British  cok>ny,  obtained  the 
peerage  of  Botetourt  in  1764.  In  July 
1768  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia in  the  place  of  general  Amherst. 
He  died  at  Williamsburg  Oct.  16,  1770, 


Ml 


i«,:P»i!;-i3'. 


BERNARD. 


nit*:nji.:*r 


•gdlM.  Athitfteth  the  (tfveniBwat, 
In  eonaequeiMfi  of  tiie  nrigiMtion  d'John 
Bhir ,  demivad  apon  WMfann  Hvkon,  un- 
til the  •ppoiataient  in  DeeonberofloRl 
Dnnmore)  tkm  fovvmor  of  New  York. 
IiMd  Bototoiirt  MMis  to  hnva  been  biff  Il- 
ly uddMerradlj  reelected  in  Viigiuh. 
Hie  eaertione  to  promote  thelinteNeti  of 
WiliiMUMidMuy  eoUege.weie  Melons 
and  nmemitted.  Heinetitntedenennnal 
eonteet  wnong  the  itudenti  for  two  ele- 
gent  golden  medeb  of  the  value  of  five 
gnineee ;  one  for  the  best  btin  omtion 
on  •  given  eufajjeet,  end  the  other  for  lu^ 
periority  in  methemetieel  eeience.  F<nr« 
longtime  he  mnetioned  by  hie  pieeenoe 
morning  end  evening  pnyera  in  the  oc^ 
lege.  No  company,  nor  avoieation  pre- 
vented hie  attendance  on  thie  aervioe. 
He  was  extremely  fond  of  literary  char- 
acters. Nooneof  this  eIsM,  who  had  the 
least  cbums  to  respect,  was  ever  prtaen- 
ted  to  him  without  receiving  his  encour' 
agement— JlfiUer,  ii.  S78  /  Besfen  gtu. 
JTee.  IS,  1770 ;  Mm$kM,  u.  ISO. 

BERNARD,  Francis,  govemonof 
Massaehnsetts,  was  the  governor  of  New 
.  Jerseyt  after  gov.  Bdcher,  in  1768.  He 
eucceeded  gov.  Fownall  of  Mass.  in  1780. 
Arriving  at  Boston  Aug.  Sd,  he  continu- 
ed at  the  heed  of  the  government  nine 
^years.  His  administmtion  was  during 
(me  of  the  most  interesting  periods  in 
American  history.  He  bi^  governed 
New  Jersqr  two  years  in  a  manner  very 
.acceptable  to  that  province,  and  the  first 
part  of  his  administration  in  Massschu- 
:«etts  waa  very  agreeeble  to  the  general 
court.  Soon  after  his  arrival  Canada  was 
eurrendered  to  Amherst.  Besides  voting 
asakry  of  ISOOI.  they  made  to  him,  at 
the  first  session,  a  grant  of  Mount  Doert 
island,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  king. 
Much  harmony  prevailed  for  two  or  three 
years;  but  this  prosperous  and  happy 
eonunencementdid  not  continue.  There 
had  long  been  two  parties  in  the  state,  the 
advocates  for  the  crown,  and  the  defend- 
ers of  the  rights  of  the  people.  Gover- 
nor Bernard  was  soon  classed  with  those, 
who  were  desirous  of  strengthening  the 
royal  authority  in  America ;  the  sons  of 


liberty  theiefora  stood  forth  onifoniUy  is 
opposition  to  him.  Hto  indiscretion  in 
appointing  Mr.  Hutchinson  ehiefjuslieet 
instead  of  giving  thatoOee  to  eohmel  Otis 
of  Barnstable,  to  whom  it  had  been  prom- 
ised by  Sbirleyt  proved  very  i^jurioaa  to 
hiseauae.  Inconsequence  of  this  appoint- 
ment he  kwt  the  influence  of  cokmel  Otis, 
and  by  yielding  liimself  to  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son he  drew  upim  him  the  hoitifity  of 
Jamee  Otis,  the  iion,  a  man  of  great  tal- 
ents, who  soon  Iliecame  the  leader  on  the 
popular  side.  7,'he  bws  for  the  regnb- 
tkm  of  trade  arid  the  severities  of  the 
oflleers  of  customs  were  the  first  thing, 
which  greatiy  a(|itatad  the  public  mind ; 
and  afterwards  the  stamp  act  increased 
the  energy  of  resiitancetothesehemee  of 
tyranny.  Oovemv'>r  Bernard  possessed 
no  talent  for  conciliating ;  he  was  for  a»> 
oompUshing  ministerial  purposes  by  fovee; 
and  the  spirit  of  ft«edom  gathered  strengdi 
iWmi  the  open  manner,  in  which  he  aV 
tempted  to  crush  it.  His  speech  to  the 
general  court  after  the  repeal  of  the  stamp 
act  was  by  no  means  caleubted  to  assuage 
the  angty  passions,  which  had  tetely  been 
excited.  He  was  the  principal  means  of 
bringing  the  troops  to  Boeton,  that  he 
might  overawe  the  people ;  and  it  was 
owing  to  bun,  that  they  were  continued 
in  the  town.  This  messure  had  been 
proposed  by  him  and  Mr.  Hutehinson 
k>ng  before  it  was  executed.  While  he 
professed  himself  a  iHend  to  the  province, 
he  was  endeavoring  to  undermine  its  con- 
stitution, and  to  obtain  an  essential  alter- 
ation in  the  charter  by  transferring  flrom 
the  general  court  to  the  crown  the  right 
of  electing  the  council.  Hte  conduct, 
though  it  drew  upon  him  the  indignation 
of  the  province,  was  so  pleasing  to  the 
ministry,  that  he  was  created  a  baronet 
March  SO,  1769.  Sir  Francis  had  too  lit- 
tle command  of  his  temper.  He  could 
not  conceal  his  resentments,  and  he  could 
not  restrain  his  censures.  One  of  his 
lest  public  measures  wss  to  prorogue  the 
general  eourt  in  July,  in  consequence  of 
their  reibsing  to  make  provision  for  the 
support  of  the  troops.  The  general 
court  however,  before  they  were  proro- 


BERNARD. 

ftiedicmbracad  theoHMwUinitgrofdrnwiag 
op  •  petitioo  to  hk  in^Mf  for  th*  m> 
moral  of  the  te*araor<  h  «m  fimad 
neew— ly  to  imsU  hkti*  Mid  Im  Mabsriwd 
AvgiMt  1, 17M,  iMviaff  Mr.  HatekiMon, 
the  Uevtenuit  gofeiaor,  eoMMmder  in 
diief.  There  were  few,  who  huiaented 
hie  deperture.  He  dUed  in  Eagbud  in 
JuMlTTO.  ]Iie9iideoD,nrJoh>B.,who 
held  poUie  oiBece  in  Beriiedoee  end  St. 
VuMeat*e,died  inlSM;  hie  third  eon,  rir 
Thomes  B.,  wee  f  redueted  et  Harvard 
oottegein  1767,  andmarryirigin  Boglend 
a  kdy  of  fortune,  the  dang  liter  of  Patriek 
Adair,  devoted  nmeh  of  hie  time  to  vari« 
one  benevolent  inetitution*  in  Londm,  ao 
ae  togaintherqtvtation  ofa  phihuitluo> 
piat ;  he  died  Joty  1, 1818  :  hie  publi«i» 
tione,  flhie^y  dcaigned  to  improve  the 
emnmon  people,  were  numerovs. 

The  newqNqieni  were  very  free  in  the 
ridienle  of  the  parsimony  and  domeetae 
habile  of  Bernard.  But  he  was  temperate, 
a  ftiend  to  literature,  and  a  benefiietor  of 
Harvard  college,  exerting  himself  for  its 
relief  after  the  deetmetion  of  the  library 
by  fire.  He  was  himself  a  nunof erudition, 
being  conversant  vrith  books,  and  retail^ 
ing  the  striking  passages  in  his  strong 
memoiy.  He  said,  that  he  could  repeat 
the  whole  of  Shakespeare.  Believing 
the  ehristiaa  religion,  he  attended  habit- 
ually pnblie  wwship.  Though  attadied 
to  the  English  church,  when  he  resided 
at  Boxbuiy,  he  often  repaired  to  the 
nearest  eongregatioaal  mMting,that  of 
Brookline. 

If  a  man  of  great  address  and  wisdom 
■had  oooupied  the  phce  of  sir  Francis,  it 
is  very  probable,  that  the  American  rev- 
olution would  not  have  occurred  so  soon. 
But  his  tibitrary  principles  and  his  leal 
for  the  authority  of  the  crown  enkindled 


BEVERIDOE. 


lOf 


the  s|Hrit  of  the  people,  while  his  repre- 
sentations to  the  ministiy  excited  them 
to  those  measures,  which  hastened  the 
separation  of  the  eok>nies  ilrom  the  moth- 
er country. 

From  the  letters  of  governor  Bernard, 
which  were  obtained  and  transmitted  to 
this  country  by  Mr.  Bollan,  it  aiq>aani, 
thst  he  had  very  little  regard  to  the  in- 


terestsof  libetty.  Hisselset  lettenon 
ad  government  of  America, 
in  BoMoa  from  17«f  to  1788, 
wow  published  in  London  in  1774.  His 
other  latleni,  wihteahomeb  tionfidense, 
WHO  pwhlished  fai n88and  1788.  He 
wrote  several  pieeea  in  OtDsek  and  Latin 
in  the  eoUeetkw  made  at  Cambridge, 
styled,  "PietaaetgrntoMio,'' 1781.  Mi- 
nel's  Ami.  iMisat.  i.  78—881)  Oer^en,  i. 
188,  878—874;  Jferaiell,  u.  88,  114; 
AUswf,  II.  108, 168;  EM. 

BETHUNE,  Divie,  an  eminent  phi- 
kmthropist  and  ehristiaa,  was  bom  at 
IMngwall,  Roaishiie,  Scothnd,  in  1771. 
la  early  liA  he  resided  at  Tebago,  vHiere 
hia  only  brother  was  a  physician.  At  the 
eommand  of  his  pions  mother  he  left  the 
irreligious  ishnd  and  removed  to  the 
United  Statea  in  1788,  and  settled  ae  a 
merehant  in  New  York.  He  eoon  jouk- 
ed  the  church  of  Dr.  Mason ;  in  1808  be- 
came one  of  its  elders.  HefUed8ept.l8, 
1884.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  ka> 
beUa  Graham.  Before  a«traet  aoeiety 
waa  formed  in  this  country,  Mr.  Bethune 
printed  10,000  tracts  at  his  own  expense, 
and  himself  distributed  many  of  them. 
He  also  imported  Biblee  for  distribvtioir. 
From  1808  to  1816  he  was  at  the  sole  ex- 
pense of  one-  or  more  Sunday  sehoohi. 
The  tenth  of  his  gains  he  devoted  to  the 
SMvice  of  hia  Imvenly  Msster.  In  hfa: 
hat  dekness  he  said  "I  wirii  my  friends  to 
help  ma  through  the  vallagr  by  reading  to 
me  the  word  of  God.  I  have  not  read 
mnehktetybnt  the  Bble :  the  Bible! 
the  Bible  t  I  wantnothing  but  the  Bible! 
O,  the  light,  that  has  shined  into  my  soul 
throogh  the  BiUe !»  His  end  waa  peace. 
Such  a  beneiketor  of  the  human  imiily  is 
incomparably  mcHe  worthy  of  remem- 
brance, than  the  selfish  phikMophers  and 
the  great  warriors  of  the  earth.— A*.  Y. 
Oi$eneri  B.  BeemrdWt  Oct.  16.. 

BEVERIDGE,  John,  a  poet,  was  a 
mitive  of  Scotland.  In  1768  he  was  ap- 
pointed profisssor  of  hngusges  ita  the  eo(- 
legeand  academy  of  Philadelphia.  He 
published  in  1766  a  volume  of  Latin  po- 
ems, entitled,  <Epistobe  familiares  et  alia 
quffidam  miscellanea.'     In  an  address  to 


Jlfr«l|ptm<Mli  lH^irtOflitf  piteWj 


BIDDLE. 

two  ihiiM  firom  Seotkad  with  400  high- 
kBd  troopt.  Bdnf  appoi"*^  ^  *>>* 
eomiund  of  the  Ruidolph,  •  flrigata  of 
St  guiu,  he  wiled  ftom  Phikdelphia  in 
Feb.  1777.  He  iOon  eerried  into  Charlee- 
ton  4  velnable  priiee,  bound  ftom  Junaiee 
to  London,  one  of  them  the  True  Briton 
ofao  gnne.  A  littlefleet  wm  now  fitted 
out  under  hit  commend,  with  which  he 
oruiied  in  the  Weet  IndiM.  In  en  action 
with  the  British  ehip  Yennouth  of  64 
guns  Ifareh  7, 1778,  captain  Biddle  was 
wounded,  and  in  a  few  minutes  after- 
wards, while  he  was  under  the  hands  of 
the  surgeon,  the  Randolph  with  a  crew 
of  41ft  blew  up,  and  he  and  all  his  men, 
but  four,  perished.  The  four  men  were 
tossed  about  4  days  on  a  piece  of  the 
wreck,  before  they  were  taken  up.  The 
oth'sr  vessels  escaped,  ftom  the  disabled 
condition  of  the  Yarmouth.  Capt.  Biddle 
was  but  37  years  of  age.  He  had  dis- 
played the  qualities,  requisite  for  a  naval 
commander,  skill,  coolness,  self-posses- 
sion, oourage,togeUier  with  humanity  and 
magnanimity.  His  temper  was  cheerful. 
Believing  the  gospel,  his  religious  im- 
pressions had  a  powerftil  influence  upon 
his  coi^ct.— He  was  a  brother  of  the 
hte  judge  Biddle. — Rog«r$ ;  Biog.  Jlnur. 
BIDDLE,  Thomas,  was  a  captain  of 
artilleiy  in  the  campaigns  on  the  Niag»> 
ra  in  181S  and  1814.  He  served  under 
gen.  Scott  at  the  capture  of  fort  George. 
In  the  battle  of  Lundy's  bine  he  brought 
offapiece  of  the  enemy's  artillery.  After 
the  war,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major, 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and 
was  paymaster  in  the  army.  He  was  shot 
in  a  duel  with  Spencer  Petti8,a  member  of 
congress,  and  died  Aug.  39, 18S1,  at  the 
age  of  41.  The  history  of  this  affiiir  is 
the  history  of  consummate  folly,  discred- 
itable pusillanimity,  and  hardened  deprav- 
ity. Political  controversy  was  the  origin 
of  the  duel.  Biddle  had  anonymously 
abused  Pettis  in  the  newspapers ;  this 
!ed  to  a  retort  of  hard  words.  Next, 
Biddle  assaulted  Pettw,  when  he  was 
asleep,  with  a  cowskin.  Bonds  were  im- 
posed on  Biddle  for  the  preservation  of  the 
peace.  At  last  the  frienda  of  Mr.  Pettis 
14 


BIOBLOW.  fW 

urged  him  and  coMtniaed  him  to  ehal> 
lenge  his  ehastiser  andtohanrd  hb  VM 
and  soul  in  the  attempt  of  mutual  murder. 
The  disUnee  ehoeen  by  Biddle,  who  wa« 
near  sighted,  wae  five  ftet,  so  that  the 
pistols  wouU  overiap  eaeh  other,  ma> 
king  death  apparently  certain  to  both  i 
accordingly  both  fell,  Friday  Aug.  S6th, 
and  soon  their  spirits  went  into  eternity 
with  the  guilt  of  blood.  Pettis  died  on 
Saturday  and  Biddle  on  Monday.  The 
promoters  of  this  duel  must  be  regarded 
as  sharers  in  the  guilt.  Dean  Swift  re- 
marked, '*none  but  fooh  fight  duels,  and 
the  sooner  the  world  is  rid  of  such  fUks» 
the  better."  It  will  be  well  for  those,  who 
call  themselves  men  of  honor,  and  well 
for  their  miserable  fimiilies,  if  they  shall 
learn  to  fear  the  judgment  of  God  rather 
than  tlie  sneers  of  unprincipled  men^ 
and  if  they  shall  learn  to  abstain  from 
calumny,  to  forgive  injuries,  and  to  love 
a  brother. — N.  Y.  Mercury,  iv.  9. 

BIENVILLE,  Le  MoyneDe,  govern* 
or  of  Louisiana  and  founder  of  New  Or- 
leans, took  the  name  of  his  brother,  who 
was  killed  by  the  Iroquois  in  1691. 
While  in  command  at  M<^ile  he  manifes- 
ted his  humanity  by  liberating  the  prison- 
ers, which  were  brought  ftrom  Carolina 
by  the  Indians  in  the  Indian  war  of  1716i 
of  which  Dr.  Holmes  has  given  an  ac- 
count. In'17l4heeon8tructedafort  at 
Natchez,  and  in  1717,  on  a  visit  to  the 
gov.  of  Mobile,  he  obtained  permission 
to  lay  the  foundation  of  the  city  of  New 
Orleans.  In  1736  M.  Perrier  being  nom- 
inated commandant  of  Louisiana  in  his 
place,  he  went  to  France ;  but  in  17SS  he 
returned  with  a  new  c<nnmiS8ion  as  gover- 
nor. In  1740,  with  a  large  army  of 
French,  Indians,  and  negroes,  he  made  a 
second  expedition  against  the  Chicka- 
saws:  proceeding  up  the  Mississippi,  he  . 
encamped  near  their  towns,  and  brought ' 
them  to  terms  of  peace.— CA«r/e«o»atj 
Holme$,  I.  618;  ii.  16. 

BI6EL0W,  Timothy,  a  lawyer,  waa 
bom  at  Worcester,  Ms.,  April  SO,  17S7, 
the  son  of  col.  Timo.  B.  who  served  in 
Arnold's  expedition  to  Quebec,  and  com- 
manded the  16th  regiment  in  the  revolu- 


tM 


BIGOT. 


tioMry  WW,  and  probubly  •  dMOfiklMit 
ofJolui  Big<low,who  lived  in  W«t«f 
town  in  IMt.  Aft«r  f  radunting  nt  H«r> 
yxd  eoUefft  in  1766,  he  itudied  law  and 
in  1789  oomnMnecd  the  praetiee  at  Oio- 
tcMU  For  mora  than  90  yean  Arom  1790 
ke  WM  a  diatinguiaiwd  oMmber  of  tlw 
bfiiiatara;  ibrll  jeanhewastbeapeak- 
er  of  the  houae  of  lepnaentativea.  In 
hia  politioa  he  wu  aidentiy  attached  to 
the  fisderal  partj.  Of  the  Hartford  oon- 
vantion  in  1914  he  wai  a  member ;  and 
grand  maater  of  maaona.  In  1 907  he  r»* 
moved  to  Medlbrd  and  Inpt  an  office  in 
Boaton.  He  died  May  18,  1891,  aged 
54.  Hia  wift  waa  the  daughter  of  Oli- 
ver PreMott ;  one  of  hia  daughtera  mar 
ried  Abbot  Lawrence.— Mr.  Bigelow  was 
a  learned,  eloquent,  and  pc^ular  lawyer. 
It  baa  been  computed,  that  daring  a  prac 
tiee  of  89year8  he  argued  not  less  than 
16,000  cauaea.  Hia  usual  antagonist 
waa  Samuel  Dana.  Over  the  multitudi- 
noua  aaaembfy  of  6  or  700  legislatoia  of 
Masaa.  hepretided  with  great  dignity  and 
energy.  Ofmany  literary  and  benevQlant 
aoeietiea  he  waa  an  active  member  ;  and 
in  private  life  was  reqwcted  and  beloved. 
HepubUshedan  oration  before  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  aociety,  1797.  An  extract 
ofhia eulogy  on  S.  Dana  bin  the  hist, 
oolleetiona. — Jetmiton  ;  Maine  hiit.  eoL 

I.  868,  888,  409;  JtfoMii.  Awl.  eo^  «.  «. 

II.  385,  853. 

BIGOT,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
waa  emplojrad  in  1687  by  gen.  de  Denon- 
ville  to  ooUeet  a  village  of  the  Penobacot 
Indians,  who  had  been  disperaed,  in  order 
to  counteract  the  designs  of  gov.  Andres. 
It  would  seem,  that  he  had  been  a  mis- 
sionary among  these  Indians  near  Penta- 
goet,  or  Penobaoot,'for  some  yean  before, 
but  had  been  driven  off  by  the  disputes 
with  the  company  of  fishermen.  Bigot 
returned,  says  DenonvQle,  "  at  my  re- 
quest, in  order  to  keep  the  savages  in  our 
interest,  which  they  had  abandoned." 
Such  was  the  worldly  policy,  which  pro- 
duced the  Jesuit  missions  in  Maine ,  and 
tiin  Jesuits,  by  their  vows  of  obedience 
being  subject  to  their  superiors,  were 
convenient  instruments  of  politic  governors 


BIO  WARRIOR. 

and  adventuroua  generaia.    DenonvUla  in 
a  memoir,  which  he  prepared  after  hia  i^ 
turn  to  France,  ascribes  much  of  the  good 
understanding,  whieh  had  beett  preserved 
with  the  Abenaki  Indiafll,  to  the  influence 
of  the  two  father  Bigota:  the  name  of  the 
younger  waa  James.  Vincent  chiefly  re- 
sided at  St.  Francois  among  the  Indiana 
there  assembled  by  the  governor  of  Cana- 
da.   In  an  expeditbn  of  the  Abenakia 
against  New  England,  Bigot  accompa- 
nied them,  as  is  related  by  Charlevoi^ 
under  the  year  1731  fVom  the  lipa  of  the 
missionaiy  himself,  and  witneaaed  their 
heroism  in  a  battle,  in  which  at  the  odda 
of  30  English  ior  1  Indian  they  fought  a 
whole  day,  and  without  the  k)ss  of  a  man 
strewed  the  field  of  battle  with  the  dead 
and  put  the  English  to  flight.    In  this 
story  there  is  as  much  truth,  as  in  father 
Biart's  miracle  on  the  Penobscot    There 
was  uo  such  battle  hi  1731,  nor  in  any 
other  year ;  though  it  is  true,  that  in  1734 
many  Indians  with  father  Rallefellin  bat- 
tle at  Norridgewock,  without  the  loaa  of 
one  of  the  Engliah.    Mr.  Southey  aays ; 
"let  any  person  compara  the  relations  of 
our  protectant  missionaries  with  those  of 
the    Jesuits,  dominicans,  franciscans,  or 
any  other  Romish  order,  and  the  di&r- 
ence,  which  he  cannot  fail  to  perceive, 
between  the  plain  truth  of  the  one  and 
the  audacious  and  elaborate  mendacity  of 
the  other,  may  lead  him  to  a  just  infer- 
ence concerning  the  two  churches." — 
Ckarlevoiw,  1.  581, 550;  in.  808  )  Souths 
«y'«  eott.  II.  874 ;  Maine  hiit.eol.  i.  838. 
BIG  WARRIOR,  the  principal  chief  of 
the  Creek  nation,  died  Feb.  9, 1835.  With 
a  colossal  body,  he  had  a  mind  of  great 
power.    In  November  1834  be  and  Little 
rrince  and  other  chiefs  signed  the  declara- 
tion of  a  council  of  the  tribe,  asserting 
their  reluctance  to  sell  any  more  land  and 
their  claims  to  justice,  and  describing  the 
progress  made  in  the  arts  of  civil  life. 
They,  who  think  the  Indians  incapable 
of  civilization,  may  be  surprised  to  learn, 
that  the  upper  Creeks  alone  had  manu- 
factured 30,000  yards  of  <  homespun.'  He 
had  always  been  a  iViendofthe  whites, 
and  fought  for  them  in  many  a  battle. 


BINGHAM. 


BISHOP. 


BINGHAM,  Willtem,  a  tenator  of 
the  United  Statee,  waa  graduated  at  the 
college  ofkPhiladelphia  in  1T68;  he  waa 
agent  for  hia  couatry  at  Martinique  in  the 
period  of  the  re«>llbtion ;  in  1786  he  waa 
a  delegate  toeongreaa  fVom  Pennaylvania; 
in  1796  he  succeeded  Mr.  Morris  u  sena- 
tor, or  the  measures  of  Mr.  Adams'  ad- 
ministration he  waa  a  decided  advocate. 
He  died  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  7, 1804, 
aged  6S.— Mr.  Bingham  married  in  1780 
Miss  WiiHng  of  Philadelphia  ;  his  son, 
William,  married  in  Montreal  in  1833  ; 
a  daughter  was  married  to  a  eon  of  sir 
Francis  Baring.  Mr.  Bingham  purchas- 
ed about  the  year  179S  more  than  3  mil- 
Kons  oTacres  of  land  in  Maine  at  an  eighth 
or  a  dollar  per  acre,  or  for  more  than  850 
thousand  dollan.  In  1715  Mr.  Green- 
leaf  oaleulated  the  cost  to  have  amounted 
to  49  cents  per  acre,  when  perhaps  the 
average  value  might  not  exceed  17  cents. 
— Mr.  B.  published  "a  letter  f^om  an 
American  on  the  subject  of  the  restrain- 
ing proclamation,"  with*  strictures  on 
lord  Sheffield's  pamphlets,  1784 ;  descrip- 
tion of  certain  tracts  of  land  in  thedistrict 
of  Maine,  1793. 

BINGHAM,Caleb,a  bookseUer  of  Bo»- 
ton,  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college 
in  1783.  In  eariy  life  he  was  the  pre- 
ceptor of  an  academy  and  afterwards  for 
many  yean  was  a  teacher  in  one  of  the 
principal  shools  of  Boston.  Quitting 
the  toils  of  instruction,  he  kept  a  large 
book  shop  in  Boston,  and  compiled  ibr 
the  benefit  of  youth  various  books,  some 
of  which  went  through  many  editioiM. 
For  several  yean  he  was  a  director  of  ihe 
state  prison,  in  which  capacity  he  made 
great  efforts  for  the  mehtal  improvement 
of  the  younger  criminals.  '  In  his  politics 
he  belonged  to  the  school  of  Mr.  Jeffei^ 
son.  He  had  a  character  of  strict  integri- 
ty and  uprightness,  and  he  was  an  exem- 
plary professor  of  religion.  After  much 
sufibringhe  died  April  6, 1817,  aged  60. 
A  daughter,  Sophia,  married  col.  Towaaa 
of  the  army.  He  published  an  interes- 
ting narrative,  entitled,  "the  Hunten"; 
young  lady's  accidence,  1789  ;  epistolary 
correspondence ;  the  Columbian  Viator. 


BIRDSEYE,  Nathan,  remarkable  Ibr 
k>ngevity,  the  minister  of  West  Haven, 
Con.,  was  bom  Aug.  19, 1714,  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1786,  and  waa  ordained 
the  4th  paator  of  West  Haven  Oct.  1741. 
His  predecessors  were  Samuel  Johnaoa, 
Jonathan  Arnold,  and  Timothy  Allen ; 
his  successor  was  Noah  Williaton.  After 
being  in  the  ministry  16  yean  he  was  dla> 
missed  in  June  1758,  and  retired  to  hia 
patrimonial  estate  at  Oronoake  in  Strat- 
ford, where  he  resided  60  yean,  till  hia 
death  Jan.  38, 1818,  aged  108  yean  and 
five  months.  About  a  hundred  of  hia 
posterity  were  present  at  his  fVmeral. 
The  whole  number  of  his  descendants  waa 
368,  of  whom  306  were.living.  Hia  wilb, 
with  whom  he  had  lived  69  yean,  died  at 
the  age  of  88.  By  her  he  had  1 3  ehiUren, 
alternately  a  boy  and  giri;  76  grand 
chiklren  ;  168  great  grandchildren  ;  and 
7  of  the  fifth  generation.  Of  all  the 
branches  of  his  numerous  fkmily,scattered 
into  various  parts  of  the  U.  S;,  not  ona 
of  them  had  been  reduced  to  want.  Most 
of  them  were  in  prosperous,  all  in  com* 
forteble  circumstances. — In  his  last  yean 
he  occasionally  preached,  and  once  at 
Stratford  to  great  acceptance,  after  ha 
was  100  yean  old.  At  kwt  he  becama 
blind  and  deaf;  yet  his  retentive  memory 
and  aonnd  judgment  and  excellent  temper 
gave  an  interest  to  his  eonversatioa  with 
his  friends.  He  died  without  an  enemy, 
in  the  hope  of  a  happy  immortality.  Ae> 
cording  to  his  account  of  the  Indians  near 
Stratford,  about  the  year  1700  tiiere  wera 
60  or  80  fighting  men ;  in  1761  but  three 
or  four  men  wera  left.  However,  the 
race  was  not  determinated ;  for  of  the 
emigrants  there  lived  at  Kent  on  the 
"Oustonnoe  river"  137  souls. — Matt. 
hut.eolx.  111. 

BISHOP,  George,  a  quaker,  published 
"New  England  judged,  not  by  man's  but 
by  the  spirit  of  the  Lord,  and  the  summe 
sealed  up  of  New  England's  persecutions, 
being  a  brief  relation  of  the  sufferings'crf' 
the  quakera  in  that  part  of  America  iVom 
the  beghining  of  the  5th  m.1668  to  the  ead 
of  the  10th  m.  1660:  Tdierein  the  cruel 
whippings  and  scourgings,  bonds  and  inv> 


M  BI88ELL. 

priMMmMls  ktt.  bvraiac  in  thahand  wnd 
ratUoff  off  of  can,  hanMim—t  upon  pain 
of  dmth,  and  pattiaf  to  death  ke,  are 
ahortlj  tovehad,  1661."  He  givea  an  a»> 
oonntortheaxecution  of  Wm.  Robinaon, 
Mannadnka  Stephanaon,  Mary  Dyar,  k 
William  Ladaa,  for  retaraing  aAar  being 
baaiahed  aaqoakera  ;  aoehwaa  the  bloody 
apirit  of  paraeeation  in  nan,  who  aoufht 
liberty  of  eonaoienoe  in  a  wildemeaa. 
Among  the  baniahed  waa  Mary  Fiaher, 
who  Urayalied  aa  ftr  aa  Adrianople  and  in 
the  aamp  of  the  grand  viaier  delivered  her 
Meamge  "ftom  the  great  God  to  the  great 
Turk."  Hutehinaon  remarka,  "aheftred 
better  among  the  Tnrka,  than  among 
ehriatiana.— fliifeA.  1. 180." 

BI8SELL,  Joaiah,  a  generous  philan- 
thropiat,  waa  the  aon  of  deacon  Joaiah 
Bimall  About  the  year  1814  or  181S  he 
vaa  on«  of  a  number  of  young  men,  who 
rcmored  ftom  PittafieU,  Ma.,  to  the  new 
toirn  of  Roeheater,  N.  Y.  The  inereaae 
in  the  Taloe  of  the  land,  which  Im  had 
purehaaad,  made  him  rich;  but  his  wealth 
he  wry  libemlly  empk>yed  in  promotiag 
An  varioua  benevolent  operationa  of  the 
4»y,  He  expended  many  thouaanda  of 
dolbra.  Wtsrehia  example  followed  by 
tite  rieh,  the  ftceof  theworV  v  ouldaoon 
be  renewed,  At  great  a  Mnae  he  waa 
the  prioeipal  promoter  rf  the  'Pioneer" 
line  of  atagea,  ao  called,  which  did  not 
run  on  8unday,and  which  waa  eatabliahed 
for  the  aole  purpoae  of  preventing  the 
deaeeratioQ  of  the  holy  day,  Hia  piety 
waa  ardent;  hiaeouiageunahakenbytlie 
calumniea  and  revilinga  of  men,  who  pre- 
forredgaintogodllneaa.  As  he  had  lived 
for  Chriat,  he  died  in  the  triumpha  of 
ftith  early  in  April  1881,  aged  40  ysan. 
When  toM,  that  he  would  aoon  die,  he 
aald,  "why  should  I  be  afhirl  to  die  ? 
The  Lord  knows,  I  have  loved  hia  cause 
more  than  all  thi4ga  else;  I  have  wronged 
no  man ;  I  poasesa  no  man's  goods  ;  I 
•m  at  peaee  with  all  man ;  I  have 
peace,  and  trust,  and  confidence ;  I  am 
ready,  willing,  yea  anxioua  to  depart." 
When  t<»ld  the  next  day,  that  be  waa 
t  >r,  he8a!(!:,<'Ide8iretogo:my|aceia 
^,. '    "1M\  my  c!»ildren  to  chtNMe  the 


BLAOKSTONB. 

Lord  Jaaus  Chriat  for  their'portkm  and  to 
aarva  him  better  than  I  hava  done.— Say 
to  the  church,— go  on  gk>rioi|p|y.— Say 
to  impenitent  sinners,-<-if  they  wish  to 
know  the  value  of  religllR.lookataaying 
bed." 

BLACKHOOF,  a  chief  of  the  Shaw- 
aneae  tribe  of  Indians,  died  at  Wiipagh- 
konnettain  Sept.  1881,  aged  114  yeara. 
In  war  he  had  been  a  formidable  enemy, 
though  the  latter  part  of  hia  warftiring  lift 
had  been  devoted  to  the  American  cause. 
|Ie  waa  at  St.  Clair's,  Harmer>s,  and 
Cnwford'a  deibata,  and  perhaps  waa  the 
butaurvivor  of  thoae,who  were  concern'^d 
in]Bra(Uock>a  defeat. 

BLACKMAN,  Adaro,flrat  mini.  ( r  ^r 
Stmtford,  Con. ,  waa  a  preaehur  ip  T  h  >  • .  • 
tershire  and  Derbyahire,  England.    Xttat 
he  came  to  thia  country,  lie  preachei*.  a 
short  time  at  Soituate,  and  then  at  Guil- 
foid ;  in  1640  he  waa  settled  at  Stmtford, 
where  he  died  in  1665.     Hia  sueeesaora 
were  Israel  Chauncy,  Timothy  Cutler, 
Heaekiah  Gould,  larahiah  Wetmuro,  and 
recently  Mr.  Dutton,  aAerwarda  profea- 
sor  at  Yale.    Notwithstanding  hia  name, 
Mather  repreaenta  him  aa  for  hia  holineaa 
*'pui«r  than  snow,  whiter  than  milk." 
Wiih  ahnoat  the  same  name  aa  Melano- 
thon,he  waa  a  Melanethon  among  the  re- 
formera  of  New  Haven,  but  with  leaa  oc- 
casion, than  the  German,  to  comiriain, 
that  "old  Adam  waa  too  hard  for  hia 
young  immesake. "    Mr.  Hooker  so  much 
admirad  the  plainneaa  and  aimplicity  of 
hia  preaching,  that  he  said,  if  he  could 
have  hia  choice,  he  ahould  chooae  to  live 
and  die  under  hia  ministry.— His  aon, 
Beiqamin,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college 
in  1668,  preaohed  for  a  time  at  Maiden, 
but  left  tb      >lf>r>-.  in  ^678;   and  after- 
wards at  Sc^rb.'.  >.,,',  inl688hfl    '^'  '. 
repreaentp  .'.     ^'   ;  '       .which  to. va  lie 
was  a  birgv  ...  ...ulder  downer  of  all  the 

mill  privilegea  on  the  east  side  of  the  river. 
He  probably  died  in  Boaton. — MagnaKu, 
III,  94;  Fohom't  kiit.  Saee,  164. 

BLACKSTONE,  William,  an  epiaco. 
pal  miniater,  and  the  first  inhabitant  of 
Boston,  settled  there  as  early,  as  1635  or 
1636 ;  and  there  he  lived,  when  gov. 


BLAH. 


IM 


rera  eonoero'^d 


Winthioparrivad  ia  Um  •ammer  of  1690 
«t  CharlMtown,  the  racordi  o'^  whleh 
plaMny^<Mr.BlMkitone,dw<  .tOfron 
the  other  ride  of  ChArlee  Rivpr,  aUnw,  at 
•  pfause  bythe  illitM  celled  rkmtmut, 
when  he  only  bed  ■  cottage,  ai  at  not 
flir  off  the  plM*,  celled  Bhekatoae'e  point, 
he  eeiae  and  ecqweinted  the  governor  ol 
an  excellent  spring  there,  withal  inviting 
him  ll  aoUciting  him  thither,whereapon, 
»<ter  the  death  of  Mr.  Johneon  and  divers 
<i  hers,  the  governor,  with  Mr.  Wilson, 
a  )  the  greeteet  part  of  the  church  re- 
.  «ed  thither."  Though  Mr.  Blaek- 
stt>ne  had  first  occupied  tlie  peninsula,  or 
Trimountain ;  yet  all  the  right  of  soil, 
which  the  charter  could  give,  was  held 
by  the  governor  and  company.  In  their 
regard  to  equity  they  at  a  court  April  1, 
168S  agreed  to  give  him  60  acres  near  his 
house  in  Boston  to  enjoy  forever.  In 
1694  he  sold  the  company  this  eetate, 
probably  for  80  pounds,  which  was  raised 
by  an  assessment  of  six  shillings  or  more 
on  each  inhabitant  With  the  proceeds 
he  purchased  cattle,  and  removed,  proba- 
bly in  1686,toPawtucket  river,  now  bear- 
ing  his  name,BfaeilMtoii«  river,a  few  milea 
north  of  Providence,  near  the  southern 
part  ofthe  town  of  Cnmberhuid.  He  was 
married  July  4,  1669  to  widow  Sarah 
Stephenson,  who  died  June  1678.  He 
died  May  36,  1676,  having  lived  in  New 
England  60  years. — His  residence  was 
about  two  miles  north  of  Pawtucket,  on 
the  eastern  bank  ofthe  Blaokstone  river 
tL  within  a  few  rods  of  Whipple's  bridge. 
From  his  house  a  long  extent  of  the 
river  .could  be  seen  to  the  south.  The 
cellar  and  well  are  at  this  day  recognised. 
A  small  rouui  eminence  west  of  his  house 
is  called  Study  Hill,  flrom  its  being  his 
place  of  retirement  for  study.  His  grave 
near  his  house  is  marked  by  a  large  round 
white  stone.— flolmcf,!.  877;  S  CoU.  hi$t. 
soe.x.  171  ;--ix.  174:  8atn^e'$  Winth- 
rep,  I.  44;  E»ereW$  mddmt,  Sd  emtM. 
BLAIR,  James,  first  president  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  c(rilege,  Virginia,  and  a 
learned  divine,  wa«  bom  and  educated  in 
Scotland,  where  he  obtained  a  benefice  in 
the  epiw>opal  church.    On  account  of  the 


unaettled  state  of  religkni,  whieh  thaa  «xp 
iflted  in  that  kingdom,  he  quitted  hk  pr^ 
femenls  and  went  into  England  near  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Charlea  II.  The 
bih  p  of  London  prevailed  on  him  to  go 
to  Virginia,  as  •  miaaioBary,  about  the 
year  1686  ;  It  in  that  Aokmy  by  his  exem- 
]  'ary  conduct  and  unweu-iMJ  labors  in  the 
work  ofthe  ministry  he  moch  promoted 
religk)n,  and  gained  to  himself  esteem 
and  reputation.  In  1688  he  was  appoin- 
ted by  the  bishop  ecclesiasticai  commis- 
sary, the  highest  office  in  the  church, 
which  eouU  be  given  him  in  the  province. 
This  appointment,  however,  did  not  in- 
duce him  to  relinquish  the  pastoral  ofllce, 
fi>r  it  waa  his  delight  to  preach  the  gospel 
of  salvation. 

Perceiving  that  the  want  of  schools  and 
seminaries  fbr  literary  and  religious  in- 
struetion  would  in  a  great  >ie|{ree  defeat 
the  exertions,  which  were  m  king,  in  or- 
der to  propagate  the  gospel,  he  formed  the 
design  of  estsblishing  a  colle^^e  at  Wil- 
liamsburg. For  this  purpose  1  r  solicited 
beneftctions  in  this  country^  ami  by  direc- 
tion of  the  assembly  made  a  v  -yage  to 
England  in  1601  to  obtain  the  patronage 
ofthe  government  A  charter  yrw  pro- 
cured in  this  year  with  liberal  endow- 
ments, and  he  was  named  in  it  as  the  first 
president;  but  it  does  not  appear,  that 
he  entered  on  the  dutiea  of  his  cllBee  Hefbre 
the  year  1739,  fVom  whkh  period  till  1743 
he  discharged  them,  with  faithfulness. 
The  college  however  did  not  flourish  very 
greatly  during  hiapreridency,  nor  for  nu- 
ny  years  sAerwards.  The  wealthy  farm- 
ers were  in  the  habit  of  sending  their  sons 
to  Europe  for  their  education.  After  a 
life  of  near  sixty  years  in  the  ministr/, 
he  died  in  a  good  old  age  August  1, 1743, 
and  went  to  enjoy  the  glory,  fbr  which  h« 
was  destined.  Mr.  Blair  was  for  some 
time  presklent  ofthe  council  ofthe  cobny, 
and  rector  of  Williamsburg.  He  was  a 
faithflil  laborer  in  the  vineyard  of  his 
Master,  and  an  ornament  to  his  pro(basion 
and  to  the  several  offices,  which  he  sus- 
tained. He  published,  our  Savior's  di- 
vine sermon  on  the  mount  exphuned  and 
the  practice  of  it  recommended  in  divers 


IM 


BLAIR. 


senooaa  and  ({iM0unM,4  vol.  8to.  Lon- 
don, 1743.  This  work  u  spoken  of  with 
liigh  approbation  by.  Dr.  Doddrige,  and 
by  Dr.  Williams  in  his  christian  preacher. 
hUrod.  to  the  o&ovc  tporifc;  Mitter'i  retr. 
II.  8S5,  9M,;  New  and  gen.  biog.  diet. ; 
Bumet't  hi$t.  own  timee,  ii.  139, 130, 
foUoi  Keith,  168;  Beverly. 

BLAIR,  Samuel,  a  learned  minister  in 
Pennsylvania,  was  a  native  of  Ireland. 
He  came  to  America  very  early  in  life, 
and  was  one  of  Mr.  Tennent's  pupils  in 
his  academy  at  Neshaminy.  About  the 
year  1745  he  himself  opened  an  academy 
at  Fog's  manor,  Chester  county,  with 
particular  reference  to  the  study  of  the- 
ok)gy  as  a  science.  VLe  also  took  the  pas- 
toral charge  of  the  church  in  this  place ; 
but  such  was  his  zeal  to  do  good,  that  he 
did  not  confine  himself  to  his  own  socie- 
ty, but  often  dispensed  the  precious 
truths  of  heaven  to  destitute  congrega- 
tions. He  died,  it  is  believed,  in  1751, 
and  his  brother  in  a  few  years  succeeded 
him  in  th«  care  of  the  church. 

Mr.  Blair  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
and  able,  as  well  as  pious,  excellent,  and 
venerable  men  of  his  d^r.  He  was  a  pro- 
found divine  and  a  most  solemn  and  im- 
pressive preacher.  To  his  pupils  he  was 
himself  an  excellent^  model  of  pulpit  elo- 
quence. In  his  life  he  gave  them  an  ad- 
mirable example  of  christian  meekness,  of 
ministerial  diligence,  of  candor,  and  Catho- 
licism, without  a  dereliction  of  principle. 
He  was  eminently  serviceable  to  the  part 
of  the  country,  where  he  lived,  not  only 
as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  but  as  a  teach- 
er of  human  knowledge.  From  his  aca< 
demy,  that  school  of  the  prophets,  as  it 
was  frequently  called,  there  issued  forth 
many  excellent  pupils,  who  did  honor  to 
their  instructerboth  as  scholars  and  chris- 
tian ministers.  Among  the  distinguish- 
ed characters,  who  received  their  classical 
and  theological  education  at  this  semina- 
ry, were  his  nephew,  Alexander  Gum- 
ming, Samuel  Davies,  Dr.  Rodgers  of 
New  York,  and  James  Finiey,  Hugh 
Henry,  and  a  number  of  other  respectable 
clergymen.  Mr  Davies,  after  being  in- 
formed of  his  sickness,  wrote  respecting 


him  to  a  iViend  the  following  Unci.       ^ 

"O,  liad  yon  not  the  mournful  newt  dinilgVI, 
My  mind  had  Mill  the  plMuinf  druMn  indulg'd, 
Still  Tancifld  Bbtir  wilh^>eahh   and    vigor 

bleti'd, 
With  fome  grand  porpuae  lab'ring  in  hb  brtaat, 
In  itudioiM  thought  ponuiag  truth  divine, 
Till  the  full  demontl ration  round  him  ihine  ; 
Or  from  the  aacred  deak  proclaiming  loud 
Hia  maiter'a  meaiage  to  the  attentive  crowd, 
While  lieavenly  truth  with   bright  conviction 

glarea, 
And  coward  error  shrinka  and  dimppeara, 
While  quick  remorte  the  hardy  ainner  feck, 
And  Cklvary'a  balm  the  bleeding  conacience 

heala." 
He  published  animadversions  on  the 
reasons  of  A.  Creaghead  for  quitting  the 
presb.  church,  1743 ;  a  narrative  of  a  re- 
vival of  religion  in  several  parts  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 1744.— Jtf»ifcr'«  retr.  ii.  948  ; 
M<u$.  mi$t.  mag.  iii.  963  ;  Daviei'  life. 
BLAIR,  John,  an  eminent  minister  in 
Pennsylvania,  was  ordained  to  the  pasto- 
ral charge  of  three  congregations  in  Cum- 
berland county  as  early  as  1743.  These 
were  fVontier  settlements  and  exposed  to 
depredations  in  the  Indian  wars,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  remove.  He  accepted  a 
call  from  Fog's  manor  in  Chester  county 
in  1757.  This  congregation  had  been  A- 
vored  with  the  ministry  of  his  brother, 
Samuel  Blair ;  &  here  he  continued  about 
nine  years,  besides  discharging  the  duties 
of  the  ministry,  superintending  also  a 
flourishing  grammar  school,  and  preparing 
many  young  men  for  the  ministry. 
When  the  presidency  of  New  Jersey  col- 
lege became  vacant,  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  and  had  for  some  time 
the  charge  of  that  seminary  before  the 
arrival  of  Dr.  Witherspoon.  After  this 
event  he  settled  at  Wallkill  in  the  state  of 
New  York.  Here  he  labored  a  while 
with  his  usual  faithfulness,  and  finished 
his  earthly  course  Dec.  8,  1771,  aged 
about  51  years. 

He  was  a  judiciotu  and  persuasive 
preacher,  and  through  his  exertrans  sin- 
ners were  converted  and  the  children  of 
God  edified.  Fully  convinced  of  the 
doctrines  of  grace,  he  addressed  immortal 
souls  with  that  warmth  and  power, which 


BLAIR. 


lU 


left  a  witness  in  every  boaom.  Though 
he  Bometimee  wrote  his  sermons  in  full, 
yet  his  common  mode  of  preaching  was 
by  short  notes,  comprising  the  general 
outlines.  His  lakors  were  too  abundant 
to  admit  of  more ;  and  no  more  was  ne- 
cessary to  a  mind  so  richly  stored,  and  so 
constantly  impressed  with  the  great 
truths  of  reHgion.^For  his  large  fiunily 
he  had  amassed  no  fortune,  but  h&  left 
them  what  was  infinitely  better,a  religious 
^ucation,  a  holy  example,  and  prayers, 
which  have  been  remarkably  answered.— 
His  disposition  was  uncommonly  patient, 
I^actd,  benevolent,  disinterested,  and 
cheerful.  He  was  too  mild  to  indulge 
bitterness  or  severity,  and  he  thought 
that  truth  required  little  else  than  to  be 
fairly  stated  and  properly  understood. 
Those,  who  could  not  relish  the  savor 
of  his  piety,  loved'him  as  an  amiable  and 
revered  him  as  a  great  man.  Though 
no  bigot,  he  firmly  believed  tliat  the  pres- 
byterian  form  of  goveriiment  is  the  most 
scriptural,  and  the  most  favorable  to  reli- 
gion and  happiness.  In  his  last  sickness 
he  imparted  his  advice  to, the  congrega- 
tion, and  represented  to  his  family  the 
necessity  of  an  interest  in  Christ.  A  few 
nighls  before  he  died  he  said,  "directly,  I 
am  going  to  glory.  My  master  calls  me; 
I  must  be  gone."  He  published  a  few 
occasional  sermons  and  tracts  in  defence  of 
important  truths. — £v(m.  Intettig,  i. 
241-344. 

BLAIR,  Samuel,  minister  of  Boston, 
the  son  of  Rev.  Samuel  Blair,  was  born 
at  Fogg's  manor  in  1741.  After  being 
graduated  at  the  college  of  N.  Jersey  in 
1760,  he  was  a  tutor  in  that  seminary. 
He  was  settled  as  colleague  with  Dr. 
SeWall  over  the  old  south  church  in  Bos- 
ton Nov.  36,  1766.  He  had  been  previ- 
ously ordained  as  a  presbyterian.  In  the 
next  year  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
college,  in  N.  Jersey,,  as  successor  of 
Finley,  but  he  declined  the  appointment 
in  consequence  of  the  ascertained  willing- 
ness of  Dr.  Witherspoon  to  accept  the 
place,  which  at  first  he  had  reject^].  By 
reason  of  ill  health  and  some  difficulty 
respecting  the  half  way  covenant  Mr. 


Blair  was  dismissed  Oct.  10,  1769.  H» 
never  resumed  a  pastoral  charge.  During 
the  last  years  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Ger- 
mantown,  where  he  died  suddenly  Sept. 
34, 1818,  aged  77.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Bacon  and  Mr.  Huni  Distin- 
guished for  talents  and  learning,  he  was 
in  preachingi  with  a  feeble  voice,  a  mas- 
ter of  the  touching  and  pathetic.  He 
married  in  1769  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Ship- 
pen,the  elder,  of  Philadelphia:  his  daugh- 
ter married  Charles  Peirce.  He  publish- 
ed an  oration  on  the  dieath  of  George 
II,  1161.— lVi$ner'$  hiat.  O.  8.  ekureh, 
81;  Green's  ditemiriei,  393,^96. 

BLAIR,  John,  one  of  the  associate 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States  died  at  Williamsburg  in  Virginia 
August  SI,  1800,  aged  68.  He  was'a 
judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in  Virginia 
in  1787,  at  which  time  the  legislature  <tf 
that  state,  finding  tlw  judiciary  system  in- 
convenient, established  circuit  courts,  the 
duties  of  which  they  directed  the  judges 
of  the  court  of  appeals  to  perform.  These 
judges,  among  whose  names  are  those  of 
Blair,  Pendleton,  and  Wythe,  remonstra> 
ted  and  declared  the  act  unconstitutionaL 
In  the  same  year,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  general  convention,  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  To 
that  instrument  the  names  of  Blair  and 
Madison  are  aflixed  as  the  deputies  from 
Virginia.  In  September,  1789,  when  the 
government,  whkdi  he  had  assisted  in  es- 
tablishing, had  commenced  its  operation, 
he  was  appointed  by  Washington  an  as- 
sociate judge  of  the  supreme  court,  of 
which  John  Jay  was  chief  justice.  He 
was  an  amiable,  accomplish«l,  and  truly 
virtuous  man.  He  discharged  with  abil- 
ity and  integrity  the  duties  of  a  number  of 
the  highest  &moet  important  public  trusts; 
and  in  these,  as  well  as  in  the  relations  of 
private  life,  his  conduct  was  upright  &  so 
blameless,  that  he  seldom  or  never  lost  a 
friend  or  made  him  an  enemy.  Even 
calumny,  which  assailed  Washington, 
shrunk  from  his  flriend,  the  unassuming 
and  pious  Blair.  Through  life  he  in  a 
remarkable  manner  experienced  the  truth 
of  our  Savior's  declaration,  "blessed  are 


in 


BLAKE. 


BLANC. 


the  meekjlbr  th^  ahdl  inherit  the  e^rth;'* 
and  at  death  he  illoitrated  the  foice  of  the 
CKelamatkm,  "let  me  die  the  death  of  the 
lighteoui^  and  let  my  last  end  be  like 
hie."— Cfaipeefe'*  •dv.Sept.  IS.  1800  ; 
MmrskM  v.  S16. 

BLAKE,  Joeeph,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  a  proprietary  and  a  ne- 
phew of  the  fkmons  admiral  Blake.  He 
sacoeeded  gov.  Thomas  Smith  in  1694 
and  Archdale  in  1696,  and  was  himself 
succeeded  by  James  Moore  in  1700.  In 
theaccount  of  Archdale  it  is  suggested, 
that  he  might  have  been  governor  6  or  6 
years ;  he  was  in  fact  governor  but  one 
year. — During  Blake's,  administration  a 
aet  of  41  articles,  called  '  the  last  funda- 
mental constitutions,'  was  sent  from  Eng- 
land, by  the  earl  of  Bath,  the  palatine, 
and  other  patentees  ;  but  tlie  change  in 
the  government  was  never  confirmed  by 
the  Carolina  assembly.  Mr.  Blake  died 
in  1700.  Although  a  dissenter,  yet  with 
a  highly  honorable  spirit  of  liberality  he 
prevailed  on  the  assembly  to  settle  on  the 
episcopal  minister  of  Charleston  IQO 
pounds  a  year  and  to  furnish  hiih  with  a 
house,  glebe,  and  two  servants.  A  very 
different,  an  intolerant  and  persecuting 
spirit  was  manifested  towards  the  dissen- 
ters in  the  subsequent  administration  of 
Johnson. — Univ.  Mat.  ,xl.  437. 

BLAKE,  James,  a  preacher,  was  a  na^ 
tive  of  Dorchester,  Massa.  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1769.  In 
college  he  was  distinguished  by  the  sweet- 
ness of  his  temper  and  the  purity  of  his 
morals.  He  conciliated  the  love  of  his 
fellow  students,  and  the  high  approbation 
of  his  instructers.  After  pursuing  for 
some  time  his  theological  studies  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Smith  of  Weymouth,  he 
began  with  reluctance  at  a  veiy  early  pe- 
riod the  important  work  of  the  miiiistry. 
He  died  November  17,  1771,  aged  31. 
A  small  volume  of  his  sermons,  which 
was  published  by  his  friends  after  his 
death,  displays  a  strength  of  mind  and  a 
knowledge  of  theoietical  and  practical  di- 
vuiity  very  uncommon  in  a  person  so 
young.  His  sermons  also  indicate  a 
warmth  of  pious  IeeHn{;^,  honorable  to  his 


chaiaeter.— Fr^.  f o  ki$  $erm.  CoU.  hut. 
see.  IX.  189. 

BLAKELEY,  Johnston,  a  captain  in 
the  navy,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  I78t. 
After  his  iatherl  removal  to  Wilming- 
ton, N.  Carolina,  he  passed  a  ftw  years 
in  tin  university  of  that  state.  In  the 
year  1800  he  obtained  a  middiipman's 
warrant.  Appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Wasp,  in  1814  he  captured  and 
burnt  the  Reindeer,  after  an  action  of  19 
minutes,  with  the  km  of  31  men ;  the 
enemy  kxt  67.  In  an  action  Sept  1» 
1814  the  Avon  struck  to  him^,  though  the 
approach  of  other  vessels  prevented  his 
taking  possession  of  her.  The  bst  ac- 
count of  the  Wasp  is,  that  she  was  spoken 
off  the  western  isles.  In  what  manner 
Bhdceley  died  is,  therefore,  not  known. 
His  wife  and  an  infant  daughter  survived. 
The  legislature  of  N. .  C.  passed  the  reso- 
lution, that  this  child  "  be  educated  at 
the  expense  of  the  state." 

BLANC,  Vincent  Le,  a  traveller  in 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  from  the  age 
of  13  to  60,  gives  an  account  of  Canada 
in  his  book,  entitled,  "Les  Toyiges  ik- 
meux  &c."  1648.  Though  his  narrative 
is  in  some  respects  valuable ;  yet  it  is 
confused,  with  littte  regard  to  dates,  and 
tolerant  towards  fables.  '  The  author 
speaks  of  the  gumt  stature  of  the  Indians. 
<— CAor/evoiz,  i.  4. 

BLANC,  Jean  Le,  chief  of  the  Ou- 
taouaisor  Ottaway  Indians, — called  Le 
Bkne,  because  his  mother  was  as  white 
as  a  French  woman, — ^was  a  chief  of  tal- 
ents, and  difficult  to  be  won  by  the  gov- 
ernor. He  rescued  the  father  Constan- 
tin,  who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Indians.  In  1707  he  appeared  before  the 
governor  at  Montreal  and  excused  his 
tribe  for  some  disorders.  This  chief, 
whom  Charlevoix  denominates  a  bad 
christian  and  a  great  drunkard,  was  asked 
by  Frontenae,  of  what  he  supposed  the 
water  of  life,  or  rum,  for  which  he  was  so 
greedy,  was  composed ;  he  replied, — <it 
is  an  extract  of  tongues  aad  hearts  ;  fbr 
when  I  have  been  drinking  it,  I  fear  noth- 
ing and  talk  marvellously.'— He  might 
have  added,— it  is  the  essenee  of  folly  and 


:r#i^5tS^iii«-'*^-.-> 


'^^ 


BLANp. 


US 


m.  CoU.  Ami. 


madnem  ;  for  when  I  have  swallowed  It, 
I  play  the  part  of  a  fool  and  a  madman. 
Yet  the  governor,  de  CalUeree,  was  very 
eareful  never  to  aend  away  a  chief,  until 
after  "regaling"  him.  Thus,  from  policy 
and  covetousness,  have  drunkards  had 
the  poison  dealt  out  to  them  from  age  to 
age.— Charlev.  ii.  274,811;  iii.  806. 

BLAND,  Richard,  a  political  writfer 
of  Virginia,  was  for  some  years  a  principal 
member  of  the  honse  of  burgesses  in  Vir- 
ginia.    In  1768  be  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee to  remonstrate  with  parliament  on 
the  subject  of  taiation ;    in  1773  one  of 
the  committee  of  correspondence ;   in 
1774  a  delegate  to  congress.    He  was 
again  chosen  a  deputy  to  congress  Aug. 
13,  1775 ;    in  returning  thanks  for  this 
appointment  he  spoke  of  himself  as  *'  an 
old  man,  almost  deprived  of  sight,  whose 
great  ambition  had  ever  been  to  receive 
the  plaudit  of  his  country,  whenever  he 
should  retire  from  the  public  stage  of  life." 
The  honor,  which  cometh  from  God, 
would  have  been  a  higher  aim.    Though 
he  declined  the  appointment  from  old  age, 
he  declared,  he  should  ever  be  animated 
"to  support  the  |[lorious  cause,, in  which 
America  was  engaged."    Francis  L.  Lee 
was  appointed  in  his  place.    He  died  in 
1778.    Mr.  Wirt  speakti  of  him  as  "one 
of  the  most  enlightened  men  in  the  colo- 
ny ;  a  man  of  finished  education  and  of 
the  most  unbending  habits  of  application. 
His  perfect  mastery  of  every  fact  connec- 
ted with  the  settlement  and  progress  of 
the  colony  had  given  him  the  name  of  the 
Virginia  antiquary.    He  was  a  politician 
of  the  first  class,  a  profound  logician,  and 
was  also  considered  as  the  first  writer  in 
the  colony."     He  published  in  1766  an 
inquiry  into  the  rights  of  the  British  colo- 
nies, in  answer  to  a  pamphlet  published  in 
London  in  the  preceding  year,  entitled, 
regulations  lately  made  concerning  the 
eolonies,  and  taxes  imposed  on  them  con- 
sidered.   This  was  one  of  the  three  pro- 
ductions of  Virginia  during  the  contro- 
versy with  Great  Britain ;  the  other  wri- 
ters were  Arthur   Lee,  and  Jefierson. 
He  wrote  also  in  1758  on  the  controversy 
between  the  clergv  and  the  assembly  con- 
16 


earning  the  tobacco  tax  fbr  the  anpport  of 
the  ciergy.->^,^er«oii'«  not«$,  fu.  «8 ; 
WirVt  life  of  Henry,  46. 

BLAND,  Theodorio,  a  wprthy  patriot 
and  statesman,  was  a  native  of  Virginia, 
and  descended  iVom  an  ancient  and  respec- 
table family  in  that  state.    He  was  bred 
to  the  science  of  physic;  but  upon  the 
commenconent  of  the  American  war  he 
quitted  the  practice,  and  tbok  aki  active 
part  in  the  cause  of  his  country.    He  soon 
rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  had  the 
command  of   a    regiment  of  dragoons. 
V^hile  in  the  army  he  fl^uently  signali- 
zed himself  by  brilliant  actions.    In  1779 
he   was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  convention  troops  at  Albemarle  bar- 
racks in  Virginia,  and  continued  in  that 
situation  till    some  time  in  the  year 
1780,  when  he  was  elected  to  a  aeat  in 
congress.     He  continued  in  that  body 
three  yeaiis,  the  time  allowed  by  the  con- 
federation.   Ailer  the  expiration  of  this 
term  he  again  returned  to  Virginia,  and 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture.    He  opposed  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  believing  it  to  be  repugnant 
fo  the  intereste  of  his  country,  and  was 
in  the  minority,  that  voted  against  ite 
ratification.    But,  when  it  was  at  length 
adopted,  he  submitted  to  the  voice  of  the 
majority.    He  was  chosen  to  represent 
the  district,  in  which  he  lived,  in  the  first 
congress  under  the  constitution.    He  died 
at  New  York  June  1, 1790,  while  atten- 
ding a  session  of  congress,  aged   48. 
When  the  subject  of  the  assumption  of 
the  state  debte  was  debated  in  March 
1790,  he  made  a  speech  in  ikvor  of  the 
assumption,  differing  in  respect  to  this 
measure  from  all  his  colleagues.    In  this 
speech  he  expressed  his  attachment  to  the 
constitution  as  amended,  though  he  wish- 
ed for  more  amendmente,  and  declared  his 
dread  of  silent  majorities  on  questions  of 
great  and  general  concern.    He  was  hon- 
est, open,  candid  ;  and  his  conduct  was 
such  in  his  intercourse  with  mankind,  as 
to  secure  universal  respect.    Though  a 
legislator,  he  was  not  destitute  of  a  genius 
for  poetry.— Gazette  o/ Me  17,  S.Jpril 
n,and  Junes,  1790. 


* 


r 


m 


BLATCHFORD. 


Ml 


BLINMAN. 


BLATCHFORD,  SMiiiel,  d.  D.,mln- 
ister  of  Lansingbur;,  N.  Y. ,  was  a  native 
of  Plymouth,  England,  where  he  wtM 
edncated  and  became  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter. In  1796  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States :  after  a  residenee  one  year  at  Bed> 
ford,  West  Chester  county,  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Dwightat  Greenfield ;  subsequently 
he  was  the  minister  of  Bridgeport,  whence 
he  was  invited  to  Lansingbnrg  in  1804. 
He  died  March  17, 1888,  aged  60.— His 
son,  Henry  Blatchford,  who  had  been 
pastor  of  the  Branch  church,  Salem,  Ms., 
and  thence  removed  to  Lansingburg,  died 
in  Maryland  Sept  1829,  aged  84.— Dr. 
Blatchford  was  a  sound  schdar  and  theo- 
logian, and  as  a  pastor  kind,  persuasive, 
and  often  eloquent  in  his  manner.  He 
was  endeared  to  his  acquaintance  by  his  es- 
timable  virtues-  and  his  christian  graces. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of 
some  literary  celebrity  in  New  York,  was 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  Brandt  Schuyler, 
and  was  born  in  October  1753.  From 
early  life  she  was  passionately  fond  of 
books.  In  1769  she  was  married  to  John 
I.  Bleecker,  Esq.  of  New  Rochelle,  and 
removed  toPoughkeepsie,  and  shortly  af- 
terwards to  Tomhanic,  a  beautiful,  solita- 
ry village,  18  miles  above  Albany,  where 
die  lived  a  number  of  years  in  great  tran- 
quillity and  happiness.  But  the  approach 
of  Burgoyne'sarmyinl777drove  her  fVom 
her  retreat  in  circumstances  of  terror. 
She  fled  onfoot  with  her  two  little  daugh- 
ters, and  obtained  shelter  for  the  night  at 
Stone  Arabia.  In  a  few  days  she  lost  the 
youngest  of  her  children.  This  affliction 
oast  a  gloom  over  her  mind ;  and  posses- 
sing an  excessive  sensibility,  though  not 
unacquainted  with  religious  consolations, 
■he  was  imable  to  support  the  weight  of 
her  troubles.  After  the  peace  she  revisi- 
ted NewYork  to  awaken  ^resh  the  scenes 
of  her  childhood ;  but  the  dispersion  of 
her  friends,  and  the  desolation,  which  ev- 
ery where  presented  itself  to  her  sight, 
overwhelmed  her.  She  returned  to  her 
cottage,  where  she  died  November  33, 
1783,  aged  31.  She  was  the  friend  of 
the  aged  and  infirm,  and  her  kindness  di; 
and   benevolence  to  the    poor   of   the  I  he 


village,  where  she  lived,  caused  her 
death  to  be  deeply  lamented.  After  her 
death,  some  of  her  writings  were  collec- 
ted and  published  in  1793  under  the  title 
of  the  posthumous  works  of  Ann  Elixa 
Bleecker  in  prose  and  veise.  To  this 
work  are  prefixed  memoirs  of  her  life, 
written  by  her  daughter,  Margaretta  V. 
Faugeres.  There  is  also  added  to  the 
volume  a  collection  of  Mrs.  Faugeres'  es- 
says.— Hardie't  Hog.  diet;  8pee.  Amer. 
jpoef.  I.  311-330. 

BLEECKER,  Anthony,  a  poet,  was 
bom  about  the  year  1778  and  educated  at 
Columbia  college  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  The  circumstanres  of  his  family 
constrained  him  to  study  law,  though  he 
never  succeeded  as  an  advocate  in  conse- 
quence of  an  unconquerable  diffidence, 
a  somewhat  rare  failing  in  a  lawyer. 
Yet  was  he  respected  in  his  profession  for 
his  learning  and  integrity.  After  a  short 
illness  he  died  in  the  spring  of  1837,  aged 
49  years.  For  thirty  years  the  periodi- 
cal literature  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia was  constantly  indebted  t4>  his  fancy 
and  good  taste.  All  his  writings  were 
occasional. — Spec.  Amir.  poet.  u.  381- 
386. 

BLINMAN,  Richard,  first  minister  of 
New  London,  Connecticut,  was  a  native 
of  Great  Britain,  and  was  minister  at 
Chepstow  in  Monmouthshire.  On  his 
arrival  in  this  country  in  1643  it  was  his 
intention  to  settle  with  his  friends,  who 
accompanied  him,  at  Green's  harbor,  or 
Marshfield,  near  Plymouth.  But  some 
difliculty  arising  in  that  place,  he  remo- 
ved to  cape  Ann,  which  the  general  court 
in  the  year  above  mentioned  established  a 
plantation  and  called  Gloucester.  He  re- 
moved to  New  London  in  1648.  Here 
he  continued  in  the  ministry  about  ten 
years,  and  was  then  succeeded  by  Ger- 
shom  Bulkley.  In  1658  he  removed  to 
New  Haven,  and  after  a  short  stay  in  that 
townreturned  to  England.  On  his  way 
he  stopped  in  1659  at  Newfoundland, 
where  he  declined  to  settle.  Johnson 
wrote  his  name  Blindman;  Trumbull 
Blynman.-Having  lived  to  a  good  old  age, 
happily  concluded  at  the  city  of  Bria- 


Wto^M tntTlffJTW"' 


"^ 


BL0D6ET. 


BOOARDUI 


# 


il» 


tol  a  life  apent  in  doing  good.  A  short 
time  before  his  death  he  published  in  ans- 
wer to  Mr.  Danvera  a  book  entitled,  an 
essay  tending  to  issue  the  controversy 
about  infant  Daptism,  18vo,674. — Math- 
er't  mag.  iii.  31 S ;  Nonconform,  metnor. 
III.  177  ;  Col.  kilt.  aoe.  ix.  89 ;  Sana- 
ge*»  Winthrop,  ii.  64;  TrunUmU'i  Con. 
I.  S9S,  310,  314,533. 

BLODGET,  Samuel,  remarkable  for 
enterprise,  was  born  at  Woburn,  Mass., 
and  resided  many  years  at  Haverhill.  Be- 
fore the  revolution  he  was  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  the  county  of 
Hillsborough,  N.  H.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  expedition  against  Louisbourg  in 
1745. — Having  raised  in  1783  by  a  ma- 
chine of  his  invention  a  valuable  cargo 
from  a  ship,  sunk  near  Plymouth,  he  was 
induced  to  go  to  Europe  for  the  purpose 
of  recovering;  from  th?  deep  the  treasures 
buried  there.  In  Spain  he  met  with  dis- 
couragement. His  project  for  raising  the 
Royal  George  was  no  better  received  in 
England.  After  his  return  he  set  up  a 
duck  manufactory  in  1791 ;  and  in  1798 
he  removed  to  N.  H.  and  commenced  the 
canal,  which  bears  his  name,  around 
Amoskeag  falls.  He  expended  much 
money  without  completing  the  work,  be- 
came embarrassed,  and  for  a  time  suflfer- 
ed  imprisonment  for  debt.  Judge  B.  was 
rigidly  temperate.  At  all  seasons  he  slept 
in  a  large  room,  with  open  windows. 
He  intended'to  live,  in  consequence  of  the 
course  he  pursued,  until  he  was  at  least 
100  years  old ;  but  in  Aug.  1807  he  died 
at  the  age  of  84  o(  a  consumption,  occa- 
sioned by  his  exposure  in  travelling  from 
Boston  to  Haverhill  in  a  cold  night.  His 
projects  for  public  improvements  unhap- 
pily involved  him  i.i  great  pecuniary  los- 
ses. He  wanted  more  skill.— Jtf.  hut. 
eol.  n.  fl.  IV.  158. 

BLOOMFIELD,  Joseph,  governor 
of  New  Jersey  jwas  probably  a  descendant 
of  Thomas  Bloomfield,  who  lived  at  New- 
bury, Mass.,  in  1638  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  New  Jersey.  He  was  a  soldier 
of  the  revolution.  He  succeeded  Rich- 
ard Howell  as  governor  in  1801  and  was 
succeeded  in  that  office  by  Aaron  Ogden 


in  18IS.  In  the  war,  which  eommenoad 
in  this  year,  he  waa  a  brigadier  general. 
He  died  at  Burlington  Oct.  8, 1838.  Gen. 
Bloomfield  was  a  firm  republican  in  po- 
litics ;  ia  congress  a  sound  legislator ;  a 
brave  soldier  in  the  fiekl ;  and  in  private 
life  an  excellent  man.— iFoniMr'j  coUeet,^ 
11.  app.  91.  ;., 

BLOUNT,  William,  governor  of  the 
territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  iwas  appoinU 
ed  to  that  office  in  1790.  The  first  gov. 
of  Tennessee  under  the  constitution  in 
1796  was  John  Sevier.  While  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  of  thelJ.  S.  iWun  Ten- 
nessee, Mr.  Blount  was  expelled  from 
that  body  in  July  1797  for  being  concer- 
ned in  a  project  of  the  British  to  conquer 
the  Spanish  territories  and  instigating  the 
Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  lend  their  aid. 
He  died  at  Knoxville  March  36, 1800, 
aged  66. 

BLOWERS,  Thomas,  minister  in  Be- 
verly, Massachusetts,  was  bom  at  Cam- 
bridge August  1, 1677.  His  mother  was 
the  sister  of  Andrew  Bdcher.  He  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1695, 
and  was  ordained  pastof  of  the  first 
chureh  in  Beverly  October  39,  1701. 
He  died  June  17,  1739,  aged  51.  He 
was  a  good  scholar,  and  an  excellent  min- 
ister ;  of  sincere  and  ardent  piety ;  of 
great  meekness  and  sweetness  of  temper; 
of  uncommon  stability  in  his  principles 
and  steadiness  in  his  conduct.  He  was  a 
vigilant,  prudent  pastor,  and  a  close,  pa- 
thetic preacher.  He  publidied  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  Rev.  Joseph  Green  of  Sa- 
lem village,  1715.^^.  E.  weekly  jour. 
June  38, 1739  ;  FowrofVe  fim.  lermon. 

BOGARDUS,  Everardus,  the  first 
minister  of  the  reformed  Dutch  church 
in  New  York,  came  early  to  this  country, 
ihough  the  exact  time  of  his  arrival  is  not 
known.  The  records  of  this  church  begin 
with  the  year  1689.  He  was  ordained 
and  sent  forth,  it  is  believed,  by  the  clas- 
sis  of  Amster^m,  which  had  for  a  nmor 
her  of  years  the  superintendence  of  the 
Dutch  churches  in  New  Netherlands,  or 
the  province  of  New  York.  The  tradi- 
tion is,  that  Mr.  Bogardus  became  blind 
and  returned  to  Holland  some  time  before 


M 


■R^' 


BOLLAN. 


BOLLMAN. 


the  ■nrrender  of  the  eolony  to  the  British 
in  1664.  He  wu  sueeeeded  by  John  and 
Samuel  Megapolenaia. — Ckrittum^imag. 
N.  Y.  I.  MS. 

BOLLAN,  William,  agent  of  Mawa- 
ehuaetta  in  Great  Britain,  was  born  in 
England,  and  came  to  this  country  about 
the  year  1740.  In  174S  he  married  a 
moat  amiable  and  accomplished  lady,  the 
daughter  of  gov.  Shirley,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  96.  Mr.  Bollan  was  a  lawyer  of 
eminence,  in  profitable  business,  was 
advocate  general,  and  had  just  received 
the  appointment  of  collector  of  cus- 
toms for  Salem  and  Marblehead,  when 
he  was  sent  to  England  in  1745  as  agent 
to  solicits  reimbursement  of  the  expenses 
in  the  expedition  against  cape  Breton. 
It  was  a  difficult,  toilsome  agency  of  three 
years ;  but  he  conducted  it  with  great 
skill  and  fidelity,  and  obtained  at  last  a 
fbtl  repayment  of  the  expenditura,  being 
186,649^.  sterling.  He  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton Sep.  19,  1748,  with  663,000  ounces 
iof  sihrer  and  ten  tons  of  copper,  reckoned 
at  176,0002.  sterling,  or  nearly  800,000 
dollars.  He  was  again  sent  to  England 
as  the  agent ;  but  it  appears  from  a  letter, 
which  he  wrote  in  1753  to  the  secretary 
of  Maasaehusett8,that  for  his  three  years' 
«erviees  the  colony,  after  seven  years 
from  his  appointment,  voted  him  the 
sum  of  only  1500/.  steriing.  He  had 
supported  his  family,  and  advanced  of  his 
money  in  the  agency  business  as  much  as 
fifteen  hundred  pounds;  he  had  aban- 
doned a  profitable  business,  which  would 
have  yielded  him  double  the  amount  voted 
him ;  and  besides  this  he  had  passed  his 
years  in  the  degradation  of  "a  continual 
state  of  attendance  and  dependence  on 
the  motions  and  pleasures  of  the  great," 
«tanding  alone  too  without  any  support 
or  assistance.  After  gov.  Shiriey  was 
superseded,  attempts  were  made  to  dis- 
place Mi.  Bollan,  notwithstanding  his 
address  and  talents,  and  his  long,  faithful, 
and  important  services.  His  connexion 
with  Shirley  and  his  attachment  to  the 
episcopal  form  of  worship  awakened  pre- 
judices. Dissatisfaction  had  also  been 
occasioned  by  his  making  some  deduc- 


tions ftom  the  money,  granted  in  1759  at 
a  reimbursement  to  the  province,  and  his 
neglecting  to  correspond  with  the  general 
court.  He  was  dismissed  in  1769  and 
Jasper  Mauduit,  whose  learning  and  tal- 
ents were  not  adequate  to  the  office,  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  In  1768  or  1760 
he  obtained  fVom  alderman  Beckford  cop- 
ies of  88  letters  of  gov.  Bernard,  which 
he  sent  to  Massuchusetts,heing  employed 
as  agent  by  the  council,  though  not  by 
the  general  court  For  this  act  lord 
North  exclaimed  againjt  him  in  parlia- 
ment ;  but  it  restored  his  lost  popularity. 
Mr.Hancoek  declared  in  the  houseof  rep- 
resentatives, that  there  was  no  man,  to 
whom  the  colonies  were  more  indebted. 
In.1775  he  exerted  himself  in  recommen- 
ding to  the  mother  country  conciliatory 
measures.  He  died  in  England  in  1776. 
Several  of  his  lettera  and  writings  are  in 
the  Mass.  historical  collections,  vols  i. 
and  VI.  In  one  of  them  he  maintain?, 
that  the  boundary  of  Nova  Scotia  to  the 
north  is  the  river  of  Canada.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  political  tracts,  among 
which  are  the  folk>wing ;  importance  of 
cape  Breton  truly  illustated,  Lond.  1746; 
coIonitB  Anglicans  illustratid,  1763;  the 
ancient  right  of  the  English  nation  to  the 
Americfm  fishery  examined  and  stated, 

1764  ;  the  mutual  interests  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  the  American  colonies  considered, 

1765  ;  freedom  of  speech  and  writing  up- 
on public  aibin  considered,  1766;  the 
importance  of  the  colonies  in  North 
America,  and  the  interests  of  Great  Bri- 
tain with  regard  to  them  considered, 1766; 
epistle  from  Timoleon,  1768  ;  continued 
corruption  of  standing  armies,  1768  ;  the 
free  Briton's  memorial,  in  defence  of  the 
right  of  election,  1769 ;  a  supplemental 
memorial,  on  the  origin  of  parliaments 
&c.  1770;  a  petition  to  the  king  in  coun- 
cil January  96, 1774,  with  illustrations  in- 
tended to  promote  the  harmony  of  Great 
Britain  and  her  colonies.  This  peti- 
tion he  offered  as  agent  for  the  council  of 
the  province  of  Massachusetts. — fh^thin- 
ton? I  Mom.,  ii.  486;  MinoVt  eontin.  ii. 
109,  110;  Eiiot. 

BOLLMAN,  Erich,  m.  d.,  was  born 


9 
B0MMA8EEN. 


Kt  Hoya,  in  Hanover,  in  Europe,  and  wai 
well  educated,  reoeiving  kia  medieal  de- 
gree at  Oottingen.  He  settled  as  a 
phyueian  at  Paris.  In  1794  he  engaged  in 
tlie  project  of  releasing  La  Fayette  flrom 
the  prison  of  Olmutz.  His  eo-adjutor 
was  Francis  Huger,  an  American,  son  of 
col.  Huger  of  South  Carolina.  He  found 
means  through  the  surgeon  taeommufti- 
cate  with  the  prisoner.  As  La  Fayette 
was  riding  out  for  his  health,Nov.  8,  the 
guard  was  attacked  and  overcome:  the 
prisoner  and  his  deliverers  galloped  off, 
but  missing  the  way,were  soon  captured. 
Dr.  BoUman  was  confined  IS  months  and 
then  banished.  After  he  came  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  implicated  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Burr.  On  his  return  fVom 
South  America  he  died  at  Jamaica  of  the 
yellow  fever  Dec.  9,  1831.  He  publish- 
ed paragraphs  on  banks,  1810  ;  improved 
system  of  the  money  oonctms  of  the  un- 
ion, 1816;  strictures  on  the  theories  of 
Mr.  Ricardo. — Jennt'i^. 

BOMMASEEN,  an    Indian    chief, 
signed  the  treaty  of  Pemaquid  in  Maine 
Aug.  11,  1693,  with  Madockawondo  and 
other  sagamores,  .  It  was  one  part  of  the 
agreement  that,  as  the  French  had  insti- 
gated wars,  the  Indians  should  abandon 
the  French  interest.    The  treaty  is  given 
at  length  by  Mather.     The  next  year 
after  various  barbarities  at  Kittery  and 
elsewhere,  in  which  he  was  suspected  to 
have  been  concerned,  Bommaseen  pre- 
sented himself  with  two  other  Indians  at 
Pemaquid,  "as  loving  as  bears  and  as 
hRrmlessas  tigers,"  pretending  to  have 
just  come  from  Canada;  when  capt.March 
made  him  prisoner  Nov.  19,  and  sent  him 
to  Boston,  where  he  was  kept  a  year  or 
two  in  gaol.    In  1696  one  of  the  minis- 
ters of  Boston  visited  Bommaseen  at  his 
request  in  prison,  when  the  savage  in- 
quiredjwhether  it  was  true,  as  the  French 
had  taught  him,  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
was  a  French  lady,  and  that  it  was  the 
English,  who  murdered  Jesus  Christ,  and 
whether  he  required  his  disciples  "to  re- 
venge his  quarrel  upon  the  English?" 
The  minister  gave  him  suitable  religious 
instruction,  and  taught  him  how  to  ob- 


BONYTHON. 


Ill 


tain  the  pardon  of  tins  ftom  Ood,  with- 
out paying  beaver  skins  for  it  to  a  priest ; 
which  instruction  was  received  with 
strong  expressions  of  gratitude.  This 
is  the  serious  narrative  of  Cotton  Mather. 
Unless  the  Indian  invented  the  story, 
what  a  proof  is  here  ftirnished  of  the  de- 
pravity of  the  French  teachers  of  the  sav- 
agea?  After  his  liberation  Bommaseen 
manifested  his  humanity  by  saving  the 
life  of  Rebecca  Taylor,  a  captive,  whom 
her  master  was  endeavoring  to  hang  with 
his  belt  near  Montreal  in  1696.  HttleAtii- 
•on,  II.  149;  MagtuA-  vii.  39. 

BOND,Thomas,  x.d.,  a  distinguished 
physician  and  surgeonjwas  bom  in  Ma- 
ryland in  1 7 1 3.  After  studying  with  Dr. 
Hamilton,  he  spent  a  considerable  time 
in  Paris.  On  his  return  he  commenced 
the  practice  of  medicine  ^i  Philadelphia 
about  the  year  1784.  With  his  brother, 
Dr.  Phineas  Bond,  he  attended  the 
Pennsylvania  hospital,  in  which  the  first 
clinical  lectures  were  delivered  by  him. 
He  assisted  in  founding  the  college  and 
academy.  Of  a  literary  society,  composed 
of  Franklin,Bartram,  Godfrey  and  others, 
he  was  a  mefaber  in  1748,  and  an  oflicer 
of  the  philosophic^  society  from  its  e»> 
tablishment.  Tlie  annual  address  before 
the  society  was  delivered  by  him  in  1783 
on  the  rank  of  man  in  the  scale  of  being. 
For  half  a  century  he  had  the  first  prac- 
tice ill  Phibdelphia.  Though  disposed 
to  pulmonary  consumption,  by  attention 
to  diet,  and  guarding  against  the  changes 
of  the  weather,  fc  the  obstraction  of  blood 
when  his  lungs  were  affected,  he  lived  to 
a  good  okl  age.  He  died  March  36, 1 784, 
aged  73.  His  daughter,  married  to 
Thomrig  Lawrence,  died  in  1771.  His 
brother,  Dr.  Phineas  Bond,who  studied  at 
Leyden,  Paris,  Edinburgh,  and  London, 
and  was  an  eminent  practitioner  in  Phila- 
delphia, died  in  June  1778,  aged  56.  He 
published  in  the  London  med.  inquiries 
and  observations,  vol.  i.  an  account  of  a 
worm  in  the  liver,  1764  ;  on  the  use  of 
the  Peruvian  bark  in  scrofula,  vol.  ii. — 
Thaeher^t  med.  biog;  Ramsay's  rev. 
med.  9t;  Miller  I.  313. 

BONYTHON,  Richard,  captain,  one 


Ill 


BOONE. 


ofthe  lint  Mttlen  of Smo,  had  t  gnmi 
of  IM  Miw  in  Smo  in  1«M.  He  ww 
one  of  theeommiMionen  vndtor  Qorget 
for  the  gfoverament  of  the  provinee  of 
Maine,  then  ealled  New  Somenetehira, 
in  11186.  The  fihit  meeting  wm  held  at 
Smo  Much  tSth,  which  wu  the  flr«t 
dajoftheyewr.  When  Gorges  had  ob- 
tained firoiiB  the  king  a  new  charter  of 
the  province,  Bonython  was  named  one 
of  the  council,  with  Vines,  Jocelyn,  and 
others,  in  1640.  The  bat  court  under 
this  authority  was  held  at  Wells  in  1646. 
Capt.  BonyUion  died  before  1658.  He 
lived  in  a  house  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Saeo,  just  bek>w  "(he  ftlis;  the  place  is 
now  owned  by  James  Gray.  His  name 
is  written  Benython  by  Sullivan  and  Bo- 
nighton  by  Fanner  and  Willis.  He  wu 
an  upright  and  worthy  magistrate ;  even 
against  his  own  son  he  once  entered  a 
complaint.  This  son  was  John  Bony* 
thon,  who  was  ouUawed  for  contemning 
the  summons  of  court  and  was  guilty  of 
various  outrages ;  he  died  in  1684.— His 
ungovernable  temper  procured  him  the 
title  of  the  sagamore  of  Saco  in  the  coup- 
let, propoted  for  his  gmwatone,  which 
represents  him  M  having  gone  to  the  evil 
^irit  ofthe  Indians  ^-<- 

"Here  lict  Booytbon,  tke  anaort  of  Sam; 

IbUradaro|«Muddi«d  auave  and 


Hcbomoeko.' 
Although  he  left  many  children,  yet  his 
name  is  extinct  in  Maine  and  probably 
in  New  England. — Foltom't  Awl.  <8mo, 
118, 115;AiUtvan,  868. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  colonel,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Kentucky,  was  bom 
about  1780.  While  he  was  young,  his  pa- 
rentB,who  came  ftom  Bridgeworth,E.  .'re- 
moved from  Penns.  or  Va.  to  thb  Yadkin 
river  in  N.Carolina.  He  was  early  addict- 
ed to  hunting  in  the  woods;  in  the  militia 
he  attained  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  In 
1769,  in  consequence  of  the  repretenta- 
tion  of  John  Flnley,  who  had  penetrate 
into  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky,  he  was 
induced  to  accompany  him  in  a  journey 
to  that  country.  He  had  four  other  com- 
panions, John  Stuart,  Joseph  Holden, 
James  Money,  and  William  Cool,  with 
whom  he  set  out  May  1,    On  the  7th  of 


June  they  arrived  at  the  Red  river,  a 
branch  ofthe  Kentucky ;  and  here  ftom 
the  top  of  a  hill  they  had  a  view  of  the 
fortile  plains,  of  which  they  were  in  pur- 
suit. They  encamped  and  reoained  in 
this  place  till  Dee.  99,  when  Boone  and 
Stuart  were  captured  by  the  Indians  near 
Kentucky  river.  In  about  a  week  they 
made  thdr  escape ;  but  on  returning  to 
theircamp,  they  found  It  plundered  and 
deserted  by  their  companions,  who  had 
gone  back  to  Carolina.  Stuart  was  soon 
killed  by  the  Indians ;  but  Boone  being 
joined  by  his  brother,  they  remained  and 
proseeuted  tfie  busineis  of  hunting  during 
the  winter,  without  fiirther  molestation. 
His  brother  going  home  for  supplies  in 
May  1770,  he  remained  atone  in  the  deep 
solitude  of  the  western  wilderness  until 
his  return  with  ammunition  k  horses  Ju>^ 
ly  37th.  During  this  period  this  wild 
man  of  the  woods,  though  greeted  every 
night  with  the  bowlings  of  wolves,  wm 
delighted  in  his  excursions  with  the  sur- 
vey of  the  beauties  ofthe  country  and 
found  greator  pIcMttre  in  the  solitude  of 
wild  nature,  tiian  he  could  have  found 
amid  the  hum  of  the  most  elegant  city. 
With  his  brother  he  traversed  the  coun- 
try to  C  umberland  river.  It  wh  not  un- 
til March  1771,  that  he  returned  tn  his 
family,  resolved  to  conduct  them  to  the 
paradise,'  which  he  had  expk>red. 

Having  sold  his  farm,  he  set  out  with 
his  own  and  5  other  fhmilies,  Sept.  95, 
1778,  and  wais  -joined  in  Powell's  valley 
by  40  men.  After  passing  over  two 
mountains,  called  Powell'Vand  Waklen's, 
through  which,  as  they  ranged  fitUta  the 
north  east  to  the  south  west,  passes  were 
found,  and  approaching  the  Cumberland, 
the  rear  of  the  company  wm  attacked  by 
the  Indians  on  the  10th  of  October,  when 
six  men  were  killed,  among  whom  was 
the  eldest  son  of  colonel  Boone.  One 
man  WM  also  wounded,  and  the  cattle 
were  scattered.  This  disaster  induced 
them  to  retreat  about  40  miles  to  the  set- 
tlement on  Clinch  river,  where  he  re- 
mained with  his  family,  until  June  6, 
1774,  when,  at  the  request  of  gov.  Dun- 
more,  he  conducted  a  number  of  survey- 


^^p^ 


BOONE. 


% 


on  to  the  ikUs  of  Ohio.    Onthfaitouror 
800  milM  ha  wm  abMOt  two  monthi. 
AAcr  this  he  WM  intrusted  by  the  gov- 
ernor, during  the  eunpugn  egunat  the 
Shawenew,  with  the  eommend  of  three 
forte.    Early  in  1776,  «t  the  requeat  of  a 
company  in  North  Carolina,  he  attended 
a  treaty  with  the  Cherokee  Indiana  at 
Wataga  in  order  to  make  of  them  the 
purchaae  of  ianda  on  the  eouth  aide  of  the 
Tenneaaee  river.    After  performing  thia 
■erviee,  he  waa  employed  to  mark  out  a 
road  firom  the  eettlementa  on  the  Holston 
to  the  Kentucky  river.    While  thus  em- 
ptoyed,  at  the  distance  of  about  16  miles 
from  what  is  now  Boonesborough,  the 
party  waa  attacked  March  30,  and  33, 
1776  by  the  Indians,  who  killed  four  and 
wounded  five.     Another  man  was  killed 
in  April,    On  the  first  day  of  this  month 
at  a  salt  lick,  on  the  southern  bank  of  the 
Kentucky ,in  what  is  now  Boonesborough 
a  few  miles  IVom  Lexington,  he  began  to 
erect  a  fort,  consisting  of  a  block  Itouse 
ft  several  cabins,  enclosed  with  palisades. 
On  the  14th  of  June  he  returned  to  his 
fi^ily  in  order  to  remove  them  to  the 
fort.    His  wife  and  daughters  were  the 
first  white  women,  who  stood  on  the 
banks  of  the  Kentucky  river.    Dec.  34th 
one  man  was  killed  and  another  wounded. 
July  14, 1776,  when  all  the  settlements 
were   attacked,  two   of   col.  Calway's 
daughters  and  one  of  his  own  were  taken 
prisoners ;  Boone  pursued  with  18  men 
and  in  two  daya  overtook  the  Indians,  kil- 
led two  of  them,  and  recovered  the  cap- 
tives. The  Indians  made  repeated  attacks 
upon  Boonesborough;  Nov.  16,1777  with 
100  men,  and  July  4  with  300  men.    On 
both  sides  several  were  killefl  and  wound- 
ed ;  but  the  enemy  were  repulsed  ;   as 
they  were  also  July  19  from  Logan's  ibrt 
of  16  men,  which  was  besieged  by  300. 
The  anival  of  36  men  from  Carolina  and 
in  August  of  100  from  Virginia  gave  a 
new  aspect  to  afiiurs,  and  taught  the  sav- 
ages the  superiority  of  "the  long  knives," 
as  they  called  the  Virginians.     Jan.  1, 
1778  he  went  with  30  men  to  the  blue 
licks  on  the  Licking  river  to  make  salt 
for  the  garrison.    Feb.  7,  being  alone,  he 


was  captured  by  a  party  r       41  ladiaB* 
and  3  Frenchmen ;  he  eapiiw  <t«d  for  hi* 
men,  and  they  were  all  earried  to  ChilU- 
cothe  on  the  Little  Miami,  whence  he 
and  10  men  were  conducted  to  Detroit, 
where  he  arrived  March  80.    The  gov- 
ernor, Hamilton,  treated  him  with  mueh 
humanity,  andoflisred  1001.  for  his  re- 
demption.   But  the  savages  refused  the 
oflEer  ftom  afiSMStion  to  their  oaptive.  Being 
carried  baek  to  ChiUicothe  in  April,  he 
,  was  adopted  as  a  son  in  an  Indmn  iaroily. 
He  assumed  the  appearance  of  eheeribl- 
nepa  ;  but  his  thoughts  were  on  his  wife 
and  children.    Aware  of  the  envy  of  the 
Indiana,  he  was  careful  not  to  exhibit  hia 
skill  in  shooting.    In  June  he  went  to 
the  salt  springs  on  the  Sciota.     On  his 
return  to  Chillicothe  he  ascertained,  that 
460  warriora  were  preparing  to  proceed 
against  Boonesborough.  He  escqied  June 
16,  and  arrived  at  the  fort  June  30th, 
having  travelled  160  nulea  in  4  days,  wiUi 
but  one  meal.    His  wife  bad  retiimed  to 
her  father's.'   Great  efforta  were  made 
to  repair  the  fort  in  order  to  meet  the  ex- 
pected attack.    Aug.  1  he  went  out  with 
19  men  to  surprise  Point  Creek  town  on 
the  Sciota ;  meeting  80  Indians,  he  put 
them  to  flight  and  captured  their  baggage.. 
At  last,  Aug.  8,  the  Indian  army  of  444 
men,  led  by  captain  Dngnesne  and  11 
other  Frenchmen,  and  their  own  chiefs, 
with  British  cobrs  flying,  summoned  the 
fort  to  surrender.    The  next  day  Boone, 
having  a  garrison  of  only  80  men,  an- 
nounced his  resolution  to  defend  the  fort, 
while  a  man  was  alive.    They  then  pro- 
posed that  9  men  should  be  sent  out  60 
yards  from  the  fort  to  enter  into  a  treaty;, 
and  when  the  articles  were  agreed  upon 
and  signed,  they  said  it  waa  customary  on 
such    occasions,  as  a  token  of  sincere 
friendship,  for  two  Indians  to  shake  eve- 
ry white  man  by  the  hand.    Accordingly 
two  Indians  approached  each  uf  the  nine 
white  men,  and  grappled  with  the  intent 
of  making  him  a  prisoner  ;  but  the  object 
being  perceived,  the  men  broke  away  and' 
re-entered  the  fort.      An  attempt  was 
now  made  to  undermine  it ;  but  a  coun- 
ter trench  defeated  that  purpose.      At 


4^ 


boons; 


bM  00  Um  fOlh  the  enaray  rained  the 
■iefe,  having  kwt  87  men.     Of  Boone'a 
utMi  two  were  killed  and  (bar  wonndedi 
"We  picked  up."  aaid  he,  "ItSpounda  of 
buHeta,  beaidea  what  atuok  in  the  loga  of 
our  Ibrt,  whinh  eertainly  ia  a  greet  proof 
of  their  induatry."    In  1 779,  when  Boone 
waa  abaant,  reviaiting  hia  family  in  Caro- 
lina, od.  Bowman  with  100  men  fought 
the  Shawaneae  Indiana  at  old  Chillicothe. 
In  hia  retreat  the  Indiana  puraued   him 
for  80  milea,  when  in  another  engapement 
eoL  Harrod  auggeated  the  aucoeaai'ul  pro* 
jeet  of  mounting  a  number  of  horaea  and 
breaking  the  Indian  line.    Of  the  Kentue- 
kiana  0  were  killed. — June  39,  l786about 
000  Indiana  and  Canadiana-  under  col. 
Bird  attacked  Riddle'a  and  Martin'a  ata- 
tiona  and  the  forka  of  Licking  river  « ith 
6  pieeea  of  artillery,  and  carried  away  all 
aa  captivea.  Oen.  Clarke,  commanding  at. 
the  Iklla  of  Ohio,  marched  with  his  regi* 
ment  and  troopa  against  Reccaway,  the 
principal  Shawaneae  town  on  a  branch 
of  the  Miami,  and  burned  the  town,  with 
the  kiaa  of  17  on  each  aide.     About  thia 
time  Boone  returned  to  Kentucky  with 
hia  family.    In  Oct.  1780,  aoon  after  he 
was  aettled  again  at  Booneaborough,  he 
went  with  hia  brother  to  the  Blue  Licka, 
and  aa  they  were  returning  the  latter  waa 
alain  by  a  party  of  Indiana,  and  ha  was 
puraued  by  them  by  the  aid  of  a  dog.    By 
ahooting  him  Boone  escaped.     The  ae> 
verity  of  the  ensuing  winter  waa  attended 
with  great  distress,  the  enemy  havhig 
destroyed  moat  of  the  corn.    The  people 
aubsisted  chiefly  on  bufiab'a  flesh.     In 
May  1783  the  Indians  having  killed  a 
man  at  Ashton's  station,  captain  A.  pur- 
aued with  35  men,  but  in  an  attack  upon 
the  enemy  he  waa  killed  with  13  of  his 
men.    Aug.  10  two  boys  were  carried  ofl 
from  major  Hay's  station.    Capt.  Holden 
pursued  with  17  men  ;  but  he  also  was 
defeated,  with  the  loss  of  four  men.     In 
a  field  near  Lexington  an  Indian  shot  a 
man  and  running  to  scalp  him,  waa  him- 
self shot  from  the  fort  and  fell  dead  upon 
hia  victim.      On  the  15th  Aug.  500  In- 
dians attacked  Briant's  station,  five  miles 
from  Lexingtcn,and  destroyed  all  the  cat- 


tle ;  but  they  were  repttbed  on  the  thM 
day,  having  about  80  killed,  while  of 
the  garrison  4  were  killed  and  8  wounded. 
Boone,  with  cola.  Todd  and  Trigg  and 
major  Harkind,  eolleoted   170  jnen   and 
puraued  on  the  18th.     They  overtook 
the  enemy  the  next  day  a  mile  beyond 
the  Blue  Licka,  about  40  milea  iVom  Lex- 
ington, at  a  remarkable  bend  of  a  branch 
of  Lioldng  river.     A  battle  ensued,  the 
enemy  having  a  line  formed  aoroaa '  firom 
one  bend  to  the  other,  but  the  Kentuo- 
kiana  were  deibated  with  the  great  kiea 
of  OO  killed,  among  whom  were  eoh. 
Todd  and  Trigg,  and  maj.  Harknd,  and 
Boone'a  aeoond  aon.  Many  were  the  wid- 
ows made  in  Lexington  on  that  iktal  day. 
The  Indiana  having  4  more  killed,4  of  the 
priaonen  were  give't  Mp  to  the  young  war- 
riors to  be  put  to  denth  in  the  moat  barba- 
rous manner.   U^n.  Clarke,  aeoompanied 
by  Boone,  immediacy  marched  into  the 
Indian  oountr/  and  desokited  it,  burning 
old  Chillicothii,  Peccaway,  new  Chilli- 
cothe,  Willia    town,    and   Chillicothe. 
With  the  k>as  Of  four  men  he  took  aeven 
prisoners  and  five  aealpa,  or  killed  five  Ib- 
dians.    In  October  the  Indiana  attaekod 
Ckv'b  orchard.   One  of  the  Indiana  having 
entf^ed  a  house,  in  which  were  a  woman 
and  a  negro,  and  being  thrown  to  the 
ground  by  the  negro,  the  woman  cut  oflf 
his  head.    From  thia  period  to  the  peace 
with  Great  Britain  the  Indians  did   no 
harm.  «Two  darling  soiis  and  a  brother," 
said  Boone,  "have  I  lost  by  savage  hands, 
which  have  also  taken  flrom  me  40  valu- 
able horsies   and  abundance  of  cattle. 
Many  dark  and  sleepless  nighta  have  I 
spent,  separated  iVom  the  cheerful  society 
of  men,  scotched  by  the  summer's  sun 
and.  pinched  by  the  winter's  eold,  an  in- 
strument ordained  to  settle  the  wiUer- 
nesa." 

From  this  period  he  resided  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Virginia  till  1798,  when  in 
consequenoe  of  an  imperfect  legal  title  to 
the  lands,  which  he  had  settled,  he  found 
himself  dispossessed  of  his  property.  In 
his  indignation  he  fied  from  the  delight- 
ful region,  which  he  had  explored,  when 
a  wilderness,  and  which  now  had  a  pop- 


BORDLBY. 


l«l 


NhUon  oThair  «  mUlioa.  With  hb  rUle 
k«  eroMed  the  Ohio  and  plunfad  into 
the  immenM  country  of  the  Miaouri. 
In  17M  he  aettled  on  the  Femme  Owge 
river  Willi  numerou*  followera.  In  1800 
he  diaoovered  the  Boone*a  Liek  country, 
now »  fine  Mttlement:  in  the  Mme  year 
he  vieited  the  hetd  wntere  of  the  Grand 
Oitge  river  and  spent  the  winter  upon 
the  heed  waters  of  the  Arkansas.  At 
the  age  of  80,  in  company  with  a  white 
man  and  a  black  man,  laid  under  strict 
ii^unctions  to  carry  him  back  to  his  Am- 
ity, deed  or  alive,  he  made  a  hunting 
trip  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Great  Os- 
age, and  was  successful  in  trapping  bea- 
ver and  other  game.  In  Jan.  1813 head- 
dressed  a  memorial  to  the  legislature  of 
Ky.  stating  that  he  owned  not  an  acre  of 
land  in  the  region,  which  he  first  settled  ; 
that  in  1704  he  passed  over  into  the 
Spanish  province  of  Louisiana,  under  an 
assurance  ft'om  the  governor,  who  resid- 
ed at  St.  Louis,  that  land  shoukl  be  given 
him ;  that  accordingly  10  thousand  acres 
were  given  him  on.  the  Missduri  and  he 
became  Syndic  or  chief  of  the  district  of 
St.  Charles ;  but  that  on  the  acquisition 
of  Louisiana  by  the  United  States  his 
claims  were  rejected  by  the  commission- 
era  of  land,  because  he  did  not  actually 
reside  ;  and  that  thus  at  the  age  of  80  he 
was  a  wenderer,  having  no  spot  of  his 
own,  whereon  to  lay  his  bones.  The 
legislature  instructed  their  delegates  to 
congress  to  solicit  a  confirmation  of  this 
grant.  He  retained,  it  is  believed,  3,000 
acres.  In  his  old  age  he  puraued  his  ac- 
customed course  of  life,  trapping  bean 
and  hunting  wfth  his  rifle.  Though  a 
magistrate  and  sometimes  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  Virginia,  and  much  en- 
gaged in  agriculture;  yet  he  preferred 
the  solitude  of  the  wilderness  to  the  hon- 
ora  of  civil  office  and  the  society  of  men. 
He  died  at  the  house  of  his  son,  major  A. 
Boone,  at  Charette,  Montgomery  co.Sep. 
36,  1830,  aged  nearly  90yeara.  Hiswife 
died  in  the  same  place.  He  left  sons  and 
daughtera  in  Missouri.  In  consequence 
of  his  death  the  legislature  of  Missouri 
voted  to  wear  a  badge  of  mourning  lor 
16 


SO  days.  A  brother  died  In  Mitriasippi 
Oct.  1808,  aged  81.— Col.  Boone  was  of 
common  stature,  of  amiable  diapoaitlon, 
and  honorable  integrity.  In  his  last  yean 
he  might  have  been  seen  by  the  traveller 
at  the  door  of  his  house,  with  his  rifle  on 
his  knee  and  his  faithAil  dog  at  his  side, 
lamenting  the  departed  vigor  of  Ua  limbs, 
and  meditating  on  the  scenes  of  hifc  past 
life. — Whether  he  also  medhated  on  the 
approaching  scenes  of  eternity  and  hia 
dim  eyes  ever  kindled  up  with  the  glori- 
ous hopes  of  the  christian  is  not  mention- 
ed in  the  accounts  of  him,  which  have 
been  examined.  But  of  all  objects  an  ir^ 
religious  old  man,  dead  as  to  wordly  joy 
and  dead  as  to  celestial  hope,  is  the  moat 
pitiable.  An  account  of  his  adventurea, 
drawn  up  by  himself,  was  published  in 
Filaon's  supplement  to  Imlay's  deeerip- 
tion  of  the  weutern  territory,  179S.— 
NiUi'  10.  regUt.  March  18, 1818. 

BORDLEY,  John  Beale,  a  writer  on 
agriculture,  died  at  Philadelphia  Jan.  35, 
1804,aged76.  In  the  former  part  of  his  life 
he  was  an  inhabitant  of  Md.  Hewasoftha 
profession  of  the  law,  li  before  the  revolo- 
tion  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  & 
court  of  appeals  of  Marylanl.  He  had  al- 
so a  seat  at  the  executive  council  of  the 
province.  But  he  was  sot  allured  by  this 
office  from  his  duty  to  his  country.  He 
found  our  revolution  necessary  to  our 
freedom,  and  he  rqoieed  in  its  accomplish- 
ment. His  habitual  and  most  pleasing 
employment  was  husbandry ;  which  he 
practised  extensively  upon  his  own  estate 
on  Wye  island  in  the  l»y  of  Chesapeak. 
As  he  readily  tried  every  suggested 
improvement,  and  adopted  such  as  were 
confirmed  by  his  experiments,  and  as  he 
added  to  his  example  frequent  essays  upon 
agricultural  subjects,  he  was  greatly  in- 
strumental in  diffusing  the  best  knowledge 
of  the  best  of  all  arts.  He  was  cheerful 
in  his  temper,  and  was  respected  and  be^ 
loved.  In  religion  he  was  of  the  most 
liberal  or  free  system  within 'the  paleol 
revelation.  In  his  political  principles  he 
was  attached  to  that  republican  form  of 
govemmentjin  which  the  public  authority 
is  founded  on  the  people,  but  guarded  a- 


IM 


B08TWICK. 


ftimt  the  sutHpn  (laettmtiona  of  their  I 
will.  He  published  Foray th'i  tremtiw  on 
iVuit  triM  with  notes  ;  iilietehet  on  rota- 
tiom  oTcrope,  179S ;  tamy*  ■nd  notes  on 
huabuidry  and  rural  atbirs,  with  plates, 
1799  and  1801  ;  a  view  of  the  oouraes  of 
crops  in  Rngland  and  Maryland,  1804.— 
Oas.  U.  S.  Feb.  7. 

BOSTWICK,  DaN-id,  an  eminent 
minister  in  New  York,  was  of  Scotch  ox- 
traction,  and  was  born  about  the  year 
1730.  He  was  firat  settled  at  Jamaica  on 
Long  Iiianii,  where  he  continued  till 
1756,  when  the  synod  translated  him  to 
the  presbyterian  society  of  New  York.  In 
this  ohargfe  he  continued  till  November 
13,  1763,  when  he  died  aged  48.  He 
waa  of  a  mild,  catholic  disposition,  of 
great  piety  and  zeal ;  and  he  confined 
himself  entirely  to  the  proper  business  of 
his  office.  He  abhorred  the  fVeque'nt  mix- 
ture of  divinity  and  politics,  ,and  much 
more  the  turpitude  of  making  the  former 
subservient  to  the  latter.  His  thoughts 
were  occupied  by  things, which  are  above, 
and  he  tiFished  to  withdraw  the  mi|u^  of 
his  people  more  fVom  the  concerns  of  this 
worM.  He  waa  deeply  grieved,  when 
some  of  his  flock  became,  not  fervent 
christians,  but  furious  politicians.  He, 
preached  the  gospel,  and  as  his  life  cor- 
responded with  his  preaching,  he  was  re- 
spected by  good  men  of  all  denominations. 
His  doctrines  he  derived  iVom  the  scrip- 
tures, and  he  understood  them  in  accor- 
dance with  the  public  confessions  of  the 
reformed  churches.  His  discourses  were 
methodical,  sound,  and  pathetic,  rich  in 
sentiment,  and  ornamented  Ia  diction. 
With  a  strong,  conunanding  voice  Ids 
pronunciation  was  clear,  distinct,  and  de- 
liberate. He  preached  witlxout  notes 
with  great  ease  and  fluency ;  but  he  al- 
ways studied  his  sermons  with  great  care. 
With  a  lively  imagination  and  a  heart 
deeply  affected  by  the  truths  of  religion 
he  was  enabled  to  address  his  hearers 
with  solemnity  and  energy.  Few  men 
could  describe  the  hideous  deformity  of 
sin,  the  misery  of  man's  apostasy  From 
God,  the  wonders  of  redeeming  love,  And 
the  glory  and  riches  of  divine  grace  in  »o 


distinct  and  aiTeeting  a  manner.  He 
knew  toe  worth  of  the  soul  and  tha  de» 
oeitf\ilness  of  the  human  heart  ■,  aad  ha 
preached  with  pfaUnneas,  more  intent  to 
impress  sinnen  with  their  guill  and  to 
teach  them  the  truths  of  Ood,  than  to  at* 
tract  their  attention  to  himself.  Though 
he  was  remarkable  for  his  gentleness  and 
prudence,  yet  in  preaching  the  gospel  he 
fearetl  no  man.  He  knew  whose  servsnt 
he  was,  and  with  all  boldness  and  impar* 
tiality  he  delivere<l  his  message,  procteim- 
ing  the  terrors  of  the  divine  law  to  every 
trsnsgressor,  however  elevated,  and  dis- 
playing the  mild  glories  of  ttte  gospel  for 
the  comfort  and  refVeshment  of  every  pen- 
itent believer.  A  few  months  befbre  hia 
death  his  mind  was  greatly  distressed  by 
apprehensions  respecting  the  interests  of 
his  ftimily,  when  he  should  be  taken  fVom 
them.  But  Ood  was  pleased  to  give  him 
such  views  of  his  power  and  goodness, 
and  such  cheerfVil  reliance  upon  the  wis- 
dom and  rectitude  of  his  government,  as 
restored  to  him  peace  and  calmness.  He 
was  willing  to  east  himself  and  all,  that 
was  dear  to  him,  upon  the  providence  of 
his  heavenly  Father.  In  this  temper  he 
continued  to  his  last  moment,  when  .ha 
placidly  resigned  his  soul  into  the  hands 
of  his  Savior.  Such  ia  the  serenity,  fVe- 
quently  imparted  to  christians  in  the  so- 
lemn hour  of  dissolution. 

He  published  a  sermon,  preached  May 
35,  1758,  entitled,  self  disclaimed  and 
Christ  exalted.  It  received  the  warm  re- 
commendation of  Gilbert  Tennent.  It  ia 
a  sermon  for  ministers,  penetrating  into 
the  subtile  workings  and  base  motives  of 
the  human  heart,  and  presenting  the  most 
serious  truths,  in  a  manner  very  perepicu- 
oua  and  affectionate. — He  published  also 
an  account  of  the  life,  character,  and  death 
of  president  Davies,  prefixed  to  Davies* 
sermon  on  the  death  of  George  II,  1761. 
Afler  his  decease  there  was  published 
fVom  his  manuscripts  a  fair  and  rational 
vindication  of  the  right  of  infants  to  the 
ordinance  of  baptism,  being  the  substance 
of  several  discourses  from  Acts  ii.  S9.  It 
is  an  able  production. — MiddUton'i  biog. 
evang.  iv.  414-418;  Nev)  and  gen.  biog. 


^ 


DOUCHEIt. 


DOUDINOT. 


II 


numeroiM 
genaratio 
repreiient 
want!  of 


;  SmUK't  Ntvf  York,  19S  |  Pr^.  tt 
Moihtiek'B  tmdietitn. 

BOUCHER,  Pimrie,  fovernor  of 
Trok  Uivierea  in  Canada,  died  at  the  age 
of  nearly  100  yean,  havini;  HvmI  to  mio 
deicendanta,  tome  of  the  fifth 
.  He  waa  aent  to  Franee  to 
the  temporal  and  apiritual 
the  eolony ;  and  publiah> 
edin  1664anaecount  of  Canada,  entitled, 
Hiatoire  veritable  et  naturelledea  moeura 
et  productiona  ke. 

BOUCHER,  Jonathan,  a  learned 
•rohaeoiogiat,  waa  a  native  of  Cumber- 
kind, — the  northern  county  of  England, 
the  country  of  lakes,  the  abode  of  the 
poeta  Wordaworth  and  Southey,  and  the 
reaort  of  "  tha  lakera," — but  came  to 
America  at  the  age'of  16.  After  receiving 
epiaeopal  ordination  he  waa  appointed 
rector  of  Hanover  and  then  of  St.  Mary, 
Virginia.  Gov.  Eden  gave  him  alio  the 
rectory  of  St  Anne,  Annapolis,  and  of 
Queen  Anne,  in  Prince  Georges  county. 
These  are  indeed  saintly  and  princely 
names  for  a  protestant,  republican  coun- 
try.  However,  Mr.  Boucher  was  a 
loyalist,  unshaken  by  the  migkty  demo- 
cratic movements  around  him.  In  hia 
farewell  sermon,  at  the  beginaing  of  the 
revolution  in  1775,  hedeolai«d,  that  as 
long,  aa  he  lived,  he  wouM  say  with 
Zadock,  the  priest,  and  Nathan,  the 
prophet,  "God  save  the  king!"  Re- 
turning to  England,  he  was  appointed 
vicar  of  Epsom ;  and  there  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  April  37, 
1804,  aged  67.  He  wai  esteemed  one  of 
the  best  preachers  of  his  time.  During 
the  last  14  years  of  his  life  he  Misem- 
ployed in  preparing  a  glossary  of  provin- 
cial and  archaeok>gical  words,  intended  as 
a  supplement  to  Dr.  Johnson's  Diction- 
ary. The  manuscripts  of  Mr.  Boucher 
were  purchased  of  his  family  in  1831  by 
the  proprietors  of  the  English  edition 
of  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary,  who  pro- 
posed to  publish  them  in  1833  in  1  vol.  4to 
as  a  supplement  to  Webster,  and  also  to 
insert  many  of  the  archaic  terms  in  an 
octavo  edition.  These  works  of  Mr. 
Boucher  must  be  extremely  curious  and 


intaresting.  He  published  in  I7M  •  view 
of  the  causes  and  oonsequeneea  of  the 
American  revolution  in  1  &  discourses, 
preached  in  N.  America  between  1769 
and  177&,  dedicated  to  Washington,  con- 
taining many  anecdotes,  illustrativD  of 
political  eventa  ;— aho  S  aermons  before 
the  grand  juriea  of  Surrey  and  Cumber- 
land, 1790. 

BOUDINOT,  Ellas,  i.  l.  d.,  first 
president  of  the  Amerioan  Bible  society, 
was  born  in  Phihulelphia  May  8, 1740. 
His  great  grand  fiither,  EUiu,  was  a 
proteatant  in  France,  who  fled  IVom  his 
country  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantea ;  hui  Ikther,  Elias,  died  in  1770; 
his  mother,  Catharine  Williams,  was 
of  a  Welsh  family.  After  a  classical 
education  he  studied  kw  under  Richard 
Stockton,  whose  eklest  sister  he  married. 
Soon  after  commencing  the  practice  of 
law  in  New  Jersey,  he  rose  to  distinction. 
He  early  espoused  the  cause  of  his  coun- 
try. In  1777  congress  appointed  him 
commissary  general  of  prisoners ;  'and  in 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  congress,  of  which  body  he  was  elect- 
ed the  president  in  Nov.  1783.  In  thai 
capacity  he  put  his  signature  to  the  trea- 
ty of  peace.  He  returned  to  the  profes- 
sion of  the  kiw  ;  but  was  again  elected  to 
congress  under  the  new  constitution  in 
1780,  snd  was  continued  a  member  of  the 
house  6  years.  In  1796  Washington 
appointed  him  the  director  of  the  mint  of 
the  United  States,  aa  the  successor  of 
Rittenhouae:  in  this  office  he  continued 
till  1805,  when  he  resigned  it,  and  retir- 
ing ilrom  Philadelphia  passed  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  at  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 
He  lost  his  wife  about  the  year  1808 :  he 
himself  died  Oct.  i4,  IflOl,  aged  81.  His 
daughter  married  Wm.  Bradford.  His 
brother,  Elisha  Boudinot,  died  at  Newark 
Oct.  17,  1819,  aged  Tl.—AftertheesUb^ 
Hshment  in  1816  of  the  Bible  society, 
which  he  assisted  in  creating,  he  was 
elected  its  first  president ;  and  he  made 
to  it  the  munificent  donation  of  ten  tAou- 
Band  dollars.  He  afterwards  contributed 
liberally  towards  the  erection  of  its  de- 
pository.   In  1812  he  was  elected  a  mem- 


* 


IM 


.i">;/4.iuat?i! 


BOUQUET. 


M:S.U.i  M,--.: 


berofthe  American  board  ofcommimion- 
en  ihr  foreign  misaions,  to  which  he  pre- 
sented the  next  year  a  donation  of  100/. 
sterling.  When  three  Cherokee  youths 
were  brought  to  the  foreign  mission 
school  in  1818,  one  of  them  by  his  per- 
mission took  his  name,  for  he  was  deeply 
interested  in  every  attempt  to  meliorate 
the  condition  of  the  American  Indians. 
His  house  was  the  seat  of  hospitality  and 
his  days  were  spent  in  the  pursuits  of 
biblical  literature,  in  the  exercise  of  the 
toveliest  charities  of  life,  and  the  perform- 
ance of  the  highest  Christian  duties.  He 
was  a  trustee  of  Princeton  college,  in 
which  he  founded  in  1806  the  cabinet  Of 
natural  history,  which  cost  9,000  dollars. 
He  wasamemberof  a'preebyterian  church. 
By  the  religion,which  he  profea8ed',he  was 
supported  and  cheered,  as  he  went  down 
to  the  grave.  His  patience  was  un- 
exhausted ;  his  faith  was  strong  and  tri- 
umphant. Exhorting  those  around  him 
to  rest  in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  only  ground 
of  trual,  and  commending  his  daughter 
and  only  child  to  the  care  of  his  frif^ids, 
he  expressed  his  desire  to  depart  in  peace 
to  the  bosom  of  his  Father  in  heaven,  and 
his  last  prayer  was,  "Lord  Jesus,  receive 
my  spirit" 

By  his  last  will  Dr.  Boudinot  bequeath- 
ed his  large  estate  principally  to  charitable 
uses ;  400  dollars  for  10  poor  widows  ; 
SOO  to  the  New  Jersey  Bible  society  to 
purchase  spectacles  for  the  aged  poor,  to 
enable  them  to  read  the  Bible ;  3,000 
dollars  to  the  Moravians  at  Bethlehem  for 
the  instruction  of  the  Indians;  4,000 
acres  of  land  to  the  society  for  the  benefit 
of  the  Jews  ;  to  themagdalen  societies  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  600  dollars 
each ;  S  houses  in  Philadelphia  to  the 
trustees  of  the  general  assembly  for  the 
purchase  of  books  for  ministers ;  also 
6,000  dollars,  to  the  general  assembly 
for  the  support  of  a  missionary  in  Phila- 
delphia and  New  York ;  4,080  acres  of 
land  for  theological  students  at  Princeton^ 
4,000  acres  to  the  college  of  New  Jersey 
Ibr  the  establishment  of  fellowships ; 
4,643  acres  to  the  iUnerican  board  of  com- 
mianooers  fbr  foieign  missions,  with  spe- 


cial reference  tothebenefit  of  the  Indiana; 
8,370  acres  to  the  hospital  at  Philadelphia, 
for  the  benefit  of  foreigners;  4,689  acres 
to  the  American  Bible  society  ;  18,000 
acres  to  the  msyor  and  corporation  of 
Phila.  to  supply  the  poor  with  wood  on 
low  terms ;  also,  after  the  decease  of  his 
daughter,  6,000  dollars  to  the  college  and 
6,000  to  the  theotogical  seminary  of 
Princeton,  and  6,000  to  the  A.  B.  of  com- 
missioners for  foreign  missions,  and  the 
remainder  of  his  estate  to  the  general  as- 
sembly of  the  presbyterian  church.  How 
benevolent,  honorable  and  useftil  is  such 
a  charitable  disposition  of  the  property, 
which  God  intrusts  to  a  Christian,  com- 
^red  with  the  selfish  and  narrow  appro- 
priation of  it  to  the  enrichment  of  fkmily 
relatives  without  any  reference  to  the 
diffusion  of  truth  and  holiness  in  the  earth  ? 
For  such  deeds  of  charity  the  names  of 
Boudinot,  and  Burr,  and  Abbot,  and 
Norris,and  Phillips  will  be  held  in  lasting, 
most  honorable  remembrance.-Dr.  Boudi- 
not pubrished  the  age  of  revelation,  or  the 
age  of  reason  an  age  of  infidelity,  1790, 
also  1801;  an  oration  before  the  society  of 
the  Cinciiinati,179S;  sitcond  advent  of  the 
Messiah,  1816  ;  star  in  the  west,  or  an 
attempt  to  discover  the  long  lost  tribes  of 
Israel,  preparatory  to  their  return  to  their 
beloved  city,  Jerusalem,  8vo.  1816.  Like 
Mr.  Adair  he  regards  the  Indians  as  the 
lost  tribes.— Panop.  17:  999;  18:  36; 
OreenU  di$e.  978. 

BOUQUET,  Henry,  a  brave  officer, 
was  appointed  lieutenant  colonel  in  the 
British  army  in  1766.  In  the  year  1769 
he  was  sent  by  general  Amherst  fVom 
Canada  with  military  stores  and  provi- 
sions for  the  relief  of  fort  Pitt.  While  on 
hb  way  he  was  attacked  by  a  powerful 
body  of  Indians  on  the  6th  and  6th  of  Au- 
gust, but  by  a  skilful  manoeuvre,  suppor- 
ted by  the  determined  bravery  of  his 
troops,  he  defeated  them,  and  reached  the 
fort  in  four  days  from  the  action.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  sent  fVom  Canada 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indi- 
ans, and  in  October  he  reduced  a  body  of 
the  Shawanese,  Delawares,  and  other  In- 
dians to  the  necessity  of  making  terms  of 


vA^: 


y"^'5rai3sr?isi!»fe<'i«-;w^^? 


BOURNE. 


IM 


ms,  and  the 


peaeeatTiwcarawM.  He  diedat  Penaap 
cola  in  February  1766,  being  then  a  brig- 
adier general.  Thomaa  Hutchina  pub- 
lished at  Philadelphia  in  1766  an  historical 
account  of  the  expedition  againat  the  Ohio 
Indians  in  1764,  with  a  map  and  plates. — 
^tunul  reg.  for  1766,  27-81  ;  for  1764, 
181  ;  for  1766,  63. 

BOURNE,    Richard,    a   missionary 
among  the  Indians  at  Marshpee,  wan  one 
of  the  first  emigrants   from    England, 
who  settled  at  Sandwich.    Being  a  reli- 
gious man,  he  oiiieiated  publicly  on  the 
Lord's  day  until  a  minister,  Mr.  Smith, 
was  settled ;  he  then  turned  his  attention 
to  the  Indians  at  the  southward  and  east- 
ward, and  resolved  to  bring  them  to  an 
acquaintance  with  the  gospel.    He  went 
to  Marshpee,  not  many  miles  to  the  south. 
The  first  account  of  him  is  in  1 658,  when 
he  W8A  in  that  town,  assisting  in  the  set- 
tlement of  a  boundary  between  the  Indi- 
dians  and  the  proprietors  of  Barnstable. 
Having  obtained  a  competent  knowledge 
of  the  Indian  language  he  entered  on  the 
missionary  service  with  activity  and  ar- 
dor.   On  the  17th  of  August  1670  he  was 
ordained  pastor  of  an  Indian  church  at 
Marshpee,  constituted  by  his  own  disci- 
ples and  converts  ;  which  solemnity  was 
performed  by  the  famous  Eliot  and  Cot" 
ton.    He  died  at  Sandwich  about  the 
year  1695,  leaving  no  successor  in  tite 
ministry    but  an  Indian,  named  Simon 
Popmonet.    Mr.  Bourne  is  deserving  of 
honorable  remembrance  not  only  for  his 
Eealous  exertions  to  make  known  to  the 
Indians  the  glad  tidings  of  salvation,  but 
for  his  regard  to  their  temporal  interests. 
He  wisely  considered,  that  it  would  be  in 
vain  to  attempt  to  propagate  christian 
knowledge  among  them,  unless  they  had 
a  territory,  where  they  might  remain  in 
peace,  and  have  a  fixed  habitation.    He 
therefore,  at  his  own  expense,  not  long  af- 
ter the  year  1660,    obtained  a  deed  of 
Marshpee  from  Quachatisset  and  others 
to  the  south  sea  Indians,  as  his  people 
were  called.    This  territory,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  Mr.  Hawley,  was  perfectly  adapted 
for  an  Indian  town ;   being  situated  on 
the  sound,  in  sight  of  Martha'd  Vineyard, 


cut  into  necks  of  land,  and  well  watered. 
After  the  deatli  of  Mr.  Bourne,  hia  soni 
Sheaijashub  Bourne,  Esq.  succeeded  him 
in  the  Marshpee  inheritance,  where  he 
lived  till  hia  death  in  1719.     He  pro- 
cured ilrom  the  court  at  Plymouth  a  ratn 
fication  of  the  Indian  deeds,  so  that  no 
parcel  of  the  lands  could  be  bought  by  any 
white  person  or  peiaons  without  the  eon- 
sent  of  all  the  said  Indians,  noit  even  with 
the  consent  of  the  general  court    Thus 
did  the  son  promote  the  deaigns  of  the  fk- 
ther,  watching  over  the  interests  of  the 
aborigines.    A  letter  of  Mr.  Bourne,  giv^ 
ing  an  account  of  the  Indians  in  Plymouth 
county  and  upon  the  cape,  is  preserved  in 
Gookin. — J\Sather'$  mag.  in.  199  ;  Coll. 
hi$t.  toe.  1, 173, 196-199,  318  ;  in.  188- 
190;  VIII.  170;  Oookin ;  Jlforfon,  193; 
jFfuteAtiuon,  i.  166. 

BOURNE,  Ezra,  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  Barnstable 
county,  was  the  youngest  son  ofShear- 
jashub  Bourne,  who  died  at  Sandwich 
March  7,  1719,  aged  75.  He  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  superintendence  of  the 
Indians,  over  whom  he  had  great  influ- 
ence. He  married  a  sister  of  Rev.  Tho- 
mas Prince;  and  died  at  Marshpee  in 
Sept.  1764,  aged  nearly  88  years.— His 
eon,  Sheaijashub,  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
college  in  1743,  died  at  Bristol,  R.  I.  Feb. 
9,  1781  ;— his  grandson,  Sheaijashub,  a 
graduate  of  1764,  a  representative  in  con- 
gress and  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleaa  for  Sufiblk,  died  in  1806:— his 
grandson,  Benjamin,  l  l.d.,  a  graduate 
of  1775,  a  member  of  congress,  and  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1801,  died  Sept.  17, 1808. 
— Col.  hi$t.  $oe.  III.  190. 

BOURNE,  Joseph,  missionary  to  the 
Indians,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding 
and  graduated  in  1723  at  Harvard  college, 
in  the  catalogue  of  which  his  name  is  er- 
roneously given  Bourn.  He  was  ordained 
at'Marshpee  as  successor  to  Simon  Pop- 
monet Nov.  36„  1739.  He  resigned  his 
mission  in  1743,complaining  much  of  the 
ill  treatment,  which  the  Indians  received, 
and  of  the  neglect  of  the  commissioners 
with  regard  to  his  support.    He  was  sue- 


BOURS. 


'-j^ieiM' 


'-( 


BOWDOIN. 


flecded  by  an  Indian,  named  Solomon  Brt- 
•nt ;  but  he  still  took  an  interest  in  the 
eauae,  in  which  he  waa  once  particularly 
engaged,  and  much  encouraged  and  assis- 
ted the  missionary,  Mr.  Hawley.  Mr. 
Bourne  died  in  1767.— CoJ.  hUt.  moc.  hi. 
190-191. 

BOURS,  Peter,  episcopal  minister  in 
Maiblehead,  was  a  native  of  Newport,  and 
waa  graduatedatHarvard  college  inl747. 
After  hia  settlement  at  Marblehead,  he 
discharged  with  faithfuhiess  the  duties  of 
his  office  nine  years,  enforcing  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel  with  fervency,  and  il- 
lustrating the  truth  of  what  he  taught  by 
his  life.  His  predecessors  were  Mousam, 
Pigot,  Malcom ;  his  successors.  Weeks, 
Harris,  Bowers.  He  died  February  24, 
176i,  aged  thirty  six  years.  His  dying 
words  were  "0  Lamb  of  God,  receive 
my  spirit." — WTutweWi  $er.  on  death 
tf  Barnard}  Collect,  hist.  $oe.  viii. 
77. 

BOWDEN,  John,  d.  d.,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  and  moral  philosophy  in 
Columbia  collage,  N.  Y.,  was  an  ejpisco- 
pal  clergyman  more  than  40  years.  In 
1787  he  was  rector  of  Norwalk.  He 
was  elected  bishop  of  Connecticut,but,  as 
he  declined,  Mr.  Jarvis  was  appointed. 
He  died  at  Baliston  July  31,  1817,  aged 
65.  He  published  a  letter  to  £.  Stiles, 
occasioned  by  his  ordination  sermon  at 
New  London,  1787;  the  apostolic  origin 
of  episcopacy,  in  a  series  of  letters  to 
Dr.  Miller,  3  vols.  8vo,  1808.— Jmnifon. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  i.i:..d.,  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  and  a  philosopher 
and  statesman,  was  bom  in  Boston  Au- 
gust 18, 1737,  and  was  the  son  of  James 
Bowdoin,  an  eminent  merchant.  His 
grand  father  Peter  Bowdoin,  or  Pierre 
Baudouin,  was  a  physician  of  Rochelle,  in 
France.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes  in  1685  he  fled  with  a  multitude 
of  protestants,  and  went  first  to  Ireland, 
and  came  to  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
in  Casco  bay,  Maine,  as  early  as  April 
1687.  He  owned  several  tracts  of  land, 
one  tract  of  33  acres  extending  across  the 
neck,  where  south  street  now  is.  In  about 
9  years  he  removed  to  BostoA.    The  day 


alVer  his  departure  the  Indians  attached, 
May  15, 1690,  and  in  a  few  days  destroys 
ed  Casco.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
ascertained:  his  will  is  dated  in  1704,  but 
wp-:  not  proved  till  1719.  He  had  two 
sons,  and  two  daughters.  His  eldest 
son,  James,  the  father  of  gov.  B.,  by  his 
industry,  enterprise,  and  economy  having 
acquired  a  great  estate  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  the  eminence  of  bis  family,  died 
Sept.  4,  1747,  aged  71  :  he  also  left  two 
sons,  James  and  William,  the  latter  by  his 
second  wife.  « 

Mr.  Bowdoin  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1745.  During  his  resi- 
dence at  the  university  he  was  distinguish- 
ed by  his  genius  and  unwearied  applica- 
tion to  his  studies,  while  his  modesty,  po- 
liteness, and  benevolence  gave  his  friends 
assurance,  that  his  talents  would  not  be 
prostituted,  nor  his  future  eminence  em- 
ployed for  the  promotion  of  unworthy 
ends.  When  he  arrived  at  the  age  of 
twenty  one  years,  he  came  in  possession 
of  an  ample  fortune,  left  him  by  his  father, 
who  died  Sept.  4, 1747.  He  was  now  in 
a  situation  the  most  threatening  to  his  lit- 
erary and  moral  improvement,  for  one 
great  motive,  which  impels  men  to  exer- 
tion, could  have  no  influence  upon  him, 
and  his  great  wealth  put  it  completely  in 
his  power  to  gratify  I'ue  giddy  desires  of 
youth.  But  his  life  had  hitherto  been  re- 
gular, and  he  now  with  the  maturity  of 
wisdom  adopted  a  system,  which  was 
most  rational,  pleasing,  and  useful.  He 
determined  to  combine  with  the  enjoy- 
ments of  domestic  and  social  life  a' course 
of  study,  which  should  enlarge  and  perfect 
the  powers  of  his  mind.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  two  years  he  married  a  daughter 
of  JohnErving,  and  commenced  a  system 
of  literary  and  scientific  research,  to  which 
he  adhered  through  life. 

In  the  year  1753  the  citizens  of  Boston 
elected  him  one  of  their  representatives 
in  the  general  court,  where  his  learning 
and  eloquence  soon  rendered  him  conspi- 
cuous. He  continued  in  this  station  un- 
til 1756,  when  he  was  chosen  into  the 
council,  in  which  body  he  wati  long  known 
and  respected.    With  uniform  ability  and 


BOWDOIN. 


Itl 


patriotism  he  advocated  the  cause  of  his 
country.  In  the  disputes,  Tvhich  laid 
the  foundation  of  tlie  American  revolu- 
tion, his  writingfsand  exertions  were  em- 
inently useful.  Oovemore  Bernard  and 
Hutchinson  were  constrained  to  confess, 
in  their  confidential  letters  to  the  British 
ministry,  the  weight  of  his  opposition  to 
their  measures.  In  1769  Bernard  nega- 
tived him,  when  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  council,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  inhrbitants  of  Boston  again  elected 
him  their  representative  in  1 770.  Hutch- 
inson, who  in  this  year  succeeded  to  the 
governor's  chair,  permitted  him  to  take  a 
seat  at  the  council  board,  because,  said 
he,  "  his  opposition  to  our  measures  will 
be  less  injurious  in  the  council,  than  in 
the  house  of  representatives."  He  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  first  congress,  but 
the  illness  of  Mrs.  Bowdoin  prevented 
him  from  attending  with  the  other  dele- 
gates. In  the  year  1775,  a  year  most 
critical  and  important  to  America,  he  was 
chosen  president  of  the  council  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  he  continued  in  that  office 
the  greater  pert  of  the  time  till  the  adop- 
tion of  the  state  constitution  in  1780. 
He  was  president  of  the  convention,  which 
formed  it ;  and  some  of  its  important  arti- 
cles are  the  result  of  hie  knowledge  of  gov- 
ernment. 

In  the  year  1785,  after  the  resignation 
of  Hancock,  he  was  chosen  governor  of 
Mass.,  and  was  re-elected  the  foUowing 
year.  In  this  office  his  wisdom,  firmness, 
and  inflexible  integrity  were  conspicuous. 
He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment at  the  most  unfortunate  period  after 
the  revolution.  The  sudden  influx  of 
foreign  luxuries  had  exhausted  the  coun- 
try of  its  specie,  while  the  heavy  taxes 
of  the  war  yet  burthened  the  people. 
This  state  of  suffering  awakened  dis- 
content, and  the  spirit  of  disorder  was 
cherished  by  unlicensed  conventions, 
which  were  arrayed  against  the  legisla- 
ture. One  great  subject  of  complaint 
was  the  administration  of  justice.  Against 
lawyers  and  courts  the  strongest  resent- 
ments were  manifested.  In  many  in- 
stances the  judges  were  restrained  by 


mobs  fVom  proceeding  in  the  exeeation 
of  their  duty.  As  the  insurgents  became 
more  audacious  fVom  the  lenient  measurea 
of  the  government  and  were  organising 
themselves  for  the  subversion  of  the  con* 
stitution  it  became  necessary  to  suppreM 
by  force  the  spirit  of  insurrection.  Gov. 
Bowdoin  accordingly  ordered  into  service 
upwards  of  4,000  of  the  militia,  who  were 
placed  under  the  command  of  the  veteran 
Lincoln.  As  the  public  treasury  dki 
not  afford  the  means  of  putting  thetroope 
in  motion,  some  of  the  citizens  of  Bo8« 
ton  with  the  governor  at  the  head  of  the 
list  subscribed  in  a  few  hours  a  sufficient 
sum  to  carry  on  the  proposed  expedition. 
This  decisive  step  rescued  the  govern- 
ment from  the  contempt,  into  which  it 
was  sinking,  and  was  the  means  of  saving 
the  commonwealth.  The  dangerous  in- 
surrection of  Shays  was  thus  completely 
quelled. 

In  the  year  17S7  gov.  Bowdoin  was 
succeeded  by  Hancock,  in  consequence 
of  the  exertions  of  the  discontented,  who 
might  hope  for  greater  clemency  from 
another  chief  magistrate.  He  died  in 
Boston,  after  a  distresang  sickness  of 
three  month8,Nov.  6,1790,  aged  63.  His 
wife,  Elizabeth,  died  in  May  1803,  aged 
72.  He  left  two  children,  James,  and  a 
daughter,  who  married  Sir  John  Tem- 
ple, consul  general  of  Great  Britain  in 
the  United  States,  and  died  Oct.36, 1809. 

Gov.  Bowdoin  was  a  learned  maU] 
and  a  constant  and  generous  iViend  of 
literature.  He  subscribed  liberally  for 
the  restoration  of  the  library  of  Harvard 
college  in  the  year  1764,  when  it  was 
consumed  by  fire.  He  was  chosen  a 
fellow  of  the  corporation  in  the  year 
1779;  but  the  pressure  of  mere  impor- 
tant duties  induced  liim  to  resign  this 
office  in  1784.  He  ever  felt,  however, 
an  affectionate  regard  for  the  interests  of 
the  college,  &  bequeathed  to  it  four  hun- 
dred pounds,  the  interest  of  which  was 
to  be  applied  to  the  distribution  of  pre- 
miums among  the  students  for  the 
encouragement  of  useful  and  polite  Utera- 
ture.  The  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,   incorporated   at    Boston 


Its 


BOWDOIN. 


May  4, 1780,  at  a  time  when  our  country 
was  in  the  deepest  diatresa,  was  formed 
under  his  influence,  and  was  an  object 
of  his  constant  attention.  He  was  chosen 
its  first  president,  and  he  continued  in 
that  office  till  his  death.  He  was  regarded 
by  its  members  as  the  pride  and  orna- 
ment of  their  institution.  To  this  body 
he  bequeathed  one  hundred  pounds  and 
his  valuable  library,  consisting  of  up- 
wards of  twelve  hundred  volumes  upon 
every  branch  of  science.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  founders  and  the  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  bank,  and  of  the 
humane  society  of  Massachusetts.  The 
literary  character  of  gov.  Bowdoin  gained 
him  those  honors,  which  are  usually 
conferred  on  men  distinguished  for  their 
literary  attainments.  He  was  constituted 
doctor  of  laws  by  the  university  ofEd- 
ingburgh,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  royal  societies  of  London  and  Dublin. 

He  was  deeply  convinced  of  the  truth 
and  excellence  of  Christianity,  and  it  had 
a  constant  effect  upon  his  life.  He  was 
for  more  than  thirty  years  an  exeiqpl'^ry 
member  of  the  church  in  Brattle  street, 
to  the  poor  of  which  congregation  he  be- 
queathed a  hundred  pounds.  His  chari- 
ties were  abundant.  He  respected  the 
injunctions  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ, 
which  he  professed.  He  knew  the  pleas- 
ures and  advantages  of  family  devotion, 
and  he  conscientiously  observed  the 
christian  sabbath,  presenting  himself  ha- 
bitually in  the  holy  temple,  that  he  might 
be  instructed  in  religious  duty,  and  might 
unite  with  the  worshippers  of  God.  In  h  is 
dying  addresses  to  his  family  and  servants 
he  recommended  the  christian  religion 
to  them  as  of  transcendent  importance, 
and  assured  thei!>;  that  it  was  the  only 
ibundation  of  peace  and  happiness  in 
life  and  death.  As  the  hour  of  his  depar- 
ture approached,  he  expressed  his  satis- 
faction in  the  thought  of  going  to  the 
full  enjoyment  of  God  and  his  Redeemer. 

Crov.  Bowdoin  was  the  author  of  a  po- 
etic "Paraphrase  of  the  Economy  of  Hu- 
man Life,"  dated  March  28,  1759.  He 
also  published  a  philosophical  discourse, 
publicly  addressed  to  the  American  acade- 


my of  arts  and  sciences  In  Boston  Novem- 
ber 8,  1780,  when  he  was  inducted  into 
the  office  of  president.  This  is  prefixed 
to  the  first  vol.  of  the  society's  memoirs. 
In  this  work  he  published  several  otlier 
productions,  which  manifest  no  common 
taste  and  talents  in  astronomical  inquiries. 
The  folk)wing  are  the  titles  of  them ;  ob- 
servations upon  an  hypothesis  fbr  solving 
the  phenomena  of  light,  with  incidental 
observations  tending  to  shew  the  hetero- 
geneousness  of  light,  and  of  the  electric 
fluid,  by  their  union  with  each  other  ;  ob- 
servatioiu  on  light  and  the  wasteof  matter 
in  the  sun  and  fixed  stars  occasioned  by 
theconstant efflux oflightfVom them;  ob- 
servations tending  to  prove  by  phenome- 
na and  scripture  the  existence  of  an  orb, 
which  surrounds  the  whole  material  sys- 
tem, and  which  may  be  necessary  to 
preserve  it  from  the  ruin,  to  which,  with- 
out such  a  counterbalance,  it  seems  liable 
by  that  universal  principle  in  matter,  gra- 
vitation. He  supposes,  that  the  blue  ex- 
panse of  the  sky  is  a  real  concave  body  en- 
compassing all  visible  nature ;  that  the 
milky  way  and  the  lucid  spots  in  the  hea- 
vens art)  gaps  in  this  orb,  through  which 
the  light  of  exterior  orbs  reaches  us  ;  and 
that  thus  an  intimation  may  be  given  of 
orbs  on  orbs  and  systems  on  systems  innu- 
merable   and  inconceivably  grand. 

Thaeher's  fun.  serm.  ;  Lowelft  eulogy; 
Maata.  tnag.  in.  5-8, 304,305,  373;  Uni- 
ver.  atyl.,  i.  73-76 ;  Miller,  ii;  Minot*» 
hist,  ituvr. ;  Marshall,  v.  131  ;  ^mer. 
Q^.  Rev.  II.  505;  Maine  hist.  eol.  184  ; 
Eliot. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  Spain,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding  and  was  born  Sept.  33, 
1 753.  After  he  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1771  he  proceeded  to  England, 
where  he  prosecuted  the  study  of  the  law 
nearly  a  year  at  the  University  of  Oxford. 
Afler  revisiting  his  native  country  he  sai- 
led again  for  Europe,  and  travelled  in 
Italy,  Holland,  and  England.  On  hear- 
ing of  the  battle  of  Lexington  he  returned 
home.  The  anxieties  of  his  father  pre- 
vented him  from  engaging  in  miKtary 
service,  to  which  he  was  inclined.     Be- 


BOWDOIN. 


.  JJ....-%^-'fv»3..' 


BOWEN; 


118 


II ;  MinoVa 


foie  th«  dom  of  the  war  b*  nuirried  the 
deughterof  Mr.  William  BewdoiD»  the 
halt*  brother  of  hie  ftther.  Devoting 
mnohof  hia  time  to  Ittefaqr  punaitaat 
Jiift  raeideaee  in  DoroMter,  Jie  jtimuh 
tained  aucoearirely  the  piUie  offieee  of 
l«pNaentathre,  aeaatoi^  and  eoanaellor. 
,<  Soon  after  Uie  ioeerpomtioadf  the  eo\r-, 
lege,  which  in  honor  of  hia  fkther,  who 
waa  governor  at  the  time,  received  the 
name  of  B<M»doin  ooliege,  he  made  to  it 
a  donation  of  one  tiiouiand  aereaof  land 
and  more  tiian  eleven  hundred  pounda. 
About  tM»  tine  he  WM|  ehoeea  a  ibllow, 
or  elected  into  the  oorpontionof  Harv- 
ard oeUeget  and  retained  the  offiee  aeven 
yeara.  ifaving  received  a  oommiaaion 
from  Air.  Jtfhnoat  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  aa  minister  plenipotMitiaiy 
to  the  court  of  Madrid,  he  aaikd  May  10, 
1805  and  was  abrowl  until  April  t8, 1808. 
The  objects  of  hia  mission,  which  related 
to  the  settlement  of  the  hmits  of  Louisia- 
na, the  purchase  of  Florida,  and  the  pro- 
curing of  compensation  ibr  repeated  apo- 
liations  of  American  commerce,  were  not 
aceomplislMd.  Puring  his  absence  he 
spent  two  years  in  Paris,  where  he  put- 
chased  many  books,  a  eoUeetion  of  well 
arranged  minerals,  and  fine  modek  of 
crystallography,  which  he  afterward 
presented  to  Bowdoin  College.  After  jiis 
retnrn  much  of  his  time  waa  epent  upon 
his  fiunily  esUte,  the  valuable  island  <d' 
Naushaun,  near  Martha's  Vineyard.  At 
this  time  his  tmnslation  of  Daubeaton's 
'Advice  to  Shepberda'  was  published  for 
the  benefit  of  the  owners  of  sheep.  He 
had  previously  published,  anon3rmottsly, 
'  Opinions  respecting  the  commercial  inter- 
course between  the  United  Statea  It  Great 
Britain*'  In  July  1811  he  exeeated  a  deed 
to  Bqwdoin  coBege  of  six  thousand  acres 
in  the  town  of  Lisbon.  By  his  last  will 
he  bequeathed  to  the  college  several  arti- 
ckjs  of  philosophical  apparatus,  a  costly 
collection  of  seventy  fine  paintings,  and 
the  reversion  of  Naushaun  island  on  ihe 
failure  of  issue  male  of  the  present  devi- 
sees,— a  contingency  now  very  improbar 
ble. 
AiVer  a  long  period  of  infirmity  and  of 
17 


palnf\il  attaeks  of  disease  ha  died  wijMtout 
ohihlren  October  11,  1811,  in  the  €Oth 
year  of  hiaage.  His  widow  married  the 
ht«g«B.|^nry  Dearborn.  At  her  de- 
fieaae,  she  left  «<  aum  of  mopegr  and  a 
anndier  of<valtialileftmt(y  portraHa  to  the 
ceUeg*.  The  naase  of  /mm*  $0¥MMn 
is  now  boroe  by  o«e  of  ibejifiinofhis  esi: 
tate,-:^  turn  ot-hk  niccie^ff-ho marH^ 
Thomaa  li.  Wbitklop,  t^^lkiiitewnt 
governor  of  Maaaachusetts..— iJfimAs'  W 
fafy. 

BOWEN,  Jabes,  i,t.o.,  Lieiit,  gov. 
of  Rhode  Island,  waa  bom  la  <fiN»viclenee, 
graduated  at  Yale  eoBege  in  tfit,  pad 
died  M*y  1, 18181  aged  75  yefff.  for 
80  years  he  win  tiM  chaaceOtir  of  the 
college  at  Pioviffaea  aa  Utio  avceeraiK  of 
gov.  Hopkiaa.  During  the  rev<Agi|[<ma- 
ry  war  ha  was  devoted  to  tKe  ctnm  of 
his  country,  aad  waa  a  Afml^  iit  the 
board  of  war,  judge  Of  the  supreme  eourt, 
and  heut.  goveraor.  Of  the  natioaal 
GoaveatioB  at  Aanapolisaad  of  tlie  itate 
c(mv«ation  to  consider  the  coaatitatlon  he 
waa  a  member.  During  the  adniaiatra- 
tion  of  Washington  tewascomoiiMioner 
of  loans  jfbr  R|kode  isbuid.  Of  the  fiib|e 
society  erf*  Rt  I.  he  was  the  prsfidtfnt.  bx 
the  maturity  of  his  yaars  heltecataea 
meorilierof  the  finto(»tgftg«tionaI  djiurch. 
His  great  eapaefty  f<»  pnUie  biuiness, 
joined  to  his  onqjaMtioxwd^  Integrity, 
gave  him  s  elevated  eharaetnr  and  gn^t 
infltienoe  in  «iety.-^A  gentUimaa  of  tli^ 
same  naate  is  a  judge  of  tlie  superi- 
or court  hi  Ge<  -ria:  having  in  aiMdeyaot 
charge,  delivereu  at  Savannd),  made  some 
impnideat  renwrka  eoneeriiing  theeoJbr- 
ed  popukticm,  the  grand  jnry|)r<M«<erf 
his  charge,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
sent  them  all  to  prison.  3e  wap  reiuoved 
ftom  oflice ;  and,  it  is  said,  died  ioaane  at 
Philadelphia. 

BOWEN,  Pardon,  h.  d.,  a  distin- 
guished physician,  was  bom  la  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  March  ii^  17&7.— Rich- 
ard Bowen  is  said  to  have  been  hipanpea- 
tor;  perhaps  it  was  Griffith  Rowea*  who 
lived  in  Boston  in  16S9.  His  l^hf  r  was 
Dr.  Ephraim  Bowen,  an  emiavnit  phy- 
sician of  Providence,  whodiad  Oct.  SI, 


180 


BOWEN. 


•.-vH,^^>'f 


BOWLES. 


181«,  aged  9«  yean.— After  gradnating 
at  the  eollege  or  Rhode  Island  in  1T75, 
he  atndied  with  hia  brother,  Dr. William 
Bowen ;  and  embarked  aa  surgeon  in  a 
privateer  in  1779.    Though    captured 
and  imprisoned  7  montha  atHaUihx,  he 
was  not  deterred  iVom  engaging  repeat- 
edly hi  similar  enterpriaes,  resultfaig  in 
new  imprisonments.    In  1783  he  reached 
home  and  was  content  to  remain  on 
shore.    In  1788  he  repaired  to  Phikdel- 
phia  for  his  improvement  in  his  profes- 
sion at  the  medical  school.    After  his  re^ 
turn  it  was  but  gradually  that  he  obtained 
practice.  At  lengdi  his  success  was  ample; 
his  eminence  in  medicine  and  surgery 
were  undisputed.    Durjpg  the  prevalence 
of  the  ysUow  fever  he  shrank  not  flom 
the  peril :  more  than  once  was  he  attack- 
ed by  that  disease.    For  much  of  his 
sooeess  he  was  ipdebted  to  his  study  of 
idioqrnerssy  or  of  tha  peculiarities,  morel, 
intelleetual,  and  physical,  of  his  patients. 
In  1890  he  experienced  an  attack  of  the 
patay,  which  terminated  his  professional 
Isborfli  in  consequence  of  which  he  rotired 
to  the  leeUenee  of  his  son  in  law,  Fnnk- 
lin  Oraene,  at  Fotowomnt,  (Warwick), 
whertf  he  passed  years  of  saflfering,  some- 
times amounting  to  agony.    In  the  life- 
^ving  energy  of  the  doctrines,  precepts, 
and  promisee  of  the  Bible  he  found  the 
only    adequate    support    and  solace- 
He   died  Oct.  36,  1836  aged  69.    His 
wife  who  snrvhred  him,  was  the  daughter 
of  Henry Ward,aeeretary  of  Rhode  Isbmd. 
Dr.Bowen  sustained  an  excellent  char- 
acter ;  he  was  modest,  upright,  affiiUe ; 
ftee  flom  eovetousness   and  ambition; 
beneficent ;  and  in  his  Isst  days  an  exam- 
ple of  christian  hcdiness.    He  published 
andaborate  aeoount  of  the  yellow  fever 
of  Providence  in  1806  in  Hoaack's  med- 
ical register,  vol  iv.— TA«eAer*«  med. 

BOWEN,  WilUam  C,  m.  d.,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  Brown  university, 
received  this  appointment  in  1813.  He 
was  the  only  son  of  Dr.  William  Bowen, 
who  is  still  an  eminent  praetitioner  at  the 
age  of  80  years,  and  was  bom  June  3, 
1786.    Ailer  graduating  at  Union  college 


in  1708  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Pardon  Bowen  ;  also  at  Ediidiurgh  and 
Paris,  and  at  London  as  the  private  ps- 
pil  of  sir  Astley  Cooper.  He  did  not  r»- 
tnmtill  Aug.  1811.  Experiments  to  di»- 
cover  the  composition  of  the  Meaehing 
liquor,  just  brought  nito  use  in  England, 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  disease^  which 
terminated  his  life  April  38,  1816,  aged 
39.  He  married  a  daughter  of  eoL  01- 
ney.  Though  his  hbors  on  chlorine  im- 
paired his  property  and  destroyed  his  Ufe, 
they  led  to  the  creation  of  the  valuable 
bleaching  establishments  of  Rhode  Island. 
— Thaeher'M  wted.  hiiog. 

BOWIE,  Robert,  general,  governor  of 
Maryland,  succeeded  John  F.  Mereer  as 
governor  in  1808,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Robert  Wright  in  1806.  He  was  again 
goyemor  in  181 1,  but  the  next  year  was 
succeeded  by  Levin  Winder.  He  died  at 
Nottingham  in  Jan.  1818,  aged  64.  He 
was  an  officer  of  the  revolutk>n,  and  pre- 
sents one  of  the  multitude  of  instances  in 
America  of  the  success 'of  patriotism,  in- 
tegrity, and  benevolence,  unassisted  by 
the  advantages  of  wealth  or  of  a  learned 
education. 

BOWLES,  William  A.,  an  Indian 
agent,  was  bom  in  Frederie  county,  the 
son  of  a  school  master  in  Msryland,  who 
was  an  Englishman  and  brother  of  Car- 
ington  B.,  keeper  of  the  famous  print* 
shop,  Lndgate  hill,  London.  At  the  sge 
of  18  Bowles  privately  left  his' parents  k 
joined  the  British  army  at  Philadelphia. 
Afterwards  he  enteredthe  service  of  the 
Creek  Indians  and  married  an  Indian 
woman.  Ferocious  like  the  savages,  he 
instigated  them  to  many  of  their  excesses. 
The  British  rewarded  him  for  his  exer- 
tions. After  the  peace  he  went  to  Eng- 
land. On  his  return  his  influence  with  the 
Indians  was  so  disastrous,  that  the  Span- 
iards oflbred  six  thousand  ^dollars  for  his 
apprehensmn.  He  was  entrapped  in  Feb. 
1793  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  Madrid  k 
thence  to  ManiUa  in  1796.  Having  leave 
to  go  to  Europe,he  repaired  to  the  Creeks 
and  commenced  his  depredations  anew ; 
but  being  again  betrayed  in  1804  into  the 
hands  of  the  Spaniard8,he  was  confined  in 


'AO'Vi'ViiMi 


BOYD. 


tiion 


lO 


the  Moro  castle,  Havana,  where  he  died 
Dee.  fS,  1806.  Such  ia  the  miaerable  end 
of  moat  of  the  anprinoipled  adventurera, 
or  whom  there  is  any  account.  A  memoir 
of  him  wu  published  in  London,  1791,  in 
which  he  ia  called  ambassador  ftom  the 
united  nationa  of  Creeks  and  Cherokeea. 

•— •rSllllMeil. 

BOYD,  Thomas,  asoldiei,  who  per- 
ished by  the  handaof  the  Indians,  waa  a 
private  soldier  belobgiuf  to  capt.  Matthew 
Smith's  Pennsyhrania  rifle  company  in 
Arnold's  expedition  through  the  wilder- 
ness of  Maine  to  Quebec  in  1775.  He 
was  the  largest  and  strongest  roan  in  the 
company.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  the 
assault  Dee.  SI.— After  being  exchanged 
he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  firat  Pennsylva- 
nia regiment  and  accompanied  gen.  Sul- 
livan in  his  expedition  against  the  Indians 
in  the  Seneca  country,  New  York,  in 
Aug.  and  Sept  1779.  When  the  army 
had  marched  beyond  Canandaigua  and 
was  near  the  Grenesee  town  on  the  Gen- 
esee river,  Boyd  was  sent  out  in  the  eve- 
ning of  Sept.  ift-lo  reconnoitre  the  town 
6  miles  distant.  He  took  96  men,  with 
an  Oneida  chief,  named  Han- Jost  The 
guides  mistook  the  road,  and  led  him  to  a 
castle  6  miles  higher  up  the  river,  than 
Genesee.  Here  a  few  Indians  were  dis- 
covered, of  whom  two  were  killed  and 
scalped.  On  his  return  Boyd  was  inter- 
cepted by  several  hundred  Indians  and 
Rangeia  undo;  Butler.  His  flanking  par- 
tiea  ese^ied ;  but  he  and  14  men  with 
the  Oneidib  chief  were  encircled.  Resor- 
ting to  a  small  grove  of  trees,  surrounded 
with  a  cleared  space,  he  fought  desperate- 
ly till  all  his  men  but  one  were  killed  and 
hehimmlfwa^  shot  through  the  body 
The  next  day  his  body  and  that  of  his 
Gompanicm,  Michael  Parker,  were  found 
at  Genesee,  barberoudy  mutilated.  The 
Indians  had  cruelly  whipped  him;  stab- 
bed him  with  spears ;  pulled  out  his  nails; 
phicked  out-  an  eye ;  and  cut  out  his 
tongue.  His  head  waa  cut  off.  Simp- 
son, afterwards  general,  his  companion  at 
Qudiec,  decently  buried  hun.  His 
scalp,  hooped  and  painted,  found  in  one 
of  the  wigwams,  was  recognised  by  Simp- 


son by  its  k>ng,brown,sllky  hair.— Jlfaia* 
ki$i.  eol.  1. 416  ;  Jim.  rememb.  1780,163. 
BOYD,  William,  minister  of  Laming- 
ton  in  New  Jersey,  waa  dewended  ftom 
Scotish  aiicestors,who  eroignted  to  Pennr 
sylvania.  He  was  bom  in  Franklin  coun- 
ty, 1758.  Attheageofl5  he  kMt  his 
flither,  but  about  the  same  time  it  pleased 
the  Father  ofmeroiea  to  turn  him  firom 
darkness  to  light.  Uis  ooliegial  educa- 
tion waa  completed  at  Princeton  ia  1778 
under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Wither- 
spoon.  After  pursuing  the  study  of  the- 
ok)gy  with  Dr.  Allison  of  Baltimore,  he 
commeneed  preaching  the  gospel.  His 
popularity  and  talenta  would  have  pro- 
cured him  a  conspicuous  situation;  but  he 
was  destitute  of  ambitkMi.  It  was  hia 
supreme  desire  to  live  a  lifb  of  piety,  and 
to  preach  in  the  apostolic  manner;  and  he 
was  apprehensive,  that  in  a  city  he  should 
be  infected  by  the  corruptimi  of  those  a- 
round  him.  He  therefore  iHreiened  a 
retired  situation,  and  accepted  the  call  of 
Lamington.  Here  he  continued  till  his 
death.  May  1 5, 1808.  Being  a^ed,  if  he' 
was  willing  to  leave  the  world,  he  re> 
plied,  that  he  had  been  searching  into  the 
evidence  of  his  being  in  a  state  of  grace, 
and  that  he  was  satisfied,  that  he  had 
been  renewed  by  the  spirit  of  God.  A 
lively  faith  in  the  Redeemer  gave  him 
hope  and  triumph.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
feigned humility,  amiable  in  the  various 
relatMHis  of  life,  and  remarkable  for  pru- 
dence and  moderation  in  all  his  deport- 
ment He  was  a  preacher  of  peculiar 
excellence.  Dee{riy  penetrated  himself 
with  a  sense  of  the  total  depravity  of  the 
human  heart  and  of  the  inability  of  man 
to  perform  any  thing  acceptaUe  to  Qod 
without  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
he  endeavored  to  impress  these  truths  on 
others.  He  dwelt  upon  the  necessity  of 
a  divine  atonement,  and  of  faith  in  the 
Redeemer  in  order  to  justification  ;  upon 
the  riches  of  divine  grace  and  the  encour- 
agements of  the  gospel  to  the  humble  and 
contrite ;  upon  the  dangers  of  self  decep- 
tion and  the  false  refuges  of  the  wicked. 
He  was  remarkable  for  a  natural  facility 
and  perspicuity  of  expression.      For  a 


IM 


DOTD. 


flWft 


B0"L8T0N. 


fewyMn  he  wrote  hiiwrmoiuand  com-  no  ellgtbto  oflbr  of  employment,  he  eoM 
mitted  them  to  memory ;  hut  for  the  re- .  out  his  elephant*,  guni,  arme,«nd  equi|>' 

mente  to  eol.  Felooe,  «  NeopoUttn  perti*' 
nn,  who  acquired  the  implementa,  ele- 
phantine and  human,  for  earryinf  on  the' 
aame  trade  of  hired  rafliamhip.— In  ISM 
he  waa  in  Paria.  After  the  war  he  recei- 
ved the  appointment  of  naval  ofliner  for 
the  port  ofBoaton.  He  died  Oet.4, 18S0, 
agred  69.  He  publiahed  documenta  and 
(hota  relative  to  military  eventa  daring  the 
late  war,  1816. — Boit.  vetk.  me$$enf^. 
VIII.  774. 

B0YL8T0N,  Zabdiel,  r.  a.a.,  an 
eminent  phyaician,  who  flrat  introduced 
the  inoculation  of  the  tmall  pox  in  Amer- 
ica, waa  born  of  reapectable  parent*  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  in  1680.  Hia  fktlier 
waa  not  Dr.  Thomas  B.,  aa  Thaeher 
represents,  but  Peter  B.,  the  aon  of  Dr. 
Thomas  B.,  who  received  his  medical 
degree  at  Oxford  and  came  to  "isis  coun- 
try and  settled  in  Brookline  in  1685.-~ 
After  a  good  private  education,  he  stu- 
died physic  under  the  care  of  Dr.  John 
Cutler,  an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon 
of  Boston,  and  in  a  fow  years  arrived  at 
great  distinction  in  his  profossion,  and 
accumulated  a  handaome  fortune.  He 
was  remarkable  for  hia  skill,  his  humanity, 
and  his  close  attention  to  his  patients.  In 
the  year  1731  the  small  pox  prevailed  in 
Boston,  and  being  fktal,  like  the  phgne, 
it  carried  with  it  the  utmost  terror. 
This  calamity  had  not  visited  the  town 
since  the  year  1703,  in  which  year  as  well 
as  in  the  year  1603  it  had  proved  destruc- 
tive to  the  lives  of  many,  though  it  was 
much  less  mortal,  than  when  it  appeared 
in  the  year  1678.  On  its  reappearance, 
Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  who  had  read  in  a 
volume  of  the  philosophical  transactions, 
^t  into  hi)  hands  by  Dr.  Douglass,  two 
communications  fVom  the  east,  the  one 
iVom  Timoni  at  Constantinople  and  the 
other  flrom  Pyiarini,  the  Venetian  consul 
at  Smyrna,  giving  an  account  of  the  prac- 
tice oTinoculction  for  thesmallpox,  oon- 
c«ivedthe  id>«  of  introducing  this  prac- 
tice in  Boston.  He  accordingly,  June  6, 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  physicians  ofBoa- 
ton, eoeloaing  an  abridgment  of  those 


mainder  of  hia  life  he  depended,  after 
having  digested  hia  subject,  upon  the  vi- 
gor of  his  powers.  A  penetrating  eye,  nat- 
ural geaturea,  a  awect  and  eommanding 
voice,  and  an  irreproachable  character 
gave  weight  4r  authority  to  hia  wurds.But 
his  Ubors,  like  those  of  many  other  good 
men,  were  attended  with  only  a  gradual 
increase  of  the  church,  committed  to  his 
care. 

He  waa  formed  no  less  for  aociety,  than 
for  the  pulpit,  having  a  fViendly  disposi- 
tion, being  animated  in  conversation, 
accommodating  himaelfto  the  tempers  of 
others,  and  mingling  condeacenabn  with 
dignity — Evang,  intellig.  Mm/,  1808. 

BOYIBl,  John  P.,  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  th^  United  Statee^mmaii- 
ded  the  detechmisAtof  1500  meA  of  Wil- 
liamaon's  arrjy,  which  fought  the  battle 
of  Williamjburg,  Upper  Canada,  with 
1800  of  the  enemy,  the  garrisons  of 
Kingston  and  Preaoott,  Nov.  11,,  ^81S. 
In  this  severe  action  brigadier  general 
Covington  was  killed  ;  the  American  loss 
was  SS9 ;  the  British  181 .  This  British 
force  being  in  the  rear,  and  the  co-opere- 
Aion  of  Hampton  having  failed,  the  pro- 
posed descent  toMontreal  waa  abandoned, 
and  the  American  army  reorossed  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  went  into  winter  quartera 
at  French  Mills.  Gen.  Boyd  was  a  good 
ofBoer:  hia  early  military  career  waa  in 
India.  But  tlrfa  service  waa  of  a  pecu- 
liar kind.  He  organized  three  battalions, 
each  of  about  600  men,  and  had  also  a 
email  irregular  force.  He  had  six  can- 
non ;  three  or  four  elephante ;  and  as 
mmy  English  officen.  He  hired  his 
men  and  his  oflicen  at  a  certain  number 
of  r«peea  a  month.  This  corps,  aa  re- 
garded arms  and  equipments,  was  his' 
sole  property }  and  in  the  command  of  H 
he  entered  the  service  of  any  of  the  In- 
dian prineea,who  wj»ald  give  him  the  best 
H»y-  Onee  he  wa  .  in  the  pay  of  Holkar ; 
afterwards  in  the  Feshwas  service ;  then, 
quitting  the  Mahratta  territory,  he  was 
hired  for  the  service  of  Nizam  Ally  Khan. 
Then  he  marched  to  Poona,  and  having 


BOYLRTON. 


188 


ornnmuniMtioiu,  and  requMtlng  them  to 
meet  and  Ulte  the  tubjec'  into  conaiders- 
tion.    Aa  thii  request  wb§  treated  with 
neglect,  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Bo«    'on  eepe- 
rately  June  S4,  and  aent  him  all  the  in- 
formation, whieh  he  liad  collected,  in  the 
hope  that   he  would  be   peT«uaded  to 
embrace  a  new  and  Avorable  means  for 
the  preaervation    of  human   life.    Dr. 
Boylston  happily  was  a  man  of  benevo- 
lence and  courage.     When  there  waa 
before  him  a  promising  opportunity  lor 
diminishing  the  evils  of  human  life,  he 
was  notafVaid  to  struggle  with  prejudice, 
nor  unwilling  to  encounter  abuse.    The 
practice  would  be  entirely  new  inAmerica, 
and  it  was  not  known,  that  it  had  been 
introduced  into  Europe.     Yet  he  determi- 
ned to  venture  upon  it.    He  first  inocula- 
ted, June  36th,  hij  son  Thomas  of  the 
age  of  six  years,  and  two  of  his  servants. 
Encouraged  by  the  success  of  this  experi- 
ment, he  began  to  enlarge  his  practice. 
The  other  physicians  gave  their  unani- 
mous opinion  against  inoculation,  as  it 
would  infuse  a  malignity  into  the  blood  ; 
and  the  selectmen  of  Boston  forbid  it  in 
July.    But  these  discouragements  did  not 
quench  the  seal  h  bene  volence, which  were 
now  excited  ;  tho'  prejudice  might  have 
triumphed  over  an  enlightened  practice, 
if  the  clergy  had  not  stepped  in  to  aid  the 
project.    Six  venerable  ministers  of  Bos- 
ton gave  their  whole  influence  in  its  favor; 
and  the  weight  of  their  character,  the 
confidence,  which  was  reposed  in  their 
wisdom,  and  the  deep  reverence,  inspired 
by  their  piety,  were  hardly  sufficient  to 
preserve  the  growing  light  from  extinc- 
tion.   They  were  abused,  but  they  tri- 
umphed. July  17,  Dr.  Boylston  inocula- 
ted his  son,  John,  who  was  older  than 
Thomas,  and  Aug.  28  his  son,  Zabdiel, 
aged  14.    During  the  year  17SI  and  the 
beginning  of  1793  he  inoculated  947  per- 
sons  in   Boston  and    the   neighboring 
towns.    Thirty  nine  were  inoculated  by 
other  physicians,  making  in  the  whole 
986,  of  whom  only  six  died.    During  the 
same  period,of  5,759  per8onR,who  had  the 
small  pox  in  the  natural  way,  844  died. 
The  utility  of  the  practir«  was  now  es- 


tablished beyond  dispute,  and  it*  sueeeaa 
encoi!i«ged  its  more  general  introduction 
in  England,  in  which  country  it  had  been 
tried  upon  a  few  persons,  moat  or  all  of 
whom  were  convicts.    In  the  prosecution 
of  his  good  work  Dr.  Boyhrton  waa  obli- 
ged to  meet  not  only  the  most  virulent, 
but  the  most  dangerous  opposition.    Dr. 
Lawrence  Dalhonde,  a  French  phyaieian 
in  Boston,  gave  his  deposition  concerning 
the  pernicious  effects  of  inoculation,  which 
he  had  witnessed  in  Europe.    The  depo- 
sition, dated  July  S3,  was  published  by 
the  selectmen,  the  rulers  of  the  town,  in 
their  zeal  against   the    practice.      Dr. 
Douglass,  a  Scotchman,  violent  in  his 
prejudices,  and  bitter  and  outrageoua  in 
his  conduct,  bent  his  whole  force  to  lAini- 
hilate  the  practice,  which  had  been  intro- 
duced.   One  argument,  which  he  brought 
against  it,  was  that  it  was  a  crime,  which 
came  under  th^  description  of  poisoning 
and  spreadint;  infection,  which  were  made 
penal  by  the  laws  of  England.    In  the 
pamphletd,  which  were  publishodMn  1731 
and  1733,  various  kinds  of  reasoning  are 
found.    The  following  extracts  will  give 
some  idea  of  the  spirit  of  them.    "To 
spread  abroad  a  mortal  contagion,  what  is 
it  but  to  cast  abroad  arrows  and  death  f 
If  a  man  should  wilAiUy  throw  a  bomb 
into  a  town,  bum  a  house,  or  kill  a  man, 
ought  he  not  to  die? — I  do  not  see  how 
we  can  be  excused  from  great  impiety 
herein,  when  ministers  and  people,  with 
loud  and  strong  cries,  made  supplications 
to  almighty  God  t(>  avert  the  judgment  of 
the  small  pc.;,  and  at  the  same  time  some 
have  been  carrying  about  iristruments  of 
inoculation  and  bottlea  of  the  poisonous 
humor  to  infect  all,  who  were  willing  to 
submit  to  it,  whereby  we  might  as  natu- 
rally expect  the  infection  to  spread,   as  a 
man  to  break  his  bones  by  casting  himself 
headlong  from  the  highest  pinnacle.    Can 
any  man  infect  a  family  in  the  town  in 
the  morning,  and  pray  to  God  in  the  eve- 
ning, thai^  the  distei  npermay  not  spread  ?" 
It  waa  contended,  that,  as  the  small  pox 
was  a  judgment  from  God  for  the  sins  of 
the  people,  to  endeavor  to  avert  the  stroke 
would  but  provoke  him  the  more ;   that 


IM 


''  -,. 


BOYLSTON. 


iBooukUon  WMtn  enoroMhment  oponth* 
prarogativMorJeiiovah,  whose  right  it 
w»t  to  wovnd  and  to  mnite  )  and  that  m 
there  waa  en  appointed  time  to  man  upon 
certh,  it  would  be  uael««  to  attempt  to 
ataj  the  antfoaeh  ofdeath. 

The  people  beoame  so  exasperated,  that 
it  was  unsafe  Amt  Dr.  Boylston  to  travel 
ia  the  evening.  They  even  pemded  the 
streets  with  haltera  and  threatened  to 
hang  him.  But  his  cool  and  detei^ 
mioed  spirit,  supported  by  his  trust  in 
Ood,  enabled  him  to  persevere.  As  he 
believed  himself  to  be  in  the  way  of  hia 
duty,  he  did  not  tremble  at  the  apprehen- 
sion of  the  evils,  which  might  come  upon 
him.  When  his  ikmily  were  alarmed  for 
his  safety,  he  expressed  to  them  his  re- 
signation to  the  will  of  heaven.  To  such 
a  height  was  the  popular  Airy  raised,  that 
a  lighted  granado  was  in  the  night  thrown 
into  the  chamber  of  Mr.  Walter,  minis- 
ter of  Roxbury,  who  hsd  been  privately 
inoculated  in  the  house  of  his  uncle.  Dr. 
Mather  of  Boston.  The  shell  however 
was  not  filled  vrith  powder,  but  with,  a 
mixture  of  brimstone  with  bituminous 
matter. 

Had  Dr.  Boybton  gone  at  this  time  to 
England,  he  might  have  accumulated  an 
immense  fortune  by  his  skill  iu  treating 
the  small  pox.  He  did  not,  however,  vis- 
it that  country  till  iTSt,  when  inoculation 
ws  ommon.  He  was  then  received 
with  the  most  flattering  attention.  He 
was  ehosen  a  member  of  the  royal  society, 
though  he  was  not,  as  Dr.  Thacher  sup- 
poses, the  first  American,  thus  honored, 
for  Dr.  Cotton  Mather  was  elected  in 
171S.  He  eiyoyed  the  friendship  of  some 
of  the  most  distinguished  characters  of 
the  nation.  Of  these  he  used  to  mention 
with  great  respect  and  affiwtion  Dr.  Watts, 
with  whom  hit  corresponded.  After  his 
return  to  his  native  country  he  continued 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  engaged 
in  a  number  of  Utemry  pursuits.  His 
communications  to  the  royal  society  were 
ingenious  snd  useful.  After  a  long  peri- 
od of  eminence  and  skill  in  his  profession, 
his  age  and  infirmity  induced  him  tore- 
tire  to  his  patrimonial  estate  in  Brodcline, 


where  he  pawad  the  remainder  of  hia  days. 
He  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  inooulatiott 
universally  practised,  and  of  knowing, 
that  he  was  himself  considered  aa  one  of 
the  beneActors  of  mankind.  Occupied 
in  his  last  days  in  agricultural  pursuits,  he 
bestowed  much  osre  on  the  improvement 
of  thebreed  of  horses.  Thoeeof  hisown 
fiirm  were  celebrated.  It  aeems,  that  he 
had  a  vigorous  old  age,  notwithstanding 
the  asthma,  which  afflicted  him  40  years, 
for  he  was  seen,  at  the  age  of  84,  in  the 
streets  of  Boston,  riding  a  colt,  which  aa 
an  excellent  horseman  he  was  breaking 
to  the  bit.  He  died  March  1 ,  1766,  aged 
86,  saying  to  his  iViends,  "my  work  in 
this  world  is  done,  and  my  hopes  of  Aitu- 
rity  are  brightening. "  His  wife,  who  died 
before  him,  was  Jeruaha  Minot  of  Bos- 
ton. His  second  son,  John,  a  merchant, 
died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  17,  1795, 
aged  80,  bequeathing  much  to  his  native 
town. — The  inscription  upon  his  tomb 
represents,  thst  through  a  life  of  exten- 
sive beneficence  he  was  always  ftithfnl  to 
his  word,  just  in  his  dealings,  affible  in 
his  manners,  and  that  after  a  long  sick- 
ness, in  which  he  waa  exemplary  for  his 
patience  and  resignation  to  his  Maker, 
he  quitted  this  mortal  life  in  a  just  ex- 
pectation  of  a  blessed  immortality. 

Dr.  Boybton  published,  some  account 
of  what  is  said  of  inooubiting  or  trans- 
planting the  small  pox  by  the  learned  Dr. 
Emanuel  Timonius  and  Jseobus  Pylari- 
nus,  17S1 ;  an  historical  account  of  the 
small  pox  inocubted  in  New  England, 
with  some  account  of  the  nature  of  the 
infection,  and  some  short  directions  to 
the  inexperienced,  dedicated  to  the  prin- 
cess of  Wales,  London,  1786,  and  Bos- 
ton, 1780 ;  and  several  communicationa 
in  tiie  philosophical  tran8actions.-Jlf«wff«. 
nu^.  Dee.  1789, 776-779  ;  Pieree^t  eent. 
diietmne;  Holmet,  n.  143  ;  BQyUtoiC$ 
kut.  oceoiml;  tfulcAtiwon,  ii.  S7S-376 ; 
Theeket*t  med.  biog. 

BOYLSTON,  Nicholas,  a  benefactor 
of  Harvard  college,  died  in  Boston  Aug. 
18, 1771,  aged  55.  His  portrait,  which 
is  an  admirable  painting,  is  in  the  phikrao- 
phy  chamber  of  the  college.    He  had 


B0YL8T0N. 


■  --  -  -^  -f  - 


BRACRETT. 


I» 


been  en  emiBent  meieliant,  km! 
about  to  retire  from  bueiiMM  to  enjoy  tlw 
iVuit  <^  his  inductry,  when  he  wm  remov- 
ed iVom  the  earth.  Heweahoneetinhis 
dealing!,  and  remarkable  for  hia  ainoerity, 
having  a  peonliar  abhorrence  of  all  dte- 
aimulation.  He  bequeathed  to  the  uni- 
venity  at  Cambridge  1500  pounda  for 
laying  the  foundation  of  a  profoaaorahip 
of  rhetorie  and  oratory.  Thia  earn  waa 
paid  into  the  college  treasury  by  his  exe- 
eutora  February  11, 177t ;  and  the  fund 
became  accumulated  to  SS,300  doUara  bo* 
fore  any  appropriatton  waa  mad«.  John 
Quiney  Adams,  then  a  aenator  of  the 
United  Statea,  was  installed  the  first  pro- 
fisssor  June  It,  1806,  with  the  title  of 
"the  Boylston  professor  of  rhetorie  and 
oratory  in  Harvard  college."-— Ho/me«, 
II.  179. 

BOYLSTON,  Ward  Nicholaa,  a  pat- 
ron  of  medical  science,  was  a  descendant 
of  the  preceding,  and  died  at  his  seat  in 
Roxbuiy,  Maas.,  Jan.  7,  1838,  aged  78 
yean.  In  the  year  1800  he  gave  to  tlie 
me?  ical  achool  of  Harvard  college  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  medical  and  anatomical 
booka  and  engryivings,  making  also  an 
arrangement  for  ita  perpetual  enkrge- 
ment. — BartktV$  prog.  med.$ei«nee. 

BRACKENRIDGE,  Hugh  Henry,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylva- 
nia,wa8  bom  about  1749  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1771,  in  the  class  with 
Jamea  Madison.  He  waa  the  master  of 
an  academy  in  Maryland  h«fore  the  revo- 
lution. In  1781  he  settled  at  Pittd>urg, 
which  he  deemed  favorably  situated  for 
becoming «  large  town ;  and  in  ita  im- 
provement ^e  engaged  with  seal.  Ke 
wrote  for  the  newspapers  many  essays  in 
prose  and  poetry.  His  pieces  were  gen- 
erally tntirical ;  one  of  them  ridiculed  the 
society  of  the  Cincinnati.  In  1 789  he  was 
appointed  judge.  In  1798  political  parti- 
zans  reproached  him  for  his  partiality  to 
Mr.  Gallatin.  A  few  years  before  his 
death  he  removed  to  Carlisle,  where  he 
died  June  36,  1816,  aged  67.  His  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1790,  was  Sabina 
Wolf,  a  young  lady  of  German  origin, 
whose  parents  lived  in  obscurity  on  the 


banks  of  the  Ohk>.  HepfubHshed  a  poem 
on  the  rising  glory  of  America,  1774^;  eu- 
kigium  of  the  brave  men,  who  fell  in  the 
contest  with  Great  Britain,  1779;  modem 
chivalry,  the  adventurea  of  capt.  Farr»- 
go,  lie.  1793 ;  8d  edit.  3  vols.  1806  ;  ora- 
tion July  4,  1798  ;  incidents  of  the  insur- 
rectk>n  in  1794  in  Pennsyhrania,  1796 ; 
gacettepublieationB,  collected,  1806;  kw 
of  miseelkniea,  containing  instructions 
for  the  study  of  the  law,  1814. 

BRACKETT,  Anthony,  captain,  an 
eorly  aettler  at  Casco,  or  Fabnouth,  aa 
Portland,  Maine,  was  at  flnt  called, 
waa  the  son  of  Anthony  B.,  of  Greenland, 
N.  H.  then  a  part  of  Portamouth.  He 
lived  at  Casco  aa  early  as  1663,  and  waa 
one  of  the  settlen  around  the  Back  oove, 
hia  House  being  on  the  ridge,  near  the 
presont  mansion  of  Mr.  Deering.  His 
(arm  consisted  of  400  acres.  The  Indians, 
led  by  Simon,  who  escaped  iVom  prison 
at  Dover  and  was  ftmiUar  at  Brackett's, 
took  him,  his  wife,  and  five  children, 
and  a  negro  servant  priaonen  Aug,  11, 
1676.  Michael  Mitton,  the  brother  of 
hia  wife,  Was  killed.  At  Presumpseot 
also  the  party  killed  and  captured  aeveni 
persons.  Thomas  Breckett,  his  brother^ 
who  lived  at  Clark*s  point,on  the  iieck,WBS 
shot  down  and  hia  wife  and  three  children, 
taken;  Megunnaway, an  Indian,  "a.'noto- 
rions  rogue,"  being  concerned  in  his  mur- 
der. In  all  84  persons  were  killed  and 
carried  into  captivity.  The  priaonen 
Were  conveyed  to  Arroaaic  ishnd,  of 
which  the  Indians  had  recently  gained 
possession,  killing  captain  Lake  and 
wounding  Davis.  Being  left  there  m  . 
Nov.  while  the  Indians  proceeded  on  an 
expedition,  Brackett  eecar>ed  in  an  old 
leaky  birch  canoe,  whici\  his  wife  had 
repaired  with  a  needle  and  thread,  found 
in  a  deserted  house,  and  crossed  over  to 
Black  point  with  his  family,  and  got  on 
board  a  vessel  bound  to  Piscataqua.  After 
the  peace  of  Canco  Apr.  13,  1678  he  re- 
turned, and  in  1683  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  fort  Loyall  at  Pbrtland. 
In  1688  he  was  put  in  command  of  the 
three  forte,  erected  by  Andros.  He  waa 
killed  in  the  fight  with  the  Indians  Sept> 


.186 


BRACKETT. 


DRADDOCK. 


SI,  1688,  whao  miO'  Churah  eomimrnkd 
the  whitM.— In  1679  ho  married  Tor  his 
■econd  wife  SuMnnah  Dnka  orHunpton, 
covenanting  with  her  lather,  that  one 
half  uf  hia  eatata  ahould  be  her  jointure 
and  deaoend  to  her  male  children.  A  dia- 
pula  between  the  children  of  the  two 
nwrriagea  reapecting  thia  property  was 
a^juated  by  an  amicable  diviaion.— Hia 
aona  were  Anthony  and  Setli:  the  latter 
waa  killed  at  the  capture  ofSaco  May  W, 
1690,  and  the  former  taken  priaoner.  His 
poatority  atiU  remain  at  Caaeo.— 'ThomaB 
Braokett'B  wife,  the  liater  of  M.  Mitton, 
died  in  captivity  ;  hia  aon,  Joahua,  ailer- 
warda  lived  in  Greenland,  where  he  died, 
being  the  fatlier  of  Anthony  and  Joahua 
of  Portland.— )F*Um'  hist,  of  Portland 
m  Jtfa.  kitt.  eol.  i.  94, 300, 807,145-156; 
aullivmm,  199 ;  HiMurd. 

BRACKETT,  Joahua,  m.  d.,  a  diatin- 
guiahed  phyaician,  waa  born  in  Green- 
land, New  Hampahire,  in  May  1738  and 
aAer  graduating  at  Harv.  college  in  1763 
atudied  theology  at  the  request  of  hia  pa- 
renta  and  became  a  preacher ;  but ,  the 
acienceof  medicine  had  for  Aim  greater 
attractions.  He  atudied  with  Dr.  Clem- 
ent Jaokaon,  then  the  principal  physician 
in  Portamouth,  and  eatabliahed  himself  in 
that  town,  in  which  he  continued  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  July 
17,  1803,  aged  69.  His  wife,  Hannah 
Whipple  of  Kittery,  died  in  May  1805, 
aged  70,  bequeathing  to  the  N.  H.  medi- 
cal society,  of  which  her  husband  had 
been  preaident,  500  dollars.  She  was 
akilful  in  botany,  having  a  garden  of 
rare  pknts. 

Dr.  Brackett  was  a  skilful,  faithful,  be- 
nevolent physician,  particularly  snccesa- 
ful  in  obstetrical  practice ;  mild,  amia- 
ble,unaa8uming,  aOable  -,  warm  in  friend- 
ahip,  an  enemy  to  flattery,  a  deapiser  of 
popular  applause.  It  is  sUted,  that  he 
never  made  a  charge  for  his  professional 
services  to  the  poor,  with  whom,  he 
though^,  the  payment  would  occasion  any 
embarrassment. — In  his  religious  senti- 
ments he  was  a  universalist — He  took  a 
deep  interest  in  the  promotion  of  natural 
history  at  Cambridge,  and  requested  his 


wife  to  appropriate  1600  dollara  towards 
the  profesaorship  of  that  aoienoe  in  Har- 
vard college.  She  complied  with  hia  re- 
quest and  added  to  the  amount.— Dr. 
Brackett  waa  a  lealous  whig  in  the 
revolntion ;  during  which  he  waa  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  maritime  court  of 
New  Hampahire  and  honorably  auatained 
the  olHce,  till  its  duties  were  transfierred 
to  the  Diatrict  court. — He  waa  a  benelk&- 
tor  of  the  N.  H.  medical  society,  of  which 
he  waa  preaident  (Vom  1798  to  1799,  pre- 
aentibg  to  it,  at  ita  eatablishment,  148 
vols,  of  valuable  medical  books. — Jidmnt* 
onn.  Portim.  331;  Thacher'i  mud.  hiry; 
Med.  repot.  «.  A.  i.  311. 

BRADBURY,  Theophilus,  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court  of  Massachuaetts,  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1757. 
His  early  days  were  devoted  with  diligence 
and  auccess  to  the  profeaaioa  of  the  law. 
He  reaigned  the  emoluments,  arising 
from  hia  practice,  for  the  appointment  of 
a  judge,  in  which  atation  he  waa  intelli- 
gent and  faithful  in  executing  the  laws. 
A  audden  attack  of  diaeaae  at  length  ren- 
dered him  incapable  of  discharging  the 
dutiea  of  hia  office.  He  died  Sep.  6, 1808, 
aged  68  years. — Cobim..  ctf^.  Sept.  II, 
1808. 

BRADDOCK,  Edward,  major  general 
and  commander  in  chief  of  the  British 
forcea  in  America,  arrived  in  Virginia 
with  two  regiments  from  Ireland  in 
February  1755.  The  pkui  of  military 
operations  having  been  settled  in  April 
by  a  convention  of  the  several  gov- 
ernora  at  Alexandria,  he  undertook  to 
conduct  in  person  the  expedition  againat 
fort  Du  (^ueane,  now  Pittsburg.  Meeting 
with  much  delay  from  the  neceeaity  of 
opening  roads,  the  general  determined  to 
advance  with  rapidity  at  the  head  of  1300 
men,  leaving  the  heavy  baggage  to  the 
care  of  colonel  Dunbar,  who  waa  to  fot- 
low  by  slow  and  easy  marches.  He 
reached  the  Monongahela  July  8th.  The 
succeeding  day  he  expected  to  invest  the 
fort.  He  accordingly  made  hia  disposi- 
tions in  the  morning.  He  was  advised 
to  advance  the  provincial  companies  in 
the  front  for  the  purpose  of  scouring  the 


BRADFORD. 


117 


woodk,  «nd  diacoverinf  any  •nibuMsdc, 
which  might  be  rormfld  for  him.  But  he 
held  both  his  enemy  and  the  provincialt 
in  too  mueh  contempt  to  follow  this  mIu- 
t»ry  connMl.  Three  hundred  BritLih 
regnlan  compoeed  hie  van,  which  waa 
suddenly  attacked,  at  the  disUnos  of 
about  aeven  miles  Oom  the  fort,  by  an 
invisible  enemy,  concealed  by  the  high 
grass.  The  whole  army  was  soon  thrown 
into  conAision.  The  brave  general  exer- 
ted his  utmost  powers  to  form  his  broken 
troops  under  a  galling  fire  upon  the  very 
ground,  where  they  were  Aral  attacked  ; 
but  his  eflbrto  were  flruitless.  With  such 
an  enemy,  in  such  a  situation,  it  was 
necessary  either  to  advance  or  retreat. 
All  his  oflScers  on  horseback,  excepting 
his  aid,  the  late  general  Washington, 
were  killed  or  wounded ;  and  ai\er  losing 
three  horses  he  received  a  mortal  wound 
through  his  right  arm  into  his  lungs. 
The  defeated  army  fled  precipitately  to 
the  camp  of  Dunbar,  near  forty  miles 
distant,  where  Braddock,  who  was 
brought  off  the  ground  in  a  tumbril,  expir- 
ed of  his  wounds  July  ISth.  SLxty  four 
out  of  eighty  five  officers,  and  about  half 
the  privates  were  killed  and  wounded, 
making  in  the  whole  a  loss  of  about  700 
men.  Of  the  killed  were  Wm.  8hirley  of 
the  staff,  and  col.  <*<  eter  Halket;  and 
among  the  wouncW  Rob.  Orme,  Roger 
Morris,  sir  Joim  9t.  Clair  and  others  of 
the  staff;  and  li«ut  cols.  Oage  and  Bur^ 
ton.  Though  Mftnte  defends  the  conduct 
of  Braddoek  ,  yet  this  disaster  obviously 
resulted  tVom  the  contempt  of  good 
advice. — Mar$/uM,j.  884,  390-993;  ii. 
14-19;  fro/ni««,ii.  00;  Col.  Attf.  toe.  vii. 
89-94;  «.».vni.  159;  Wynne,  ii.  37-4J; 
Jtfonie,  17,  31,36. 

BRADFORD,  William,  second  gov- 
ernor of  Plymouth  colony,  and  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  New  England,  was  bom 
at  Ansterfield,  a  village  in  the  north  of 
England,  in  1588.  He  was  educated  in 
the  practice  of  agriculture.  His  paternal 
inheritance  was  considerable  ;  but  he  had 
no  better  education,  than  such  as  usually 
falls  to  the  share  of  the  children  of  hus- 
bandmen. At  the  age  of  twelve  vears  his 
18 


mind  Wds  seriously  impressed  by  divine 
truth  in  reading  the  scriptures,  and  an  ill- 
ness of  k>ng  continuance  conspired  to 
preserve  him  from  the  follies  of  youth. 
His  good  impressions  were  confirmed  by 
sttending  upon  the  ministry  of  Mr. 
Richard  Clifton.  As  he  advanced  in 
years  he  was  stigmatiied  as  a  separatist ; 
but  suoh  waa  his  firmness,  that  he  cheer- 
Ailly  bore  the  iVowns  of  hki  nktivea  and 
the  scoA  of  his  neighbora,  and  connected 
himself  with  the  church,  over  which  Mr. 
Clifton  and  Mr.  Robinson  presided,  fear- 
less of  the  persecution,  which  be  foresaw 
this  act  woukl  draw  upon  him.  Believing 
that  many  practices  of  the  established 
church  of  England  were  repugnant  to  the 
directioris  of  the  word  of  Ood,  he  waa 
fully  resolved  to  prefer  the  purity  of 
christian  worship  to  any  temporal  advan- 
tages, which  might  arise  Arom  bending  his 
conscience  to  the  opinions  of  others. 

In  the  autumn  of  1607,  when  he  was 
eighteen  years  of  age,  he  was  one  of 
the  company  of  dissenters,  who  made 
an  attempt  to  go  over  to  Holland, 
where  a  commercial  spirit  had  establisb- 
ed  a  iVee  toleratwn  of  religious  opinions ; 
but  the  master  of  the  vessel  betrayed 
them,  andth^  were  thrown  into  prison 
atBostonin  Lincdnshire.  in  the  spring 
of  the  next  year  he  made  another  unauo- 
cessftil  attempt.  At  length  he  effected 
his  favorite  object  and  joined  his  brethren 
at  Amsterdam.  Here  he  put  himself  an 
apprentice  to  a  French  protestant,  who 
taught  him  the  art  of  silk  dying.  When 
he  reached  the  age  of  twenty  one  years, 
and  came  in  possession  of  his  estate  in 
England,  he  converted  it  into  m  aey,  and 
engaged  in  commerce,  in  whicii  he  was 
not  succewr-:'. 

Mr.  Brauibrd,  after  a  residence  of  about 
ten  years  in  Holland,  engaged  with  zeal 
in  the  plan  of  removal  to  America,  whwh 
was  formed  by  the; English  church  at  Ley- 
den  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Robinson.  He 
accordingly  embarked  for  England  July 
33,  1690,  and  on  the  sixth  of  September 
set  sail  ftorn  Plymouth  with  the  first  com- 
pany. While  the  ship  in  November  lay 
in  the  harbor  of  cape  Cod,  he  wns  one  of 


IM 


BRADFORD. 


the  fbicmott  in  the  seveni  haaidous  at- 
tempts to  find  •  proper  place  for  the  aeet 
of  the  eoiony.  Before  •  auitable  spot  was 
agreed  upon,  his  wife  fell  into  the  sea  and 
was  drowned.  Soon  after  the  death  of 
governor  Carver  at  Plymouth,  April  5, 
1631,  Mr.  Bradford  was  elected  gover- 
nor in  his  place.  He  was  at  this  time  in 
the  thirty  third  year  of  his  age,  and  was 
most  conspicuous  for  wisdom,  fortitude, 
piety,  and  benevolence.  The  people  ap- 
pointed Isaac  AUerton  his  assistant,  not 
because  they  could  repose  less  confidence 
in  him,  than  in  Carver,  who  had  been 
alone  in  the  command,  but  chiefly  on  ac- 
count of  his  precarious  health.  One  of 
the  first  acts  of  his  administration  was  to 
send  an  embassy  to  Massasoit  for  the  pur- 
pose of  confirming  the  league  with  the 
Indian  sachem,  of  procuring  seed  corn 
for  the  next  season,  and  of  exploring  the 
eountry.  It  was  well  for  the  colony, 
that  the  ftiendship  of  Massasoit  was  thus 
secured,  for  his  influence  was  extensive. 
In  consequence  of  his  regard  for  the  new 
settlers  nine  sachems  in  September  went 
to  Plymouth,  and  acknowledged  them- 
selves loyal  subjects  of  king  James.  In 
the  same  month  a  party  was  sent  out  to 
esptore  the  bay  of  Massachusetts.  They 
kuided  under  a  clifi*,  supposed  to  be 
Copp>s  hill  in  Boston,  where  they  were 
received  with  kindness  by  Obbatmewa, 
who  gave  them  a  promise  of  his  assis- 
tance against  the  squaw  sachem.  On 
their  return  they  carried  with  them  so 
good  a  report  of  the  country,  that  the 
people  lamented,  that  they  had  establish' 
ed  themselves  at  Plymouth  ;  but  it  was 
not  now  in  their  power  to  remove. 

In  the  be^nning  of  1632  the  colony  be- 
gan to  e:  '."i  enoe  a  distressing  famine, 
occasioned  by  the  arrival  of  new  settlers, 
who  came  unfurnished  with  provisions. 
In  the  height  of  their  distress  a  threaten- 
ing me^ige  was  received  from  Canoni- 
leus,  sachem  of  Nanaganiett,  expressed 
by  the  present  of  a  bundle  of  arrows, 
bound  with  thu  skin  of  a  serpent  The 
governor  sent  back  the  skin  filled  with 
powder  and  ball.  This  prompt  and  in- 
genious reply  terminated  the  correspon- 


dence. The  Narragansetts  weie  so  ter- 
rified, that  they  even  returned  the  sat- 
pent's  skin  without  inspecting  its  eoi^ 
tents.  It  was  however  judged  necessary 
to  fortify  the  town ;  and  this  work  was 
performed  by  the  people,  while  thry  were 
sufiering  the  extremity  of  famine.  For 
some  time  they  subsisted  entirely  upon 
fish.  In  this  exigency  governor  Brad- 
ford found  the  advantage  of  his  IKendly 
intercourse  with  the  Indians.  He  made 
several  excursions  among  them,  and  pro* 
cured  corn  and  beans,  making  a  fair  pur- 
chase by  means  of  goods,  which  were 
brought  by  two  ships  in  August,  and  r»> 
oeived  by  the  planters  in  exchange  for  bea- 
ver. The  whole  quantity  of  corn  and 
beans,  thus  purchased,  amounted  to  twen- 
ty eight  hogsheads.  But  still  more  im<* 
portant  benefits  soon  resulted  from  the 
disposition  of  governor  Bradford  to  pre- 
serve the  friendship  of  the  natives.  Du- 
ring the  illness  of  Massasoit  in  the  spring 
of  1633,  Mr.  Winslow  was  sent  to  him 
with  cordials,  which  contributed  to  his 
recovery.  In  return  for  this  benevolent 
attention  the  grateAU  sachem  disckMeJ  a 
dangerous  conspiracy,  then  in  agitation 
among  the  Indians,  for  the  purpose  of  to- 
tally extirpating  the  English.  This  plot 
did  not  originate  in  savage  malignity,  but 
was  occasioned  by  the  injustice  and  indis- 
cretk)n  of  some  settlers  iu  the  bay  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. As  the  most  efieetual  means 
of  suppressing  the  consinraey,  Massasoit 
advised,  that  the  chief  conspirators, 
whom  he  named,  should  be  seized  and  put 
to  death.  This  melancholy  work  was 
accordingly  performed  by  captain  Stan- 
dish,  and  the  colony  was  relieved  from 
apprehension.  When  the  report  of  this 
transaction  was  carried  to  Holland,  Mr. 
Robinson  in  his  next  letter  to  the  gover- 
nor expressed  his  deep  concern  at  the 
event.  "0  that  you  had  converted 
some,"  said  he,  "before  you  had  killed 
any  I" 

The  scarcity,  which  had  been  experi- 
enced by  the  planters,  was  in  part  owing 
to  the  impolicy  of  laboring  in  common 
and  putting  the  fruit  of  their  labor  into 
the  public  store.    To  stimulate  industry 


^;*ii55S^S«S-»»- 


^hadford. 


t» 


by  the  proapeet  of  individuiil  acquiaition, 
and  thua  to  promote  the  general  good  by 
removing  the  reatrainta  upon  aelfishneaa 
it  waa  agreed  in  the  apring  of  163S,  that 
every  Tamily  ahouki  plant  for  themaelvea, 
on  auch  ground,  aa  ahou!d  be  aaaigned 
them  by  lot.  Ailer  thia  agreement  the 
governor  waa  not  again  obliged  to  traffic 
with  the  Indiana  in  order  to  procure  the 
meana  of  aubaiatence  for  the  colony. 
Thua  will  fail  the  common  stock  projecta 
of  Ann  Lee,  Owen,  and  other  enthuaiaata. 
The  original  government  of  Plymouth 
waa  founded  entirely  upon  mutual  com- 
pact, entered  into  by  the  planters,  before 
they  landed,  and  waa  intended  to  contin- 
ue no  longer,  than  till  they  could  obtain 
legal  authority  from  their  sovereign. 
The  first  patent  was  obtained  for  the  col- 
ony in  the  name  of  John  Peirce ;  but 
another  patent  of  larger  extent  waa  ob- 
tained of  the  council  for  New  England 
January  IS,  1690,  in  the  name  of  William 
Bradford,  his  heirs,  aaaociates,  and  assigns, 
which  confirmed  the  title  of  the  colonists 
to  a  large  tract  of  land,fc  gave  them  power 
to  make  all  law8,not  repugnant  to  the  lawa 
of  England.  In  the  year  1 640, when  the 
number  of  people  was  increased,  and  new 
townships  were  erected,  the  general  court 
requeateid  governor  Bradford  to  anrrender 
the  patent  into  their  handa.  With  thia 
request  he  cheerAilly  complied,  reserving 
for  himself,  no  more  than  his  proportion, 
as  settled  by  a  previoua  agreement  Ailer 
this  surrender  the  patent  was  inunediately 
delivered  again  into  hia  custody.  For  sev^ 
eral  of  the  first  years  ailer  the  firstsettle- 
ment  of  Plymouth  the  legislativ?,  execu- 
tive, and  judicial  buainesa  was  performed 
by  the  whole  body  of  freemen  in  assem- 
bly. In  1694  the  governor's  assistants, 
the  number  of  whom  at  the  request  of 
Mr.Bradford  had  been  increased  to  five  in 
1634  &  to  seven  in  1699,were  constituted 
a  judicial  court,  k.  ailerwarda  the  supreme 
judicature.  Petty  ofiences  were  tried 
by  the  select  men  of  each  town  with  liber- 
ty of  appeal  to  the  next  court  of  assistants. 
The  first  asaemblyof  repreaentativea  waa 
held  in  1699,  when  two  deputiea  were 
sent  from  each  town,excepting  Plymouth, 


which  aent  ibnr.    In  1649  this  inequality 
waa  done  away.  "'•'' 

Such  was  the  reputation  of  Mr.  Brad- 
ford, acquired  by  his  piety,  wisdom,  and 
integrity,  that  he  waa  annually  ehoaen 
governor,  aa  k)ng  as  he  lived,  excepting 
in  the  yeara  1699, 1686,  and  1644,  when 
Mr.  Winslow  was  appointed,  and   the 
years  1694,  and  1698,  when  Mr.  Prince 
waa  elected  chief  magiatrale.    At  theae 
times  it  waa  by  hia  own  reqveat,  that  the 
people  did  not  reelect  him.     Governor 
Winthrop  mentions  the  election  of  Mr. 
Winslow  in  1699,  and  adda,  "Mr.  Brad- 
ford  having  been  governor  about  ten 
yeara,  and  now  6y  trnporfunify  got  off." 
What  a  lesaon  for  the  ambitioua,  who 
btnd  their  whole  influence  to  gain  and  ae- 
cure  the  high  officeaof  aUtel  Mr.Bradford 
atrongly  recommended  a  rotation  in  the 
election  of  governor.    "If  thia  appoint- 
ment," he  pleaded,  "was  any  honor  or 
benefit,  others  beside  himself  should  par- 
take of  it  ;  if  it  waa  a  burden,  others  be- 
side himself  should  help  to  bear  it."   But 
the  people  were  so  much  attached  to  him, 
that  for  thirty  years  they  pbced  him  at 
the  head  of  the  government,  and  in  the 
five  years,  when  others  were  chosen,  he 
was  first  in  the  list  of  assistants,  which 
gave  him  the  rank  of  deputy  governor. 
Ailer  an  infirm  and  declining  atate  of 
health  for  a  number  of  months,  he  waa 
suddenly  seised  by  an  aeutediaeaae  May7, 
1657.    In  the  night  his  ndnd  was  so  en- 
raptured by  contemplations  upon   relig- 
ious truth  and  the  hopes  of  futurity,  that 
he  said  to  his  flriends  in  the  morning,"the 
good  spirit  of  Qod  has  given  me  a  pledge 
of  my  happiness  in  another  world,  and 
the  first  fruits  of  eternal  glory."   The 
next  day.  May  9, 1657,  he  was  removed 
from  the  present  state  of  exiatence,  aged 
68,  greatly  lamented  by  the  people  not 
only  in  Plymouth,  but  in  the  neighboring^ 
colonies.    Hubbard  makes  the  day  of  hfei 
death  June  5 ;   but  the  linea  given  bf 
Morten  are  doubtless  good  at  least  for 
the  date ; 
"The  ninth  of  May,  about  nine  of  iha  clock, 
A  preciuut  one  God  oat  of  PlymoHth  tookt 
Oovornor  Bradford  tiwn  expirwt  kit  ItrMtli.'* 


140 


BRADFORD. 


Hk  wn,  Jdin  Bradford,  wh  repKMn- 
tative  of  Duxbury  in  1659,  and  after- 
wardaof  ManhfieU.  Byhisaecondwife, 
Alice  Southworth,  whom  he  manied 
April  14,  l«iS  and  who  died  1670,  aged 
79,  he  had  twoaona,  William  and  Joaeph. 
William,  who  waa  born  in  1684  and  died 
February  SO,  1704,  was  an  aaaiBtant, 
treasurer  of  Uw  colony,  and  depaty  gov> 
ernor.  He  lived  in  what  is  now  Kinga- 
ton,  on  the  south  aide  of  Jones'  rirer ;  he 
had  9  sons  and  three  daughters,  and  his 
deaeendantaarenumerousjiivingin  Mass., 
R.  Island,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennaylvania. 

Governor  Bradford,  though  not  favor- 
ed with  a  learned  education,  possessed  a 
strong  mind,  a  sound  judgment,  and  a 
goodmomory.  In  the  office  of  chief  mag^ 
istrate  he  waa  pratlent,  temperate,  and 
firm.  He  would  sufifer  no  person  to  tram- 
ple on  the  laws,  or  to  disturb  the  peace 
uf  Iha  colony.  Some  young  men,  who 
were  unwilling  to  oomp.y  with  the  order 
for  laboring  on  the  public  account,  excus- 
ed themselves  on  a  Chriatmas  day  UQ^er 
pretence,  that  it  waa  against  their  con- 
science to  work.  But  not  long  after- 
wards, finding  them  at  play  in  the  street, 
he  tiommanded  the  instruments  of  their 
game  to  be  taken  from  them,  and  told 
them,  that  it  was  against  his  conscience 
tosu&r  them  to  play,  while  others  were 
at  work,  and  that,  if  they  had  any  relig- 
ious regard  to  the  day,  they  should  ^w 
it  in  the  exercise  of  devotion  at  home. 
This  gentle  reproof  had  the  desired  etkct. 
On  other  occaaions  his  conduct  was  equal- 
ly moderate  and  determined.  Suspecting 
John  Lyford,  who  had  imposed  himself 
upon  the  colony  as  a  minister,  of  factious 
designs,  and  observing  that  he  had  put  a 
great  number  of  letters  on  board  a  ship 
for  England,  the  governor  in  a  boat  fol- 
lowed die  ship  to  sea,  and  examined  the 
letters.  As  satisfactory  evidence  against 
Lyford  waa  thus  obtained,  a  convenient 
time  was  afterwards  taken  for  bringing 
him  to  trial,  and  he  was  banished. 

Though  he  never  enjoyed  great  litera- 
ry advantages,  governor  Bradford  was 
much  inclined  to  literary  pursuits.     He 


was  familiar  with,  the  French  and  Dutch 
languages,  and  attained  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  and  Greek ;  bat 
he  more  assiduously  studied  the  Hebrew, 
becauae,  aa  he  sakl,  "he  would  aee  with 
his  own  eyes  the  ancient  oraolea  of  God 
in  their  native  beauty."  He  had  read 
much  of  history  and  pbikMophy ;  but 
theology  waa  his  favorite  atody.  Dr. 
Mather  represents  him  aaan  inefragable 
disputant,  eapedally  against  the  anabap^ 
tists.  Yet  he  was  by  no  means  severe  or 
intolerant.  He  wiahed  rather  to  convince 
the  erroneous,  than  to  suppress  their 
opinions  by  violence.  His  disposition  waa 
gentle  &  condescending.  Though  he  waa 
attached  to  the  discipline  of  the  congrega- 
tional churches  ;  yet  he  was  not  a  rigid 
separatist.  He  perceived,  that  the  reform- 
ed churches  differed  among  themselres  in 
the  modes  of  discipline,  and  he  did  not 
look  for  a  perfect  uniformity.  Hia  life  waa 
exemplary  and  useful.  He  was  watchful 
against  sin,  a  man  of  prayer,  and  cons|MO- 
uoiw  for  holiness.  His  son,  William 
Bradford,  was  deputy  governor  of 
the  colony  after  his  father's  death,  and 
died  at  Plymouth  at  the  age  of  79.  Sev- 
eral of  his  descendants  were  members  of 
the  council  of  Massachusetts,  and  one  of 
them  was  deputy  governor  of  Rhode  la- 
land  and  a  senator  in  the  congress  of  the 
United  States. 

Governor  Bradford  wrote  a  hiatory  of 
Plymouth  people  and  colony,  beginning 
with  the  first  formation  of  the  church  in 
1603  and  ending  with  1647.,  It  was  conr 
tained  in  a  folio  volume  of  370  pages. 
Morton's  memorial  is  an  abridgment  of  it. 
Prince  and  Hutchinson  had  the  use  of  it, 
and  the  manuscript  was  depoaitod  with 
Mr.  Prince's  valuable  collection  of  papers 
in  the  library  of  the  old  south  church  in 
Boston.  In  the  year  1776  it  shared  the 
fate  of  many  other  manuscripts  in  this 
place.  It  was  destroyed  or  carried  away 
by  the  barbarians  of  the  British  army, 
who  converted  the  old  south  church  into 
a  riding  school. — He  had  also  a  large 
book  of  copies  of  letters,  relative  to  the 
a&irsof  the  colony,  which  is  lost  A 
fragment  of  it  however,  found  in  a  gro- 


BRADFORD. 


I4t 


eer'a  shop  at  Halifaic,  hM  been  publfahed 
by  the  MasMchiuett*  historical  society, 
to  which  is  subjoined  a  desoripiive  and 
historical  account  of  New  England  in 
verse.  If  this  production  is  somewhat 
deficient  in  the  beauties  of  poetry,  it  has 
the  more  substantial  graces  of  piety  and 
truth.  He  published  some  pieces  for  the 
GonAitation  of  the  errors  of  the  times, 
particularly  of  the  anabaptists.- J9«U»Mp'« 
Jlmer.  biog.  ii.  317-261 ;  Matker'i  mag- 
nolia, II,  a-5 ;  Dam$*  Morton,  269  ; 
JVea/'<  N.  England,  i.  99,816;  Prtne«'* 
omurff,  pref.  vi, «,  196;  Winthrop,  47; 
Holmet,  I.  S09 ;  Colleet.  hi$t.  «oc.  iii. 
27,  77;  VI.  $.  $.  668  ;  x.  67. 

BRADFORD,  Gamaliel,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  a  descendant  of  governor 
Bradford,  was  the  son  of  judge  Gamaliel 
B.,  and  great  grandson  of  dep.  gov.  Wm. 
Bradford.  He  served  in  the  French  wars 
under  Shirley  and  Pepperell,  and  com- 
manded a  regiment  in  the  revolutionary 
..  ! '.  For  several  years  he  was  rep- 
i'%i.  tativo  of  Duxbury,  Ms.,  where  he 
^^  i  Jan.  1807,  aged  77.  He  was  the 
father  of  Alden  Bradford,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Massachusetts. 

BRADFORD,  William,  a  senator  of 
the  United  States,  the  son  of  Samuel  B., 
and  a  descendant  in  the  fourth  generation 
from  gov.  Bradford,  was  born  at  Flymp- 
ton,  Ms.,  in  Nov.  1739.    Having  studied 
physic  with  Dr.  E.  Hersey,  he  commen- 
ced the  practice  in  Warren,  R.  I.,  and 
was  skilful  and  su<H:essful.    In  a  few  yeare 
he  removed  to  Bristol,  and  built  a  house 
on    that  romantic  and  venerable   spot, 
Mount  Hope,  which  is  associated  with 
the  name  of  king  Philip.    Here  he  studied 
law  and  bec<>me  eminent  in  civil  life  in 
Rhode  Island.     In  the  revolutionary  con- 
test he  took  a  decided  part  in  favor  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonies.    In  the  cannonade 
of  Bristol  in  the  evening  of  Oct.  7,  1776, 
by  the  British  vessels  of  war,  the  Rose, 
Glasgow,  and  Siien,he  went  on  board  the 
Rose,  and  negotiated  for  the  inhabitants. 
About  this  time  his  own  house  was  des- 
troyed by  the  enemy.     In  1792  he  was 
elected  a  senator  in  congress  ;  but  soon 
resigned  his  place  for  the  shades  of  his 


deUghtflil  retreat.  He  was  many  yeare 
speaker  of  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Ishnd 
and  deputy  governor.  He  died  July  6, 
1808,  aged  78.  He  had  lived  a  widower 
99  years ;  his  wife,  Mary  Le  Baron  of 
Plymouth,  whom  he  married  in  1761, 
died  Oct.  2,  1776.  His  eUlest  son,  maj. 
William  Bradford,  was  aki  to  gen. 
Charles  Lee  of  the  revoluttonary  army. — 
By  industry  and  rigid  eciUiomy  Mr. 
Bradford  acquired  an  independentfortnne, 
in  the  use  of  which  he  was  hospitable 
and  liberal.  For  many  yean  he  was  ac- 
customed to  deposit  with  his  minister  a 
generous  sum  to  be  expended  in  charity 
to  the  poor.  In  his  habits  he  was  tem- 
P»<^1(>,  seeking  his  bed  at  an  early  hour  of 
the  evening,  and  rising  early  and  walking 
over  his  extensive  farm.  Thus  he  at- 
tained nearly  to  the  age  of  fourscore. — 
ThaeherU  med.  biog.;  Ormiold''»  fitn. 

BRADFORD,  William,  the  firet 
printer  in  Pennsylvania,  was  bom  in 
Leicester,  England,  and  being  a  quaker 
emigrated  to  this  country  in  1682  or  1689, 
and  landed  where  Philadelphia  was  after- 
wards hiid  out,  before  a  house  was  built. 
In  1787  he  printed  an  almanac.  The 
writings  of  George  Keith,  which  he  prin- 
ted, having  caused  a  quarrel  among  the 
quakers,  for  one  of  them,  represented  as 
seditious,  he  was  arrested  with  Keith 
and  imprisoned  in  1692.  It  is  remarka- 
ble, that  in  his  trial,  when  the  justice 
charged  the  jury  to  find,  only  the  fact 
as  to  printing,  Bradford  maintained,  that 
the  jury  were  also  to  find  whether  the 
paper  was  really  seditious,  and  maintain- 
ed, that  "the  jury  are  judges  in  law,  as 
well  as  the  matter  offset."  This  is  the 
very  point,  which  awakened  such  inter- 
est in  England  in  the  time  of  Wilkes. 
Bradford  was  not  convicted ;  but,  having 
incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  dominant 
party  in  Philadelphia,  he  removed  to 
New  York  in  1699.  In  that  year  he 
printed  the  laws  of  the  cokiny.  Oct. 
16,  1735  he  began  the  first  newspaper  in 
New  York,  called  the  N.  Y.  Gazette. 
In  1728  he  caused  a  paper  mill  at  Eliea- 
bethtown,  N.  Y.  whkh  perhaps  was  the 


m 


BRADFORD. 


flnt  in  thU  oottiitry.  Being  temperate 
and  Mtive,  he  rciehed  •  great  vge,  a 
itranuer  to  eiokneu.  In  the  morning  of 
the  day  of  hia  death  he  wallced  about  the 
eity.  He  died  May  95,  1753,  aged  OS. 
By  hia  firat  wife,  a  daughter  of  And  row 
Sowlea,  a  printer  in  London,  he  had  <.  70 
■ona,  Andrew  and  William.  For  more 
'han  60  ye«nhe  waa  printer  to  the  New 
fcrk  government  and  for  SO  yeik  9  the 
only  printer  in  the  province.  He  waa 
land  and  aJbble  and  •  friend  to  the  poor. 
— TAoHMM,  II.  7,  91 ;  Pettfw.  Oax.  May 
88,1753. 

BRADFORD,  Andrew,  a  printer,  the 
son  of  the  preceding,wa8  the  only  printer 
in  Pennsylvania  from  1713  to  173S.  He 
published  the  first  newaprper  in  Phila- 
delphia Dec  33,1719,  called  the  American 
weekly  mercury.  In  17S3  he  was  post- 
master; in  17S6hekeptabookshop,atthe 
sign  of  the  Bible  in  second  street.  In  1738 
he  removed,  having  purchased  a  house, 
No.  8.,  south  front  street,  which  in  181C 
was  occupied  as  a  printing  house  by  his 
descendant,  Thomas  Bradford,  the.  pub- 
lisher of  the  TrueAmerican,  a  daily  paper. 
H«  died  Nov.  3S,  1743,  aged  about  66. 
His  second  wife,  with  whom  he  failed  to 
find  happiness,  waa  Cornelia  Smith  of 
New  York:  sho  continued  the  Mercury 
till  the  end  o^  1746,  and  died  in  1765.— 
Tkonuuy  II.  80,  336. 

BRADFORD,  William,  colonel,  a 
printer,  and  a  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
was  the  grandson  of  the  first  printer  in 
Philadelphia.  His  father,  William,  was 
a  seaman.  Adopted  by  his  uncle,  Andrew 
Bradford,  he  became  his  partner  in  busi- 
ness ;  but  his  foster  mother,  Mrs.  Corne- 
lia B.,  wishing  him  to  fall  in  love  with 
her  adopted  niece  and  he  choosing  to  fall 
in  love  with  aome  other  lady,  caused  the 
partnerahip  to  be  dissolved.  In  1741  he 
went  to  England  and  returned  in  1743 
with  printing  matf  rials,  «nd  books.  At 
this  period  he  married  a  daughter  of  Tho. 
Budd,  who  was  imprisoned  with  his  an- 
cestor in  1693.  He  published  Dec.  3, 
1743  the  Penna.  Journal,  which  was  con- 
tinued till  the  present  century,  when  it 
was  superseded  by  the  True  American. 


In  1754  heopened,at  the  comer  of  Market 
k  Front  streets,  the  Lond.  coffee  house ; 
in  .1768  he  opened  a  marine  insurancr  of^ 
flee  with  Mr.  Kydd.  He  « ppoaed  the 
stamp  act.  in  1765,  and  in  tlie  early  stage 
of  the  war  he  took  up  arms  for  his  coun- 
try. As  a  major  and  cotonel  in  the  mili- 
tia he  fought  in  the  battle  of  Trenton,  in 
the  action  at  Princeton,  and  in  several 
other  engagements.  He  was  at  fort 
MiflUn,  when  it  was  attacked.  AfVer 
the  British  army  letl  PhiUdelphia,  he  re- 
turned with  •  broken  constitutk>n  and  a 
shattered  fortune.  Business  had  found 
new  channels.  Soon  he  experienced  tlie 
loss  of  his  beloved  wift ;  age  advanced 
upon  him ;  a  paralytic  shock  warn- 
ed him  of  approaching  death.  To  his 
children  he  saikl,  "though  I  bequeath  you 
no  estate,  I  leave  you  in  the  enjoyment 
of  liberty."  Such  patriots  deserve  to  be 
held  in  perpetual  remembrance.  He  died 
Sep.  36,  1791,  aged  73,  leaving  three 
sons  ;  Thomas,  his  partner  in  business, 
William,  attorno^  general,  and  Schuyler, 
who  died  in  the  East  Indies ;  also  three 
daughters.— TAofiww, II.  48,  SSO;  U.S. 
Gax.  Oet.  1. 

BRADFORD,  William,  attorney 
general  of  the  United  States,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia Sept.  14,  1756,  and  was  early 
placed  under  the  care  of  a  respectable 
clergyman  a  few  miles  ilrom  the  city.  His 
ftther  had  formed  the  plan  of  bringing 
him  up  in  the  insurance  office,  which  he 
then  conducted ;  but  so  strong  was  the 
love  of  l<wrning  implanted  in  the  mind  of 
his  son,  that  neither  perauasions,  nor 
ofiera  of  pecuniar3>  advantage  coukl  pre- 
vail with  him  to  abandon  the  hopes  of  a 
liberal  education.  He  was  graduated  at 
P  nceton  college  in  1773.  During  his 
n  ience  at  this  seminary  he  was  greatly 
beloved  by  his  fellow  students,  while  he 
confirmed  the  expectations  of  his  friends 
and  the  faculty  of  the  college  by  giving 
repeated  evidence  of  genius  and  taste.  At 
the  public  commencement  he  had  one  of 
the  highest  honors  of  the  class  conferred 
upon  him.  After  continuing  at  Princeton 
till  the  year  following,  during  which  time 


.1 


BRADFORD. 


141 


he  had  an  opfwrtunity  of  ittendiDg  the 
lectures  on  theology  of  Dr.Withertpooo, 
and  derived  ftom  this  useful  teacher  much 
infonnation  and  general  knowledge,  he 
returned  to  the  scenes  of  his  youth,  and 
8i«nt  several  months  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  his  first  preceptor,  who  strove  to 
prepare  him  for  Aiture  usefuhiess  in  life. 

He  now  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law  under  Edward  Shippen,  one  of  the 
council  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  afterwards  chief  justice  of  the 
state,  and  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with 
unwearied  application.  In  the  spring  of 
1776  he  was  called  upon  by  the  peculiar 
circumstances  of  the  times  to  exert  hinr* 


gov.  Mifflin,  Aug.33,1791.  In  this  station 
his  indefatigntble  industry,  unshaken  in- 
tegrity, and  correct  judgment  enabled  him 
to  give  general  satisfaction.  Here  he  had 
determined  to  spend  a  considerable  part 
of  his  life  ;  but  on  the  promotion  of  Ed- 
mund Randolph  to  the  office  of  secretary 
of  state,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Jefierson,  he 
was  urged  by  various  public  considera- 
tions to  accept  the  office  of  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  United  States.now  left  vacant. 
He  accordingly  received  the  appointment 
January  38,  1794.  But  he  continued 
only  a  short  time  in  this  station,  to  which 
he  was  elevated  by  Washington.  He 
died  of  the  bilious  fever  August  34, 1796, 


self  in  defence  of  the  dearest  rights  of  hu-  aged  39,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lee 


man  nature,  and  to  join  the  standard  of 
his  country  in  opposition  to  the  oppressive 
exactions  of  Great  Britain.  When  the 
militia  were  called  out  to  form  the  flying 
c«mp,  he  was  chosen  major  of  brigade  to 
gen.  Roberdeau,  and  on  the  expiration  of 
his  term  accepted  a  company  iii  colonel 
Hampton's  regiment  of  regular  troops. 
He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  station  of 
deputy  muster  msster  general,  with  the 
rank  cf  lieut.  col.,  in  which  office  he  con- 
tinued about  two  years  till  his  want  of 
health,  being  of  a  delicate  constitution, 
obliged  him  to  resign  his  commission  and 
return  home.  He  now  recommenced  the 
study  of 'the  law,  and  in  Sept.  1779 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Pennsylvania,  where  liis 
rising  character  soon  procured  him  an 
unusual  share  of  business.  In  Aug.  1 780, 
only  one  year  after  he  was  licensed,  by 
the  recommendation  of  the  bar  &  the  par- 
ticular regard  of  Joseph  Reed,  president 
of  the  state,  he  was  appointed  attorney 
general  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  1784  he  marrisd  the  daughter  of 
Elias  Boudinot  of  New  Jersey,  with 
whom  he  lived  till  his  death  in  the  exercise 
of  every  domestic  virtue,  that  adorns 
human  nature.  On  the  reformation  of 
the  courts  of  justice  under  the  new  con- 
stitution of  Penndylvania,he  was  solicited 
to  accept  the  office  of  a  judge  of  the  su- 


of  Virginia.  According  to  his  express 
desire  he  was  bnried  by  the  side  of  his 
parents  in  the  burial  ground  of  the  seeond 
presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Bradford  possessed  a  mild  and  ami- 
able temper,  and  his  genteel  and  unassu- 
ming manners  were  united  with  genius, 
eloquence,  and  taste.  As  a  public  speak- 
er he  was  persuasive  and  convincing. 
He  understCNDd  mankind  well,  and  knew 
how  to  place  his  arguments  in  the  most 
s'kriking  point  of  light  His  language 
was  pure  and  sententious;  and  he  so 
managed  most  of  his  forensic  disputes, 
as  scarcely  ever  to  displease  his  oppo- 
nenta,  while  he  gave  the  utmost  satisikb- 
tion  to  his  clients.  He  possessed  great 
firmness  of  opinion,  yet  was  remarkable 
for  his  modesty  and  caution  in  delivering 
his  sentiment?.  Combining  a  quick  and 
retentive  memory  and  an  excellent  judg- 
ment with  great  equanimity  and  steadi- 
ness in  his  conduct  and  a  pleasing  deport- 
ment, he  conciliated  respect  and  affection. 
Toward*!  his  country  he  felt  the  sincerest 
attachment,  &  her  interests  he  preferred 
to  every  selfish  consideration.  His  char- 
ities were  secret,  but  extensive;  and  none 
in  distress  were  ever  known  to  leave  him 
with  discontent.  It  is  mentioned  as  a 
proof  of  his  benevolence,  tl»at  he  !«iopt- 
ed  & 'educated  as  his  own  son  an  orphan 
child  of  Joseph  Reed.     His  friendships 


preme  court,  which  with  much  hesitation  were  few,  but  very  affectionate,  &  those, 
he  accepted,  and  was  commissioned  by  who  aided  him  in  bis  first  setting  out  id 


HH  BRADLEY. 

Ufa,  were  never  usij^teAUty  tb'gotUn. 
Though  engaged  constantly  in  publio 
hatineH;  yet  the  eoDceras  of  this  world 
did  not  make  him,  regardleas  of  the  more 
iaqwrtanteoneemt  of  religion.  Hefinn- 
Ij  brlleved  the  ohrittian  syitem,  for  he 
bed  given  ite  thorough  examination. 
Bjr  ita  inoompamble  rales  he  regukted 
hk  whole  eonduet,  and  on  its  promises 
he  founded  all  his  hopes  of  future  happt- 


In  the  earlier  periods  of  his  life  he  was 
not  unacquainted  with  the  watks  of  poe- 
try, and  some  of  his  poet*cal  productions 
in  imitation  of  the  pastorals  of  Shenstone 
were  published  in  the  Philsdelpbia  maga- 
siaee.  They  were  at  the  time  hold 
in  high  estimation.  He  published  in 
179S  an  inquiry  how  far  the  punish- 
ment of  death  is  necessary  in  Peosyl\-a- 
nia,with  notesand  iUustraticns;  to  which 
is  added  an  account  of  the  gaol  and  pen- 
itentiary house  of  Philadelphia,  by  Caleb 
Lownes.  This  work  was  written  at  the 
request  of  governor  Mifflin,  and  was  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  the  legislature  ii|  the 
nature  of  a  report,  they  having  the  sub- 
ject at  large  under  their  consideration. 
Furnisliinga  proof  of  the  good  sense  and 
phitauithro|ty  of  the  author,  it  gained  him 
great  credit.  It  had  much  influence  in 
meliorating  the  criminal  laws  and  hasten- 
ing the  almost  entire  abolition  of  capital 
punishments  not  only  in  Pennsylvania, 
but  in  many  other  states,  where  the 
interests  of  humanity  have  at  last  pre- 
vailed over  ancient  and  inveterate  preju- 
dices.— JR«e«'  eyel.;  Hardie'i  biog.  diet.', 
Mar$haU,  v.  489,  639;  Oaz.  U.  3.  wSt<g. 
34, 1795. 

BRADLEY,  Samuel,  killed  in  the 
"Bradley  massacre,"  was  an  early  i»^ttler 
at  Coucord,N.H.  then  Rumford.  On  the 
llthAug.1746,  ashe  was  proceedingwilh 
6  others  to  Hopkinton,  the  party  was 
attacked  by  a  hundred  Indians  a  mile  and 
a  half  from  Concord  village.  Samuel 
Bradley  was  killed  and  scalped  near  the 
brook.  To  his  brother,  Jonathan  Bradley, 
a  lieutenant  in  capt.  Ladd's  company, 
quarter  was  offered;  but  he  refused  it  and 
fought,  till  he  was  hewed  down  with 


BRADSTREET. 

the  tomahawk.  Three  others 
killed:  Alexander  Roberta  and  William 
Stickney  were  made  prisoners.  Mr.  Brad* 
ley  was  a  young  man:  his  wkbw,  who 
married  Rioliard  Calfe  of  Chester,  died 
Aug.  10,  1S17,  aged  98  years.  Hi* 
son,  John,  who  was  two  yearn  oki  at  the 
time  <^the  massacre,  was  a  very  respecta- 
ble citiien  of  Concord,  and  served  in  both 
branohoeofthelesiskture.  He  died  July 
6,  1815,  aged  71,  leaving  sons,  among 
whom  is  Samuel  A.  Bradley  of  Fryeburg. 
Seven  persons  of  the  name  of  Bradley 
were  killed  by  the  Indians  in  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  in  March  1697:  in  1704  a  Mrs. 
Bradley,  after  killing  a  Indian  by  pouring 
boiling  soap  on  him,  wns  taken  prisoner. 
— Bouton'i  cent,  diee.;  Moore't  onn.  tf 
Concord;  Col.  hut.  »oe.  $.  «.  iv.  1S9. 

BRADLEY,  Stephen,  R.,  a  senator 
of  the  United  States,  was  boin  Oct,  SO, 
1754  inWallingford,  now  Cheshire,  Con. 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1776. 
He  was  the  aid  of  gen.  Wooster,  when 
that  officer  fell  in  a  skirmish  with  the  ene- 
my. Removing  to  Vermont,  he  contri- 
buted much  to  the  establishment  of  that 
state.  He  was  one  of  ita  first  senaton  to 
congress,  in  which  body  he  continued 
with  one  intermission,  until  he  retired 
from  public  life  in  1813.  He  died  at 
Walpole,  N.  H.  Dec.  16,  183(»,  aged  76. 
-^He  published  Vermont's  aj^|ieal,  1779, 
which  has  been  sometimes  ascribed  to  Im 
Allen. 

BRADLEY,  William  H.,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  Providense,  R.  I.  After  being 
educated  as  a  phjrsician,  he  went  to  Cu- 
ba, where  he  died  in  1825.  He  published 
Giuseppiao,  an  occidental  story,  1833, 
besides  many  fugitive  pieces.— iS!p«e.  Jim. 
poet.  II.  J94-^8. 

BRADS^REET,Simon,gov.ofMas8. 
was  the  son  of  a  nonconformist  minister 
in  England,  and  was  bom  at  Horbling  in 
Lincolnshire  in  March  1609.  His  fsther 
died,  when  he  was  at  the  age  of  fourteen. 
But  lav.  was  soon  afterwards  taken  into 
the  relignus  family  of  the  earl  of  lancoln, 
in  which  he  continued  about  eight  years 
under  the  direction  of  Thomas  Dudley, 
and  among  other  offices  sustained  that  of 


BIUD8TREST, 


>4» 


itewird.  H«  Urad  «  ytir  «t  BmaniMl 
college,  Cambridge,  punuiog  hit  atudie* 
■midst  many  iuterrnptioiu.  He  then  re- 
turned to  the  earl's ;  but  soon  accepted 
the  p<Me  of  steward  in  tlie  fbmiiy  of  the 
eouateaa  of  Warwick.  Here  he  contin- 
ued till  he  married  a  daughter  of  Mr. 
Dudley,  and  was  persuaded  to  enaage  in 
the  project  of  making  a  settlement  in 
Massachusetts.  f!e  was  in  March  1680 
chosen  asaisunt  of  the  colony,  which 
was  about  to  be  er  o'jlishtid,  and  arrived 
at  Sa(«m  in  the  summer  of  the  same 
yenr.  He  was  at  the  first  court,  which 
was  heU  at  Charlestown  August  8S. 
He  was  afterwards  secretary  and  agent 
of  Massachusetts,  and  commissiouer  of 
the  suited  colonies.  He  was  sent  with 
Mr.  Norton  in  1663  lo  congratulate  king 
Charles  on  his  restoration,  and  as  agent 
of  the  colony  to  promote  its  interests. 
From  1678  to  1679  he  was  deputy  gov- 
ernor. In  this  kist  year  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Leverett  as  governor,  and  remained  in 
this  office  till  May  1686,  when  the  charter 
was  dissolved^  and  Joseph  Dudley  com- 
menced his  administration  as  president 
of  New  England.  In  May  1689,  after 
the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  he  was  re- 
pbiced  in  the  office  of  governor,  which 
station  he  held  till  the  arrival  of  sir  Wil- 
liam Phippa  in  May  169S  with  a  charter, 
which  deprived  the  people  of  the  right  of 
electing  their  chief  magistrate.  He  died 
at  Salem  March  97,  1697,  aged  94  years. 
He  had  been  fifty  years  an  assistant  of 
the  colony.  He  had  lived  at  Cambridge, 
Ipswich,  Andover,  Boston,  and  Salem. 

Gov.  Bradstreet,  though  he  possessed 
no  vigorous,  nor  splendid  talents,  yet  by 
his  integrity,  prudence,  moderation,  and 
piety  acquired  the  confidence  of  all  classes 
of  people.  When  king  Charles  demanded 
a  surrender  of  the  charter,  he  was  in  fa- 
vor of  complying ;  and  the  event  proved 
the  correctness  of  his  opinion.  He  thought 
it  would  be  more  prudent  for  the  colonists 
to  submit  to  a  power»  which  they  coukl 
not  resist,  than  to  have  judgment  given 
against  the  charter,  and  thus  their  privi- 
leges be  entirely  cut  off.  If  hie-,  mod- 
eratiou  in  regard  to  religious  afiiuni,  par- 
19      . 


tiottlar^  toward*  th«  anabaptktt  and  tha 
qsakera,  waa  not  so  conspicuous,  it  was 
not  a  fault  peculiar  to  him.  Yet  he  had 
the  good  sense  to  oppose  the  witcheraft 
delusiou.  He  had  eight  children  by 
his  first  wife,  the  daughter  of  gov- 
ernor Thomaa  Dudley,  who  wrote  •  vol- 
ume of  poems.  His  second  wife,  a  aister 
or  sir  O^rge  Downing,  was  the  widow 
of  Joasph  Gardner  of  Salemj  His  son, 
Simoc,  the  minf  ter  of  New  London, 
graduated  1660,  was  ordained  Oet.ft,1670, 
and  died  1685.  Another  son,  maj.  Dud- 
ley B.,  was  Uken  prisoner  by  the  Indians 
with  his  wile  at  Andover  in  1698. — Mat- 
ther*i  nagtuUia,  ii.  19,  30;  Hutkiiuan, 
I.  18,  319,  338;  ii.  18,  105;  Holmu, 
1.  466;  NtaVi  N.  E.  1.  850;  u.  186; 
Pr*ne«,  385;  Cottset.  hi$t,  $oe.  i.  339; 
VI.  371,388. 

BRADSTREET,  Anne,  a  poetess, 
was  the  daughter  of  governor  Dudley, 
and  was  born  in  1613  at  Northampton, 
Engkind.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  she 
married  Mr.  Bradstreet,  afterwards  gov. 
of  Massachusetts,  aiul  accompanied  him 
to  America  in  1680.  After  being  the 
mother  of  eight  chikiren,  she  died  Sept. 
16,  1673,  aged  60. 

Her  volume  of  poems  was  dedicated  to 
her  ikther,  in  a  copy  of  verses,  dated 
March   30,  1643,  aid  is  pnrfmbly  the 

iiest  poetic  volume, written  iu  America. 
The  title  is — Several  Poems,  compiled 
with  great  variety  of  wit  and  learning, 
full  of  delight;  wherein  especially  is 
contained  a  complete  discourse  and  des- 
cription of  the  four  elements,  constitu- 
tions, ages  of  man,  seasons  of  the  year, 
together  with  an  exact  epitome  uf  the 
three  first  monarchies,  viz  ;  the  Assyrian, 
Persian,  Grecian,  and  Roman  common- 
wealth, firom  the  beginning  to  the  end  of 
their  ktst  king,  with  divers  other  pleasant 
and  serious  poems.  By  a  Gentlewoman 
of  New  England."  A  third  edition  waa 
published  in  1758. 

By  constitutions  the  temperaments  are 
intended ;  in  the  account  of  the  seasons 
there  is  good  description ;  and  the  ver- 
sification is  generally  harmonious.  The 
hiatorioal  poetry  is  little  mora  than  a 


•«<  '«■* 


BRADSTREET. 


?>Af|»ri?t1l.^t 


ebronologioal  (able.    It  {■  deelarad  in  the 
prefiieeithat  the  volume  "fa  the  workora 
wonun  honored  and  eateemed,  wliere  ahe 
■Uvea,  forhersfracioua  demeanor,  her  emi- 
nent parta,  her  pioua  convenation,  her 
eourteoua  diapoaition,  her  exact  diligence 
in  her  plaoe,  and  diacreet  managing  of  her 
fkmi:,    •ooaaiona:  and  more  ao,  theoe  po- 
ema  are  but  tlie  ihiit  ot'  aome  ftw  boon, 
curtailed  from  her  aleep  and  other  r^reah- 
menta. "    John  Norton  aaya  of  her— 
••Her  brmit  wm  h  brnre  palace,  •  broad  ttr$it. 
Where  all  heroio,  ample  thoufhudid  meet 
When  nature  mch  a  teDementhad  la'en, 
That  other  WMb,  to  bMre,  dwell  io  a  lane." 
He  also  aays,  that  her  poetry  ia  bo  fine, 
that  were  Maro  to  hear  it,  he  would  again 
condemn  his  works  to  the  fire.    The  fol- 
lowing extract  is  a  favorable  specimen  of 
her  poetic  talent,   though  her  taste  was 
probably  not  improved  by  the  study  of 
DuBartas: 
Tlien  higher  on  the  gliMeringnin  I  gaied , 
Wkoae  beami  were  iliaded  by  the  leavie  tree ; 
The  more  I  lookM,  the  more  I  grew  ainaied, 
And  loAly  laid,  what  glory'a  like  to  th^l 
Loid  of  thU  world,  tbia  univerM'a  eye, 
No  wonder  (ome  made  thee  a  deity: 
Had  I  not  better  known,  alaa,  the  Muaf  |fd  I . 

ArtthoBeofiillofgh,ii   thatnoeyt*  *^M 
Hath  ttiength  thy  ihining  k«ya  once  to  behold  1 
And  ia  thy  inlendid  thrpne  erect  m  high. 
At  to  approach  it  can  no  earthly  mouMI 
How  full  of  glory  then  mutt  thy  creator  be, 
Who  gave  thit  briglit  light  luttre  unto  theel 
Admired,  adored  forever,  be  that  M^jetty. 

When  I  behold  the  heavens,  at  in  their  prime, 
"'And  then  the  earth  {Ibough  old)  tiill  clad  in 

The  etonet  and  treet,  inientible  of  lime. 
Nor  age,  nor  wrinkle  on  their  front  are  teen; 
If  winter  come  and  greeoaett  then  do  fiide, 
A  tpring  retumf,and  they  moreyouthfid  made; 
But  man  growt  old,  lies  down,  ramaiae  wbera 
^,      once  he't  laid.  r;:i4  :^ -ii;?.: 

Shall  I  then  praite  the  beavea,  the  treet,  the 

earth, 
Becaute  tlieir  beauty  and  their  atrength  latt 

longert 
Shall  I  with  their,  or  never  to  had,  birth, 
Becaute  they'r  bigger  anil  their  bodiet  ttronger'? 
Nay  k^iey  thall  darken,  periih,  fade  end  die. 
And  when  unmade,  to  overihall  they  lie, 
^t  mau  WM  made  for  endlem  inuncvtality."— 


r.s 


Spec.  Antr.  poet,  imitr.  xx;  Amtritmi 
Qw.  Bet.  It.  494-499. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Maaaaehnaetts,  waa  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1698,  and 
waa  ordained  assucceaaor  of  Mr.  Morton, 
October  96, 1698.  He  received  J.  Ste- 
phena  aa  colleague  in  1791 ,  and  Mr.  Abbdt 
aa  hia  colleague  in  1794 .  After  a  ministry 
of  more  than  40  yeara,  he  died  Dee.  SI, 
1741,  aged  73  yeara.  His  aoceeasora  ware 
Abbot,  Prentice,  Paine,  Morae,  and  Fay. 
He  waa  a  very  learned  man,  of  a  atroag 
mind,  tenacious  memory,  and  Hvely  imag- 
ination. Lieut,  gov.  Tailer  introduced 
him  to  gov.  Burnet,  who  waa  himaelf  a 
fine  acholar,  by  saying,  here  ia  a  man,who 
can  whistle  Greek  ;  and  the  governor  af- 
terwards spoke  of  him  as  one  of  the  first 
literary  characters  It  beat  preachers,  whom 
he  had  met  with  in  America.  Mr.  Brad- 
street  was  subject  to  hypochondriacal 
complainta,  which  made  him  afraid  to 
to  preach  in  the  pulpit  some  years  befbre 
he  died.  He  delivered  his  sermonain  the 
deaoon'a  aeat,  without  notes,  and  they 
were  in  general  melancholy  eflnsionB 
upon  the  wretched  state  of  mankind  and 
the  vanity  of  the  world.  He  poasessed 
such  a  catholic  spirit,  that  aome  of  the 
more  Eealous  brethren  accused  him  of  ar- 
minianicim  ;  but  the  only  evidence  of  this 
was  his  fondness  for  Til'lotson's  sermons, 
and  his  bciasr  rather  a  practical,  than  a 
doctrinal  preacher.  He  seldom  appeared 
with  a  coat,but  always  wore  a  plaid  gown, 
and  was  generally  seen  with  a  pipe  in  hia 
mouth.  His  latin  epiuph  upon  his  pre- 
decessor, Mr.  Morton,  has  been  preserved 
by  the  Mass.  hist,  society. — Hitt.  eol. 
VIII.  75. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  minister  of 
Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1798.  He  was 
ordained  successor  of  Mr.  Holyoke  Jan. 
4,1798,  and  died  October  6,1771,  Isaac 
Story,  who  married  hia  daughter,  having 
been  his  colleague  four  or  five  months. 
He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  a  moat 
worthy  and  pious  christian,  and  faithful 
pastor ;  laboring  to  bring  his  hearers  to 


BRADSTREET. 

the  lov«  of  Ood,  the  reception  of  the 
^vior,  and  the  practice  of  holineM. 
He  pubitthed  a  Mrmon  on  thedeath  of 
hia  brother,8amuel  of  Charleatown,1755. 
— Ma$$.  M$t,  eol.  viii.  75,  76. 

BRADSTREET,  John,  a  major  gen- 
eral in  America  appointed  by  the  king  of 
Great  Britain,  waa  in  1746   lieutenant 
governor  of  St.  John'a,  Newfoundland. 
He  waa  aAerwarda  diatinguiahed  for  hia 
military  aervicea.    It  wan  thought  of  the 
higheat  importance  in  the  year  1766  to 
keep  ^)ien  the  coaununicatk>n  with  fort 
Offwego  on  lake  Ontario.  General  Shirley 
r43Cordingly  enliated  40  companiea  of  boat 
nwn,  each  conaiating  of  50  men,  for  trena- 
porting  atorea  to  the  fort  from  Schenec- 
tady, and  placed  them  under  the  com- 
mand of  Bradatreet,  who  waa  an  active 
and  vigibnt  officer,  and  inured  to  the 
hardahipa,  to  whiru  that  service  exposed 
him.    In  the  beginning  of  the  spring  of 
thia  year  a  amall  stockaded  post  with  35 
men,  at  the  carrying  place,  waa  cut  off. 
It  became  necessary  to  pass  through  the 
country  with  Urge  squadrons  of  boato, 
as    the    enemy  infested    the    passage 
through  the  Onondago  river.    On   his 
return  from  Oswego,  July  8, 1756,  col- 
onel Bradatreet,  who  was  apprehensive  of 
being  ambushed,  ordered  the  several  di- 
viaioBs  to  proceed  aa  near  each  other,  as 
possible.    He  w^s  at  the  head  of  about 
300  boat  men  in  the  fint  division,  when 
at  tlie  distance  of  nine  miles  from  the  fort 
the  enemy  rose  from  their  ambuscade  and 
attacked  him.    He  instantiy  k^nded  upon 
a  small  island  &nd  with  but   six  men 
t  maintained  his  position,  till  he  was  rein- 
;.6reed.    A  general  engagement  ensued^ 
in  which  Bradstreet  with  gallantry  rushed 
upon  a  more  numerous  enemy,  and  en- 
tirely routed  them,  killing  and  wounding 
about  SCO  men.    His  own  loss  was  about 
80.  He  arrived  at  Schenectady  July  1 1th. 
In  the  year  1768  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  8000  men  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  fort  Frontenac,  which  was 
planned   by  himself.    He  embarked  at 
Oswego  on  lake  Ontario  and  on  the  ever 
ning  of  August  26th  landed  within  a 
mile  of  the  fort.      On  the  47 th  it  was 


BRAINARD. 


141 


anrrendered  to  him.  Forty  piec  w  of  oai>> 
non  and  a  vaat  quantity  oif  prox'iaiona 
and  merchandise,  with  1 10  priaonen,  ^11 
into  hia  hands.  The  fort  and  nine  armed 
veaaels  and  uubh  stores,  aa  could  not  be 
removed,  were  deatroyed.  In  Anguat 
1764  headvanced  with  a  oonaiderabk)  (br^ 
toward  mo  Indian  country,  and  at  Preih- 
que  Isle  compelled  the  Delawarea,  Shaw- 
nese,  and  other !  dtana  to  terma  of  pence. 
He  was  an>ointed  major  general  in  Mv 
1773.  After  rendering  nnportant  8ervi« 
cea  to  hia  country,  he  died  at  New  York 
Oct.  31, 1774.— ^ymw,  ii.  69-61,  86- 
88;  Arm.  reg.for  1764, 181;  Holme$,  ii. 
108;  Mar$haU.  i.  487,  488 ;  Cott.  hM. 
toe.  VII.  150,  156  ;  Manie. 

BRAINARD,  John  Gardiner  Calkins, 
a  poet,  was  the  son  of  judge  Jeremiah  O. 
Brainard  of  New  London,  Con.,  and  waa 
born  about  the  year  1797.  He  was  grad- 
uated in  1811  at  Yale  college.  Though 
his  name  differa  in  one  letter  from  that  of 
the  celebrated  missionary,  yet  probably 
they  had  a  common  ancestor.  Indeed  hia 
name,  in  a  catalogue  of  the  college,  is 
given  Brttinerd,  while  that  of  John,  a 
brother  of  David,  is  printed  Brainard. 
These  are  probably  both  mistakes.  Au- 
tograph letters  of  David  and  John  in  my 
possession  present  the  form  of  Brainerd: 
the  other  form  of  the  name  being  adopted 
by  the  poet  ind  his  fhther,  I  do  not  feel 
authorited  to  change  it  ibr  the  sake  of 
uniformity.  Brainard  studied  law  and 
commenced  the  practice  at  Middletown ; 
but  not  finding  the  succesa,  which  he  de- 
sired, in  1832  he  undertook  the  editorial 
charge  of  the  Connecticut  Mirror  at  Hart- 
ford. Thus  was  he  occupied  about  7 
years,  until  being  marked  as  a  victim  for 
the  consumption  he  returned  about  a 
year  before  his  death  to  his  father's  house. 
He  died  Sept.  26, 1828,  aged  33. 

He  was  an  excellent  editor  of  the  pa- 
per, which  he  conducted,  enriching  it  with 
his  poetical  productions,  which  have  ori- 
ginality, force,  and  pathos,  and  with 
many  beautiful  prose  compositions,  and 
refraining  from  that  personal  abuse,  which 
many  editors  seem  to  think  essential  to 
their  vocation.    In  this  respect  his  gentle- 


M         Animt^m      brainrrd. 

manly  ezwnpto  is  worthy  otMng  fot-T  the  fallt  ofNiagini. 


I'-iHT^OAHH 


lnw«d  by  the  editorial  eorpe.  Me,  who 
■ddrcMee  himwlf  erery  week  or  every 
ihy  to  thoueands  of  readers,  auataina  a 
hifh  reeponiibility.  ir.deatituteorrood 
breeding  and  good  principle!,  he  ie  deter- 
mined to  attract  notice  by  the  perionali- 
tiea,  for  which  there  i«  a  greedy  appetite 
in  the  community ;  if  heyieldi  himaelfa 
slave  to  the  party,  which  he  eepouMt,  and 
toila  for  it  by  contumeliea  upon  hia  oppo- 
nenti ;  if,  catching  the  spirit  of  an  infuria- 
ted aeatot,  and  regardless  of  truth  and 
honor,  he  scatters  abroad  his  malignant 
slanders  and  inflammatory  tradueements ; 
then,  instead  of  a  wise  and  henrvolent  tea- 
cher and  guide,  he  presents  himself  as  a 
aower  of  discord  snd  a  minister  of  evil. 
In  an  Utopian  eommonw«alth,or  a  republic 
constructed  by  pure  reason  snd  right,  if 
the  laws  subject  the  teacher  of  ten  child- 
ren to  an  examination  and  approval  be- 
fore he  can  commence  his  labors,  they 
would  not  allow  a  beardless  youth,  with- 
out judgment  or  principle,  nor  s  man  of 
Aill  age,  without  conscience  or  honor,,  to 
send  forth  Atom  day  to  day  into  the 
houses  of  the  people  a  foul  and  malignant 
spirit,  to  eormpt  them  by  indecencies  and 
blasphemies  and  drive  them  to  madness  by 
falsehoods  snd  bitter  incitements.  Mr. 
Brainard  possessed  a  kindness  of  heart 
and  rectitude  of  mind,  which  would  not 
allow  him  to  traduce  and  revile.  He 
could  not  be  the  drudge  of  some  patriot- 
ic impostor,  who,  hungry  for  office,  elam- 
oronsly  boasts  of  seeking  the  interests  of 
the  dear  people. 

While  Mr.  Brainard  was  hopeless  of 
success  in  the  work),  melancholy  and  des- 
pondent; yet  in  his  social  interviews,  by 
a  natural  re-action,  his  spirit  woukl  some- 
times nm  into  an  excess  of  levity  and 
merriment  A  biugh  seemed  to  exorcise 
the  demons,  which  were  preying  on  his 
hrsn-t.  Yet  never  did  he  utter  any  jests, 
aimed  at  religion  ;  nor  smile  at'such  jests 
in  others.  His  poetry  is  very  creditable 
to  his  feelings,  and  principles,  and  talents. 
Most  of  his  poetical  productions  were 
originally  printed  in  the  Mirror.  The 
following  is  a  part  of  his  description  of 


••li  wmM  I 

Ai  ifOod  poorM  ihM  froM  bb  hollow  bsaif , 
And  bung  hit  bow  iipnn  ibliM  awfnl  A«M  ; 
Aod  iiioka  Id  lb«l  loud  vokw,  wbieh  MMi'd  to 

him, 
Who  dwelt  in  PalmOS  for  bit  Safior't  taka^ 
Tbo  aoand  of  many  waiara.'  awl  had  bada 
Thy  iood  to  ehroniela  tha  agaa  baek, 
And  aotehhia  eant'riaa  ia  the  •tarnalrookf." 
When  he  wss  a  member  of  Yale  collega 
in  1815,  during  a  revival  of  religion,  ho 
was  deeply  impressed  with  his  sin  and 
danger ;  but  his  religioM  sensibility  soon 
diminished,  and  the  worU  occupied  again 
his  thoughts,  though  speculatively  ha 
sssented  to  the  truths  of  the  gospel. 
Thus  he  lived  18  or  I »  years,  till  a  few 
months  before  his  death.  Then  at  his  fk- 
ther's  house,  during  his  decay  by  the  con- 
sumption, he  spent  his  dsys  and  evenings 
in  reading  religious  books  snd  in  pi- 
ous mediutions.  To  his  minister,  Mr. 
McEwen,  he  mid,  "this  plan  of  salvation 
in  the  gospel  is  all,  that  I  want ;  it  Alls 
me  with  wonder  and  gratitude,  and  makes 
the  prospect  of  death  not  only  peaceAil, 
but  joyous. "  Pale  and  feeble,  he  went  to 
the  house  of  Ood,  and  made  a  profession  of 
religion  and  was  baptised.  The  next  sab- 
bath, as  he  couM  not  attend  meeting,  the 
Lord's  supper  was  administered  at  hia 
room.  His  last  remark  to  his  minister 
was,  "I  am  willing  to  die:  I  have  no 
righteousness,  but  Chriet  and  his  stone^- 
mentsre  enough.— Ood  is  a  God  of  truth 
and  I  think  I  am  reconciled  to  him." 
The  change  experienced  by  the  renova- 
ted, pardoned  sinner,  is  described  by  him 
in  the  following  lines: 

"All  lighu  ara  fair  to  the  reooTerad   blind  ; 
All  toundt  ara  mnaie  to  the  dtaf  rettorod  ; 
The  lame,  made  whole,  leapa  like  the  tpartiv* 

hind  ; 
And  the  tad,  bowM  down  tinner,  with  hit  load 
Of  thame  and  torrow,  when  be  outathe  cord. 
And  leavet  bU  pack  behind,  it  Am  again 
la  the  light  yoke  and  bardan  oT  bia  Lord." 

He  published  Occasional  pieces  of  poetry, 
ISmo.  1835.— Spec.  Jimer.  poet.  in.  198- 
91 S;  Hawei*  i«rm. 

BRAINERD,    David,    an    eminent 
preacher  and  missionary  to  the  Indians, 


BRAINfeRD. 


149 


wulwrnat  Haddam,  Conneetieut,  April 
SO,  1718.  His  fkther,  Hetekiih  Bninerd, 
•on  ofdaMon  Daniel  B.,  wm  an  uwitUnt 
oT  the  colony,  or  a  member  of  the  council, 
who  died,  when  hin  nn  was  about  0 
yean  or  age;  his  mother,  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  Jeremiah  Hobart,  died  when  he 
waa  14  yran  of  age.  Hie  elder  brother, 
Heaekiah,  waa  •  rapreaentative  of  Had- 
dam ;  and  hia  brother,  Nehemiah,  who 
died  in  1749,  was  the  minister  of  Eaat- 
bury,  Con.  Aa  hia  niind  waa  ear(y  im- 
preaaed  by  the  trutha  of  religion,  he  took 
delight  in  reading  those  hooka,  which 
communicate  religious  instruction ;  he 
called  upon  the  name  of  God  in  secret 
prayer ;  he  atudied  the  scriptures  with 
great  diligence  ;  and  he  associated  with 
several  young  persons  for  mutual  encour- 
agement and  assistance  in  the  paths  of 
wisdom.  But  in  all  this  he  aflerwards 
considered  himself  as  self  righteous,  as 
completely  destitute  of  true  piety,  ss  gov- 
erned by  the  fear  of  future  punishment 
and  not  by  the  bve  of  Ood,  aa  depending 
for  salvation  upon  his  good  feelings  and 
hia  atrict  life,  without  a  perception  of  the 
necessity  and  the  value  of  the  mediation 
of  Christ.  At  this  time  he  indeed  acknow- 
ledged, that  he  deserved  nothing  for  his 
best  works,  for  the  theory  of  salvation 
waa  fluniliar  to  him ;  but  while  he  made 
the  acknowledgment,  he  did  not  feel  what 
it  implied.  He  still  secretly  relied  upon 
the  warmth  of  his  affections,  upon  *>> 
sincerity,  upon  some  quality  in  himself 
ss  the  ground  of  acceptance  with  God  ; 
instead  of  relying  upon  the  Lord  Jesus, 
through  whom  alone  there  is  access  to 
the  Father.  At  length  he  was  brought 
under  a  deep  sense  of  his  sinfulness,  and 
he  perceived,  that  there  was  nothing 
good  in  himself.  This  conviction  was 
not  a  sudden  perturbation  of  miud ;  it 
was  a  permanent  impression,  made  by 
the  view  of  his  own  character,  when  com- 
pared with  that  holy  law  of  God,  which 
he  waa  bound  to  obey.  But  the  discove- 
ry was  unwelcome  nnd  irritating.  He 
could  not  readily  abandon  the  hope,  which 
rested  upon  his  religious  exercises.  He 
waa  reluctant  to  admit,  that  the  principle, 


whence  ail  hia  action*  proeeeded,  waa  en- 
tirely corrupt.  He  waa  oppoaed  to  the 
striolnessof  the  divine  hw,  whieh  exten- 
ded to  the  hmrt  as  well  as  to  the  life.  He 
murmured  againat  the  doctrines,  that 
fkith  was  indispensably  necessary  to  sal- 
vation, and  that  fkith  was  completely  the 
gifl  of  Ood.  He  was  irritated  in  not 
finding  any  way  pointed  o«t,  whhsh 
wouM  lead  him  to  the  Savior ;  in  not 
finding  any  means  prescribed, by  which  sn 
unrenewed  man  coukl  of  his  own  strength 
obtain  that,  which  the  higheat  angel 
could  not  give.  He  was  unwilling  to  be- 
lieve, that  he  waa  dead  in  trespasses  and 
in  Bins.  But  these  unpleasant  truths 
were  fkstened  upon  his  mind,  and  they 
could  nothe  shaken  off.  It  pleaaed  Ood 
to  disclose  to  him  his  true  character  and 
condition  and  to  quell  the  tumult  of  hia 
soul.  He  saw,  that  his  schemes  to  save 
himself  were  entirely  vain,  and  must  for- 
ever be  ineffectual ;  he  perceived,  that  it 
waa  self  interest,  which  had  before  led 
him  to  pray,  and  that  he  had  never  once 
prayed  fVom  any  reapeet  to  the  glory  of 
God  ;  he  felt,  that  he  was  lost.  In  this 
state  of  mind,  while  he  waa  walking  in  a 
solitary  place  in  the  evening  of  July  18, 
17S9,  meditating  upon  religious  subjecta, 
his  mind  was  illuminated  with  completely 
new  views  of  the  divine  perfections  ;  he 
perctived  a  glory  in  the  character  of  God 
and  in  the  way  of  salvation  by  the  cruci- 
fied Son  of  the  Most  High,  which  waa 
never  before  discerned ;  and  he  was  led 
to  depend  upon  Jesus  Christ  for  righ- 
oousness,  and  to  seek  the  glory  of  God 
as  hh  principal  object. 

In  Siept.  17S9  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  Yale  college,  but  he  was  expelled 
in  Feb.  1 743.  The  circumstances,  which 
led  to  this  expulsion,  were  these.  There 
had  been  great  attention  to  religion  in 
the  college,  and  Mr.  Brainerd,  whose 
feelings  were  naturally  warm,  and  whose 
soul  was  interested  in  the  progress  of  the 
gospel,  was  misled  by  an  intemperate 
seal,  and  was  guilty  of  indiscretions, 
which  at  that  time  were  not  unfrequent. 
In  a  conversation  with  some  of  his  asso- 
ciates he  expressed  his  belief,  that  one  of 


!f 


>«ill 


BEAINERD. 


Um  Uton  WM  dMtitiite  ofraligioo.  B** 
iof  in  p«rt  ov«rhMrd,  hia  SMociatea  wan 
eonpaltad  by  tha  raotor  to  daelare,  m- 
paetinf  whom  ha  wm  apcaking  ;  and  ha 
WM  raquirad  to  maka  a  publie  eonfaaaion 
in  tha  hall.  Brainard  thought,  that  it 
WM  ui^uat  to  azioit  lYom  hia  iVianda  what 
ha  had  uttarad  in  convaraation,  and  that 
tha  punlahment  wu  too  aavara.  Aa  ha 
nAiMd  to  make  the  oonfeaaion,  and  h  he 
had  bMn  guilty  of  going  to  a  aaparate 
meeting  after  prohibition  by  the  author- 
ity of  college,  he  wh  expelled.  In  the 
cireumatanoea,  which  led  to  thia  reault, 
there  appeara  a  atrong  diapoaition  to  hunt 
upofibiwea  againat  the  new  lighta,  h 
thoae,  who  were  attached  to  the  preach- 
ing of  Mr.  WhitefieldandTennent,  were 
then  called.  It  was  not  ao  strange,  that 
a  young  man  ahould  havehiwn  indiacreet, 
M  that  he  ahould  confeaa  himaelf  to  have 
beenao.  Mr.  Brainerd  afterwarda  per- 
ceived, that  he  had  been  uncharitable  and 
had  done  wrong,  and  with  ainoerity  and 
humility  he  acknowledged  hia  error  and 
exhibited  a  truly  ohriatian  apirit ;  but  he 
never  obuined  hia  degree.  Though  he 
felt  no  reaentment,  and  ever  lamented  hia 
own  conduct ;  yet  he  alwaya  conaidered 
himaelfuabuaedin  the  management  of 
thiaaffiur. 

In  the  apring  of  1743  he  went  to  Rip- 
ton  to  puraue  the  atudy  of  divinity  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Milla,  and  at  the  end  of 
July  wu  licenaed  to  preach  by  the  aaao- 
oiation  of  miniatera,  which  met  at  Dan- 
bury,  ailer  they  had  made  inquiriea  rea- 
peeting  his  learning,  and  his  acquaintance 
with  experimental  religion.  Soon  after 
he  began  hia  theological  atudies,  he  was 
desirous  of  preaching  the  goapel  to  the 
heathen,  and  frequently  prayed  for  them. 
In  November,  after  he  was  licensed,  he 
wu  invited  to  go  to  New  York,  and  wu 
examined  by  the  correspondents  of  the 
society  for  propagating  christian  know- 
ledge, and  wu  appointed  by  them  a  mis- 
aionary  to  the  Indians. 

He  arrived  on  the  fint  of  April  1743  at 
Kaunameek,  an  Indian  village  in  the 
woods  between  Stockbridge,  in  the  state 
of  Massachusetts,  and  Albany,  at  the 


diaUnoeof  abo«t  SO  milaa  Oom  the  fuN 
mar  place  and  16  milaa  IVom  Kinderhook. 
He  now  began  his  labora  at  the  age  of  tft. 
and  continued  in  thia  piaM  about  a  year. 
At  firat  he  lived  in  a  wigwam  among  the 
Indiau ;  but  he  afterwarda  built  himaelf 
a  cabin,  that  he  might  be  alone,  whan 
not  empbyed  in  preaching  and  instruct* 
ing  the  savagaa.    He  k)dged  upon  a  bnn- 
ble  of  ttmw,  and  hia  ibod  wu  principally 
boiled  com,  huty  pudding,  and  aamp. 
With  a  feeble  body,  and  ftequent  iUneaa, 
and  great  depreaaion  of  mind,  he  wm 
obliged  to  eneounter  many  dkwourage> 
menta,  and  to  aubmit  to  hardahipa,  which 
would  be  abnoat  inaupportable  by  a  much 
Btronger  conatitution.    But  he  peraiated 
in  lit*  benevolent    labora,  animated  by 
the  hope,  that  he  shoukl  prove  the  meau 
of  illuminating  some  darkened  mind  with 
the  truth,  as  it  is  in  Jeaus.     Beaidea  hia 
exertiona,  which  had  immediate  reference 
to  the  inatruotwn  of  the  aavagea,  he  atud-< 
ied  much,  and  empbyed  much  time  in 
the  delightftil  employment  of  communing 
in  th<^  wilderneu  with  that  merciful  Be- 
ing, who  ia  preaentin  all  placeu,  and  who 
is  the  aupport  and  joy  of  all  chriatiant. 
When  the  Indians  at  Kaunameek  had 
agreed  to .  remove  to  Stockbridge   and 
place  themselves  under  the  initruction  of 
Mr.  Sergeant,  Mr.  Brainerd  left  them 
and  bent  hia  attention  towards  the  Delar 
ware  Indiana. 

He  wu  ordained  at  Newark  in  New 
Jersey  by  a  preabytery  June  13,  1744, 
on  which  ocoubn  Mr.  Pemberton  of 
New  York  preached  a  sermon.  He  soon 
afterwards  went  to  the  new  field  of  hia 
labors,  near  the  forks  of  the  Delaware  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  continued  there  a  year, 
making  two  visits  to  the  Indians  on 
Susquehannah  river.  He  again  built 
him  a  cabin  for  retirement ;  but  here  he 
had  the  happiness  to  find  some  white 
people,  with  whom  he  maintained  family 
prayer.  After  the  hardahips  of  hia  abode 
in  thia  place  with  but  little  encourage- 
ment from  the  effect  of  his  exertions,  he 
visited  the  Indians  at  Crosweeksung, 
near  Freehold  in  New  Jersey.  In  this 
village  he  wu  favored  with  remarkable 


BRAIMERD. 


IN 


■WMMM.  The  Spirit  oTOod  MMMd  to 
brlnf  homrelRwtually  toththMrttofttM 
irnoruithMthviwthe  traths,  whieh  he 
deliverad  to  them  with  effeetion  and  icel. 
Hie  Indiah  interpreter,  who  hed  been 
eonvertedby  hie  preeehing,  eoopemted 
eheerAilly  in  the  b«  >nA  woA.  It  wm  not 
uncommon  for  the  whole  congrefttion  to 
be  in  teen,  or  to  be  crying  out  under  • 
■enee  of  tin.  In  lew  then  e  year  Mr. 
Biainerd  beptieed  77  persona,  of  whom 
M  were  adulu,  that  gave  satisfactory 
eridenee  of  having  been  renovated  by  the 
power  of  Ood;  and  he  beheld  with  un- 
speakable pleasure  between  90  and  80  of 
his  converts  seated  round  the  table  of  the 
Lord.  The  Indians  were  at  the  time  en- 
tirely  refbrmed  in  their  lives.  They  were 
very  humble  end  devout,  and  united  in 
christian  sflbction.  In  a  letter,  dated 
Dee.  80,  1746,  in  my  possession,  he  says, 
"the  good  work,whieh  you  will  find  large- 
ly treated  of  in  my  journal,  still  contin- 
ues among  the  Indians  ;  though  the  as- 
tonishing divine  influence,  ttiat  has  been 
among  them,  is  in  a  considerable  measure 
abated.  Yet  there  are  several  instances 
of  persons  newly  awakened.  When  I 
consider  the  doings  of  the  Lord  among 
these  Indians,  and  then  take  a  view  of  my 
journal,  I  must  say.  His  a  faint  represen- 
Utk)n  I  have  given  of  them."  Nor  is 
there  any  evidence,  that  he  misjudged. 
The  lives  of  these  Indian  converts  in  sub- 
sequmt  yean,  under  John  Brainerd  and 
Wm.  Tennent,  were  in  general,  holy  and 
exemplary,  furnishing  evidence  of  the  sin- 
cerity of  their  faith  in  the  gospel. 

In  the  summer  of  1746  Mr.Brainerd 
visited  the  Indians  on  the  Susquehannah, 
and  on  his  return  in  Sept  found  himself 
worn  out  by  the  hardships  of  his  jour- 
ney. His  health  was  so  much  impair- 
ed, that  he  was  able  to  preach  but  little 
more.  Being  advised  in  the  spring  of 
1747  to  travel  in  New  England,  he  went 
as  far  as  Boston,  and  returned  in  July  to 
Northampton, where  in  the  family  of  Jon- 
athan Edwards  he  passed  the  remainder 
if  his  days.  He  gradually  declined  till 
|ct.  9,  1747,  when,  after  suffering  inex- 
phtasible  agony,  he  entered  upon  that 


t 


,  whkh  remaineth  fhr  the  Adthftil 
serranta  of  God,  aged  9t  years. 

Mr.  Brainerd  was  a  man  of  vigoroua 
powers  of  mind.  While  he  was  ftvored 
with  a  quick  discernment  and  ready  in- 
vention, with  a  strong  memory  and  Mt> 
ural  ekMiuence,  he  also  posseesed  in  an  «»• 
common  degree  the  penetmtion,thecloee- 
nesa  and  force  of  thought,  and  the  sound- 
nesaofiiidgment  which  distinguish  the 
man  of  talenta  flrom  him,  who  subsiste 
entirely  upon  the  learning  of  others. 
His  knowledge  was  extensive,  and  he  ad- 
ded to  his  other  attainments  an  intimate 
acquahitaner  with  huma  n  nature,  gained 
not  only  by  observing  ott-jre,  hut  by 
careAilly  noticing  the  operations  of  his 
own  mind.  As  he  was  of  sjcisble  dispo- 
sition, and  cou!  •  adapt  h'.  self  with '  eat 
ease  to  the  different  capacities,  ten  'rs, 
and  circumstances  of  men,  hewp^  ^  .T.dr^ 
kably  fitted  to  communicate  inst  JoUon. 
He  was  very  fVee,  and  <«rtaining,  and 
useful  in  hisordinsry  i"«u)  rse  ;  and  he 
was  also  an  able  dispute  it.  As  a  preach- 
er he  was  perspicuous  and  instructive, 
forcible,  close,  and  pathetic.  He  abhor- 
red an  affected  boisterousness  in  the  pul- 
pit, and  yet  he  could  not  tolerate  a  cokl 
delivery,  when  the  subject  of  discourse 
was  such,  as  should  warm  the  heart,  and 
produce  an  earnestness  of  manner. 

His  knowledge  of  theology  was  uncom- 
monly extensive  and  accurate.  President 
Edwards,  whose  opinion  of  Mr.  Brainerd 
was  founded  upon  an  intimate  acquain- 
tance with  him,8ayB,  that  "he  never  knew 
his  equ«  f  his  age  and  standing,  for 
clear,  ac'>  >  <  \  o  notions  of  the  nature  and 
essence  of  ine  religion,  and  its  distinc- 
tions from  its  various  false  appearances." 
Mr.  Brainerri  had  no  charity  for  the  re- 
ligion of  those,  who  indulging  the  hope, 
that  they  were  interested  in  the  divine 
mercy  settled  down  in  a  state  of  security 
and  negligence.  He  believed,  that  the 
good  man  would  be  continually  making 
progress  towards  perfection,  and  that  con- 
version was  not  merely  a  great  change  in 
the  views  of  the  mind  and  the  affections  of 
the  heart,  produced  by  the  Spirit  of  God; 
but  that  it  was  the  beginning  of  a  course 


BRAINERD. 


of  holineM,  which  through  tiM  divine 
■gencjr  woold  be  puraued  through  life. 
From  the  ardor,  with  which  he  engaged 
in  raiaaionary  lAbora,  aome  may  be  led  to 
conclude,  that  hia  mind  waa  open  to  the 
influence  of  fanaticiam.  During  hia  reei- 
dence  at  college,  hiaapirit  waa  indeed 
aomewhat  tinged  with  the  zeal  of  bitter- 
aeaa ;  but  it  waa  not  long  before  he  waa 
reatored  to  true  benevolence  and  the  pure' 
love  of  the  truth.  From  thia  time  hede- 
teated  enthuaiaam  in  all  itd  forms.  He  re- 
probated all  dependence  upon  impulaes,  or 
impreaaiona.  on  the  imagination,  or  the 
aodden  auggestion  of  texta  of  scripture. 
He  withstood  every  doctrine,  which 
aeemed  to  verge  towards  antinomianism, 
pardeubrly  the  sentiments  of  those,  who 
thought  that  faith  consists  in  believing, 
that  Christ  died  for  them  in  particular, 
and  who  founded  their  love  of  God,  not 
upon  the  excellence  of  his  character,  but 
upon  the  previous  impression,  that  they 
were  the  objects  of  his  favor,  and  should 
assuredly  be  saved.  He  rebuffed  the  pride 
and  presumption  of  laymen,  who  thurst 
themselves  forth  as  public  teachers  and 
decried  human  learning  and  a  learned 
ministry ;  he  detested  the  spirit,  which 
generally  influenced  the  separatists 
through  the  country;  and  he  waa  en- 
tirely opposed  to  that  religion,  which  was 
f3nd  of  noise  and  show,  and  delighted  to 
publish  its  experiences  and  privileges. 
Very  different  from  the  above  was  the  re- 
ligion, which  Mr.  Brainerd  approved,  an<l 
which  he  displayed  in  his  own  life. 
In  his  character  were  combined  the  most 
ardent  and  pure  love  to  God  and  the  most 
unaffected  benevolence  to  man,  an  aliena- 
tion from  the  vain  and  perishahUe  pursuits 
of  the  world,  the  most  humblinp  and  con- 
stant aense  of  his  own  iniquity,  which 
waa  a  greater  burden  to  him  than  all  his 
afflictions,  great  brokenness  of  heart  be- 
fore God  for  the  coldness  of  his  love  and 
the  imperfection  of  his  christian  virtues, 
the  most  earnest  breathings  of  soul  after 
holiness,  real  delight  in  the  gospel  of  Je- 
sus ChriHt,  sweet  complacence  in  all  his 
disciples,  incesRant  desires  8c  importunate 
pn/etn  that  men  might  be  brought  to  the 


knowladgt  and  the  obedlenee  of  the  truth, 
fcthat  thus  God  might  be  gbrified  k  the 
kingdomof  Chriat  advaneed,great  resigna- 
tion to  the  will  of  hia  heavenly  Fatlier,an 
entire  distrust  of  hia  own  heart  and  a  uni- 
versal dependence  upon  God,  the  absolute 
renunciation  of  every  thing  for  hia  Redee- 
mer, the  moat  clear  and  abiding  views  of 
the  thinga  of  the  eternal  worldj  a  contin- 
ual warfare  against  sin,  and  the  moat  un- 
wearied exertion  of  all  his  powers  in  the 
service  and  in  obedience  to  the  commanda 
of  the  Most  High.  He  believed,  that  the 
essence  of  true  religion  consiata  in  the 
conformity  of  the  aoul  to  God,  in  acting 
above  all  selfi^  views  for  his  gbry,  de- 
siring to  pleaae  k  honor  him  in  all  things, 
and  that  from  a  view  of  his  excellency, 
and  worthiness  in  himself  to  be  loved, 
adored,  and  obeyed  by  all  intelligent 
creatures.  When  this  divine  temper  is 
wrought  in  the  soul  by  the  special  influen- 
ces of  the  Holy  Spirit,  discovering  the 
glory  of  God  in  the  face  of  Jeaua  Chriat, 
he  believed,  that  the  Autho^  of  all  good 
could  not  but  delight  in  his  own  image, 
and  would  most  certainly  complete  hia 
own  work,  which  he  had  begun  in  the 
human  heart.  His  religion  did  not  con- 
sist in  specuhttion  ;  but  he  carried  his 
own  principles  into  practice.  Resisting 
the  solicitationa  of  selfishness,  he  oonse^ 
crated  his  powers  to  the  high  and  benevo- 
lent objects,  enjoinet*  in  the  scriptures.  It 
was  his  whole  aim  to  promote  in  the 
most  effectual  manner  the  glory  of  hia 
Redeemer.  Afler  the  termination  of  a 
year's  fruitless  mission  at  Kaunameek, 
where  he  had  suffered  the  greatest  hard- 
ships, he  was  invited  to  become  the  min- 
ister of  Eaat  Hampton,  one  of  the  beet 
parishes  on  Long  Island  ;  but  though  he 
waa  not  insensible  to  the  pleasures  of  a 
quiet  and  fixed  abode,  among  chris- 
tian friends,  in  the  midst  of  abun- 
dance ;  yet,  without  the  desire  of  fame, 
he  preferred  the  dangers  &nd  sufferings 
of  a  new  miasion  among  savages.  He 
loved  his  Savior,  and  wished  to  make 
known  his  precious  name  among  tho 
heathen. 
In  his  last  illness  and  during  th)»  a^ 


I  i 


BRAINEHD. 


IM 


proaehe*  of  death  Mr.  Bninerd  wu  ra> 
markably  reugned  and  oompoaed.     He 
spoke  of  that  willingneu  to  die,  which 
originates  in  the  desire  of  escaping  pain, 
and  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  pleasure  or 
distinction  in  heaven,  as  very  ignoble. 
The  heaven,  which  he  seemed  to  antici- 
pate, consisted  in  the  love  and  service  of 
Qod.     "It  is  impossible,"  said  he,  "for 
any  rational  creature  to  be  happy  without 
acting  all  for  Qoi.   I  long  to  be  in  heaven, 
praising  and  glorifying  him  with  the  holy 
angels. — There  is  nothing  in  the  world 
worth  living  for,  but  dointf  good  and  fin- 
ishing God's  work;   doing  the  work, 
which  Christ  did.    I  see  notliing  else  in 
the  world,  that  can  yield  any  satisfaction, 
besides  livi'':^  to  God,  pleasing  him,  and 
doing  his '  vhole  wilL    My  greatest  com- 
fort and  joy  has  been  to  do  something  for 
promoting  the  interests  of  religion,  and 
for  the  salvation  of  the  souls  of  particular 
persons."     When  he  was  about  to  be 
separated  forever  from  the  earth,  his  de- 
sires seemed  to  be  as  eager  as  ever  for  the 
progress  of  the  gospel.    Ho  spoke  much 
of  the  prosperity  ofZion,  of  the  infinite 
importance  of  the  work,  which  was  com- 
mitted to  the  ministers  of  Jesus  Christ, 
and  of  the  necessity,  which  was  imposed 
upon  them,  to  be  constant  and  earnest  in 
pmyer  to  God  for  the  success  of  their  ex- 
ertions.    A  little  while  before  his  death 
he  said  to  Mr.  Edwards,  "my  thoughts 
have  been  mucA  employed  on  the  old, 
dear   theme,  the  prosperity   of  God's 
church  on  earth.      As  I  waked  out  of 
sleep,  I  was  led  to  cry  for  the  pouring  oiU 
of  God's  Spirit  and  the  advancement  of 
Christ's  kingdom,  which  the  dear  Redee- 
mer did  and  suffered  so  much  for  ;  it  is 
this  especially  which  makes  me  long  for 
it.    He  felt  at  this  time  a  peculiar  con- 
cern for  his  own  congregation  of  christian 
Indians.    Eternity  was  before  him  with 
all  its  interests.    "'Tis  sweet  to  me," 
said  he,  "to  think  of  eternity.     But  Oh, 
what  shall  I  say  to  the  eternity  of  the 
wicked !    I  cannot  mention  it,  nor  think 
of  it.    The  thought  is  too  dreadful !"  In 
answer,  to  the  inquiry,  how  he  did,  he 
said,"  I  am  almost  in  eternity;  I  long  to  be 
20 


there.  My  work  is  done.  I  have  done 
with  all  my  friends.  All  the  world  is  now 
nothing  to  me.  Oh,-  to  be  in  heaven,  to 
praise  and  glorify  Qod  with  his  holy  an- 
gels!" At  length,  after  the  trial  of  his  par 
tience  by  the  most  excruciating  sufierings, 
his  spirit  was  released  from  its  tabernacle 
of  day,  and  entered  those  manaionsjwhich 
the  Lord  Jesus  hath  prqwred  for  all  his 
faithful  disciples. 

The  exertions  of  Mi.  Brainerd  in  the 
christian  cause  were  of  short  continuance, 
but  they  were  intense,  and  incessant,  and 
effectual.  One  must  be  either  a  very 
good  or  a  very  bad  man,  who  can  read 
his  life  without  blushing  for  himself.  If 
ardent  piety  and  enlarged  benevolence,  if 
the  supreme  love  of  God  and  the  inextin- 
guishable desire  of  promoting  his  glory 
in  the  salvation  of  immortal  souls,  if  per- 
severing resolution  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  pressing  discouragements,  if  cheer- 
ful self  denial  and  unremitted  kbor,  if  hu- 
mility and  zeal  for  godliness,  united  with 
conspicuous  talents,  render  a  man  worthy 
of  remembrance;  the  name  of  Brainerd 
will  not  soon  be  forgotten. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  his  hborh 
at  Kaunameek,  annexed  to  Mr.  Pember- 
ton's  sermon  at  his  ordination  ;and  his 
journal,  or  an  account  of  the  rise  and 
progress  of  a  remarkable  work  of  grace 
amongst  a  number  of  Indians  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  with  some 
generfil  remarks,  1746.  This  work  which 
is  very  interesting,  and  which  dispkiys 
thepiety  and  talents  of  the  author,  was 
published  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
society  in  Scotland,  with  a  preikce  by 
them,  and  an  attestation  by  W.  Tennent 
and  Mr.  M'cKnight.  His  life,  written 
by  president  Edwards,  is  compiled-  chiefly 
firom  his  own  diary.  Annexed  to  it  are 
some  of  his  letters  and  other  writings. 
It  is  a  book,  which  is  well  calculated  to 
enkindle  a  flame  of  benevolence  and 
piety  in  the  breast. — A  new  edition  of 
his  Memoirs  was  published  in  1S32  by 
Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  including  his 
JourtM/.  Mr.  Edwards  had  omitted  the 
already  printed  journals,  which  had  bean 
{published  in  two  parts  ;   the  first,  from 


m 


BRAINERD.         ^^M^h^SHtf' 


BRANT. 


II 


Hi 


Mil 


June  19,  to  Nov  4, 1746,  entitled  Min< 
bilie  Dei  inter  Indieoe ;  the  aeoond  ftom 
Nor.  14,  1745  to  June  19,  1746,  with 
the  title.  Divine  gmee  diqilayed,  ko. 
Theee  jouruels  Mr.  Dwight  hw  ineorpo- 
reted  in  e  regular  chronological  seriea 
with  the  reet  of  the  Diary,  as  alone  given 
hy  Edwarda.— JBrmfMriT*  life',  At* 
jtmnuU  s  EAomda*  fim.  *«rm;  MidMt- 
iMi'a  hiog.  evat^.  iv.t6t— 964 ;  A$ttm- 
bly*»  miti.  hm^.  ii.  449—459 ;  Boiton  rt- 
eorder,  1894.  |>.  196. 

BR  AINERD,  John,a  missionary  ,broth- 
erof  thepreoeding,was  graduated  at  Yale 
edl.  in  1746,k  waa  a  trustee  of  Princeton 
eollege  iVom  1764  to  1730.  The  Indian 
congregation  of  hia  brother  being  remo- 
^ved  fVoni  Croeweelcaang  or  Crosweeks  to 
Cranberry,  not  fkr  distant,  he  succeeded 
hia  brother  in  the  mission  about  the  year 
1748.  His  efibrts  were  incessant  for 
their  good ;  but  he  had  to  encounter 
great  diflioultiee.  A  drunken  Indian  aold 
their  lands  ;  the  greedy  government  of 
New  Jersey  was  hostile  to  the  tribe ;  and 
Mr.  Brainen),  unable  to  support  a  whool 
master,  endeavored  himself  amidst  nu- 
merous avocations  to  teach  them  the  ele- 
ments of  learning  as  well  as  the  truths  of 
religion.  The  place  of  his  residence  in 
1754  was  Bethel;  whence  he  wrote  to 
Dr.  Wheelock:  "it  belongs  to  thousands 
to  endeavor  to  christianise  the  Indians,  aa 
well  as  to  us.  It  is  as  really  their  duty, 
and  woukibe  every  way  as  much  to  their 
advantage,  as  ours.  If  the  country  in 
general  were  but  sensible  of  their  obli- 
gation; how  would  they  exert  themselves, 
how  flreely  would  they  disburse  of  their 
substance,  and  what  pains  would  they 
take  to  accoQtplish  this  great  and  good 
work?"  About  1765  Wm.  Tennent 
iueeeeded  him.  In  176S  he  lived  at 
Great  Egg  Harbor.  In  1779  he  lived  at 
Brotherton,  N.  J.    He  died  about  1780. 

BRANT,  Joseph,  a  famous  Indian 
chief,  was  at  the  head  of  the  six  nations, 
so  called,  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
Each  of  these  was  divided  into  S  or  more 
tribes,  caiied  the  turtle  tribe,  the  wolf 
tribe,  the  b<-ar  tribe  &c.  He  w&s  a  Mo- 
hawk of  pure  Indian  blood.    Hia  father, 


Brant,  a  chief,  was  denominated  an  O- 
nondago  Indian,  and  about  the  year  1766 
had  three  sons  in  sir  Wm.  Johnson's  ar- 
my. Young  Brant  was  sent  by  sir  William 
to  Dr.Wheeloek'a  Indian  charity  school  at 
Lebanon  crank,  now  the  town  of  Colum- 
bia, Connecticut ;  and  after  he  had  been 
there  educated,  emptoyed  him  in  publie 
business.  His  Indian  name  was  Thayen* 
danega.  About  the  year  1769  Rev. 
Charles  J.  Smith,  a  misswnary  to  the 
Mohawks,  took  Brant  as  his  interpreter; 
but, the  war  obliging  him  to  return,  Brant 
remained  and  went  out  with  a  company 
against  the  Indians,  behaving  "so  much 
like  the  christian  and  the  soUier,  that  he 
gained  great  esteem."  In  1765  his  house 
WAS  an  asylum  for  the  missionaries  in  the 
wilderness  and  he  exerted  himself  for  the 
religious  instruction  of  his'poor  Indian 
brethren.  In  1775  he  visited  England  ; 
and  it  was  there  perceived,  of  course 
after  the  education  he  had  received,  that 
he  spoke  and  wrote  the  English  language 
with  tolerable  accuracy.  In  the  war, which 
commenced  in  that  year,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  British  cause.  The  barbarities, 
attending  the  memorable  destruction  of 
thebeautiihl  settlementof  Wyoming  inJu- 
ly,1778,  have  been  ascribed  to  him  by  the 
writpro  of  AmericftU  history  and  by  Camp- 
beU  i>i  lb  poem,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming  ; 
but  brout  was  not  present  in  that  mas- 
sacre: the  Indians  were  commanded  by 
col.  John  Butler,  a  tory  and  refugee, 
whoae  heart  was  more  ferocious,  than 
that  of  any  savage.  Col.  Brant,  however, 
was  the  undisputed  leader  of  the^  band, 
which  in  July  1779  destroyed  the 'settle- 
ment of  Minisink  in  Orange  county.  New 
York,  a  few  miles  from  West  Point  In 
June  he  left  Niagara  with  about  800  war- 
riors of  the  6  nations  and  a  number  of 
tories  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the 
settlements  upon  the  Delaware  river. 
On  the  90th  of  July  he  appeared  on  the 
west  of  Minisink  and  sent  down  a  party, 
which, after  destroying  the  settlement,  re- 
turned with  their  booty  to  the  main  body 
at  Grassy  swamp  brook.  The  next  day 
130  men  assembled-imder  the  command 
of  a  physician,  col.  Tueten,  and  marched 


BRATTLE. 


m 


17  niles  toward  the  enemy.  In  the  mora- 
Jng  of  July  38d  col.  Hathorn  arrived  and 
took  tifii  command,  and  in  a  abort  time  the 
battle  commenced  and  laated  the  whole 
day.  The  fire  waa  irregular,  from  behind 
trees  and  rockf,  both  by  the  Indiana  and 
Americana,  every  man  fighting  in  his  own 
way.  Brant  and  his  whole  force  were 
engaged.  About  sunset  our  troops,  hav- 
ing expended  their  ammunition,*retreated 
and  were  pursued  by  the  savages.  Dr. 
Tuaten,  in  a  nook  of  rocks,  had  dressed 
the  wounds  of  17  men,  whose  cries  for 
protection  and  mercy,  when  they  heard 
the  retreat  ordered,  were  piercing  to  the 
soul ;  but  they  all  perished,  with  Dr. 
Tusten,  under  the  Indian  tomahawk. 
On  this  day  44  Americans  fell,  some  of 
whom  were  the  pride  and  flower  of  the 
village  of  Goshen:  among  them  were 
Jones,  Little,  Duncan,  Wiuier,  Vail, 
Townsend,  and  Knapp.  Maj.  Foppino, 
who  escaped,  lived  to  nearly  100  years, 
and  was  present  with  an  a88em)>lage  of  10 
or  1S,000  people,  when  their  bones  were 
buried  July  33, 1 833.  After  the  peace  of 
178S  Brant  visited  England,  and  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  upper  Canada. 
In  1785  he  in  self  defence  killed  one  of  his 
soils,  who  in  a  fit  of  dnmkenness  had  at- 
tempted his  life:  in  consequence  of  this 
act  Jie  resigned  his  commission  of  captain 
in  the  British  service,  and  surrendered 
himself  to  justice ;  but  lord  Dorchester, 
the  governor,  wouU  not  accept  his  resig- 
nation. He  sent  his  two  sons,  Joseph 
and  Jacob,  in  1801  to  the  care  of  presi- 
dent Wheelock  of  Dartmouth  college,  to 
be  educated  in  Moor's  school.  He  died 
at  his  seatjin  upper  Canada,  at  the  head 
of  lake  OnUrio,  Nov.  S4,  1807,  aged  66. 
His  daughter  married  Wm.  J.  Kerr,  Esq. 
of  Niagaia  in  1834. 

His  son,  John,  an  Indian  chief,  was  in 
England  in  1633,  and  placed  before  the 
poet,  Campbell,  documents  to  prove  that 
his  father  was  not  present  at  the  massa- 
cre of  Wyoming,  and  that  he  was  in  fact 
a  man  of  humanity.  After  reading  them 
Campbell  published  a  letter,  in  which  he 
recanted  tiie  charges  of  ferocity  .advanced 
io  his  Gertrude ;  but  he  assigns  rather  an 


inadequate  reason  for  this  change  in  thfo 
estimate  of  his  character,  namely,  thft 
Brant  enjoyed  the  frienddupof  some  higb> 
minded  British  officers,  which  would  not 
have  been  theiiase,  had  he  been  ferocious, 
and  destitute  of  amiable  qualities..  lo 
the  war  of  the  revohrtion  he  was  doubtless 
the  leader  of  savages,  #ho  took  delight  in 
scalps:  he  was  undeniably  in  command, 
when  thewounided  of  Minisink  were  butch* 
ered ;  yet  the  slaughter  may  have  occur- 
red entirely  without  hia  orders.  Probsf 
bly  his  subsequent  intercourse  with  civili- 
zed men  and  reading  the  New  Testament 
may  have  softened  his  character.  I  am 
able  to  state,  upon  the  authority  of  his 
son  Josepl^,  that  as  he  Uy  in  his  bed  and 
looked  at  the  sword,  hanging  up  in  hp 
bed  room, with  which  he  had  killed  his  son, 
he  was  accustomed  to  cry  in  the  sorrow 
of  his  heart.  He  once  proposed  to  write 
a  history  of  the  6  nations.  He  publisfied 
the  Book  of  common  prayer  and  the  goa- 
pel  of  Mark,  in  the  Mohawk  apd  English 
languages,  8vo.  Load.  1787.— The  gospel 
according  to  St.  John,  in  Mohawk,  enti- 
tled None  Karighwiyoston  tsinihcmghho- 
ten  ne  Saint  John,  which  is  ascribed  to 
him  in  the  Cambridge  catalogue,  waa  the 
work  of  the  chief^  John  Norton:  it  is 
without  date,  but  was  printed  at  Xiondon 
in  1807  or  1808  by  the  British  and  foreign 
bible  society,  in  an  edition  of  3,000  ct^ies. 
—Hobnes.n.  S93,  S03;  Mat.  hiat.  col. 
X.  154;  Phil.  tram.  nol.  76.  SSI j  PoMop- 
li$t,  III.  S3S,  334;  Weld's  trou.  ii.  S97 ; 
Wheeloek't  narriOive  i  E.  Jhgut,  Jlfsy 
7, 1833. 

BRATTLE,  Thomas  a  respectable 
merchant  of  Boston,  was  born  Sept.  6 
1757,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1676  and  was  afterwards  treas- 
urer of  that  institution.  He  was  a  princi- 
pal founder  of  the  church  in  Brattle 
street,  of  which  Dr.  Cohnan  was  the 
first  minister.  His  death  occurred  May 
1 8, 1 7 1 S,  in  the  fifty  sixth  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  the  brother  in  kwof  Mr.  Pem- 
berton.  Several  of  his  communicatwns 
on  astronomical  subjects  were  published 
in  the  philosophical  transactiona.  He 
wrote  an    excellent    letter,  giving  an 


liH 


^JA«',^ -*■•?•- 


BRATTLE. 


v>-^. 


'aaeoailtof^dwitehenft  delusion  in  1693, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  hist,  collections. 
—HohAe$,  1.511;  Colnum't  life.  «3 ; 
CoUeet.  hitt.  $oe.  v.  (11—79. 

BRATTLE,  William,-  miniiiter  of 
Cambridge,  Massa.  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  bom  in  Boston  about  the 
year  1673,  and  %**b  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1680.  He  was  after- 
wards for  several  years  a  tutor  and  a 
fellow  of  that  seminary.  He  exerted  him- 
self to  form  his  pupils  to  virtue  and  the 
fear  of  God,  punishing  vice  with  the  au- 
thority of  a  master,  and  cherishing  every 
virtuous  disposition  with  parental  good- 
ness. When  the  small  pox  prevailed  in 
the  college,  he  was  not  driven  away  in 
terror ;  but  with  benevolent  courage  re- 
mained at  his  post,&  visited  thesick,both 
that  he  might  administer  to  them  relief, 
and  might  impress  upon  them  those 
truths,  which  wero  necessary  to  their 
salvation.  As  he  had  never  experienced 
the  disease,  he  now  took  it  in  the  natu- 
ral way;  for  the  practice  of  inoculation 
had  not  been  introduced  into  America, 
Bnt  the  course  of  the  disorder  was  mild 
and  he  was  soon  restored  to  his  usual 
health.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Cambridge,  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Gookin,  Nov.  35,  1696,  and  after  a  use- 
ful ministry  of  30  jrears  died  Feb.  15, 
1717,  aged  34.  Farmer,  with  all  his 
accuracy,  erroneously  says  March  for 
Fd).  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Apple- 
ton.  His  funeral  was  attended  F«}>r}«iry 
90, «  day  memorable  for  the  great  snow, 
which  then  commenced,  and  which  di;- 
tained  for  several  days  at  Cambridge  «he 
mapstrates  and  ministers,  who  were  as- 
sembled on  the  occasion.  The  snow 
was  six  feet  deep  in  some  parts  of  the 
streets  of  Boston. 

Mr.  Brattle  was  a  very  religious,  good 
man,  an  able  divine,  and  an  excellent 
scholar.  Such  was  his  reputation  for 
science,  that  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  rojral  society.  He  was  polite  and 
affiible,  compassionate  and  charitable. 
Having  a  large  estate,  he  distributed  of 
his  abundance  with  a  Uber'jl  hand  ;  but 
hitt  charities  were  secret  and  tilent.    His 


pacific  spirit  and  his  moderation  were  so 
conspicuous,  as  to  secure  to  him  the  res- 
pect of  all  denominations.  So  remark- 
able was  his  patience  under  injuries,  and 
such  a  use  did  he  make  of  the  troubles  of 
life,  that  he  was  heard  to  observe,  that 
he  knew  not  how  he  could  have  spared 
any  of  his  trials.  Uniting  courage  with 
his  humility,  he  was  neither  bribed  by 
the  favor,  nor  overawed  by  the  displeas- 
ure of  any  man.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  abilities,  and  at  once  a  phi- 
losopher and  a  divine.  But  he  placed 
neither  learning  nor  religion  in  unprofita- 
ble speculations,  but  in  such  solid  and 
substantial  truth,  as  improves  the  mind 
and  is  beneficial  to  the  world.  The 
promotion  of  religion,  learning,  virtue, 
and  pea^e  was  the  great  object,  in  which 
he  was  constantly  employed.  As  he 
possessed  penetration  and  a  sound  judg- 
ment, his  counsel  was  often  sought  and 
highly  respected.  Such  was  his  regard 
to  the  interests  of  literature,  that  he  be- 
queathed to  Harvard  xillege  250  p&unds, 
besides  a  much  greater  sum  in  other 
charitable  and  pious  legacies.  With  regard 
to  his  manner  of  preacliing.  Dr.  Colman 
comparing  him  and  Mr.  Pemberton,  who 
died  about  the  same  time,  cbaervcs; 
"they  performed  the  public  exercises  in 
the  house  of  God  with  a  great  deal  of 
solemnity,  though  in  a  manner  somewhat 
different ;  for  Mr.  Brattle  was  all  calm, 
and  soft,  and  melting ,  hut  Mr.  Pember- 
ton was  all  flame,  zeal,  and  earnestness." 
The  death  of  this  good  roan,  after '  a 
languishing  disease,  was  peaceful  and 
serene. 

Hepublisheda  system  of 'ogic,  entitled, 
"compendium  logicee  secundum  principia 
D.  Renati  Cartesii  picrumque  eiforma- 
tum  et  catechistico  propositnm.V  It 
was  held  in  high  estimation,  and  long 
recited  at  Harvard  college.  Au  edition 
of  it  was  published  in  the  year  1758. — 
Holmet^hist.  Cambridge ;  Col.  hi$t.  $oe. 
viu  S3,  65—59  ;  X.  168  ;  Holnui,  ii,  94  ; 
Bo$t9ttnewi  let.  Ab.671;  Farmer*$  teg. 

BRATTLE,  William,  a  man  of  ex- 
traordinary talents  and  character,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  at  Uar 


BRAXTON. 


BREABLET. 


157 


# 


vard  college  in  1732.  He  was  •  repre- 
sentatira  of  Cambridge  in  the  general 
court,8i  was  long  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil. He  studied  theology  and  preached 
with  acceptance.  His  eminence  as  a 
lawyer  drew  around  him  an  abundance  of 
clients.  As  a  physician  his  practice  was 
extensive  and  celebrated.  He  was  also  a 
military  man,  and  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment of  major  general  of  the  militia. 
While  he  secured  the  favor  of  the  gover- 
nor of  the  8tate,he  also  ingratiated  himself 
with  the  people.  In  his  conduct  there 
were  many  eccentricities.  -  He  was  at-' 
tar.hed  to  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  American  revo- 
lution an  unhappy  sympathy  in  the  plans 
of  general  Gage  induced  him  to  retire  in- 
to Boston,  from  which  place  he  accompa- 
nied the  troops  to  Hali&x,  where  he  died 
in  Oct.  1776.  His  first  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  gov.  Sattonstall;  his  second 
was  the  widow  of  James  Allen,  &  daugh- 
ter of  col.  Fitch.  His  8on,ThoiDa8  Brat 
tie,  of  Cambridge,  died  Feb.  7,  1801.— 
Cotteet.  hist,  toe,  vii.  58  ;  viii.  83. 

BRAXTON,  Carter,  a  member  of 
congress  in  1776,  was  the  son  of  George 
Braxton,  a  rich  planter  of  Newington, 
King  and  Queen's  county,  Virginia,  bom 
Sept.  10,  1796.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Rob.  Carter  of  the  council 
After  being  educated  at  William  and  Ma 
ry  college,  he  married  and  settled  down 
as  an  independent  planter.  On  the  death 
of  his  wife  he  visited  England,&  returned 
in  1760.  By  his  second  wife,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  Corbin  of  Lanneville,  he 
had  16 children:  she  died  in  1S14,  and 
all  the  childrenbutrnQ  were  dead  before 
1839.  In  1765  h.  became  a  member  of 
the  house  of  burgesses,  and  was  distin- 
guished for  his  patriotic  zeal.  In  Nov. 
1775  he  was  elected  the  successor  of  Pey- 
ton Randolph  in  congress,  but  <'..;n  tinned 
a  member  of  that  body  only  till  the  sign- 
ing of  the  declaration  of  independence. 
During  tb»  remainder  of  his  life  he  was 
often  a  member  of  the  legislature  &  coun- 
cil of  Virginia.  He  died  of  the  palsy  Oct 
10,  1797.  His  talents  were  respectable  ; 
iiis  oratory  easy  ;  his  manners  peculiarly 


agreeable^  Hi*  kst  days  w«re  imUttend 
by  unfortunate  commercial  speeulations, 
It  vexatious  lawsuits:  some  of  hisftiends, 
his  sureties,  sufiered  with  him.  Though 
in  early  life  a  gentleman  of  large  fortune, 
he  found  himself  in  bis  old  age,  by  his 
own  impriidence,  involved  in  inextricabki 
embarrassments.  Happy  are  they,  who 
are  wisely  content  wiUi  their  lot  and  who 
use  liberally  their  wealthy  not  for  dis- 
play, but  for  the  purposes  of  a  noble  char- 
ity.— Ooodrieh'a  Hve$. 

BRAY,  Thomas,  d.d.,  ecclesiastical 
commissary  for  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
was  sent  out  by  the  bishop  of  London  in 
16ft9,  and  was  indefatigable  in  his  efforts 
to  promote  religion  in  the  colonies  and  a- 
mong  the  Indians  and  negroes.  Libraries 
were  instituted  by  him  both  for  mission- 
aries and  for  parishes.  He  crossed  the 
Atlantic  several  times  b  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  these  labors.  Soliciting 
the  charities  of  others,  he  also  in  his  dis- 
interested zeal  contributed  the  whole  of 
his  small  fortune  to  the  support  of  his 
plans.  Through  bis  exertions  parish 
libifaries  were  established  in  England,  and 
various  benevolent  societies  in  London 
were  instituted,  particulary  the  society 
for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  for- 
eign parts.  He  died  Feb.  15, 1730,  aged 
73,  leaving  one  daughter.  He  published 
a  memorial  on  the  state  of  religion  in 
North  America  with  proposals  for  the 
propagation  of  religion  in  the  several  pro- 
vinces ;  circular  letters  to  the  clergy  of 
Maryland ;  cursus  catecheticus  America- 
nus,  1700  ;  apostolic  charity  ;  bibliotheca 
parochialis;  ('.'■• 'owne  on  the  baptismal 
covenant 

BREARLEY,  David,  chief  justice  of 
New  Jersey,  was  born  in  that  state  in 
1763,  and  received  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
at  Princeton  in  1781.  He  aiii:ained  to 
great  eminence  at  the  bar.  As  a  member 
of  the  vu^ention  in  1787  he  a^-i;  .1  in 
forming  the  constitution  of  tht.  'J  jted 
States.  Soon  after  he  received  tta  ap- 
pointment of  judge,  he  died  at  hia  seat 
near  Trenton,  Aug.  23, 1790,  at  the  early 
age  of  36  years.  He  was  appointed  by 
Washington  in  1789  district  judge  for 


'^f»  i''>--  ■'*/''■  ^ 


SBWJF. 


Nmt  Jeney  tad  wm  MosMded  hy  Rob- 
ert Morru.— Om.  Jot^ph  Bnitrley  died  at 
MorriitowB  in  180t,  «ged  98.  Whether 
he  waa  the  flither  of  the  judge  ia  not  a*> 
eertaiiied,Bor  whether  the  jitdge  waa  ad»> 
aeeadr;it  of  Roger  BiHriy,  who  publish- 
ed Handle  of  aoi/l-convincing  trutha, 
Edinb.  WO. 

BREBEUF,  Jean  de,  d  Jeatiit  mia- 
aionary  amo:'<v  the  Indiana  in  Canada,  a?-' 
rived  at  Quebec  in  16S6.  Accord'ag  to 
Charlevoix,  he  twice,  vrhea  among  the 
Hurona,  in  a  time  of  JroMght,  oi>t&ri- 
ed  rain  in  anawer  to  hia  pm/ers.  Mew 
ever,  taken  priaoner  by  tao  Iroquois  ia 
1649,  he  waa  onielly  put  to  death  by 
them,  with  hia  aasociate,  fr>t';er  Lalle- 
raast.  Amidnl  -.tteir  barbarities  the  aava- 
T^as,  imA  t'i  hinx.,  ''You  have  assured  ua, 
iha;  iA6  more  'jne  suflRsrs  on  earth  the 
gMs  V  (  wi'ii  e  his  h«pt;';,«i8  in  heaven; 
out  ot'  k'md'.. .  irs  to  yoii  we  therefore  tor^ 
■tvxQ  yo».."  Al  'imrr^  Charlovoix  reports, 
that  ihey  cm'u  bo.  rtrebeufwas  56  yaara 
«^f  ftgn.  He  VAn  the  vnole  of  tite  poet  of 
Nonnandy,  George  de  B. — ^He  traaahlted 
iniit  Hu'/ou  an  abridgment  of  the  Chris- 
tian doctTine  by  Ledeama.  Tiiia  ia  an- 
nexed to  ChamplaLn'a  relation  du  voyage, 
!l«8S.~C'A«ri«.  I.  894. 

BRECK,  nobert,  a  minister  of  Marl- 
borough, Mass.,  waa  bom  in  Dorcheater 
in  168S,  the  eon  of  captam  John  Breck,  a 
very  ingenious  and  worthy  man,  and 
grandson  of  Edward  Breck,  a  settler  of 
Dorchester  in  1636.  AAer  his  father's 
-death  he  waa  sent  to  Hat'vard  college, 
where  he  graduated  in  1700.  He  waa 
ordained  Oct.  35,  1704,  aa  succesaor  of 
Mr.  Brimsmead,  and  after  a  ministry  of 
t6yean  he  died  Jan.  6,  ITSl.ai^'ed  48. 
Hissueessors  were  Kent,  Smith,  and 
J^ckard.  He  left  a  wife  and  four  chil- 
dren. A  daughter  married  Rev.  Mr. 
Parttman  of  Westborough.  He  was  a 
man  of  vigorous  talents,  of  quiclc  percep* 
tion,  and  tenacious  memory,  of  soUd 
judgment,  and  extenaive  leamiag.  So 
groat  waa  his  skill  in  the  Hebrew,  that 
he  read  the  bibb  out  of  it  to  his  family. 
Hewna  also  -'ell  versed  in  philosophy, 
mathematier.)    -  Equities,  and  history;  and 


.'..rttBRECK. 

bis  extensive  knowledge  he  was  alwaya 
ready  to  communicate  for  theinatnietioo 
of  others.  As  a  pastor  he  waa  prudent 
and  fiUthful:  he  waa  an  orthodoa,  cloae, 
methodical  prr^^ic^? v.  He  v7»s  a  atrong 
diqratant ;  a  Hor»nuoia  aaae/ter  of  the 
privileges  of  tiie  tmtf^eo,  ami  an  >^p(y 
nent  of  episcop?.!  ('".hns.  United  vinh. 
his  piety,  he  |v\«0<«Md  a  singular  Ci^»ft  V" 
and  '>".milutio;v  Fefcjv  'ja  tn  .lemiii!* ;'" 
prea  Jkcd  somd  time  on  Loiig  Isl&jd  {^:.k- 
ing  tim  <idminia^,  .-tion  of  gov.  Combuiy, 
when,itlio'  <*  yonxig  m9.n,he  boklly  aaaerted 
(he  priaeiplea  of  the  nonconibruiats,  not- 
withstanding the  thuwteninfr -^  r*her  .' '. 
treat-'  '<nt,  v'.Aclx  he  expe)fioir«^i  ia 
lempcr  h«  Vvits  grave  an.*!  meditati  rt',yet  at 
times  i'-hef )  fui,  and  m  cou  *?tion  enter* 
tainiEg.  A  perf&.;f.  stran^^r  to  >iiyvt- 
tousness,  he  trm  evtT  hospitable  and 
charitable.  In  severe  pain  he  was  re- 
signed ;  and  his  end  was  peace.  So 
great'was  the  esteem,  in  which  he  waa 
faeUI,  that  in  hia  sidcness  a  day  of  fasting 
was  kspt  for  him  Oct.  16,  17S0,  when 
several  miiaisters  were  present ;  and  on 
his  death  f^ermona  were  preached  by 
Swift  of  Franiingham,  Prehtice  of  Lan- 
caster, and  Loring  of  Sudbory.  He  pub- 
lished an  election  sermon,  1788 ;  the 
danger  of  falling  away  afler  a  profbasion ; 
a  sacramental  sermon,  1788.— Be«f.  ie. 
nevsB  letter,  Jan.  31;  Week.  joum.  Jem. 
18;  Loring't  aerm. 

BRECK,  Robert,  minister  of  Springs 
field,  MaoB.  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
andTwas  gr&duated  at  Iforvard  college  in 
1780.  lie  was  ordained  Jan.  37, 17S6. 
His  settlement  occasioned  an  unhaiq;)y 
controversy.  It  was  alleged  against  him, 
that  he  did  not  deem  a  knowledge  of  Je- 
sus Christ  necessary  to  the  nnlvr  aon  of 
the  heathen,  and  that  he  treated  lightly 
of  the  atonement.  A  narrative  relating 
to  his  ordination  was  published ;  followed 
by  "an  answer  to  the  Hampshire  narra- 
tive ;"  and  ti-tr  by  "u  letter"  to  the  author 
of  the  BBT'Tif'T:,  in  1787.  Afler  a 
miuistry  '-■'  i'  years  he  died  April  98, 
l?e4,  age;^  'lis  superior  intellectual 

por't><^  v..  ';  ;ntarged  by  an  extensive 
aequ;  vy-nr   .  with  men  and  books.     He 


ej:.!!  I 


#«' 


BRECKENRIDOE. 


BRENTOir. 


W 


MctntoiMd  hiinwirtosolow  munerof 
thinking  and  icMoniag.  By  diligent 
•pplieation  he  Mqnirad  «  rich  fiind  of  the 
moat  umAiI  linowledge.  bis  disposition 
WM  remerksbly  eheerAil  and  pleasant, 
and  his  conversation  was  entertahiing  and 
instrviotive,  sometimes  enlivened  by  hn* 
mor,  but  alwaya  consistent  with  the  sobri- 
ety of  the  ehristian  and  the  dignity  of  the 
minister.  Hewa8easyofaeeess,hospitable, 
eompassionate,  It  benevolent.  His  sense 
of  htmian  wnkness  and  depravity  led 
him  to  admire  the  gracious  provision  of 
the  gospel,  and  he  delighted  to  dwell  upon 
it  in  his  public  discourses.  His  religious 
sentiments  he  formed  on  a  caidVil  exam- 
ination of  the  scriptures.  Steady  to  his 
own  principles,  he  was  yet  candid  towards 
those,  who  differed  ftom  him.  In  his 
last  illness  bespoke  in  the  humblest  terms 
of  himself,  but  professed  an  entire  reliance 
on  divine  mercy  through  the  Mediator, 
and  he  resigned  himself  to  death  with  thfc 
dignity  of  a  christian.  He  published  a 
century  sermon,  preached  at  Springfield 
Oct.  16,1775,  one  hundred  years  from  the 
burning  of  the  town,  by  the  Indians ;  also 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev.  Dr.  Ste- 
phen Williams,  ll8il.—Lathrop*»fiineral 
Mrmofi* 

BRECKENRIDOE,  John,  attorney 
general  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Lex- 
ington, Kentucky,  Dec.  14, 1806.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  in  the 
place  of  Humphrey  Marshall,  and  took 
his  seat  in  1  dOl .  In  Jan.  1 803  he  submit- 
ted in  the  senate  a  resolution  to  repeal  an 
act  rT  the  preceding  session  respecting 
the  judiciary  establishment  of  the  United 
States,  by  which  sixteen  new  circuit 
judges  had  been  created.  It  was  this  res- 
olution, which  called  forth  the  most  as- 
tonishing powers  of  argument  and  elo- 
quence. In  180S  Mr.  Breckenridge  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  supporting  reaolu- 
f;-  ns  its  Tftittion  u  Spanish  afiairs  of  a 
.'.I  V:ir  cor:.j[>'t^:;iou,  than  those  advocated 
<iy  Mr.  Ross.  >  ;rr  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Lincoln  of  Mob^  he  was  arrnii;.*'^ 
attorney  general  in  his  place. 

BREED,  Allen,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Lynn,  Mass.,  was  bom  in  England  in 


1601  and  arrived  in  this  conntiy  in  1680^ 
probably  in  the  Arabelh  at  Salem 
June  IS.  Ha  was  a  farmer  and  lived  ill 
the  western  part  of  summer  street,  Lynn, 
possessing  300  acres  of  land.  The  village, 
in  which  he  resided,  derived  flrom  him  the 
name  of  "Breed's  End."  He  is  one  of  the 
grantees,  named  in  1640  in  the  Indian 
deed  of  South  Hampton,  Long  laknd, 
which  waa  settled  fVom  Lynn  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Fitch  and  others.  He  died  March 
17, 1693,  aged  91.  The  name  of  hie 
wife  was  Elizabeth ;  and  his  children 
were  Allen,  Timothy,  Joseph,  and  John. 
Of  these  Allen  was  living  in  1693,  when 
it  was  voted  by  the  town,  that  Allen 
Breed,  tem'or,  "should  sit  in  the  pulpit," 
with  7  others  ;  Joseph  was  then  a  select 
man;  and  John  died  1678.  The  descend- 
ants  in  Lynn  and  other  towns  in  Massa- 
chusetts are  numerous ;  from  one  of  them 
was  derived  the  name  of  Breed's  hill  in 
Charlestown,  celebrated  fbr  the  battle  of 
1775,  called  by  mistake  the  battle  of  Bun- 
ker's hill,  for  the  battle  was  fought  on 
Breed's  not  Bunker's  hill.  One  of  his 
descendants  at  Lynn  was  col.  Fred.  B., 
an  officer  of  the  revolution,  who  died  July 
1830,  aged  68.  Among  the  descendants 
in  Connecticut  were  Gershom  Breed,  an 
eminent  merchant  of  Norwich,  and  his 
sons,  John  M.  Breed,  mayor  of  the  city, 
a  graduate  of  Yale,  1768,  Shubael  Breed, 
a  graduate  of  1778,  and  Simeon  Breed,  a 
graduate  of  1781.— Some  of  the  descend- 
ants are  in  Pennsylvania.  At  New-Hope 
in  Bucks  county  there  died  in  1839  a  pious 
youth,  aged  11  year8,bearing  the  name  of 
the  ancestor  of  all,  AUen-fireed.  He  had 
been  for  years  a  Sabbath  school  scholar, 
and  received  also  from  his  parents  reli- 
gious instruction.  July  6  he  trod  upon  a 
nail,  in  consequence  of  which  he  expired 
on  the  15th.  He  said  to  his  mother,  his 
father  being  deceased,  "I  love  you,  I  love 
William,  I  love  all ;  but  I  love  Jesus 
Christ  better."-"!  don't  wish  to  get  well ; 
I  had  rather  go  to  Christ."  And  thus  he 
departed  in  christian  pef«ce. — LeveU'  hUt. 
Lynn,  35;  Farmer'*  reg.i  Dteight't 
trav.  III.  Si  9. 

BRENTON,  William,  governor  of 


Il» 


IRKSSANI. 


i  i 


si 


Rhode  laknd,  wm  a  repretentativ*  of 
Boaton  for  aeveral  yobC  llrcm  1685.  Of 
Rhode  labnd  he  waa  p^'r^iUent  between 
1660  and  1661  and  governor  under  the 
charter  fVom  1666  to  1669 ;  in  both  which 
oflleea  he  aucceeded  Arnold  and  waa  auc- 
oeeded  by  him.  He  died  in  Newport, 
1674.  Several  of  hia  deacendanta  held 
important  officea  in  the  colony:  they  ad- 
hered to  the  royal  government  at  the  rev- 
olution. A  late  admiral  in  the  British 
navy  was  m  native  of  Newport.— Far- 
mer** reg. 

BRESSANI,  Francisco  Giuseppe,  a 
jeauit  misaionary,  was  a  Roman  by  biith. 
He  toiled  with  much  zeal  in  his  mission 
among  the  Hurona  in  Canada,  until  it 
was  broken  up.  Having  been  taken  cap- 
tive and  tortured,  he  bore  in  his  mutilated 
hands  for  the  rest  of  his  life  the  proofs  of 
his  sufferings.  He  died  in  Italy.  In 
1658  there  was  publiahed  an  acount  of 
hia  mission  in  Italian,  entitled,  Breve  re- 
latk>ne  d*«ileune  missioni  &c. — Charle- 
voia, 

BREWSTER,  William,  one  of  the 
fint  settlers  of  Plymouth  colony,  and  a 
ruling  elder  of  the  church,  was  born  in 
England  in  the  year  1560,  and  '.vas  edu- 
cated at  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
where  his  mind  was  impressed  with  reli- 
gious truth,  and  he  was  renewed  by  the 
Spirit  of  Ood.  After  completing  his 
education  he  entered  into  the  service  of 
William  Davison,  ambassador  of  queen 
Elizabeth  in  Holland.  This  gentleman, 
who  was  friendly  to  religion,  possessed 
the  highest  regard  for  Mr.  Brewster, 
and  reposed  in  him  the  utmost  confidence. 
He  esteemed  him  as  a  son.  Mr.  Brews- 
ter in  return  proved  himself  not  unworthy 
of  the  friendship,  which  he  had  experien- 
ced i  for  when  Davison,  who  had  been 
appointed  secretary  of  state,  incurred  the 
affected  displeasure  of  the  queen  fnr 
drawing,  in  compliance  with  her  otdeis, 
the  warrant  for  the  execution  of  Mary, 
he  did  not  forsake  his  patron.  He  remai- 
ned with  him,  and  gave  him  >7hat  assis- 
tance it  was  in  his  power  to  afford,  under 
the  troubles,  with  which  it  was  the  policy 
of  Elizabeth  to  overwhehn  the  innocent 


BREWSTER. 

secretary  in  the  year  1587.  When  he 
could  no  longer  serve  him,  he  retired  to 
the  north  of  England  among  his  oU 
fViends. 

His  attention  was  now  chiefly  occupied 
by  the  interests  of  religion.  His  life  waa 
exemplary,  and  it  seemed  to  be  hia  great 
object  to  promote  the  highest  good  of 
thoae  around  him.  He  endeavored  to 
excite  their  zeal  for  holineas,  and  to  en- 
courage them  in  the  practice  of  the  chris- 
tian virtues.  Aa  he  possessed  considera- 
ble property,  he  readily  and  abundantly 
contributed  towards  the  support  of  the 
gospel.  He  exerted  himself  to  procure 
faithful  preachers  for  the  parishes  in  the 
neighborhood.  By  degrees  he  became 
disgusted  with  the  impositions  of  the 
prelatical  party,  and  their  severity  towards 
men  of  a  moderate  and  ijeaceable  dispo- 
sition. As  he  discovered  mu'rh  corrup- 
tion in  the  constitution,  forms,  ceremo- 
nies, and  discipline  of  the  established 
church,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  withdraw 
from  its  communion,  and  to  establish 
with  others  a  separate  society.  This 
new  church,  under  the  pastoral  care  of 
the  aged  Mr.  Cliflon  and  Mr.  Robinson, 
met  on  the  Lord's  days  at  Mr.  Brewster's 
house,  where  they  were  entertained  at  his 
expense,  as  long  aa  they  could  aae'nnble 
without  interruption.  When  at  length 
the  resentment  of  the  hierarchy  obliged 
them  to  seek  refuge  in  a  foreign  country, 
he  was  the  most  forward  to  assist  in  the 
removal.  He  wd  leized  with  Mr.  Brad- 
ford in  the  attempt  to  go  over  to  Holland 
in  1607,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Boston, 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  the  greatest 
sufferer  of  the  company,  because  he  had 
the  most  property.  Having  with  much 
difficulty  and.expense  obtained  his  liberty, 
he  first  assisted  the  poor  of  the  society  in 
their  embarkation,  and  then  followed  therd 
to  Holland. 

He  had  a  large  family  and  numerous 
dependents  ;  and  his  estate  was  exhaust- 
ed. As  his  education  had  not  fitted  him 
for  mechanical  or  mercantile  employments 
he  was  now  pressed  with  hardships.  In 
this  exigenr^'  he  found  a  resource  in  his 
learning  and  abiliti'      He  opened  a  school 


•^fffwft**? 


BREWSTER. 


fff*r 


161- 


at  Leyden  for  iiMtraeting  the  youth  of 
tiwetty  fcoftha  vnhvnHy  in  the  EngHah 
tongM ;  and  Mng  (hniliar  with  the  Lat- 
in, with  whieh  they  were  alw  acquainted, 
he  ftNuii  no  hnpedtanent  (Vom  the  want  t^ 
a  hmfiMife  eommoa  to  both.  By  meana 
oTa  grammir,  whioh  he  fbrmed  hhnaelf, 
he  aoon  aaaiatod  thnmtoa  correct  know- 
ledfeof  the  BnglMi.  By  the  help  of 
eoawflfiendi  he  aJao  aet  tip  a  printing 
preaa,  and  pnbMahed  aereral  booka  a|*ain8t 
the  Meftrehy,  which  conM  not  obtain  a 
Ueaaae  for  piibHcatkMifai  England. 

Bveh  waa  hit  repatatfcm  in  the  church 
at  Leyden,  that  he  waa  ehoaen  a  ruling 
elder,  and  he  aeooapanied  the  memberB 
of  it,  who  CUM  to  New  England  in  'iSSO. 
He  anflbred  with  them  all  the  har^shipa, 
attending  their  aettlement  in  the  wiMer- 
neas.    He  partook  with  them  of  labor, 
hunger,  and  watching ;  and  his  bible  and 
hiaawofd  were  equally  finniliar  to  him. 
As  the  church  at  Plymouth  was  for  several 
years  deatitnte  of  a  minister,  Mr.  Brewa- 
ter,who  was  venerable  for  his  character 
and   years,    frequently   OiReiated  as   a 
preacher,  tiiough  he  could  never  be  per* 
suaded  to  administer  the   sacraments. 
According  to  tlw  principlea  of  the  church, 
the  mKnf  elder,  in  the  absence  of  the 
teadiing  eUer  or  pastor,  was  permitted 
to   dispense    the  word.      No    rvgukr 
minisler  waa  procured  beibre  the  year 
16M,  when  Ralph  Smith  was  settled 
Previously  to  this  period,  the  principal 
care  of  the  ehurch  rested   upon   Mr. 
Bvewater,  who  preaelied   twice  every 
Lord's  day;  and  afterwards  he  occasional- 
ly sizereiBed  for  the  good  of  the  church 
his  talents  hi  teaching.     He  died  in  the 
peace  and  hope  of  the  christian  April  16, 
1644,aged83.  His  children  were  Patience, 
Fear,  Love,  (a  aon),  Wrestling,  Jona- 
tham,  Lueretia,  William.  Mary.— Jona- 
than removed  to  New  Lrkodon,  thence  to 
Norwich, Con.,  and  died   1659.     Love 
v:^  an  inhabitant  of  Duxbury. 

Through  his  whole  life  iie  was  ramarka- 
bly  temperate.  He  drank  f^^^hing  but 
watt  til  within  the  hst  l>ve  or  six 
y*  xj^nring  the  fkmine,t/Sieh  was 

expat  «iwcili-  the  colony  ,he  WHS  resigned 
31 


and  eheerfUI.  When  nothing  bit  Oyitars  W 
ebuns  were  set  on  his  taUe.he  Would  glrtt' 
thankf,  that  his  flunity  were  pennitted«*to 
sttckoftheabundanee  of  the  seat,  It  of  the 
treasures  hid  in  the  Mnd.*'  He  wai  aoeial 
k  pleasant  in  eonveraation,  Of  a  hwiAto  It 
modest  spirit ;  yet,wbeli  occasion  1Mi«Ar- 
ed,  courageous  in  adminiateifng  Mproof, 
though  with  such  tenderness,  aa  nsnailijr' 
to  give  no  oilbnee.  He  waa  4ii^nsJ)ie«oae 
for  his  compassion  towards  the  distress- 
ed ;  and  if  they  were  suftringfor  eon- 
science  sake,  he  judged  them,  of  ell  othetra, 
most  deserving  of  pity  and  rdief.  H<l 
had  a  peculiar  abhorreoee  of  pride.  In 
the  govnmment  of  the  elhirch  he  waa' 
earefol  to  preserve  order  and  the  purity  of 
doctrine  and  communion,  and  to  iiqiprsaa 
contention.  He  waseminM  ftv  |l>ty: 
In  his  public  prayers  he  waa  AiH  and  coM* 
prehensive,  making  conftssionofsin  with 
deep  humility,  and  supplietiting  Witb 
fervor  the  divine  mercy  through  the 
merits  of  Jesus  Christ.  Yet  be  avoided 
a  tedious  prolixity,  lest  he  shouki  damp 
the  sfririt  of  devotion.  In  bfs  dis- 
conraes  H  was  clear  and  di' linguisliing, 
fia  well  as  pathetic ;  and  It  p.  ■  '^d  Ood  to 
j:  yd  hfan  uncommon  success,  feo  that  t** 
ny  were  converted  by  his  ministry.  j^»  *"' 
death  he  !oft  wliu*^  \«us  called  hn  ex  tlU  ut 
Mhrary.  It  was  valued  at  4S  pounda  ht 
silver,  and  a  eatakigue  of  the  books  is  ptfMft 
ervedtntheootonyreoOfds.  * 

The  church  at  Plymoath,  of  which 
Mr.  Brrwster  was  mliog  elder,  was 
peculiar  tor  the  liberty  of  **propheaying" 
or  preachingi  which  was  uhmed  even 
to  «c  :;t  privato  members,  as  were  "gift- 
ed." When  governor  Winthrq?  vtait- 
ed  Plymouth  in  llJJf,  in  t'."  •'f^rrnnmH 
exercise  of  tbe  Lord's  if:\  •■•■  .  ^rtion, 
according  to  custom,  wu?  propounded, 
upon  wIu<Sh  a  number  of  iiie  congrega- 
tion expreaaed  their  opini<NM,  Vnd  the 
governor  of  MassachuMtta,  being  re- 
quested, "spoke  to  it"  with  the  rest. 
"The  preachments  of  the  gifted  breth- 
ren," says  Dr.  Mather,  "produced  those 
diacouragrmcBta  to  the  minkiters,  that 
ahnoat  aU  ieft  the  eok>ny,  apprehending 
themselves  driven  away  by  the  neglect 


m 


BREWSTER. 


mnvmn 


BRIQHAM. 


P 

III 


■ad  Mntenpt,  with  whieh  the  people  on 
thiaooewionurettedtheoi."  Thiaehuroh 
admitted  none  to  ite  eommunion  without 
either  •  written  or  oral  deekntion  of 
their  ftith  and  reh'gioun  experience. 
The  eeripvi  -  .  .f  •  ♦.  reed  in  public 
norwaj    la;  i,,  (''•ru eingingf,  till  in 

eomp  .<.\-)a  to  »  brother,  who  could  not 
read,  ohh  of  the  elders  or  deacons  was 
pennit;«dto  read  it  line  by  line,  aAer 
it  had  been  previously  expounded  by 
the  minister.  No  children  were  baptized , 
unless  one  of  the  parento  war  in  <*•  ' 
commanioni  and  baptised  h' L<. »  were 
eonsiderod  as  subjects  of  ecclesiaatical 
dJseipline.  While  in  Holland  thr  Lord's 
supper  was  administered  every  sabbath ; 
but  it  was  omitted  in  America  till  a 
minister  was  obtained,  and  thjsn  it  was 
sdministered  only  once  in  a  month.—- 
Belkm^'t  Jlmer.  biog.  ii.  263—256; 
CoUeet.  hut.  toe.  iv.  108,  1  IS— 117; 
Jtfortofi,  15S;  Neat>$  N.  E.  i.  231; 
Savage't  mnthn^,  i.  01 ;  Magnolia,  i. 
1 ' ;  iVtnc«,  89. 

BREWSTER,  Nathaniel,  minister  of 
Biocddwven,  Long  Island,wa8  a  graduate 
of  the  first  class  of  Harvard  college  in 
1 64S.  At  first  he  was  settled  in  the  min- 
Htry  at  Norfolk,  England:  on  his  return 
to  America  he  was  settled  at  Brookhaven 
in  1666,  and  died  in  1600,  leaving  sons, 
John,  Timothy,  and  Daniel,  whose  de- 
scendants of  respectable  standing  remain 
on  Long  Island. — Farmer  »  regitter. 

BRICKETT,  John,  published  a  work, 
entitled,  natural  history  of  North  Caroli- 
na, with  c-u*,  Dubliii,  1737. 

BRIDGE,  Thomas,  minister  of  the 
first  church  in  Boston,  was  born  at  Hack- 
ney, England,  &  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard eoUego  in  1675;  After  visiting 
Europe  as  a  merchant,  he  became  a  min- 
ister. He  first  preached  at  Jamaica;  then 
at  New  Providence  and  Bermuda,  and  at 
West  Jersey.  Hewascr  Miedat  Bos- 
ton as  colleague  with  H)  Vads'  orth 
May  10,  1705.  He  died  yuatteniy  '  an 
apoplexy  Sept.  -iS,  17l5,<.ged  58  years. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  christian  virtues. 
While  he  was  uprigiit  in  his  dealings,  he 
was  also  meek  and  mild ;  his  heart  was 


kind ;  and  he  was  hvmble  k  devout.  He 
was  habitually  sertoos.  Though  his  taK- 
ents  were  not  eonspieaous,  yet  his 
thoughts  were  always  expressed  in  suit- 
able and  manly  language.  In  prayer  he 
was  eminent.  His  intimate  aequainlanee 
with  the  scriptures  and  the  devotwnal 
frame  of  his  mind  rendered  his  supplica- 
tions tj  the  throne  of  grace  very  interes- 
ting. While  he  was  himself  exeeedinfly 
desirous  of  doing  good,  flree'flrom  every 
particle  of  envy,  he  sincerely  rejoiced  in 
the  useAilness  and  respectability  of  otlwrs. 
He  \.  mot  desirous  of  honor,  &  so  hum- 
ble was  the  opinion, which  he  had  formed 
of  himself,  that  the  expression  of  his  hu* 
mility  sometimes  put  to  the  blush  those, 
who  were  younger  and  more  desirous  of 
distinction.  He  was  diligent  in  study, 
but  his  bible  was  his  library.  To  this 
book  he  devoted  his  attentkm,  and  he 
became  well  acquainted  with  its  important 
truths.  Such  was  his  moderatkin,  so 
greatly  was  he  desirous  of  peace,  that  it 
was  thought  he  was  sometimes  silent 
when  he  ought  to  have  spoken,  and  that 
he  yielded  too  much  to  others.  He  pub- 
lished the  follow'*ig  termons  ;  at  the  ar- 
tillery election,  1705 ;  on  the  choice  of  the 
town  officers,  1710;  on  faith,  17 IS. — 
Colman't  fvn.  term.;  Hitt.  eol.  in.  357. 

BRIDGE,  Josiah,  second  minister  of 
East  Sudbury,  Massa.,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1758,  and  ordained 
Nov.  4,1761  the  successor  of  Wm.  Cook, 
who  died  Nov.  13,  1760,  aged  6S,  in  the 
S7thyear  of  his  ministry.  Mr.  Bridge 
died  June  3C,  1801,  aged  61,  in  the  40th 
year  of  his  ministry,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Joel  Fo8ter,who  died  in  181 3.  Before 
the  division  of  the  church  the  ministers  of 
Sudbury  were  E.  Brown,  Sherman,  and 
i.  Loring.  He  was  l  popular  preacher, 
with  a  clear,  loud  voice.  His  convention 
sermon  in  1793  and  Dudleian  lecture  in 
1797  were  not  printed.  He  published  the 
election  8ermon,l789. — Col,  hitt.  toe.  t.t. 
IV.  61;  PaUadium,  June  26tA. 

BRIGHAM,  Paul,  Kent,  gov,  of  Ver- 
mont, died  at  Norwich,  June  16,  1824, 
aged  79.  For  4  years  he  was  a  captain 
in  the  war  of  independence  ;  5  years  high 


im(.  toe.  «.<• 


BBIMSMEAD 

■heriffof  Windior  county ;  5  year*  chief 
judge  of  the  county  court ;  and  23  yean 
lieut.  governor.  Hia  various  dutiea  he 
discharged  to  the  acCepUnce  of  hia  fellow 
eitizena,  tilt  the  Infirmitiea  of  age  admo- 
niHliod  him  to  retire  flrom  the  public  aer- 
vice.— famwr'*  eoL  iii.  op.  64. 

BRIGHT,  Fmncia,  first  minister  in 
Charlestown,  Maas.  was  a  pupil  of  the 
famous  Mr.  Davenport.  He  arrived  at 
Naumkeag,  or  Salem,  in  June  1629,  in 
company  with  Mr.  Skelton  and  Mr.  Hig- 
ginson.  Disagreeing  in  judgment  with 
his  two  brethren,  he  removed  to  Charles- 
town.  Alter  tarrying  here  a  little  more 
than  a  year  and  finding,  that  the  people 
were  disposed  to  carry  the  reformation  to 
a  greater  length,  than  he  thought  was  ne- 
cessary, he  returned  to  England  in  1690. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wilson — 
JVorte  and  Parith't  N.  E.,14;  Morton, 
83;  Prince,  184,188. 

BRIM  SMEAD,  William,  first  minis- 
ter of  Marlborough,  Mass.,  was  a  native 
of  Dorchester  and  probably  the  son  of 
John  Brinumead,  who  lived  in  Dorches- 
ter in  1638,  and  who  had  a  son,  John, 
born  1640.  The  name  is  the  same  as 
Brinsmead,  as  it  was  written  in  1763  in 
the  last  will  of  John  Brinsmead  of 
Milford,  one  of  whose  daughters  married 
Dr.  Wheelock ;  and  the  same  as  Brina- 
made,  as  it  was  written  by  Daniel  Natha- 
niel B.  of  Woodbury  in  1777  and  as  it  is 
'  ritten  at  the  present  day.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard  college,  but  never  recei- 
ved a  degree.  He  with  others  of  his  class, 
being  displeased  with  a  vote  of  the  corpo- 
ration, requiring  the  students  to  reside 
four  years  at  Cambridge  instead  of  three, 
left  the  institution  in  1647.  He  was 
employed  as  a  preacher  at  Plymouth  in 
1666.  At  Marlborough  he  preached  as 
early  as  Sept.  1660,  though  he  was  not 
ordained  till  Oct  3,  1666.  As  he  was 
preaching,  Sunday,  March  30, 1676,  the 
assembly  was  dispersed  by  an  outcry  of 
"Indians  at  the  door."  All  reached  the 
fort  safely,  except  one  man,  who  was 
wounded.  The  meeting  house  and  many 
dwelling  houses  were  burnt.  He  died 
July  3i  1701,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 


BROCK. 


IM 


Breck.  He  was  never  married.  H«  it 
represented  aa  i*  well  accomplished  sarvaat 
of  Christ.  He  published  the  eiaotion  sar> 
mon,  1681.— Among  the  papers,  made 
use  of  by  Prince  in  compiling  his  anaala, 
was  a  journal  in  latin  kept  by  Mr.  B.  IVom 
1665  to  1695  inclustvely.—Cof.  Awl.  «m. 
V.  47,  133;  ix.  179;  x.  89. 

BROCK,  John,  minister  of  Reading, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  England  in 
1630,  and  was  distinguished  for  early 
piety.  He  came  to  this  country  about  the 
year  1687.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1646,  and,  after  residing 
there  two  years  longer,engaged  in  preach- 
ing the  gospel,  first  at  Rowley  and  then 
at  the  isle  of  ShoalM.  He  continued  at 
this  last  place  till  1663,  when  he  removed 
to  Reading  ,as  successor  of  Samuel  Hough, 
being  ordained  Nov.  13,  1663.  Here  he 
ministered  in  holy  things  till  his  death  June 
18,  1688,  aged  67.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Pierpont.  His  wife  was  the 
widow  of  Mr  Hough. 

Mr.  Brock  was  an  eminent  christian, 
and  a  laborious,  faithful  minister,  preach- 
ing not  only  on  the  sabbath,  but  frequent- 
ly on  other  days.  He  established  lectures 
lor  young  persons,  and  for  the  membera 
of  the  church.  He  often  made  pastoral 
visits,  and  they  were  rendered  very  useful 
by  his  happy  talents  in  conversation.  He 
was  so  remarkable  for  holiness  k,  devotim, 
that  it  was  said  of  him  by  the  celebrated 
Mitchell,"he  dwells  as  near  heaven,as  any 
man  upon  earth."  He  was  full  of  fiuth 
and  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Several  remar- 
kable stories  are  related  of  the  efiicacy  of 
his  prayers,  in  which  heftequently  had  a 
particular  faith,  or  an  assurance  of  being 
heard.  Wlien  }.e  Yiv&l  at  the  isle  of 
Shoals,  he  persuaded  Ihe  people  to  enter 
into  an  agreement  to  impend  one  day  in 
every  month,  besides  the  sabbaths,  in  re- 
ligious worship.  On  one  of  theae  daya 
the  fishermen,  who  composed  his  society, 
desired  him  to  put  ofi*  the  meeting,  aa  the 
roughness  of  the  weather  had  for  a  num- 
ber of  days  prevented  them  from  attend- 
ing to  their  usual  employment.  ■  He  en- 
deavored in  vain  to  convince  them  of  the 
impropriety  of  their  request.      As  moat 


HI  BROCK. 

oTthem  mra  dttermiMtl  to  teita  tha  op- 
portuaity  for  iMkiog  up  their  luiit 
time,  Md  w«r*  nor*  intemtad  in 
thmr  worldly  than  in  their  ipiritiMl  oonr 
eeriMt  he  eddreiead  them  thiw ;  "  if  you 
M«  reeolved  to  neglect  your  duty  to  God, 
end  will  go  ewey,  I  ny  unto  you,  oeteh 
fiah  if  you  ean  ;  but  m  for  you,  who  will 
tarry  and  worship  the  Lord  Jeeue  Chriet, 
I  will  pray  unto  him  for  you,  that  you 
may  eateh  flali  until  you  are  weary." 
Of  thirty  five  men  only  five  remained 
with  the  miniater.  The  80,  who  went 
ftom  the  meeting,  with  all  their  skill 
caught  through  the  whole  day  but  four 
fiahea;  while  the  five,  who  attended  di- 
vine service,  fafterwarda  went  out  and 
caught  500.  From  tliia  time  the  fisher- 
men readily  attended  all  the  meetings, 
which  Mr.  Brock  appointed.  A  poor 
man,  who  had  been  very  useful  with  his 
boat  in  carrying  persons,  who  attended 
public  worship,  over  a  river,  lost  his  boat 
in  a  storm,  and  lamented  his  loss  to  his 
minister.  Mr.  Brock  said  to  him,  "go 
home,  honeat  man,  I  will  mention  the 
matter  to  the  Lord  ;  you  will  have  your 
boat  again  tomorrow."  The  next  day, 
in  answer  to  earnest  prayer,  the  poor  man 
recovered  his  boat,  which  wu  brought 
up  ftom  the  bottom  by  the  anchor  of  a 
vessel,  cast  upon  it  without  design.  A 
number  of  such  remarkable  corresponden- 
ces between  the  evento  of  providence  and 
the  prayers  of  Mr.  Brock  caused  Mr. 
John  Allen  of  Dedham  to  say  of  him,  "I 
scarce  c/er  knew  any  man  so  familiar 
with  great  God,  as  his  dear  servant 
Brock."— JICslAer's  magnaUo,  tv.  141- 
143;  CoU.  hi$t.  toe.  vii.  951-354;  Stone'$ 
fun,  term,  on  Prentitt;  Fitek't  term,  at 
the  ordinaHoH  tf  Tueke. 

BROCK,  Isaac,  maj.  general  in  the 
British  army,  captured  gen.  Hull  and  his 
whole  army  at  Detroit  Aug.  16,  1813. 
He  afterwarda  proceeded  to  the  Niagara 
frontier,  and  was  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Queenatown,  Oct.  ISth.  He  was  rallying 
his  troops,  which  had  been  put  to  flight 
by  a  desperate  charge  ef  «ol.  Chrystie, 
when  he  was  pierced  by  three  balls.  He 
was  a  brave  and  generous  oflieer.     Du- 


BROVyjUKLn. 

ring  his  funeral  the  ;;ina  uf  the  Amerieaa 
fort  were  fired  aa  a  token  of  respeet.<-> 
Braekemridge't  hitt.  war.  79.  \ 

BROECK,  Abraham  Ten,  a  patrktl 
of  the  revolution,  waathe  ptesidsnt  oftha 
conventk>n  of  the  state  of  New  York  in 
1778  and  signed  their  ektquent  address, 
dated  at  Fish-Kill  Dec.  81,  which  was 
written  by  John  Jsy.  In  Oct.  1781  he 
was  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albaiiy  and 
communicated  to  gen.  Heath  a  toM  oT 
thankafor  the  protection  he  had  afibr- 
ded  the  city.  He  died  at  Albany  Jan. 
1810,  aged  78 — John  Ten  Broeok,  who 
died  at  Albany  in  Dec.  1888,  aged  84, 
was  also  a  patriot  of  the  revolution  and 
heU  various  public  oflices,  while  he  adorn- 
ed in  private  life  his  Christian  profession. 
Jimer.  rememh.  1777,  p.  58;  H«a<A, 
890. 

BROMFIELD,  Edward,  an  eminent 
merchant  in  Boaton,  waa  born  in  Novem- 
ber 1605.  His  flither,  Edward,  waa  a 
member  of  the  council ;  his  mother  waa 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Dan- 
forthof  Roxbury.  By  means  of  her  in- 
structions and  the  inatructions  of  his 
grandmother,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Wilson 
of  Boston,  his  mind  in  early  life  was  deep< 
ly  impressed  by  religraus  truth.  His 
whole  life  was  conscientious,  uprigfat,and 
holy.  He  sustained  several  important 
trusts,  and  with  incorruptible  integrity 
sought  the  public  good.  He  was  a  rep- 
resentative of  his  native  town  in  the  gen- 
eral court  from  the  year  1789  to  1748  ;  k 
he  would  have  beien  continued,  aa  col- 
league with  his  brother  in  law,  Thomas 
Cushing,  but  he  preferred  the  humbler 
station  ofoverseer  of  the  poor,  in  which 
oflice  he  remained  twenty  one  years  suc- 
cessively. He  died  April  10, 1766,  aged 
60.  His  daughter,  Sarah,  married  Jere- 
miah Powell,  a  member  of  the  council. 
His  son,  eoL  Henry  Bromfield,  a  mer- 
chant in  Boston,  passed  his  but  days  at 
Harvard,  where  he  died  Feb.  9,  1890, 
aged  93:  his  daughter  married  Daniel  D. 
Rogers  of  Boston.  Mr.  Bromfield  was 
eminent  for  his  christian  virtues.  In  his 
intercourse  with  others  he  was  open, 
friendly,  pleasant,  and  remarkable    for 


BROMFIELD. 


•Aottaa 


BROOKS. 


Hft 


candor.  AtUehed  to  Um  ancient  prinei- 
piea  of  New  England,  hi  loved  the  moat 
Maloua  and  awakening  miniatera ;  he 
worahipped  the  Moat  High  in  hia  ftmily; 
he  partook  of  the  aupper  of  hia  Lord  and 
Maater  with  the  humhieat  reverence  and 
the  noat  ardent  gratitude  and  k>ve.  In 
hia  kat  afekneaa  aodeep  waa  the  aenae  of 
hia  unworthineaa  and  guilt,  that  he  en- 
joyed little  eompoaure  till  juat  before  hia 
death,  when  hia  apprehenaiona  were  in  a 
great  meaaure  removed.  In  hia  moat  de- 
sponding momenta  he  ever  juatifled  the 
waya  of  Qod.—Priiue'$  /W  ««nii.;  0o^ 
fen  gax.,  Jifr.  19,  1756. 

BROMFIELD,  Edward,  a  young 
man  of  uncommon  geniua,  the  aon  of  the 
preceding,  waa  bom  in  Boaton  in 
1 7M.  He  waa  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1743.  He  lived  but  a  short  time 
to  display  his  virtues  and  hia  talenta,  for 
he  died. Aug.  18, 1746,  aged  twenty  three 
years.  From  his  childhood  he  waa  very 
amiable  and  modest.  As  he  grew  up,  the 
powers  of  his  mind  were  unfolded,  and  he 
discovered  remarkable  ingenuity  and  pene- 
tration, which  were  strengthened  and  in- 
creased as  he  became  acquainted  with 
mathematical  science.  His  fgenius  first 
appeared  in  the  use  of  the  pen,  by  which 
with  admirable  ezactneas  he  aketched  the 
objecta  of  nature.  He  made  himself  so 
ftmiliar  with  Weaton'a  short  hand,  that 
he  was  able  to  take  down  every  word  of 
the  profeasor's-iectures  at  the  college,  and 
the  sermons,  which  were  delivered  from 
the  pulpit.  He  was  skilful  in  projecting 
maps.  As  he  was  well  skilled  in  music, 
he  for  exercise  and  recreation  made  with 
his  own  hands  an  excellent  organ,  with 
two  rows  of  keys  and  several  hundred 
pipes.  The  workmanship  exceeded  any 
thing  of  the  kind,  which  had  been  impor- 
ted fVom  England.  He  took  peculiar 
pleasure  in  pursuits,  which  related  to  nat- 
ural philosophy,  for  he  wished  to  behold 
the  wisdom  of  God  in  his  works.  He 
made  great  improvement  in  the  micro- 
scopes, which  were  then  used,  most  accu- 
rately grinding  the  finest  glasses,  and  mul- 
tiplying the  powers  of  optical  instruments. 
He  met  with  no  mechanism,  which  he 


did  not  readily  improve.  But  theae  were 
only  the  amuaementa  of  Mr.  BromfleU. 
He  waa  engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  higher 
and  more  intereating  objeeta,  than  thoat, 
whieh  had  reftrenee  only  to  the  earth  and 
eottU  occupy  the  mind  but  a  fow  days. 
Though  from  ehiklhood  he  poaaeaaed  the 
virtues,  which  endeared  him  to  hia 
acquaintance ,  yet  it  waa  not  before  he 
reached  the  age  of  17,  that  he  waa  eon- 
verted  by  the  influence  of  the  divine 
Spirit  flrcm  hia  natural  state  of  aelfiahneaa 
and  iniquity  to  the  supreme  k>ve  of  his 
Maker.  From  this  perk>d  the  truths  of 
revelation  claimed  his  intense  study,  and 
it  waa  hia  constant  aim  to  conform  hia  life 
to  the  requisitions  of  the  gospel.  Noth- 
ing interested  him  so  much,  aa  the  char- 
acter of  Jesus  Christ  and  the  wondera  of 
redemption,  whieh  he  hoped  would  exeite 
his  admiration  in  the  Aiture  worhl,*and 
constitute  his  everhwting  blessedness. 
He  left  behind  him  a  number  of  manu- 
scripts, which  contained  his  pious  medita- 
tions, and  marked  his  progress  towarda 
perfection.  Though  his  body  was  feeble, 
his  whole  soul  was  indeiktigable.  In  hia 
eyes  there  was  an  expresaion  of  intellect, 
which  could  not  be  mistaken.  Had  hia 
life  been  spared,  his  name  might  have 
been  an  honor  to  his  country,  and  phik>- 
sophy  might  have  been  dignified  by  a 
connexion  with  genuine  religion.—— 
Prinee'iae.  ofBron\fieldi  Panopliit,u. 
19S-197. 

BROOKS,  Eleazer,  a  brigadier  ^  •  v 
eral,  was  bom  in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  I  \'€, 
and  was  a  descendant  of  capt.  Thomaa 
Brooks,  a  settler  of  Concord  in  1686, 
who  died  May  39,  1667.  Without  the 
advantages  of  education  he  acquired  a 
valuable  fund  of  knowledge.  It  was  his 
practice  in  early  life  to  read  the  most  ap- 
proved books,  and  then  to  converse  with 
the  most  intelligent  men  respecting  them. 
In  1774  he  was  chosen  a  representative 
to  the  general  court  and  continued  87 
years  in  public  life,  being  successively  a 
representative,  a  member  of  the  senate, 
and  of  the  council.  He  took  a  derided 
part  in  the  American  revolution.  At  the 
head  of  a  regiment  he  was  engaged  in  the 


160 


BROOKS. 


I 


bftUle  at  White  Plaim  in  1776,  and  distin- 
guithed  hinuelf  by  hia  cool,  determined 
bravery.  From  th^  year  1801  he  seclu- 
ded hiniMlf  in  the  tranquil  scenes  of  do- 
mestic life.  He  died  at  Lincoln,  Nov.  9, 
1806,  aged  80  years.  Gen.  Brooks  pos- 
sessed an  uncommonly  strong  and  pene- 
trating mind,  and  his  judgment  |  as  a 
statesman  was  treated  with  respect  He 
was  diligent  and  industrious,  blow  in  con- 
certing, but  expeditious  in  performing  his 
plans.  He  was  a  firm  believer  in  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity  and  in  his  advan- 
ced years  accepted  the  ofiice  of  deacon  in 
the  church  at  Lincoln.  This  ofiice  he 
ranked  above  all  others,  which  he  had  sus- 
tained in  life. — Steam'i  fun.  ter.;  Co- 
Ivmh.  cent.  Nov.  33,  1806. 

BROOKS,  John,  ll.d.  ,  governor  of 
Mass.,  was  born  at  Medford  in  1763. 
Higi  fkther  was  capt.  Caleb  B.,  a  farmer ; 
and  IJs  early  years  were  spent  in  the 
toils  >f  a  farm,with  no  advantages  of  edu- 
cati(»n,  but  those  of  a  town  school.  At 
tb9  age  of  14  by  a  written  indenture  as 
an  apprentice  for  seven  years  he.w&s 
placed  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Simon 
Tufts.  At  this  period  he  formed  a  iViend- 
ship  with  his  fellow  student,  count  Rtun- 
ford.  While  studying  medicine  he  also 
exhibited  a  fondness  for  military  exercises, 
forming  the  village  boys  into  companies 
and  training  them.  Commencing  the 
practice  of  physic  at  Reading,  he  took 
the  command  of  a  company  of  minute 
men,  for  the  drilling  of  whom  he  acq  lired 
some  skill  by  observing  the  trainings  of 
the  British  soldiers  in  Boston.  On  the 
news  of  the  expedition  to  Lexington 
April  19,1775  he  instantly  marched;  and, 
meeting  the  British  force  returning  from 
Concord,  he  ordered  his  men  to  place 
themselves  behind  the  barns  and  fences 
and  to  fire  continually  upon  the  enemy. 
He  soon  received  the  commission  of  major 
in  the  army.  He  entered  the  service  of 
his  country  with  an  excellent  character 
and  s  high  sense  of  moral  rectitude.  On 
the  evening  of  June  16th  he  assisted  iu 
throwing  up  the  fortifications  at  Breed's 
hill ;  but  next  morning  being  despatched 
by  col.  Prescott  with  a  message  to  gen. 


Ward  at  Cambridge,  and  being  obliged, 
for  the  want  of  ahorse,  to  go  on  foot,  he 
did  not  pa.  acipate  in  the  memorable  battle 
of  the  17th  June.  In  1777  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieut.  cokinel.  He  accompanied 
Arnold  in  August  1777  against  col.  St. 
Leger  on  the  Mohawk,  and  suggested  to 
Arnold  the  successful  project  of  dispersing 
the  Indians  by  sending  out  one  Cuyler  to 
spread  an  exaggerated  account  of  our  for- 
ces. In  the  battle  of  Saratoga,Oct,7,at  the 
head  of  his  regiment  he  stormed  and  car- 
ried the  intrenchments  of  the  German 
troops.  In  the  battle  of  Monmouth  he 
was  acting  adjutant  general.  When  the 
conspiracy  at  Newburgh  in  March  178S 
had  well  nigh  disgraced  the  army,  Wash- 
ington rode  up  to  Brooks  and  requested 
him  to  keep  his  officers  within  'quarters 
to  prevent  their  attending  the  insurgent 
meeting ;  the  reply  was,  "sir,  I  have  an- 
ticipated your  wishes,  and  my  orders  are 
given."  With  tears  in'  his  eyes  Wash- 
ington took  him  by  the  hand  and  said, 
"  cotonel  Brooks,  this  is  just  what  I  ex- 
pected IVomyou." 

From  the  army  Brooks  returned  to  pri- 
vate life,  free  from  the  vices  incident  to 
soldiership,  rich  in  honor,  esteem,  and  af- 
fection, but  without  prr>^:erty  and  without 
the  means  of  providing  for  his  family, ex- 
cept by  resuming  his  profession.  His  aged 
and  infirm  teacher,  Dr.  Tufts,  resigned 
his  business  into  the  hands  of  his  pupil. 
For  many  years  he  was  major  general  of 
the  militia  of  his  county,  and  he  estab- 
lished excellent  discipline,  for  which  dur- 
ing the  whole  war  he  had  been  distin- 
guished. As  a  member  of  the  convention 
he  advocated  the  adoption  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  By  Washing- 
ton he  was  appointed  marshal  of  the  dis- 
trict and  inspector  of  the  revenue ;  in  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  appointed  adjutant 
general  of  Massachusetts  by  gov.  Strong, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  chief  magistrate 
in  1916.  For  7  years  successively  he 
was  re-elected ;  and  with  great  dignity 
and  faithfulness  he  presided  over  the  af- 
fairs of  the  commonwealth.  In  1816  he 
retired  to  private  life,  being  succeeded  by 
William  Eustis.       He  died  March  1, 


BROOME. 


v»^-ift*i(^tt*f-; 


BROWN. 


167 


1835,  aged  72  yean.  Hia  wife  died  many 
yean  before.  His  only  daughter,  Lucy, 
the  wifj  of  Rev.  Oeorge  0.  Stuart  of 
Kingston,  upper  Canada,  died  Dec.  1814; 
and  his  son,  John,  a  lieutenant  in  the 
navy,of  youthful  beauty  &  generous  en- 
terprise,fell  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  Sep. 
10,1818,  on  board  Perry's  flag  ship,  Law- 
rence. One  son,  maj.  Alexander  S. 
Brooks,  of  the  army  of  the  U.  S.  survived 
him. 

Gov.  Brooks  held  a  high  rank  as  a  phy- 
sician. He  was  scientific  and  skilful. 
His  manners  were  dignified,  courteous, 
and  benign ;  and  his  kind  offices  were 
doubled  in  value  by  the  manner,  in  which 
he  performed  them.  In  the  ofiice  of 
chief  magistrate  he  ktbored  incessantly  for 
the  public  good.  His  addresses  to  the 
legislature  manifested  large  and  liberal 
views.  No  one  could  doubt  his  integrity 
and  devoted  patriotism.  He  was  the 
governor  of  the  people ;  not  of  a  party. 
In  his  native  town,  of  which  he  was  the 
pride,  the  citizens  were  accustomed  to  re- 
fer their  disputes  to  his  arbitrement,  so 
that  lawyers  could  not  thrive  in  Medford. 
In  private  life  he  was  most  amiable  and 
highly  esteemed,  the  protector  and  friend 
of  his  numerous  relatives,  and  the  delight 
of  all  his  acquaintance.  The  sweetnew 
of  his  temper  was  evinced  by  the  compo- 
sure and  complacency  of  his  countenance. 
Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  connected 
himself  with  the  church  in  Medford  un- 
der the  pastoral  care  of  Dr.  Osgood.  A 
short  time  before  he  died,  he  said,  "I  s  ;e 
nothing  terrible  in  death.  In  looking  to 
the  future  I  have  no  fears.  I  know  in 
whom  I  have  believed ;  and  I  feel  a  per- 
suasion, that  all  the  trials  appointed  me, 
past  or  present,  will  result  in  my  future 
and  eternal  happiness. — I  look  back  upon 
my  past  life  with  humility.  I  am  sensible 
of  many  imperfections,  that  cleave  to  ine. 
I  know,  that  the  present  is  neither  the 
season  nor  the  place,  in  which  to  begin 
the  preparation  for  death.  Our  whole 
life  is  given  us  for  this  great  object,  &  the 
work  of  pveparation  should  be  early  com- 
menced, and  be  never  relaxed  till  the  end 
of  our  days.— To  God  I  can  appeal,  that 


it  has  been  my  humble  endeuvor  to  serve 
him  in  sincerity ,and  wherein  I  have  failed, 
I  trust  in  his  grace  to  forgive.  I  now 
rest  my  soul  on  the  mercy  of  my  adorable 
creator,  through  the  only  mediation  of 
his  Son,  our  Lord.— Oh,  what  a  ground 
of  hope  is  therein  that  saying  of  ai'  apos- 
tle, that  Ood  is  in  Christ  recmciling 
a  guilty  world  to  himself,  not  imputing 
their  trespasses  unto  them?^In  God  I 
have  placed  my  eternal  all  ;  and  into  his 
hands  I  commit  my  spirit !" — To  the  med- 
ical society  he  bequeathed  his  library. 
— Besides  his  valuable  official  communica- 
tions as  chief  magistrate,  he  published  a 
discourse  before  the  huoiane  society,  1 795 ; 
discourse  on  pneumonia,  before  the  med- 
ical society,  1808.— TAocAer'*  nud.  biog. 
197-307;  DixweU'a  memoir}  Columb. 
Centinel,  May  18,  1835. 

BROOME,  John,  lieut.  gov.  of  New 
York,  and  president  of  the  Senate,  was 
an  eminent  merchant  and  for  many  years 
at  the  head  of  various  commercial,  char- 
itable, and  religious  institutions.  In  1777 
he  was  a  memboi'  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  New 
York.  In  1804  he  was  elected  lieut.  gov.; 
and  he  died  Aug.  8,  1810,  aged  83. 

BROWN,  Chadd,  minister  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  fled  thither  from  persecution 
in  Massachusetts  in  1636,  and  became 
in  1639  one  of  the  members  of  the  bap- 
tist church,  then  formed  by  Roger 
Williams,  when  Wm.  Wickenden  was 
appointed  first  elder.  With  him  Mr. 
Brown  was  associated  in  the  pastoral  care 
oft^e  church  in  1642.  He  died  about 
1665;  &  his  colleaguein  1669.  In  1792  the 
town  of  Providenca  voted  to  erect  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  His  descend- 
ants for  nearly  two  centuries  have  been 
among  the  most  distinguished  citizens, 
of  Rhode  Island.  His  grandson,  James 
Brown,  was  a  minister  of  the  same 
church  ;  and  four  of  the  grandsonu  of 
James  have  been  patrons  of  Brown 
university; — Nicholas;  Joseph,  ll. d. 
who  died  Dec.  1785 ;  John,  an  eminent 
merchant,  who  died  Sept.  30,  1803,  aged 
67  ;  and  Moses.  Probably  also  Elislia 
was  a  grandson,    who  was    lieutenant 


1«8 


.v;woi|?i' 


BROWN. 


\f'f.i)yjnn 


governor  and  died  in  April  1609,  aged 
85. — Col.  ki$t.  toe.  ».  t.  u.  197. 

BROWN,  Edmund,  the  firat  minister 
of  Sudbury,  Massa.,  came  from  England 
in  1687,  was  ordained,  Aug.  1640,  over 
the  18th  church  in  Massa.,  and  died  June 
33,  1677.  He  sustained  a  good  charac- 
ter and  was  a  man  of  distinction  in  his 
day.  His  successors  were  James  Sher- 
man, who  was  dismissed  in  1705 ;  Israel 
Loring,  who  died  March  0,  177S,  aged 
89;  and  Jacob  Biglow,  and  Timothy 
Hilliard. 

BROWN,  John,  minister  of  Haver- 
hill, Massa.,  was  bom  in  Brighton  and 
WHS  graduated  in  1714,  and  ordained  the 
successor  of  Joshua  Gardner  May  13, 
1719.  He  died  Dec.  3, 1743,  aged  46, 
being  greatly  esteemed  for  his  learning, 
piety,  and  prudence,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Edward  Barnard.  By  his  wife,  Jo- 
anna, daughter  of  Rev.  Roland  Cotton, 
he  had  four  sons,  educated  at  Cambridge, 
3  of  whom  were  ministers,  namely,  John 
of  Cohasset,  who  graduated  in  1741  and 
died  Sept.  31,  1791  ;  Cotton  of  Brook- 
line,  who  graduated  in  1743  and  died 
Apr.  13, 1751 ;  and  Thomas  of  Stroud- 
water,  who  graduated  in  1753  and  died 
in  1797.  Of  his  three  daughters  one 
married  John  Ghipman  of  Marblehead, 
and  another  Rev.  Edward  Brooks  of 
North  Yarmouth  and  Medford,  father  of 
Peter  C.  Brooks.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon on  the  death  of  Tho.  Symmes, 
1736.— JtfoM.  hut.  eol.  t.  t.  iv.  143. 

BROWN,  John,  col.,  a  distinguish- 
ed officer  in  the  revolutionary  war,  was 
born  in  Sandisfield,  Berkshire  county, 
Mass.,  Oct.  19, 1744.  His  parents  re- 
moved from  Woodstock,  Con.,  first  to 
Brimfield,  then  toGran/ille,and  to  Sand- 
isfield, and  last  to  Rutland,  Vermont.  AA 
ter  graduating  at  Yale  college  in  1771,  he 
studied  law  with  Oliver  Arnold  in  Provi- 
dence, and  commenced  the  practice  at 
Caghnawaga,now  Johnstown,  New  York, 
and  was  appointed  king's  attorney.  How- 
ever, in  a  short  time,  about  the  year  1773, 
he  remove<l  to  Pittsfield,  where  there  w&a 
then  but  one  lawyer,  Woodbridge  Little. 
But  these  two  men  of  the  law  had  very 


difierent  notions  of  patriotism.  Mr« 
Brown  was  resolved  to  hazard  every 
thing  in  resistance  of  oppression.  Bold 
and  prudent  and  having  a  fine  personal 
appearance,  he  was  selected  by  the  state 
committee  of  correspondence  in  1774  for 
the  hazardous  enterprise  of  going  to 
Canada  to  excite  the  people  to  revoH. 
He  went  in  the  spring  of  1774  ft  returned 
in  the  autumn,  and  went  again  in  1775. 
His  pretence  was  the  purchase  of  horses ; 
but  the  Canadians  remarked,  that  he  was 
a  singular  jockey,  for  the  horses  never 
suited  him.  Once  indeed  the  house,  in 
which  he  lodged,  was  assailed  ;  but  he 
made  his  escape.  He  was  delegate  to  the 
provincial  congress  Feb.  15,  1775. — Im- 
mediately after  the  battle  of  Lexington 
some  gentlemen  in  Connecticut  formed 
the  project  of  taking  Ticonderogaby  sur- 
prise. Capts.  Edward  Mott  and  Noah 
Phelps  of  Hartford  marched  April  39th 
privately  with  16  unarmed  men.  Arriv- 
ing at  PitUfield,  they  communicated  the 
project  to  Mr.  Brown  and  col.  James 
Easton ;  also  to  Arnold,  who  was  then 
at  Pittsfield.  These  gentlemen  instantly 
engaged  in  the  aiiair,  and  led  by  Arnold 
they  captured  the  fort  of  Ticonderoga 
May  10th.  Mr.  Brown  was  intrusted 
with  the  business  of  conveying  away  the 
prisoners,  amounting  to  100,  and  was  al- 
so sent  as  express  to  the  general  congress 
at  Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived  May 
17th.  In  July  he  and  Allen  were  des- 
patched through  the  woods  into  Canada 
to  assure  the  Canadians,  that  their  reli- 
gion and  liberties  should  not  be  impaired 
by  the  approaching  army.  On  the  34th 
of  Sept.  he  took  fort  Chamblee.  The 
next  day  Allen,who  expected  the  co-oper- 
ation of  Brown,  marched  upon  Montreal, 
but  was  attacked  by  a  superior  force  and 
was  taken  prisoner.  As  this  was  an  expe- 
dition unauthorized  by  any  higher  au- 
thority, Allen  was  treated  with  great  se- 
verity. 

While  Arnold  was  before  Quebec  maj. 
Brown  arrived  from  Sorrel  and  joined 
him :  Montgomery  had  arrived  two  days 
before.  In  the  attack  on  Qnebee,  Dee. 
blst,maj.Brown  witha  part  of  a  regiment 


BROWN. 


m 


oT  Boston  troop*  wm  directed  to  coope- 
rate by  maldng  a  false  attack  upon  the 
walla  to  the  south  of  St.  John's  gate  and 
to  set  fire  to  the  gate  with  eombuatiblea 
prepared  for  the  purpose.    He  executed 
his  part  in  the  enterprise:  col.  Livingston, 
owing  to  the  depth  of  the  snow,  failed  in 
his.    In  this  assault  Montgomery  fell. 
The  congress  Aug.  1,  1776  voted  him  a 
commission  of  lieut.  colonel,  with  rank 
end  pay  in  the  continental  army  from 
Nov.  1776.    In  Dec.  1776  he  conducted 
a  regiment  of  militia  to  fort  Independence. 
After  the  defeat  of  col.  Baum  at  Benning- 
ton, in  1777,  he  was  despatched  by  gen. 
Lincoln  from  Pawlet  to  the  north  end  of 
Lake  George  with  600  men  to  relieve  our 
prisoners.    By  marching  all   night  he 
attacked  tht<  enemy  at  break  of  day  Sept. 
17th  at  the  landing,  S  miles  from  Ticon- 
deroga ;  set  at  liberty  100  of  our  men  ; 
made.prisonei8  of  20S  ;  took  the  U.:.Jing, 
mount    Defiance,     mount    Hope,    the 
French  lines,  and  the  block  house ;  SOO 
batteaux,an  armed  skmp,  several  gun- 
boats, a  few  cannon,  and  a  vast  quantity 
of  plunder.    His  letter  to  Gates  Sept.  18 
describes   his  success,  which  tended  to 
raise  the  spirit  of  the  troops  and  to  excite 
the  militia  to  join  their  brethren.    After 
this  exploit  he  joined  the  main  army.    In 
the  next  month  Burgoyne  was  captured. 
Soon  after  this  event  col.  Brown  retired 
from  the  service  on  account  of  his  detesta- 
tion of  Arnold.    In  the  campaign  in  Can- 
ada in  1776  he  had  become  acquainted 
with  his  character  ;  and  it  is  remarkable, 
that  at  this  period,  3  years  before  the 
treason  of  Arnold,  col.  Brown  published 
a  hand  bill  of  18  or  i  4  articles  against  him 
in  the  height  of  his  fame,  charging  him 
with  levying  contributions  on  the  Cana- 
dians for  his  own  private  use  and  benefit. 
He  said,  that  Arnold  would  prove  a  trai- 
tor, for  he  had  sold  many'a  life  for  money. 
The  people  of  La  Prairie  had  submitted 
on  the  promise  of  good  quarters  ;  but 
their  village  was  plundered  and  burnt,  and 
lives  were  destroyed.    After    this    col. 
Brown  was  employed  occasionally  in  the 
Massachusetts  service.    He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  general  court  in  1778. 
22 


In  tha  fldl  of  1780  he  marohed  up  the 
Mohawk,  for  the  relief  of  gen.  Schuyleri 
but  was  led  by  a  traitor  into  an  ambuscade 
of  Canadians,  tories,  and  Indians  at  Stone 
Arabia,  in  Palatine,  and  was  siniii  on  his 
birth  day,  Oct  19, 1780,  aged  86  years. 
Forty  five  of  his  men,  many  of  whom 
marched  from  Berkshire  the  week  before, 
were  also  killed.    The  game  day  at  Fox's 
mills  gen.  Van  RennsekMr  ddfisated  the 
same  party   under    sir  John  Johnson. 
This  force  had  destroyed  Schoharie. — 
CoLBrown's  daughters  marriedWm.But- 
ler,  printer,  Northampton,  and  Dr.  Hook- 
er of  Rutland,  Vt.    His  son,  Henry  C. 
Brown,  has  been  for  yeitrs  the  aheriff  of 
Berkshire. — ^When  he  w«i'4  ia  Albany  on 
his  way  to  Stone  Arabia,  col.  Brown  had 
the  curiosity  to  call  upon  Ann  Lee,  then 
in  prison,  the  mother  of  the  Shakers;  and 
he  assured  her,  by  way  of  pleasantry, that 
on  his  return  he  should  join  her  society. 
About  a  fortnight  afler  his  death  two 
grave  looking   shakers  proceeded  fVem 
Albany  to  Pittsfield,  and  presented  them- 
selves before  the  widow  of  col.Brown,sny- 
ing,  that  they  came  iVom  mother  Ann 
with  this  message  to  her,  that  her  hus- 
band in  spirit,  since  his  death,  had  come 
and  joined  mother  Ann's  company  and 
had  given  express  orders,  that  his  widoir 
ahouM  also  join  the  society.    But  mothef 
Ann,  with  all  her  art,  did  not  in  this  case 
find  a  dupe.  Mr8.Brown,who  is  atill  living, 
thr.  wifeof  capt.  Jared  Ingersoll,  and  who 
gave  me  th.'s  ntirrative,  bid  the  stupid 
messengers  po  about  their  businesa.    Yet 
this  motherAnn  is  now  by  multitudes  re* 
gaiL  ;'^  18  a  divinely  cominissioT.ed  teach- 
er of'trne  religioi;  >  nd  the  wey  to  heaven. 
When  will  rauonal  men  cease  to  yield  up 
their  understandings  to  gr^R^  and  palpa- 
ble imposture,  like  that  of  Ann  Lee  and 
Emarmel  Swedenborg  f    It  will  never  be, 
until  they  are  willing  to  receive  the  truth 
of  God  from  his  word  and  to  obey  his  com- 
mands.—Hu^  Berkihirt,  119, 133,878; 
Amer.rtmem.  1777.  45P;   Col.  hut,  toe, 
II.  56,  117, 197  ;  *.*.  ii,24, 243;  nu  286, 
BROWN,    Joseph,  profe;isor  of  ex- 
perimental philosophy  in  the  college  of 
R.  I.  died  Dec.  3,  17S5,  ag«d   63.    He 


170 


BROWN. 


I J  'itt 


wu  diitingniihed  for  skill  in  mechanical 
BCienee ;  being  the  first  in  this  country 
toeoMtruet  and  apply  the  British  inven- 
tioo  of  the  steam  engine. 

BROWN,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  mn- 
chant  of  Rhode  Island,  died  at  Providsnce 
May39,179li,aged61.  He  was  the  grand 
son  of  James  Brown,  minister  of  the  bap- 
tist ehnreh  in  Providence;  and  James  was 
the  grandson  of  Chadd  Brown,  a  minis- 
ter of  the  same  church,  after  Roger 
Williams,  in  1642.  From  early 
yonth  his  attention  had  been  directed  to 
mercantile  parsuits,  and  by  the  divine 
blessing  upon  his  diligence  and  upright- 
ness he  acquired  a  very  ample  fortune. 
But  although  he  was  rich  he  did  not 
make  an  idol  of  his  wealth.  His  heart  was 
liberal,  and  he  listened  to  every  call  of 
humanity  or  science.  The  interesti 
of  government,  of  learning,  of  religion 
were  dear  to  him.  He  loved  his  ox>un- 
try,  and  rejoiced  in  her  freedom.  The 
public  buildings  ui  Providence,  sacred  to 
religion  and  science,  are  monuments  of 
his  libemlity.  He  was  an  early  and  con- 
stant patron  of  the  college.  In  his  reli- 
gious principles  he  was  a  baptist,  and  he 
WIS  a  k>ver  of  good  men  of  all  denomina- 
tions. He  was  not  ashamed  cf  the  gos- 
pel, nor  of  the  poorest  of  the  true  disci- 
ples of  the  Redeemer.  His  general 
knowledge  k,  the  fruitfulness  of  his  inven- 
tion furnished  him  with  an  inexhaustible 
fund  of  entertaining  conversation. — Still' 
wumf$fim.  term;  Prmidenee  gax. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  editor  of  the  Phi- 
ladelphia gazette,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
about  the  year  1744.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  177S  as  a  soldier  in  the  British  regi- 
ment ;  but  he  quitted  the  service  and  set- 
tied  in  Massachusetts.  He  engaged  in 
the  American  cause  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  and  displayed  great  courage  in 
the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's 
hili.  He  was  also  a  useful  officer  in  the 
northern  army  under  general  Gates.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  established  an  ac- 
ademy for  young  ladies  in  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  on  a  very  liberal  and  exten- 
sive plan.  He  afterwards  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  pursued  the  same 


object;  but  as  his  employment  did  not 
weli  accord  with  a  vecy  irritable  temper, 
he  relinquished  it.  He  now  established  the 
Federal  gazette^the  first  number  of  which 
wu  published  Oct.  1, 1789.  The  present 
government  of  the  United  States  had  not 
then  commenced,  and  his  paper  was  the 
channel,  through  which  bome  of  the  most 
intelligent  friends  of  the  constitution  ad- 
dressed the  public.  He  pursued  his  task 
with  indefatigable  industry  ;  but  difficul- 
ties pressed  upon  him,  and  he  seemed  to 
have  little  prospect  of  deriving  much  pe- 
cuniary advantage  from  his  paper,  befbre 
the  city  was  visited  with  the  yellow  fever 
in  1798.  As  he  remained  in  Philadelphia 
during  the  ravages  of  the  pestilence,  and 
contip'ied  his  gazette,  when  the  other 
daily  papers  were  suspended,  he  derived 
firom  this  circumstance  an  increase  of  pa^ 
ronage;  which  at  length  rewarded  his  la 
bors.  His  exertions  were  not  relaxed 
through  his  success  ;  but  changing  the 
name  of  his  paper  to  that  of  the  Philadel- 
phia gazette,  and  resolving,  that  it  should 
not  be  devoted  exclusively  to  any  politi- 
cal sect,  but  should  be  open  to  discussions 
from  every  side,hemade  it  a  correct  vehi- 
cle of  important  intelligence.  The  profits 
of  his  establishment  were  now  great,  ead 
he  was  in  the  midst  of  prosperity,  when 
it  pleased  God  to  overwhelm  him  with 
ruin.  His  house  took  fire  by  means  of 
hisoffice, which  was  one  part  of  it,Jan.27, 
1797,  and  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
rescue  his  family  from  the  flames  he  was 
so  much  burned,  that  he  survived  but  a 
few  days.  His  wife  and  three  children 
were  next  day  committed  to  a  common 
grave,  and  the  next  Saturday,  Feb.  4, 
1797,  his  spirit  foltowed  them  into  another 
world.  The  only  survivor  of  the  family 
was  a  son,  born  in  Ireland  o''  a  former 
wife,  who  became  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  gazette,aflter  the  death  of  his  father. 
— Hardie's biog.  diet.;  Monthly  mag, 
1797.  71,72. 

BROWN,  Moses,  a  brave  officer  in 
the  navy  of  the  United  States,  died  of  an 
apoplectic  fit  January],  1804,  aged  69 
years.  During  the  last  48  years  of  hi^ 
life  he  followed  the  profession  of  a  mariner. 


'■'','\/Ttrt^W'i^'y 


BROWN. 


171 


o''  a  former 


In  the  revolutionary  war  hid  reputation 
gained  him  the  command  ofaeveral  of  the 
largest  private  armed  ships  rrora  New 
England.  In  these  stations  he  was  zea- 
lous, brave,  and  successful.  He  was  enga- 
ged in  several  severe  battles  with  the  ene- 
my. When  the  small  American  navy 
wan  establishing  a  number  of  years  ai\er 
the  war,  the  merchants  of  Newburyport 
built  a  ship  by  subscription  for  the  goveni- 
menl,  and  obtained  the  command  of  her 
for  captain  Brown.  His  advanced  age 
had  not  impaired  his  skill,  ncr  deprived 
him  of  his  zeal  and  activity.  W^le  he 
commanded  the  Merrimac,  he  was  as  en- 
terprising and  successful  as  formerly. 
When  the  reduction  of  the  navy  took 
place,  he  was  dismissed  from  office  ;  but 
his  finances  did  not  allow  bim  to  retire 
from  business,  and  he  followed  till  his 
death  his  accustomed  avocation.— A'.  E. 
repertory,  Jan.  14, 1804. 

BROWN,  William  Hill,  a  poet,  died 
at  Murfreesborough,  N.  Carolina,  where 
he  was  studying  law,  Sept.  S,  179j),  aged 
27.  He  wrote  a  tragedy,  founded  on  the 
death  of  Andre,  and  a  comedy.  His 
Ira  and  Isabella  was  published  in  1807. 

BROWN,  Samuel,  M.  B.,  a  phy- 
sician in  Boston,  was  the  son  of  an  inn- 
keeper of  the  same  name,  and  was  born 
at  Woycester,  Massa.,  in  1768.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  179S ; 
obtained  the  degree  of  M.  B.  in  1797  ; 
and  died  at  Bolton  in  Jan.  1805  aged  36. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Jeffries. 
He  lost  a  brother  by  the  yellow  fever  of 
1798.  Dr.  Brown  was  very  much  re- 
spected and  promised  to  be  distinguished 
in  his  profession.  He  published  a  disser- 
tation on  bilious  malignant  fever,  1797, 
and  a  valuable  d:33crt»tion  on  yellow 
fever,  which  received  the  premium  of  the 
humane  society,  Svo.^  1309  ;  on  mercury 
in  med.  repoa.  vol.  6th. 

BROWN,  Charles  Brockdea,  a  distin- 
guished writer,  nraa  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Jan.  17, 1771.  Afkr  a  classical  educa- 
tion under  Rob.  Proud,  author  of  the 
history  of  Penn8ylvania,he  was  at  the  age 
of  18  apprenticed  to  a  lawyer,  Alex>  Wil- 
cox; but  his  time  was  chiefly  emp'03-ed, not 


in  the  study  of  tht  law,butiavario«8lite» 
rary  pursuits.Timidity  It  an  invincible  di»> 
like  to  the  legal  profenkm  prevented  bim 
from  becoming  a  member  of  the  bar.  He 
published  in  1798  his  first  novel,  Wie- 
land,  which  gained  lor  him  reputation;  fc 
in  1799  Ormond,  or  the  secret  witness, 
whksh  was  less  sncceesful.  Next  Ibliow* 
ed  Arthur  Mervyn,  m  which  the  ravages 
of  the  yellow  fever,  witnessed  by  the 
author  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York,are 
faithfully  described.  Ke  wrote  a|ao  Ed- 
gar Huntley;  and  in  1801  Clara  Howard, 
in  an  epistolary  form,  and  then  Jate  Tal- 
bot in  1804,  the  two  last  being  much  in- 
ferior to  his  preceding  productrans.  He 
conducted  two  periodksal  works ;  in  1799 
and  1800  the  monthly  magazine  and  Am. 
review,  and  in  1805  the  Utorary  mag. 
&  Am.  register.  He  also  wrote  S  political 
pamphlets.  In  1806  he  commenced  the 
semi-annual  American  register,  5  volumes 
of  which  he  lived  to  publish. 

Of  a  delicate  constitution,  his  lungs  in 
1809  gave  clear  indications,  that  he  was 
in  a  consumption.  He  travelled  in  New 
Jersey  and  New  York,but  without  bene- 
fit: hedied  Feb.  S3, 1810,  aged  39.  His 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1804,  was  the 
sister  of  John  B.Linn.  His  aon,  Eugene 
L.,  a  youth  of  great  promise,  died  of  Ika 
consumption  in  1834. 

His  novels,  which  were  admired  while 
he  lived,  fell  into  oblivion  after  his  death; 
but  after  a  few  years  they  began  to  be  read 
in  England  and  they  were  republished  in 
Boston.  They  present  in  rich  language 
varied  incidents  and  powerful  emotions, 
&  the  author  has  a  wonderful  invention  ; 
but  his  scenes  are  terrific,  and  the  horrora 
of  crime  are  oppressive  to  the  heart.  As 
his  novels  were  produced  with  great  rap- 
idity, they  are  all  deficient  in  unity  and 
apparently  unfinished.  There  is  no  mor- 
al in  tkera;  no  useful  end  was  proposed, 
Mr.  Brown  wrote  for  amusemeut,  and 
for  the  indulgence  of  hisdiseused  imagin' 
ation ;  and  his  writings,  like  much  0^ 
modern  litcraturc,are  not  tinged  with  the 
spiritofthatholyreiig!''n,  which  will  at 
a  fbture  day  pervade  the  productions  of 
all  the  learned  of  the  earlh. — He  was  ao 


ITt 


BROWN. 


admirar  of  Godwin  ;aiid  by  6ndwin,who 
Mknowtodgedi  that  he  wu  indebted  to 
him,  he  wu  regvtded  as  a  writer  of 
distinguished  genius.  His  style  is  free 
from  afiectation,8imple  and  nervous.  "For 
a  large  part  of  his  short  life  he  appears  as 
a  sad  enthusiast,  a  sceptical  inquirer,  a 
dissatisfied  obserirer,  a  whinuiieal  projec- 
tor of  better  things  for  society  than  he 
could  ever  bring  to  pass,  or  in  a  calm  mo« 
ment  wish  to  realize ;  turning  his  mind 
to  various  pursuits  with  rash  eagerness  ; 
planning  epics,  studying  [architecture, 
ibnning  literary  associations,  discussing 
legal  questions  with  his  fellow  students, 
&  abandoning  the  profession  of  his  choice 
before  he  had  felt  either  its  vexations  or 
excitements,  or  even  framed  a  tolerable 
excuse  for  his  •'Conscience,  or  an  answer  to 
the  persuasions  of  his  ftiends.  Such  was 
his  harried,  mingled,  undirected  life." 
The  latter  part  of  his  literary  career  was 
more  beneficial  to  himself  and  useful  to 
the  world.  With  a  fixed  and  important 
object  before  him  and  a  course  of  study, 
directed  in  its  subjects  and  manner  of 
prosecution  by  a  sober  judgment,  his 
days  might  have  been  prolonged  and  have 
been  passed  in  comparative  happiness. 

In  181 5  Wm.  Dunlap  published  a  short 
account  of  his  life,  with  selections  from 
his  letters,  manuscripts,  k,  printed  works. 
Besides  the  magazines,  already  mention- 
ed and  the  novels,  wliich  were  reprinted 
at  Boston,  0  vols.  1837,Mr.  Brown  trans- 
lated Volney's  travel84n  the  U.  S.  1804, 
and  wrote  a  memoir  of  J.  B.  Linn,  pre- 
fixed to  Valerian,  1806  ;  address  to  the 
government  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  cession  of 
Louisiana  to  the  French,  &c.  1303;  the 
British  treRty,1808;  address  to  congress  on 
the  nwtrietions  of  foreign  commerce  &e., 
1909,-Jf.Ji.reviev>,  Jtitiel819 ;  Ens.  Jim. 

BROWN,  Samuel  R.,  author  of  seve- 
ral books,  in  the  war  of  1813  was  a  volun- 
t<)er  i»  the  corps  of  mounted  rifle  men, 
commaisded  by  col.  R.  M.  Johnson.  He 
aflsrwards  edited  a  newspaper  at  Cayuga, 
N.Y.,caHedtbe  Patriot,which  on  account 
ofpeeuniary  embarrassment  he  relinquish- 
ed in  1815.  He  died  at  Cherry  Valley, 
Sept,  16, 1817,  aged  43.    He  published 


View'of  the  campaigns  of  the  north  ^ 
tern  army,  1814  ;  History  of  the  war  of 
1819  in  3  vols.  ;  Western  gaictteer,  of 
Emigrant's  direotory/1817. 

BROWN,  Gharlea,  M.  D.,  died  at 
Harper's  ferry  Sept.  1834,  leaving  a  large 
estate  to  the  Philadelphk  med.  iHMpital. 

BROWN,  Richard,  cotonel,  a  Chero^ 
kee  Indian,  died  in  Tennessee  Jan.  86/ 
1818,  aged  45,when  gsn.jacknonwlsapro' 
ceeding  against  the  Semiitole  Indians.  Her 
was  one  of  the  Cherokee  delcgiatioity  a^ 
pointed  to  proceed  to  Washington  in  order 
to  carry  into  efieot  the  objects  of  a  treaty, 
which  the  nation  bad  made  with  the  Uni- 
ted States.  The  American  government 
had  Tiot  in  1818  renounced  and  cast  away 
the  obligations  of  sacred  treaties  with  the 
Cherokees,  pledging  the  faith  of  the 
country  for  their  protection  wilfaiu  defiaed 
boundaries. — Col.  Brown  was  regarded 
by  his  countrymen  as  a  leader  ki  war  and 
a  wise  counsellor  in  peace.  In  every 
battl'd  during  the  Creek  war  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  Cherokees  under  general 
Jackson,  whose  personal  friendship  he  en- 
joyed. He  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
action  at  the  Horse  Shoe.  His  blood 
and  that  of  his  countrymen  was  shed  for 
ungrateful  and  faithless  whites,  determin- 
ed for  the  sake  of  their  kinds  to  drive 
them  from  their  beautiful  hills  and 
vallies  into  thewidepkiinsof  the  wilder- 
ness beyond  the  Mississippi.  Possibly  a 
returning  sense  of  right  will  yet  spare  the 
remains  of  the  red  men,  the  original  occu- 
pants of  our  country,  and  allow  them  to 
lie  down  in  the  dust  by  the  graves  of 
their  fathers.  An  old  English  charter 
will  be  found  a  poor  justification  of  injus- 
tice and  inhumanity  towards  a  weak  and 
defenceless  people. — Boit.  Patr.  Feb.  IH, 
1813. 

BROWN,  Francis,  d.d.,  president  of 
Dartmouth  CoUege,was  born  at  Chester, 
N.  H.  Jan.  11,  1784,  and  graduated  iu 
1805  at  Dartmouth  where  he  was  a  tutor 
from  1806  to  1809.  In  Jan.  1810  he  was 
ordained  the  minister  of  North Yamiouth, 
Maine,  as  the  successor  of  Tristram  Gil- 
man,  whose  daughter  he  married.  Of 
Bowdoineollege  he  was  an  overseerii  trws- 


tee.  In  181 5  h«  WM  tppointed  pNaldent 
of  Dartmouth  college.  He  died  of  the 
eoiuiumptionJuly97,18dO,aged86.  His 
predecessor  was  Dr.  Wheelock ;  his  sue* 
ceaaor  Dr.  Dana.  "His  talents  and  ioar' 
ning,  amiableneas  and  piety  eminently 
<lU2lified  him  for  the  several  stations, 
Which  he  filled,  and  rendered  him  highly 
uaeAil  and  popular.*'  He  published  eev* 
eral  sermonsi  among  which  are  thofol> 
lowing;  at  the  ordination  of  Allen  Greely, 
1310;  at  a  fast  on  account  of  the  war, 
1813 ;  on  the  evils  of  war,  1814  ;  before 
the  Maine  missionary  society,  1814. — 
Lord'i  Letnpr. 

BROWN,  Catharine,  a  Cherokee,was 
born  about  tbe  year  1800,  at  a  place,  now 
called  Wills- Valley,  in  a  beautiful  plain  of 
tall  forest  trees,  within  the  chartered  lim- 
its of  Alabama,  a  few  miles  west  of  the 
Georgia  line  and  3S  miles  south  east  of  the 
Tennessee  river.  On.  each  side  of  the 
valley  rose  the  Raccoon  and  Lookout 
mountains.  Her  parents  were  half  breeds; 
their  mothers  only  being  full  blooded 
Cherokees.  Her  father's  name  was 
Yaunugungyahski,  which  means,  "the 
drowned  by  a  bear  ;"  he  had  also  the 
name  of  John  Brown,  from  his  father. 
Her  mother's  name  was  Tsaluh;  she  was 
called  by  the  whites  Sarah ;  and  before 
she  married  Brown,  she  was  the  wife  of 
Webber,  by  whom  she  had  a  son,  a  man 
of  property,  now  called  col.  Webber. 
Catharine's  parents  were  ignorant  of  the 
English  language,  and  the  amount  of 
their  religion  was,  that  there  was  a  Crea- 
tor of  the  world,  and  also  a  future  state  of 
rewards  and  punishmentn. 

In  1801  the  Moravians  commenced  a 
mission  at  Spring-place  in  the  Cherokee 
country,  about  40  or  50  miles  east  of 
Wills-Valley  ;  aoon  afterwards  Rev.  Gid- 
eon Blackburn  made  efforts  for  several 
years  to  establish  a  school  among  the 
Cherokees.  In  1816  Rev.  Cyrua  Kings- 
bury, employed  by  the  Americpn  board 
for  foreign  missions,  appeared  at  a  Cher- 
okee council  and  obtained  permission  to 
establish  schools.  He  selected,  as  the 
pla<»  for  the  first  school,  Chickamaugah, 
now  called  Brainerd,  30  or  80  miles  north 


BROWN.        '  iH^ 

of  Spring-place,  within  the  limits  of  Ten- 
nessee. Catharine  heard  of  this  achool, 
and  though  living  at  a  distance  of  100 
miles  she  became  a  member  of  h  in  July 

1817,  being  then  17  years  of  age.  She 
had  learned  to  speak  English  by  residing 
at  the  house  of  a  Cherokee  iViend.and  conii 
read  in  words  of  one  cyllable.  Altfaoufh 
an  Indian  girl  of  comely  features  and 
blwiming,  and  although  she  had  been 
placed  amidst  many  temptatwns ;  yet  her 
moral  deportment  had  bean  always  oorreet. 
She  was  modest  and  gentle,  but  withal 
somewhat  fond  of  displaying  the  orna- 
ments of  her  dress.  In  three  months 
she  learned  to  read  and  write.  In  Dec. 
1817  she  cherished  the  hope,  that  she 
had  experienced  the  power  of  the  gospel 
in  her  heart.    She  was  baptized  Jan.  35, 

1818,  and  admitted  as  a  member  of  the 
church  March  39th.  In  June  1830  she 
undertodc  to  teach  a  school  at  Creek  path, 
near  her  ftther's.  For  sweetness  of  tem- 
per, meekness,  and  gentleness  she  was 
unsurpassed.  To  her  parents  she  was 
very  dutiful  and  affectionate.  A  weekly 
prayer  meeting  was  instituted  by  her ; 
and  she  was  zealous  to  instruct  her  igno- 
rant neighbors  in  the  great  truths  of  the 
gospel.  She  forn.\ed  the  purpose  of  per- 
fecting her  education,  that  heifnsefulness 
might  be  increased.  But  in  the  spring  of 
1833  her  health  fleclined,  she  had  a  settled 
consumptk>n,&  it  became  evident,that  her 
death  wr<*  near.  She  said, — ^"I  feel  per- 
fectly /esigned  to  the  will  of  God.  I 
knov:  he  will  do  right  with  his  children. 
I  (hank  God,  that  I  am  entirely  in  his 
hands.  I  feel  willing  to  live,  or  die, 
as  he  thinks  best.  My  only  wish  is,  that 
He  maybe  glorified."  Having  been  con- 
veyed about  60  miles  to  the  houie  of  her 
friend,  Dr.  Campbell,  she  there  died  July 
18, 1833,  aged  33.  She  was  buried  at 
Creekpath  bythe  side  of  her  bnther,John, 
who  had  diet!  the  preceding  year  in  the  tri- 
umphs of  the  same  faith.  Dr.  Campbell 
remarks^  "the  Savior  seemed  to  be  con- 
tinually the  anchor  of  her  hoj)e,  the 
source  of  her  constant  and  greatest  hap- 
piness, and  the  object  of  her  most  ardent 
love."      A  pure  flame  of  benevolence 


IT4 


BROWN. 


I  ! 


i  iv- 


t 


burned  within  h«r.     "My  heart,"  she 
Mud,  "bleed!  for  my  poor  people.;  I  am 
determined  to  pny  for  them  while  God 
lends  me  breelb."    If  it  be  aaiced, 
"Fair  tpiril,  mmad  in  fomt  wild, 
Whan  aaitflit  llqr  braait  iiM«e  HMsrad  flamail" 

The  answer  must  be ;  from  the  beams  of 
tlut  Sun  of  righteousness,  which  is  the 
light  of  tlie  world ;  iVom  that  glorious 
gospel,  which  it  is  the  duty  of  Christians 
to  communicate  to  all  the  heathen  tribes 
of  the  earth.  Her  cor  -eraion  was  the 
means  of  tho  eatablishuieut  of  a  mission 
at  Creek  path,  and  of  the  conversion  to 
the  fiiith  and  hopes  of  Christianity  of  her 
lather  and  of  most  of  her  family.  Let 
any  scoffer  at  missions  contemplate  this 
lovely  child  of  the  wilderness,  won  from 
the  gloom  of  paganism  to  the  joyous, 
lofty  hopes  of  Christianity,  and  triumph- 
ing over  the  king  of  terrors,  and  then  say, 
if  he  can,that  the  missionary  enterprise  is 
idle,  and  useless,  and  a  waste  of  money. 
An  interesting  memoir  of  Catharine 
Brown  was  compiled  by  Rufus  Anderson, 
assistant  secretary  of  the  American  boatd 
for  foreign  missions,  &  published  in  1825. 
— <Anderton'$  memoir. 

BROWN,  David,  a  Cherokee,  was  a 
brother  of  the  preceding,  who  followed 
her  to  the  school  at  Brainerd.  In  Nov. 
1819  he  assisted  John  Arch  in  preparing 
a  Cherokee  spelling  book,  which  was 
printed.  At  the  school  he  became  con- 
vinced of  his  sinfutaiess,  and  embraced 
the  salvation,  offered  in  the  gospel.  In 
1830,  on  going  home  to  visit  his  sick  fa- 
ther, he  immediately  took  his  bible  and 
began  to  read  and  interpret  it  to  his  pa- 
rents, exhorting  them  and  others  to  re- 
pent of  their  many  sins  and  to  become 
the  followers  of  Jesus  Christ.  With  his 
father's  consent  he  nuintained  th)^  wor- 
ship of  Grod  in  the  family.  This  visit  in- 
duced Mr.  Brown  &  other  chiefs  to  soli- 
cit the  establishment  of  a  mission  at 
Creek  path  town:  the  school  was  opened 
by  Rev.  Mr.Butrick  in  Mar.  1830.  May 
1 1th,  David  Brown,  soon  after  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  church,  set  out  for  N.Eng- 
land, to  attend  the  foreign  mission  school 
at  Comwali,Con.,  that  he  might  be  pre- 


pared to  preach  the  goapel.  His  visits  to 
Boston  and  other  towns  had  ■  fa- 
vorable effect  in  exciting  a  miaakmary 
seaL  After  passing  two  years  at  the 
school,  with  Elias  Boudiuot  and  0  other 
Cherokees,  he  remained  a  year  at  Aodo- 
ver,  enjoying  many  advantages  for  im- 
provement. In  the  mean  time  hia  broth- 
er, John,  had  become  a  convert  and  made 
a  profession  and  died  in  peace ;  his  pa- 
rents also  and  other  members  of  his  flkmi- 
ly  had  become  pious.  He  returned  to 
them  in  1884,  having  first  delivered  in 
many  of  the  principal  cities  and  towns  an 
address  on  the  wrongs,  claims,  and  pros- 
pects of  the  American  Indians.  His 
father  liad  removed  to  the  Arkansas,west 
of  the  Mississippi ;  and  there  oi:  his  arri- 
val at  Dwight,  July  12.  he  immediately 
engaged  in  efforts  to  en'ighten  &  convert 
his  countrymen.  ''On  the  sabbath," 
said  he,  "I  interpret  Blnglish  sermons, 
and  sometimes  preach  myself  in  the  sweet 
binguage  of  Tsallakee,"(the  Cherokee.) 
He  attended  Indian  councils  and  was  ap* 
pointed  the  secretary  of  the  Indian  gov- 
ernment. But  he  soon  revisited  his  peo- 
ple on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi.  His 
father  died  in  Arkansas  in  the  autumn  of 
1836  aged  65.  having  been  a  worthy 
member  of  the  church  about  5  yean,  and 
having  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  two  sons 
and  four  daughters  also  membeia  of  the 
church.  In  the  spring  of  1839  David 
Brown  was  taken  ill  and  bled  at  the  lungs. 
He  wrote  June  1st.,  "on  the  bed  of  sick- 
ness I  have  enjoyed  sweet  communion 
with  my  Savior."  He  died  at  Creek- 
path  Sept.  14, 1839,  at  the  house  of  Rev. 
Mr.  Potter,  giving  evidence,  that  he  died 
in  the  faith  of  the  gospel.    .  .rs,  ;><  < 

In  S'.-pt.  1835  he  wrote  a  letter,  giving 
soTTte  account  of  the  Cherokees,  from 
which  it  appears,  that  there  were  then 
about  14,000  on  the  east  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, among  whom  were  1377  African 
slaves.  The  northern  part  of  the  Chero- 
kee country  waa  mountainous;  at  the 
south  were  extensive,  fertile  plains,  wa- 
tered with  beautiful  streams.  "These 
pktins,"8aid  he,"fumish  immense  pastur- 
age, and  numberless  herds  of  cattle  are 


T  TOWN. 


1T& 


dispersed  orer  them.  Horses  are  plenty. 
Numerous  flocks  of  sheep,  goats,  and 
swine  cover  the  valleys  aud  hills.  On 
Tennessee,Ustanala,  and  C^anasagi  rivers 
CKsrelcee  commere>- ^oats.  The  climate 
is  oelieious  anJ  .^  ^>-hy;  the  B<immc>iv 
are  mild.  Thesprt;)  clothes  the  ground 
with  'ta  richest  scenery.  Cheroktw 
flowers  of  exquisite  beauty  and  variega- 
ted hues  meet  and  ikscinate  the  eye  in 
every  direction.  In  the  plains  and  val- 
leys the  soil  is  generally  rich,  producing 
Indian  com,  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat.  <rt  % 
indigo,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes.  Apple 
and  peach  orchards  are  quite  common. 
Butter  and  cheese  are  seen  on  Cherokee 
tables.  Cotton  and  woollen  :loth '  ars 
man<i  '^ctured  here.  Schools  are  incr«a»- 
i'lg  every  year ;  learning  is  encouragt . 
^.>d  rewcrded.  Our  native  language,  in 
lui  philosophy,  genius,  and  symphony,  is 
inferior  to  few,  if  any  in  the  workl.  Our 
fiystem  of  government,  founded  on  repub- 
lican principles,  by  which  justice  is  equal- 
ly distributed,  secures  the  respect  of  the 
people.  The  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  what  is  denominated  Tsalagi  Tinilawi- 
gi,  consisting  of  a  national  committee  and 
council.  Members  of  both  branches  ere 
chosen  by  and  iVom  the  people  for  a  limit- 
ed period.  The  Christian  religion  is  the 
religion  of  Uie  nation."  The  meaning  of 
the  last  assertion  is,  that  Christianity  was 
approved  and  the  propagation  of  it  en- 
couraged by  the  national  council,  al- 
though thousands  yet  remained  in  the 
darkness  of  paganism.  Such  and  still 
greater  was  the  progress  of  the  Chero- 
kees  toward  civilization,  under  the  sanc- 
tion of  saered  treaties  with  the  United 
States,  when  the  Georgians,  greedy  for 
the  Cherokee  lands  &  the  Cherokee  gold 
mines,determined  to  annoy  them  &  com- 
pel them  to  sell  their  little  remaining  nook 
of  territory  k,  abandoning  the  graves  of 
their  fathers,  to  seek  a  new  abode,  offer- 
ed them  by  the  United  States'  government 
in  the  wilderness, west  of  the  Mississippi. 
Whether  this  attempt  of  shameful  covet- 
ousnesH  and  enormous  injustice  will  be 
successful  is  yet  to  be  ascertained.  How- 
ever, one  thing  is  certain,  that  public  op- 


pression always  cries  to  heaven  (br  itei»- 
geance  upon  the  guilty  natioa.  Nor 
does  the  bolt  ever  fail  to  strike  the  guitty. 
—dnderitn*$  memoir  qf  CBromtt}  Jlfw- 
iionary  herald. 

BROWN,  Jhcob,  maj.  gen.,  waabom 
in  1775  in  Backs  <>ounty,  Pennsyhrasrfa, 
wh  ;ra  he  resided  until  SO  years  of  age. 
Afterwards  he  lived  two  years  in  Ohio, 
enga^  in  survejring  public  unds.    Set- 
tling in  the  city  of  Now  York,  he  svfer- 
intended  a  large  school  and  commenced 
study  of  the  law  ;  but  he  soon  reUn- 
qJshed  these  pursuits,  and  emigrated  to 
uncultivated  lands,  which  he  had  pur- 
chased, on  the  borders  of  lake  Ontario. 
He  built  in  the  wilderness  the  first  house 
at Brownville,  which  is  now,  inconse- 
quence of  his  adventurous  spirit,  a  flour- 
ishing, beautiful  village.    In  1813  he  waai 
called  into  service  as  a  militia  general. 
His  arrangments  were  judicious  and  he 
repulsed  an  attempt  of  Uie  enemy  against 
Ogdonsburg.    In  the  spring  of  l81S  he 
was  invited  by  col.  Backus,  then  in  com- 
mand at  Sackett's  harbor,  when  it  was 
invested  and  menaced  by  the  enemy,  to 
-iraume the  defence.      Gen.  Brown  was 
'uccesafbl,  and  soon  afterwards  received 
an  appointment  of  brigadier  general  in 
the  regular  army:  early  in  1814  he  was 
nnpointed,  with  the  rank  of  major  general, 
:    *he  command  of  the  army  of  Niagara. 
I  .'  ne  Cocr  principal  incidents  in  the  Nia- 
I  gHiu.  .'ampaign  were  the  battles  of  Chip- 
'  pewa  and  Niagara,  and  the  defence  and 
sortie  of  fort  Erie.    In  the  two  first  and 
the  last  he  commanded  in  person.    The 
anny  crossed  into  Canada  the  morning  of 
July  3d,  the  two  brigades  of  regulars  be- 
'ng  commanded  b\   generals  Scott  and 
hipley,  and  the  volunteers  by  gen.  Por- 
i^-^    Fort  Erie  was  surprised  and  taken. 
The  battle  of  Chippewa  was  fought  July 
5th,  by  Scott's  brigade,  and  the  enemy 
were  driven  to  their  intreuchments ;   the 
A  '.rican  loss  being  339;    the  British 
50U.  On  the  10th  gen.Brown  marched  to 
C^ueenstown.     Here,  at  a  conference  of 
officers,  it  wis  debated,  whether  the  army 
should  proceed  in  invest  fort  George  or 
to  attack  &en.  Riail  at  12  mile  creek,  10 


176 


mm 


BROWNE. 


.^/««?»« 


■ 


Of  It  bUm  Aom  QiMeMtowa.  Ow. 
SMit  wwib  Ave*  oTbiVMliat  tii*  knU 

Ottk  lip'  .,  .^>.;3«Mlt«nMicli  b  tbe 
»i|^  Willi  ^w  :<n|idt  and  th*  aitlHeiy  of 
T'.«ua«t«s   MtMiiBkOifttlwaoniiag, 

H»iiiiiiiiiitei<iito  iflPMi 


eailiiwMb  hte  in  (finiiw,     9ki  tiM 
ooHlMQr  opWiB  flf  (iiM«  Bnwa  wn 

tlMlMilo^lliitldarJvtytiM  umfh^ 
bafawrfcH^Qiiii,  md  w^rogiade*  to 
oyH<ii>«i*i  Mth.  TlM  lMttt»  of 
Bfi%f««iMi  or  Niacwm  wm  fbi^hi  wMi 
tlMiMillbiB«i«a«iqr  July  tKh.  It  ww 
eoMlMoM  by  BeoUHi  brigade.  Oca. 
Ripliy  advuiMd  to  Ui  tapiiOft  and  tnhr- 
inf  oattiaffnroiidiaitBBtty  miand  ool. 
MiflMTWitkAe  fM  i«|taaiit  to  cany 
theaaHBf^aMiaMylqraBatlftdiiBftoBt, 
wMto  he^Aonld  liad  tUa  otter  f<fiB«it 
upott  tfia  laBk  of  tiK  enaaiy.  IIm  bat- 
te»7«MtriHtt,aii«aaJw(d  by  Ri]^ 
■filMK  lapaalaj  attanptt  «a  reeovar  it. 
IntfMaMan  Urn*  gamnk  Brown  and 
Saotit'srswooaded;  and  late  at  nigbt, 
Bttitt n  mmvmm  aontMt  witba  mueh 
waimi'y^  hn^i,  gan.  Brown  ordered  a  ra- 
t^M,  »9«!(  g^vteap  the  command  to  Rip* 
ley,  ^%&  I'.^laroedto  fort  Kria  and  fortifi- 
ed it.  Tno  Britiah  loan  was  npwinll  of 
1000;  tlie  Ameriean  firom  fOO  to  700. 
Ifo  rMoveiad  Mfiaently  to  beineooi- 
mandaf^Wftiefrom  fort  Erie  Sept. 
iTtn,  waea  gen.  nipiey.  waa  aangeronaiy 
aroinded.  Fort  Erie  wia  avaeaated 
Narr.Sth,«adoararmy  retnmedto  tlie 
Aaiariwin  aide  of  the  river,  whence  it 
had  proeaeded  three  nontha  before,  hav- 
inffaioiinothiivbatthelKinQrof  vna- 
iiallli|  ilnitiihM, 

In  Ma  Bftid  aceeant  of  the  battle  of 
Ntagaia  fan.  BwWB  forgot  to  irive  aay 
pialae  to  gn.  B^doy  4>  slao  eenaured  him 
for  a«C  atiaddng  themt  my  tlw  nest  day, 
to  ha^done  whiah  with  a  fKiatly  inferior 
foree  after  Uie  retreat^  ordered  by  gen. 
Brown  the  preeediag  aijjht,  would  have 
hacarded  the  safety  of  the  army.  Gen. 
Rljrfey  in  coniM|«ai6edemuidMaeoBtt 


of  iaqulry,  whidi  waa  altliaf  at  t-Mf 
MaNh  II,  18I»,  whaa  fe  wai  diaMvai 
hv  aa  oidar  Aon  thadefWtBMt  af  w«V| 
whirii  aliiad  v^  f*>mamimHk» 
oftheUaitad  M^u.'tl 
eoMlact  bgr-vvi.  ^i 
aohre  and  the  Pieddaat  Maf 
aipaai  Ua&vofaUe  OjdafcMKiftbaiwIHh 
ry  duuaetar  ef  gea.  li)di(r.^-A  gUd 
nedal  waa  volad  by  wagiaaa  to  faK 
Brown}  aad  abo  to  gaaandi  lllplagr» 
MiBnr,  Portar,  8eott,  6aint««  Maeoadii 

At  tba  aloae  d*  tlw  war  he  nd  gan. 
Jaekton  were  ratainad  in  the  aarrieaaa  Qtt 
nn^  ganerala  of  tbr  army ;  aad  in  ttU 
he  waa  left  iathaaofeconnnaad.  Vnnb 
that  time  he  reaided  in  the  city  of  Wash* 
ington,  where  he  died  Feb.  t4,  IMi,  aged 
SS,  leaving  a  huro:e  fiimlly. — JraeftM- 
rt^ge''  Maf.  war ;  fleJaic*,  m.  494}  N. 
y.  AtelMffMn,  fU.  to,  1801;  B.  Fafrt- 
et, 7mm  17,  1815 }  Feet*  rebtiee  (e  <A« 
Mmp«tgn  iifth$  Nuigarn. 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  aa  epiaeopal  der- 
gyman  at  POrtamouth,  New  i&iiipahira, 
waa  a  aative  of  Drogheda  in  Ireknd,  and 
waa  the  aon  of  Rev.  John  Browne.  He 
waa  edneated  at  Trinity  eoHege  in  Ihrik- 
lin,  and  received  tba  degree  of  aaaater  of 
arte  in  1719.  BdngordatafBdhftheMah- 
op  of  London  for  a  society  in  PfovideBeei 
Rhode  laland,  he  went  to  that  pbMe,  aad 
remained  there  till  the  year  ITMti  wMa 
he  lewoved  to  Pmimouth.  He  waa  the 
irat  iaenadiant  of  tiie  eharehi  oonaeera* 
ted  in  17S4.  He  received  a  ialary  of  7N. 
aa  a  miarioaary  iVom  the  aoeiety  fbr  pro> 
pagatiag  the  gnapei  in  foreign  parte,  aad 
conlinoed  in  thia  atation  tiH  bia  death  at 
Cttnbridge  June  10, 1779,  aged  7S.  Hie 
wifo,  Mary,  waa  the  daughter  of  TiMHau 
Cox,  9.  n.  of  Drogheda.  Of  bia  cliildren, 
Maiittaduke,a  c«OTgyaiMi,died  at  Newport 
about  1771;  Jane  married  Samuel  Liver- 
more;  Ann  aiarried  Mr.  Saint  Loe,a  Brit- 
ish officer.  BUa  church  ascrfoed  to  him 
"good  conduct,  a  moat  noble  and  benavo- 
lent  diqMBition,  excellent  preaehittg,sound 
doctrines,  ai^  good  oratory.**  He  pttb> 
llriied  a  sermon  on  the  e?ccellency  of  the 
etariatian  rel^fimij  178(^}  at  the  tmee\^km 


i; 


BROWIfE. 


BJHJCfi. 


ITT 


of  Penalop«  Kenny,  1TS9  }  Qn  tho  rab«l- 


hi  thtmtatjuT,  had  rMekvd  MnM  ki> 


lion  in  Scotland,  1746 ;  to  the  free  mMoni,  ttruotion  flrom  Buttner,  Rauch,  and  oth- 
1748  i  on  the  ikit;  on  the  dootrine  of 
election,  1767  ;  remarlu  on  Mayhew'a  re- 
flections on  the  ohureh  of  England,  1768. 
—jUden^i  aeetuni  of  Porttnumth  i  CoU. 
kitt.  toe.  X.  67, 68,  70. 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  ll.  o.,  king's 
profeMor  of  Greek  in  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  and  an  eminent  political  character 
in  Ir«>land,  waa  the  aon  of  Marnutdvki 
Browne,  rector  of  Trinity  church,  New- 
port, Rhode  Isknd.  He  enjoyed  in  earlv 
life  the  advantages  of  a  school,  estabiisi 
ed  in  Newport  by  dean  Berkeley,  an< 
was  distinguished  by  his  talents,  industry, 
and  strong  desire  of  improving  his  educa- 
tion in  some  European  university.  To 
gratify  this  desire  his  father  went  to  Ire- 
land to  make  provision  for  entering  his 
son  at  Trinity  college ;  but  ailer  having 
eifected  his  object,  he  died  soon  after  his 
return,  in  consequence  of  his  sufferings 
during  a  tedious  voyage  of  three  months. 
His  son,  who  went  to  Ireland  in  1771  or 
177S,  continued  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  connected  with  Trinity  college, 
and  was  the  idol  of  the  students.  He  was 
professor  of  civil  law  in  the  university, 
and  its  representative  in  the  Irish  house 
of  commons.  He  died  in  the  year  1806. 
His  great  powers  of  mind  he  improved 
by  incessant  study  and  by  intercourse 
with  the  most  distinguished  scholars  and 
the  moat  able  and  virtuous  statesmen  of 
his  day.  He  was  always  a  champion  of 
the  people.  He  published  a  compendious 
view  of  civil  ktw,  being  the  substance  of 
a  course  of  lectures  read  in  the  university 
of  Dublin,  together  with  a  sketch  of  the 
practice  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  and 
some  useful  directions  for  the  clergy  ; 
Hussen  0'Dil,or  beauty  and  the  heart,  an 
allegorical  poem,  translated  from  the  P^r- 
sian  language ;  and  mi  cellaneous  sketch- 
es, in  2  volumes,  8vo.  This  last  work  is 
written  after  the  manner  of  Montaigne. — 
Monthly  anthol.  n.  659-668. 

BRUCE,  David,  a  Moravian  mission- 
ary, died  in  Litchfield  county.  Con.,  in 


er  missionaries  at  the  neighboring  st»* 
tun  of  Shaeomaeo  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  He  lived  in  the  house,  belonging 
to  the  brethren,  called  Onadensee,  in  the 
village  of  Wachquatnaoh,  which,  I  sup* 
poee,  was  on  the  river  Houssatonnoo  in 
Cornwall  or  Sharon.  Mr.  Sergeant,  ten 
3  beiore,  had  been  vkited  for  instruo- 
religion  by  •  company  of  Indiana 
1  same  place,  which  he  write* 

"^        ))'      utenauk,  distant  ftom  Stock- 
about  98  miles.  Bruce  also  lived 
(X  'y  amongst  the  Indians  at  Pach- 

gi  hich  perhaps  was  Pauquaun- 

U(..  ui  bi.atfield, or  with  greater  proba- 
bility a  settlement  on  the  Houssatonnoo 
in  the  interior  of  Con.,  either  at  Derby 
or  New  Milford  or  Kent.  Mr.  Brain- 
erd  in  1748  visited  some  Indians,  living 
at  Scaticoke,  5  or  6  miles  iVom  New  Mil- 
ford,  and  preached  to  them.  There  was 
still  another  village,  which  the  Moravi- 
ans visited,  called  Potatik,  probably  the 
same  as  Poodatook,  on  the  river  at  New- 
town. As  Bruce  was  dying,  he  called 
the  Indian  brethren,  and,  pressing  their 
hands  to  his  breast,  entreated  them  to 
remain  faithful  to  the  end .  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  Buninger.—Lo«Me/'«  kitt.  II.  118; 
Brainerd't  life,  66 ;  Hopkint'  Hou$$. 
Ind.  75. 

BRUCE,  Archibald,  m.o.,  a  physician 
of  New  York,  was  born  in  that  city  in 
Feb.  1777.  His  mother,  the  daughter  of 
Nicholas  Bayard,  was  the  widow  of  Jere- 
miah Van  Rennselaer.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam Bruce,  the  head  of  the  medical  de- 
partment in  the  British  army  at  New 
York  was  very  solicitious,  that  he  should 
not  become  a  physician.  After  the 
death  of  his  father  he  waa  educated 
at  Columbia  college,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1795.  The  medical  lectures  of 
Dr.  Nichoks  Romayne  gave  him  a  tast* 
for  the  study  of  physic.  He  afterwards 
became  the  pupil  of  Dr.  Hosack.  In  1798 
he  repaired  to  Europe  and  in  1800  obtai- 
ned  a  medical   degree   at   Edinburgh. 


1749.     The  Indians,  of  the  Mohegan  During  a  tour  df  two  years  in  France, 
stock,  with  whom  he  was  sent  to  reside  Switzerland,  and  Italy  he  collected  a  valu- 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  U5S0 

(716)  872-4503 


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BRUEN. 


tilt  minenlogieal  eaUiMt,— hk  tMrte  Ibr 
the  Kienee  of  mineralogy  having  been  ao> 
qnired  while  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Hoeaelt, 
who  brought  to  this  country  the  first  eal>- 
inet  of  minerab  and  in  arranging  it  cal- 
led for  the  aaaistanoe  of  hie  pupil,  Bruce. 
He  married  in  London  and  came  out  to 
New  York  in  180S.  About  the  year  1807 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  materia  me- 
dioa  and  mineralogy  in  the  college  (rf'phy- 
sieians  and  surgeons  of  New  York. 
Upon  the  re-organisation  of  the  col- 
lege in  181 1  he  was  superseded  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  others.  Intestine  feuds 
were  alleged  as  the  cause  of  the  changes 
made.  Dr.  Bruce,  in  connexion  with  his 
iHend  Romayne  and  other  gentlemen,  es- 
tablished for  a  while  a  rival  medical  facul- 
ty.—In  1810  he  commenced  the  journal 
of  American  mineraktgy ;  but  he  puoUsh-^ 
ed  only  one  volume.  His  work  was  fol- 
lowed by  Silliman's  journal.  After  re- 
peated attacks  of  severe  indisposition  he 
died  of  the  apoplexy  Feb.  33, 1818,  aged 
40  years.— TAoeAer't  med.  biog.i  SOU- 
mmi'tjoum.  i.  ii. 

BRUEN,  Matthias,  a  minister  in  New 
York,  was  a  descendant  of  an  early  settler 
of  New  England,  and  was  bom  at  New- 
ark, N.  J.  April  11,  1798.  He  dated 
his  renovation  of  mind  by  the  divine  Spirit 
at  the  age  of  18.  After  graduating  at 
Columbia  college  in  1813  he  studied  the- 
ology with  Dr.  Mason.  In  1816  he  tra- 
velled in  Europe  with  his  distinguished 
preceptor.  Aboutthebeginni-igoflSlO, 
being  invited  to  preach  in  the  American 
ehapel  of  the  oratory  at  Paria,  he  was  or- 
dained in  London,  and  then  passed  6 
months  at  Paris.  In  1833  he  was  em- 
pktyed  as  a  missionary  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  but  refused  to  receive  any  compen- 
sation. During  his  labors  he  collected 
the  Bleeeker  street  congregation.  Of 
this  people  he  became  the  stated  pastor, 
and  continued  such  till  his  death,  by  in- 
flammation of  the  bowels,  Sept.  6, 1839, 
aged  S6  yean. 

Mr.  Bruen  engaged  earnestly  in  vari- 
ous benevolent  institutions.  He  was 
agent  and  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
domestic  miwionary  socfe^ ;  and  when 


BRYAN. 

ii  was  ehaaged  into  the  Amerieaa  1iM« 
missionary  soeiety,  he  still  assisted  by  his 
counae!s<  Bible,  Sunday  school,'  tract, 
and  fbfeign  mission  societies  engaged  his 
efforts ;  and  in  the  Greek  cause  he  cheer- 
fiiUy  co-operated.  He  was  aecompHshed 
in  manners,  in  literature,  and  in  the  know- 
ledge of  numkind.  Though  he  had  high 
and  honorable  feelings,  abhorring  every 
thing  mean ;  yet  he  had  humble  views  of 
his  own  acquisitions  intellectual  k,  moral. 
All  his  distinctions  he  laid  at  his  Master's 
fedt.  In  the  last  week  of  his  life  he  sufier- 
ed  extreme  pefai.  It  was  a  sudden  sum- 
mons to  depart;  yet  was  he  calm  and 
resigned.  "I  die"  said  he  "in  peace  and 
love  with  all  men.'*  Thus,  after  embra- 
cing his  wiie  and  two  babes,  and  most 
impressively  addressing  his  relatives,  he 
fell  asleep  in  Jesus. 

"He  lay,  and  a  amile  was  on  hit  face.— 
Aflection  orer  hint  bent  to  trace 
The  token,  mercy  had  left,  to  tell,  ■■^^' 

That  with  the  apirit  all  waa  well.        >  i<  '  ? : '  i 
It  wai  the  amile,  that  mariia  the  bleat.-— 
Ittold,  that  inhopehehadaoaktoreat        i:. 
Ofa  joyfulriaing,  aflf    biaaleep, 
No  more  to  luffer,  no  more  to  weep." 

He  published  a  sermon  at  Paris  on  the 
death  of  a  lady  of  N.  York ;  and  Sketch- 
es of  Italy. — Cox'i  and  Skitmer*$  term.; 
Ifome  nu»$.  mag;  Bott.  record.  Nov.  11. 
1889. 

BR Y,  Theodore  de,  published  eoUee- 
tionesperigrinantium  inlndiam  oriental- 
em  et  oecidentalem.  America,  partes  18. 
1690-1699. 

BRYAN,  George,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  el- 
dest son  of  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  his  ode  on 
which  country  Southey  exclaims  with 
some  reason, — 

•*0  land,  profiiie  of  genina  and  of  worth." 
He  came  to  this  country  in  early  life,  and 
lived  40  yean  in  Philadelphia.  At  fint 
he  engaged  extensively  in  commercial  bu- 
siness ;  but  it  pleased  the  wise  Dii^j^oser 
of  events  to  defeat  his  plans,  and  reduce 
him  to  a  state  of  comparative  poverty. 
He  afterwards  lived  more  in  accordance 
with  ancient  simplicity.    He  was  an  ac- 


^ 


.  ^ 


4 


^ 


'^ 


MmayiMMmm    bryaijt. 


iw 


erican  home 
nitod  by  his 
shooi;  tnet, 
engaged  his 
oae  he  eheer* 
Mcompliehed 
1  in  the  know- 
he  had  high 
orring  erery 
nble  views  of 
Lual  k.  moral. 
:  his  Master's 
tlifehesuffiBr- 
radden  sum- 
he  calm  and 
<in  peace  and 
I,  after  embra- 
bes,  and  most 
B  relatives,  he 

ia  face.— 

ce 

tell, 

thebleit.— '     it 
Ilk  to  rest     i<tv. 
Bep, 
I  weep," 

it  Paris  on  the 
[ ;  and  Sketch- 
«nn«r'*  ierm.i 
tord.  Nov.  11. 

ilished  coUee- 

Idiam  oriental- 

ica,  partes  IS. 

Igeofthe  BU- 
\u,  was  the  el- 
nd  reqiectable 
I  in  his  ode  on 
Isxelaims  with 

[  of  worth." 
Jearlylifis,  and 
Ihia.    At  first 
ommercialbu- 
DitJj^oser 
\b,  and  reduce 
Itive  poverty, 
tn  accordance 
le  was  an  ac- 


tive and  intelligent  man.    Previously  to 
the  revolution  he  was  introduced  into 
public  employments.    He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  congressi,  which  met  in  1766  fbr 
the   purpose  of  remonstrating  against 
the  art>itrary  measures  of  Great  Britain. 
In  the  war,  which  followed,  he  took  an 
open  and  active  part.    After  the  deelarar 
ation  of  independence  he  was  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  supreme  executive  council  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  death  of  presi- 
dent  Wharton  in  May  1778  he    was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  government. 
When  his  office,  by  the  limitation  of  the 
constitution,  expired  in  the  autumn  of 
1779,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
legislature.    Here,  amidst  the  tumult  of 
war  and  invasion,  when  every  one  was 
trembling  for  himself,  his  mind  was  occu- 
pied by  tiie  claims  of  humanity  and  charir 
ty.     He  at  this  time  planned  and  com- 
pleted   an    act    for   the    gradual  abo- 
lition of  slavery,  which  is  an  imperish- 
able monument  to  his  memory.    He  thus 
furnished  evidence,  that  in  opposing  the 
exactions  of  a  foreign  power  he  was  oppo- 
sing tyranny  and  was  really  attached  to 
the  cause  of  liberty.     In  1780  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  in 
which  station  he  continued  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.    In  1784  he  was  elec- 
ted one  of  the  council  of  censors,  and  was 
one  of  its  principal  members  till  his  death. 
When  the  subject  of  the  constitution  of 
the  U.S.  was  discussed,  he  was  conspicu- 
ous in  the  ranks  of  'the  opposition.    He 
diedat  Philadelphia,  Jan.38,!791,aged  60. 
Beside  the  offices  already  mentioned, 
judge  Bryan  engaged  in  various  of  public, 
literary,    and   charitable  employments. 
Formed  for  a  close  application  to  study, 
animated  with  an  ardent  thirst  for  knowl- 
edge, and  blessed  with  a  memory  of  won- 
derful tenacity,  and  a  clear,  penetrating, 
and  decisive  judgment,  he  availed  himself 
of  the  labors  and  acquisitions  of  others,  & 
brought  honor  to  the  stations,  which  he 
occupied.    To  his  other  attainments  he 
added  the  virtues  of  the  christian.    He 
was  distinguished  by  his  benevolence  and 
sympathy  with  the  distressed ;    by  an 
unaffected  humility  and  modesty;  by  his 


.•i'> 


readineaa  to  forgive  injuriee;  andliytlie 
inflexible  integrity  of  his  conduct  He 
was  superior  to  the  firowns  and  blandish- 
menu  of  the  world.  Thus  eminentij 
qualified  for  the  various  public  offices,  in 
which  he  was  placed;  he  was  faithful  and 
humble  in  discharging  their  duties,  and 
he  filled  them  with  dignity  and  repu<- 
utation  in  the  worst  of  times,  and,  in  the 
midst  of  a  torrent  of  unmerited  d>loquy 
and  opposition.  Such  was  his  disinter- 
estedness, and  his  zeal  for  the  good  of 
others,  that  his  own  interest  seemed  to 
be  overlooked.  In  the  administration  of 
justice  he  was  impartial  and  incorruptible. 
He  was  an  ornament  to  the  profession  of 
Christianity,  which  he  ma^e,  the  delight 
of  his  connexions,  and  a  public  blessing 
to  the  state.  By  his  death  religion  k)st 
an  amiable  example,  and  science  a  steady 
friend.-— £wtng'«  yim.  $erm.;  Jimerieam 
mu$.  IX.  81-83;  JhrnUgtU  Jinur.  adv. 

BRYANT,  Lemuel,  minister  of  Brain- 
tree,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  17S9.  He  died  at  Hingbam  in  1754, 
and  was  buried  at  Scituate,  probably 
because  he  was  a  native  of  that  place. 
John  Adams  speaks  of  a  controversy  be- 
tween Mr.  B.and  Miles,  Porter,  Bass* 
&c.,  "which  broke  out  like  the  eruption 
of  a  volcano  and  blazed  with  portentous 
aspect  for  many  years."  He  published  a 
sermon  on  moral.virtue,  1747  ;  remarks  on 
Mr.  Porter's  sermon,  1750. 

BRYANT,  Sok)mon,  an  Indian  minis- 
ter, was  onlained  at  Mashpee,  Man.,  soon 
after  the  resignation^  of  Mr.  JJoume  ia 
1743,  and  he  preached  to  hie  red  brethren 
in  the  Indian  dialect.  He  was  a  sensible 
man  and  a  good  minister,  but  not  suffi- 
cientiy  prudent  in  the  admission  of  mem- 
bers and  Kther  deficient  in  economy. 
After  his  dismission,  occasioned  by  some 
dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the' Indians, 
he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Hawley  in  1758. 
It  teema,  however,  that  his  labors  were 
not  entirely  interrupted,  for  Mr.  Hawley 
wrote  concerning  him  in  1760, — ^"he 
grows  better  as  he  grows  older.  He  is 
near  66  years  of  age,  has  been  a  preacher 
more  than  40,  and  continues  in  his  use- 
fulness to  thb  day."    He  died  May  Sj 


t 


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BUCKMINSTEIk 


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#■• 


ms,  aged  SO.-^owph  Biyut,  tbo  an 
Indian  minuter  at  Maahpee,  or  in  that 
neighborhood,  died  April  t6,  1759.  In 
1698  John  Bryant  had  been  Indian  teach- 
er at  Aeuahnet  6  or  6  yeara. — Mail.  hiit. 
C«/.  III.  191  ;  z.  ISO ;  «.  •.  ill.  16. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Thonuw,  miniater 
of  the  aeeond  church  in  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, waa  probably  th^  son  of  Thomaa 
Buckingham,  the  minister  of  Saybrook  in 
1669,  and  adeacendant  of  Thomaa  B., 
who  lived  in  New  Haven  in  1689.  Ste- 
phen B.,  minister  of  Norwalk  flom  1697 
to  1797,  was  probably  his  brother.—He 
waa  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 690. 
The  time  of  his  settlement  has  not  been 
ascertained.  He  died  November  19, 1791 , 
aged  sixty  two  years,  and  was  succeedfd 
by  Elnathan  Whitman.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  ministers  in  Connecti- 
cut, and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  pillars 
of  the  church.  His  superior  abilities 
were  under  the  direction  of  good  princi- 
ples. His  conversation  waa  auch,  as  was 
becoming  a  minister  of  Christ.  In  his  life 
be  imitated  his  blessed  Master,  aiid,being 
exemplary  in  piety,  having  a  pleasant 
temper,  obliging  and  engaging  manners, 
and  many  amiid>le  virtues,  he  conciliated 
respect  and  esteem. 

He  published  a  sermon  preached  at  the 
election,  in  1738,  entitled  Moses  and 
Aaron.  The  following  passages  from  it 
will  give  some  view  of  his  sentiments, 
and  of  the  times.  "By  the  Spirit  the 
elect  are  brought  to  possess  the  good, 
which  Jesus  Christ  hath  purchased  for 
them.  By  him  they  are  convinced, 
awakened,  humbled,  converted,  sanctified, 
led,  and  comforted."— "If  we  look  back 
upon  the  last  year,  how  many  appearan- 
eea  and  indications  of  his  anger  were  there 
to  be  observed  therein ;  the  unusual  illu- 
minations of  the  heavens  by  repeated  and 
almost  discontinued  flashes  of  lightning, 
with  dreadful  peals  of  thunder  attending, 
the  scorching  heat  and  drought  of  the 
summer,  the  pinching  cold  knd  length  of 
the  winter,  stormy  winds  and  tempests, 
the  death  of  useful  men,  and  the  groaning 
and  trembling  of  the  earth  under  our 
fiKt.'*— "Have  yoti  not  heard  Mme,  who 


have  tman  flrom  among  you,  speaking  per- 
varae  things,  blaspheming  the  constitution 
and  order  of  your  churches,  denying  tha 
validity  of  your  ordinations,  and  condem- 
ning your  ministerial  acta  aa  so  many  uaur- 
pationa,  who  unchurch  the  best  and  grea- 
teat  part  of  christians,  and  leave  you  with 
the  beat  of  your  flocks  to  uncovenanted 
mercies,  that  is,  in  a  stete  of  heathenism, 
without  God  and  Christ  and  hope  in  the 
workl ;  and  thia  merely  for  the  sake  of  a 
non-agreement  with  them  in  a  fewun- 
aeriptural  ritea  and  notions?'*— £(ft0ar<b* 
elect,  lerm.  in  1789;  TruminM,  i.  498, 
519. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph,  minister 
of  Rutland,  Mass,,  was  the  son  of  col. 
Joseph  Buckminster  of  Fn).i;)ingham, 
who  died  in  1780,  aged  88,  and  whose 
fkther,  Joseph,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers 
of  Framingham,  Jied  in  1749,  also  aged 
88.  The  last  named  was  a  grandson  of 
Thomas  Buckminster,  written  in  the  col- 
ony records  Buckmaster,  who  came  fVom 
Wales  and  lived  in  as  early  as  1645  in 
Boston,  where  he  died  Sept.  38,  1658, 
leaving  several  sons. 

Mr.  Buckminster  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1789,  ordained  in  1742, 
and  after  a  ministry  of  58  years  died  Nov. 
37, 1793,  aged  73.  He  waa  highly  re»- 
pected  and  useful.  In  his  theological  sen- 
timents he  was  a  s>'  .'.nan  calvinist. 
Mr.  Foster  of  Stra5'  ^ving  published 
a  sermon,  in  which  hu  auicrted  a  two  fold 
justification,  and  "a  remedial  law,  or  law 
of  grace,  whose  precepts  are  brought  down 
to  a  level  with  the  fallen  sinner's  abilities," 
Mr.  Bnckminster  published  a  reply,  being 
a  paraphrase  on  Rom.  x.  4,  fbr  which  he 
received  the  thanks  of  an  association  of 
ministers.  Other  pamphleta  followed  by 
the  same  writers  in  this  controversy.  In 
his  dissertations  on  gospel  salvation  Mr. 
Buckminster  assertson  the  one  hand  the 
doctrine  of  election  against  the  Arminians, 
and  on  the  other  hand,  against  the  supra- 
lapearians,  he  says,  "tite  decrees  have  no 
direct,  positive  influence  upon  us.  We 
are  determined  by  motives,  but  act  freely 
and  voluntarily.  They  lie  in  the  founda- 
tion of  the  divine  procieedings,  and  com- 


m- 


F 


■..»*!.  .ft  V 


w* 


BUCKMINSTBR. 


, *ll^  jwF 


poM  hb  pian  of  operation.  They  infer  the 
eertain  futnritionof  things,  but  have  no 
influence  ab  extra  to  bring  them  to  paas." 
Theae  aeem  not  very  incorrect  views  on 
the  subjects  of  the  divine  decrees  It  of  iVee 
agency.  Indeed,  it  is  not  easy  to  imag- 
ine how  it  is  possible  to  reconcile  the  doe* 
trine  of  divine  efficiency  or  positive  infla- 
ence  in  the  production  of  sinAii  volitions 
with  the  responsibleness  of  man  or  with 
the  truth  and  holiness  of  Ood.  The 
views  of  Mr.  B.  seem  to  accord  well  with 
those  of  Robert  Southey,  who  says; 
''Impossible  as  it  may  be  for  us  to  reconcile 
the  free  will  of  man  with  the  foreknowl- 
edge of  God,  I  nevertheless  believe  in 
both  with  the  most  full  conviction.  When 
the  human  mind  plunges  into  time  and 
space  in  its  speculations,  it  adventures  be- 
yond its  sphere ;  no  wonder  therefore, 
that  its  powers  fail,  and  it  is  lost.  But 
that  my  will  is  free,  I  know  feelingly:  it 
is  proved  to  me  by  my  conscience.  And 
that  God  provideth  all  things,  I  know  by 
his  own  word,  and  by  that  instinct,  which 
he  hath  implanted  in  me  to  assure  me  of 
his  being." 

Mr.  B.  published  two  discourses  on 
ikmily  religion,  1759 ;  an  ordination  ser- 
mon ;  paraphrase  on  Rom.  x.  4. ;  disser- 
tations .on  Eph.  II.  9-11 ;  a  sermon  on 
the  covenant  with  Abraham. — Farmer'$ 
reg. ;  Eliot. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph,  D.o.,min- 
ister  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding  and  was  born  Oct.  14, 
17S1.  Being  the  delight  and  hope  of  his 
parents,  they  were  desirous  that  he  should 
become  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  He 
was  graduated  at  Tale  college  in  1770, 
and  firom  1774  to  1778  was  a  tutor  in 
that  seminary,  associated  in  that  employ- 
nlent  with  Abraham  Baldwin.  At  this 
period  he  became  temporarily  attached  to 
a  lady^  then  of  reputation  and  celebrity, 
whose  character  is  the  basis  of  one  the 
productions  of  Mrs.  Foster.— He  was  or- 
dained over  the  north  church  in  Ports- 
mouth Jan.  37, 1779,  as  successor  of  Dr. 
Langdon,  after  whose  death  Dr.  Stiles 
had  supplied  the  pulpit  one  or  two  years. 
After  a  ministry  of  3S  years  his  health 


became  greatly  Impaired ;  a  depreaaion  oT 
spirits,  to  which  he  had  been  subjeet, 
came  upon  him  with  new  violence  j  spa** 
modic  affections  caused  at  times  a  suspen- 
sion of  reason ;  under  these  distressinf 
complaints  a  long  journey  was  thought 
necessary  to  his  relief.  He  left  h<niie 
June  3,  1818,  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  two  fHends;  but  on  the  Greea 
mountains  of  Vermont  hie  was  arrested 
by  the  messenger  of  death.  He  died  at 
a  solitary  tavern  in  Reedsborough  June 
10,  aged  60,  and  on  the  folk>wing  day  his 
remains  were  interred  at  Bennington,anl 
a  sermon  preached  on  the  occasion  by 
Mr.  Marsh.  It  is  remarkable,  that  on 
the  preceding  day  his  eldest  son,  a  minit- 
ter  in  Boston,  died  after  a  week's  illnest. 
Although  Dr.  B.  had  not  beard  of  his 
sickness,  yet  he  said  to  his  wife  repeatedly 
a  few  hours  before  his  own  death,  Jo$epk 
it  dead!  His  first  wife,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Dr.  Stevens  of  Kitteiy,  died 
July  19, 1790,  aged  86,  leaving  one  sob 
and  two  daughters ;  his  second  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Rev. '.Isaac  Lyman  of  York, 
died  June  8, 1805,  aged  39 ;  his  third 
wife,  who  survived  him,  was  the  widow 
of  col.  Eliphalet  Ladd.  One  of  his 
daughters,  who  married  professor  Farrar 
of  Cambridge,  died  in  Sept.  1834.— He 
was  succeeded  in  the  ministry  by  Mr. 
Putnam. 

Dr.  Buckminister  was  an  eminently 
pious  man.  He  left  an  unsullied  reputa- 
tion, and  was  greatly  beloved,  and  deep- 
ly lamented.  His  mind  had  been  well 
cultivated.  A  brilliant  imagination,  his 
most  distinguishing  feculty,  gave  a  rich- 
ness to  his  style.  He  had  a  heart  of  sen- 
sibility. His  voice,  strong  and  musical, 
expressed  the  various  emotions  of  his 
soul.  His  attitude  and  gestures  were  un- 
affected and  impressive,  while  his  counte- 
nance itself  was  ek>quent.  But  his  popu- 
larity as  a  preacher  is  to  be  ascribed  ah» 
to  the  boldness  and  the  energy,  with 
which  he  proclaimed  the  great  and  all- 
important  truths  'of  the  gospel.  Even 
the  hostility  of  the  erroneous  and  the 
wicked,  which  he  aroused,  proved,  that 
he  had  found  a  way  to  their  conscience, 


'H. 


3^ 


IM 


buckminstkr. 


for  in  hit  great  meekiMM,  hmniUty,  and 
benevolenae  they  covld  not  think,  that 
he  waa  their  enemy.  They  could  hardly 
hate  the  man,  except  on  account  of  his 
doctrine  and  the  faithiVilneaa  of  his  warn' 
ings.  Though  his  sermons  were  not  sys- 
tematie,  they  were  luminous  and  instruc- 
tive. Breaking  firom  the  confinement  of 
a  few  &vorite  topics,  he  expatiated  in  the 
wide  field  of  religious  truth.  The  vary- 
ing events  of  providence  were  always 
noticed  by  him,  and  employed  to  some 
pious  purpose.  The  tenderness  of  his 
iwart  made  hun  peouliarly  welcome  in  the 
house  of  affliction.  In  the  gill  of  prayer, 
on  all  the  occasions  of  prayer,  he  particu- 
brly  excelled.  As  a  pastor  he  was  a 
bright  example  tohisbrethren;  incessant 
in  bbor  and  delighting  in  his  work; 
cherishing  always  most  sedulously  the 
aerioosnesa  witnessed  amongst  his  people 
and  devising  new  plans  for  gaining  access 
to  their  hearts ;  and  in  meetings  forao- 
•eial  prayer  seeking  the  divine  blessing  up- 
<OD  die  means  of  instruction. — In  his 
preaching  he  dwelt  much  on  the  iniquity 
of  the  human  heart,  on  the  character  and 
value  of  the  atonement  by  the  crucified 
Son  of  God,  and  on  the  necessity  of  re- 
generation by  the  Hdy  Spirit,  of  faith 
and  repentance,  and  the  holiness, 
without  which  there  is  no  admission  into 
heaven.  In  his  own  opinion  he  began  to 
preach,  before  he  was  truly  a  servant  of 
Crod ;  and  afterwards  he  ceased  to  preach 
fov  a  time  in  the  persuasion,  that  his 
motives  were  selfish  and  unworthy.  But 
after  a  long  period  of  distress  light  broke 
ia  upon  his  mind.  A  few  years  after  his 
settlement,  on  the  anniversary  of  hift  or- 
dination, he  wrote  as  follows: — "Blush, 
O  my  soul,  and  be  ashamed,  that  thou 
hast  felt  no  more  of  thy  own 
worth)  and  the  worth  of  thy  fellow 
immortals,  the  infinite  love  and  compas- 
sion of  God,  of  thy  dear  Redee- 
mer, and  the  excellency  of  the  gospel. 
Shall  God  call  me,  who  have  been  so 
great  and  aggravate  an  offender,  to  the 
high  &  honorable  office  of  publishing  the 
glad  tidings  of  salvation,  &  of  an  ambas- 
sador for  him,to  woo  and  beseech  men  to 


be  reconciled  to  him ;  and  shall  I  bo  luke- 
warm and  indifierent?**  But  notwith- 
standing the  talents,  the  piety,  the  fldth- 
ftilneas,  and  the  fervent  zeal  of  Dr.  Buck- 
minster,  no  very  remarkable  efibcts  at- 
tended hia  preaching  ;  shewing,  that,  af- 
ter all  the  skilftil  and  diligent  toil  of  the 
pkmter,  it  is  God  only,  who  according  to 
his  sovereign  pleaaure  giveth  the  increase. 
— On  account  of  his  catholic  diqxwition 
Dr.  Buckminster  possessed  the  regard  of 
other  denominations  of  christians  besides 
his  own.  In  the  private  relations  of  life 
he  was  ikithftil,  afieetwnate,  and  in- 
teresting. He  pubUshed  the  following 
sermons:— at  the  New  Hampshire  elec- 
tion, 1787;  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
1800;  on  baptism,  180S  ;  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  his  son,  1806;  on  the 
death  of '  Rev.  S.  Haven  and  his 
wife,  1806 ;  at  the  installation  of  J. 
Thurston,  1809  ;  three  discourses,  Boa- 
ton,  181 1;  and  a  short  sketch  of  Dr.Mac- 
clintock. — PanoplUt,  vni.  105-111;  Jd- 
OHM'  mm.  nfPcrttm.  863-855;  Porkn*$ 
fim.  term;  Farmer's  eott.  iii.  131. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens, 
a  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding  and  was  bom  May  36, 1784. 
Under  the  cultivation  of  his  devoted  pa- 
rento  his  tolento  were  early  developed. 
At  the  age  of  four  yean  he  b^fan  to  stu- 
dy the  Latin  grammar ;  at  the  age  of  13 
he  was  ready  for  admission  into  college. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  with  distin- 
guished honor  in  1800.  The  next  four 
years  were  spent  partly  in  the  ikmily  of 
his  relative,  Theodore  Lyman  of  '*"'«!- 
tham,  partly  as  an  assistant  in  the  acade- 
my at  Exeter,  and  in  the  prosecution  of 
theological  studies.  In  Oct.  1804  he 
began  to  preach  at  Brattle  street,Boston, 
where  he  was  ordained  as  the  successor 
of  Dr.  Thacher  Jan.  80, 1805.  A  severe 
ilbess  immediately  followed,  which  in- 
terrupted his  labors  until  March.  In  the 
course  of  this  year  the  return  of  the  epi- 
lepsy, which  he  had  previously  experien- 
ced, excited  bis  apprehensions,  that  his 
mental  faculties  would  be  destroyed.  He 
wrote  in  Oct., — "the  repetition  of  these 
fits  must  at  length  reduce  me  to  idiocy. 


t 


\ 


*' 


...^ 


BUELL. 


188 


UIbaluk»- 
It  nolwith- 
r,  the  fiuth- 
PDr.Buok- 
eiects  »t- 
ng,  that,  af- 
i  toil  of  the 
tceordingto 
theincraMe. 
I  diqxwilion 
hengardof 
UanabeaidM 
itioni  of  life 
te,  and   in- 
le  following 
ipahire  elec- 
i/Vashington, 
at  the  ordi* 
t ;     on    the 
m    and    his 
lation  of   J. 
loanea,  Boe- 
liofDr.Mac* 
Ofr-lll;  Jid- 
55}  Parfc«r»f 
II.  131. 
eph  Stevena, 
he  aon  of  the 
lay  36, 1784. 
is  devoted  pa- 
ly developed. 
|began  to  stu- 
the  age  of  18 
into  college, 
with  diatinr 
he  next  four 
|the  ftmilyof 
of  "'■-I- 
in  the  acade- 
lution  of 
lOct  1804  he 
reet,BoBton, 
le  succeaaor 
15.    A  severe 
1,  which  in- 
irch.    In  the 
of  theepi- 
|sly  experien- 
ins,  that  his 
itroyed.    He 
ion  of  these 
to  idiocy. 


Can  I  resign  myself  to  the  loss  of  memory, 
and  of  that  knowledge,  I  may  have  vainly 
prided  myself  upon?  O '"  '  .nableme 
to  bear  this  thought'*  .  .uyageto  Eup 
rope  being  recommended,  he  sailsd  in 
May  1808  and  visited  England,  Holland, 
Switierland,  and'Franoe.  In  Paris  he 
■pent  5  months;  and  there  and  in  London 
he  oolleeted  a  valuable  library  of  nearly 
S/MMvols.  After  his  return  in  Sept. 
1807  he  was  occupied  in  the  ministry 
about  five  yean  with  occasional  attacks 
of  the  epilepsy,  till  his  death,  caused  by 
that  disoider,June  9,1810,  aged  88  years. 
His  last  illness  continued  a  week.  Kis 
fkther  died  the  next  day. 

Mr.  Buckminster  wu  a  very  inteies* 
ting  and  eloquent  preacher.    Though  of 
scarcely  the  middle  8ize,yet  a  fine  counts 
canee,  combining  sweetness  and  intsUl* 
gence,  appropriate  and  occasionally  ani> 
mated  gestures,  a  brilliant  imagination, 
and  a  style  of  winning  elegance  caused 
his  hearers  to  hang  with  delight  upon  his 
Ups.     His  power,  however,  would  have 
been  increased  by  more  of  fervor  and  pas- 
sion.   Deeply  interested  in  biblical  criti- 
cism, he  superintended  the  publication  of 
Oriesbach's  N.  Testament.     In  his  reli- 
gious sentiments,  as  appears  iVom  the  vol- 
ume of  his  sermons,  published  since  his 
death,  he    differed  in  some  important 
respects  firom  his  fkther.    He  did  not  be- 
lieve the  doctrine  of  the  trinity.    He  did 
not  regard  the  human  race  as  originally 
corrupt  and  utterly  lost  in  their  depravi- 
ty ;  he  did  not  admit,  that  the  death  of 
Christ  had  any  relation  to  the  justice  of 
God  in  the  pardon  of  sin,  nor  did  he  sup- 
pose, that  there  was  any  special  infiuence 
of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  renewal  of  the 
heart.    He  quoted  with  approbation  Pa- 
ley's  sermon,  written  when  a  3roung  man, 
on  caution  in  the  use  of  scripture  lan- 
guage, in  which  he  denies  any  agency  of 
the  Spirit  of  God  on  the  human  heart;  yet 
in  his  latter  sermons   Paley  expressly 
declares    his    belief,    that  the    scrip- 
ture does  teach  such  an  agency.     He 
imagined,  that  men  were  not  able  to 
obey' the  divine  law,  and  that  Christ  came 
to  redeem  and  has  actually  redeemed  all 


men  ftom  its  curse,  or  hM  disekised  • 
new  dispensation,  in  which  repentance  is 
accepted  instead  of  obedience.  Justify- 
ing ftith  he  considered  ss  only  a  principle 
of  holiness,  and  not  as  a  trust  in  Jcsna 
Christ  for  salvation.  Yet  his  views  seem 
utterly  opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  the  8o- 
ciniansjfor  he  speaks  of '*the  incarnation'* 
of  the  Son  ofQod,  «the  vtieegerent  of  Je- 
hovah," and  he  saw  in  his  life  a  "wonder^ 
fbl  contrast  of  powers— divine  greatness 
k  mortal  debility,  ignominy,ft  glory,  snf> 
feringand  triumph,  the  servant  of  all  and 
the  Lord  of  aU." 

In  1808  Mr.  Buckminster  published  a 
collection  of  hymn^,  in  whidi  those  of 
Watts  and  others  were  mutilatsd  with- 
out notice.  In  a  review  of  this  coHeetion 
in  the  Panoplist  this  mutilatk>n  was  just* 
ly  reprehended  as  apparently  designed  to 
lend  the  authority  of  Watts  to  the  sup- 
pression of  important  doctrines.  Mr.  B. 
sufiisred  under  the  charge,  for  he  was  un- 
willing to  confess  what  he  recorded  in 
his  private  journal,  that  he  took  the  al- 
tered hymns  fW>m  Kippis*  collection  with- 
out being  aware  of  the  altention.  He 
publishei  a  number  of  reviews  in  the 
monthly  anthok)gy  and  other  periodicals ; 
the  right  hand  of  felk)wship  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  C.  Lowell,  1806 ;  asermoir  on 
thedeath  of  gov.  Sullivan,  1809;  on  the 
death  of  W.  Emerson,  1811 ;  an  address 
to  the  Phi  Bets  Kappn  socie^,  1809. 
After  his  death  a  volume  of  PA  sermons 
was  published,  with  a  memoir  of  his  life 
and  character  by  S.  0.  Thacher.—Jtfe- 
motV ;  JlfM«.  Am(.  eol.  «.  *.  ii.  871  ; 
Ohrietion  $peeMor,  v.  145. 

BUELL,Samuel,  d.d,  an  eminent  pres- 
byterian  minister  on  Long  Ishtnd,  was 
born  at  Coventry  in  Connecticut,  Sept.  1, 
1716.  In  the  17th  year  of  his  age  it  pleas- 
ed his  merciful  Father  in  heavtin  to  re- 
new his  heart  and  teach  him  those  truths, 
which  are  necessary  to  salvation.  He  was 
impressed  with  a  sense  of  his  entire  desti- 
tution of  love  to  God,  of  theincompetency 
of  any  works,  which  he  could  perform,  to 
justify  him,  of  the  necessity  of  a  Savior, 
and  of  his  dependence  on  divine  mercy 
and  influence.    From  the  depression  of 


■V 

% 


.% 


:?' 


IM 


BUELL. 


I  ) 


iii  oeoatloaed  by  •  AiUconvktlonof, 
•in,  and  •  oletr  percflption  of  hii  dinger 
h»  WM  relieved  by  •  view  of  the  wonder^ 
All  plan  of  redemption  by  JeeusCltrist,«nd 
the  gladneM  of  hie  heart  now  wm  pro- 
portionate to  the  thieknees  of  the  gloom, 
whieh  before  hung  over  hie  mind.  This 
ehange  in  hi*  eharaeter  produced  a  change 
in  hit  plana  of  life.  Hi*  father  was  a  rich 
farmer,  and  he  had  been  destined  to  ag- 
rienltuial  pursuits;  but  the  belief,  that  it 
was  his  duty  to  engage  in  labors,  which 
would  most  advance  the  interest  of  relig- 
ion, and  to  extend  his  useiblness  as  much 
as  possible,  induced  him  to  relinquish  the 
employments  of  husbandry  and  to  attend 
to  the  cultivation  of  his  mind.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  coUegein  1741.  While 
in  this  seminary  his  application  to  his 
atudiea  was  intense,and  his  proficiency  was 
sueb,  as  rewarded  his  toils.  It  was  here, 
that  he  first  became  acquainted  with  Da- 
vid Brainerd,  with  whom  he  was  very 
intimate,  till  death  separated  them. 
Their  iUendship  was  the  union  of  hearts, 
attached  to  the  same  Redeemer,  having 
the  same  exalted  views,  and  animated 
by  the  same  spirit. 

It  was  his  intention  to  spend  a  number 
of  years  with  Mr.  Edwards  of  Northamp- 
ton in  theological  studies;  but  the  exten- 
rive  revival  of  religion  at  this  period  ren- 
dering the  zealous  preaching  of  the  truth 
peculiarly  important,  he  immediately 
conmienced  those  benevolent  labors, 
which  occupied  and  delighted  him 
through  the  remainder  of  his  life.  After 
being  licensed  he  preached  about  two 
years  in  different  parts  of  New  England, 
and  such  was  the  pathos  and  energy  of  his 
manner,  that  almost  every  assembly  was 
melted  into  tears.  In  November  174S  he 
was  ordained  as  an  itinerant  preacher, 
in  whidi  capacity  he  was  indefatigable 
and  very  successful.  He  was  the  instru- 
ment of  doing  much  good,  of  impressing 
the  thoughtlees,  of  reforming  the  vicious, 
and  of  imparting  to  the  selfish  and  worldly 
the  genuine  principles  of  benevolence  and 
godliness.  Carrying  with  him  testimo- 
nials from  respectable  ministers,  he  was 
admitted  into  many  pulpits,  from  which 


other  Itinerants  wer«  ezeluded.  While 
he  disapproved  of  the  hnprudence  of  some 
in  thoae  days,  when  religious  truth  waa 
brought  home  remarkably  to  the  heart, 
he  no  less  reprehended  the  unreasonable 
opposition  of  others  to  the  work  of  God. 
During  this  period  hie  health  was  much 
impaired,  and  a  severe  fit  of  sickness 
brought  him  to  the  very  entrance  of  the 
grave;  but  it  pleased  Ood,  who  hoUa  the 
lives  of  all  in  his  hand,  to  restore  his 
health  and  prolong  bis  useiVilneas  for  ma- 
ny years. 

He  was  led  to  East  Hampton  on  Long 
Island  by  a  direction  of  providence  in  some 
reepects  extraordinary,  and  was  installed 
pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place  Sept. 
19, 1746.  His  predecessors  were  Thomas 
James,  the  first  minister;  then  Nathaniel 
Hunting,  ordained  Sept.  18, 1699,  and 
dismissed  in  his  old  age  at  the  settlement 
of  Mr.  Buell.  In  this  retirement  he  devo- 
ted himself  with  great  ardor  to  his  stud- 
ies. Though  he  always  felt  the  necessity 
of  the  special  aid  of  the  Spirit  of  God  in 
preaching;  yet  he  duly  estimated  the  im- 
portance of  diligentapplication  of  mind  to 
the  duties  of  the  ministry.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  he  wrote  all  his  sermons  and 
preached  them  without  notes.  He  was 
long  engaged  in  writing  a  work  on  the 
prophecies,  but  the  publication  of  New- 
ton's dissertations  induced  him  to  relin- 
quish it.  He  sought  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge,  not  that  he  might  have  the 
honor  of  being  reputed  a  learned  man, 
but  that  he  might  increase  his  power  of 
usefulness;  and  keeping  his  great  object, 
that  of  doing  good,  constantly  in  view, 
he  never  sufiered  the  pleasures  of  literary 
and  theological  research  to  detain  him 
iVom  the  field  of  more  active  exertion. 
He  could  not  shut  himself  up  in  his  study, 
while  immortal  souls  in  hisowncongire- 
gationor  in  the  neighborhood  were  des- 
titute of  instruction  and  were  ready  to 
hear  the  words  of  eternal  life.  He  fre- 
quently preached  two  or  three  times  in 
the  course  of  the  week,  in  addition  to  his 
stated  labors  on,  the  sabbath.  For  a 
numberof  the  first  years  of  his  ministry 
he  seemed  to  labor  without  eflSect.    His 


BUELL. 


,^; 


people  piid  but  little  attention  to  the  eon^ 
oerns  of  religion.  But  in  1764  hewit- 
neeaed  an  aatoniahing  change.  Almoat 
every  individual  in  the  town  waa  deeply 
impreaaed,  and  the  intereata  of  eternity 
received  that  attention,  which  their  tran- 
acendent  importance  demanda.  He  had 
the  happineaa  at  one  time  of  admitting 
into  hia  church  99  peraona,  who,  he  be- 
lieved, had  beenrenewed,and  enlightened 
with  correct  viewa  of  the  goapel,  and  in- 
apired  with  benevolent  principlea  of  con- 
duct. In  the  yeara  1785and  1791  alao  he 
waa  favored,  through  the  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  on  the  hearta  of  hia  hearera, 
with  great  auccesa.  After  a  life  of  emi- 
nent uaefulnesa  he  died  July  19,  1798, 
aged  81. 

Dr.Buellpresentaa  remarkable  inatance 
of  diainterested  exertion  for  the  good  of 
othera.  When  Long  Island  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British  in  1776,  he  remained 
with  his  people,  and  did  much  towards 
relieving  their  distresses.-  As  there  was 
at  this  period  but  one  lainister  within 
forty  miles  able  to  preach,  the' care  of  all 
the  churches  fell  upon  him.  His  natural 
disposition  inclined  him  to  do  with  his 
might  whatever  his  hand  found  to  do. 
He  was  an  example  of  all  the  christian 
virtues.  He  was  attached  to  literature 
and  science,  and  was  the  father  and  pat- 
ron of  Clinton  academy  in  East  Hampton. 
His  house  was  the  mansion  of  hospitality. 
Possessing  a  large  fund  of  instructive  and 
entertaining  anecdote,  hia  company  was 
pleasing  to  persons  of  every  age.  In  no 
respect  was  he  more  distinguished,  than 
for  a  spirit  of  devotion.  He  waa  fully 
convinced  of  the  necessity  and  efiicacy  of 
prayer,  and  amid  the  prosperous  and  afflic- 
tive scenes,  through  which  he  passed,  it 
was  his  delight  to  hold  intercourse  with 
his  Father  in  heaven.  He  followed  two 
wives  and  eight  children  to  the  grave. 
On  these  solemn  and  affecting  occasions, 
such  was  the  resignation  and  support  im- 
parted to  him,  that  he  usually  preached 
himself.-To  his  uncommon  and  long  con- 
tinued health  the  strict  rulesof  temper- 
ance, which  he  observed,  without' doubt 
much  contributed^  On  the  day , in  which  he 
34 


BUllT. 


80  years  old,  h«rod«  14  mllea  to 
preach  the  gospel  and  returned  in  th» 
evening.  In  hia  hat  houra  hia  mind  waa 
in  perfect  peace.  He  liad  no  desire  to  re- 
main any  longer  absent  (h>m  his  Savior. 
He  observed,  as  the  hour  of  his  departure 
approached,  that  he  felt  all  hia  earthly  con- 
nexiona  to  be  dissolved.  The  world,  faito 
which  he  was  just  entering,  absorbed  all 
his  thoughts;  so  that  he  waa  unwilling  to 
suiSerany  interruption  of  hia  most  cheer- 
ing eontemplationa  iVom  the  kat  attention 
of  hia  friends.  While  they  were  endeav* 
oring  to  prolong  the  dying  flame,  he 
would  put  them  aside  with  one  hand, 
while  the  other  was  raised  towards  heav- 
en, where  his  eyes  and  soul  were  fixed. 
In  this  happy  state  of  mind  he  expired. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  the  revival 
of  religion  among  his  people  in  1764,  and 
fourteen  occaaional  discourses,  which 
evince  the  vigor  of  his  mind  and  the  ardor 
of  his  piety ;  among  which  are  a  aermon 
at  the  ordination  of  Samson  Occoro,  Aug< 
39, 1759,  to  which  is  added  a  letter  giving 
an  account  of  Occom,  1761 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion  of  Aaron  Woolworth,  Bridgehamp- 
ton,  1788;  funeral  sermons  on  his  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Conkling,  1783,  and  on  an  only 
son,  Samuel,  who  died  of  the  small  pox 
in  1787, — Con.  evan,  mag.  ii.  147-151, 
179-183;  DaggeWi  fun.  ierm, 

BUELL,  Abel,  of  Killingworth,  Con., 
began  unaided  a  type  founder  ii  1769, 
and  completed  several  fonts  of  lut.^'  prim- 
er. He  was  aakilful  goldsmith  and  jew- 
eller. John  Baine,  a  Scotchman,  who 
died  at  Philadelphia  in  1790,  waa  the  first 
successful  type  founder ;  and  he  came  to 
this  country  after  the  war. — Thomat,  i. 
314;  II.  547;  Holmet,  ii.  165. 

BUIST,  George,  d..d.,  minister  in 
Charleton,  S.  C,  was  born  in  1770  in 
Fifeshire,  Scotland.  In  the  college  of 
Edinburgh,  which  he  entered  in  1787^ 
he  becameVery  distinguished.  In  classical 
learning  he  excelled,  having  a  predilection 
for  Grecian  literature.  With  the  He- 
brew also  he  was  familiar.  In  French 
and  Italian  he  was  skilled.  The  elders  of 
the  presbyterian  cliurch  in  Charle8ton,ea- 
tabliahed  in-  17S1,  sent  for  Mr.  Buist  on 


-T^ 


186 


BULFINCH. 


tiie  raflommendation  of  Dr.  RoberUnn 
•lid  Dr.  Blair.  Ht  trrivcd  in  June  1793. 
Being  appointed  in  1806  principal  of  the 
eollege  of  Charleaton,  the  seminary  soon 
beeama  niore  respectable  than  ever.  He 
died  Aug.  81,  1808  after  an  illness  of  a 
Aw  days,  aged  88  years.  His  predeccs- 
■ora  in  the  preabyterian  ehureh  were  Stu- 
art, Grant,  Lorimer,  Morison,  Hewatt, 
Graham,  ll  Wilaon.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  impreasive,  oratorical,  and  popular, 
while  he  was  also  instructive  and  faitb- 
ftil.  In  the  censure  of  vice  he 
was  bold  &  animated.  A  IViend  of  be- 
nevolent institutions,  his  warm  and  elo- 
quent appeals  aroused  the  public  feeling. 
He  wrote  various  articles  for  the  British 
encyclopedia.  He  published  an  abridg- 
ment of  Hume  for  schools,  1793}  a  ver- 


1796 


a  sermon 


sioo  of  the  psabns, 

on  the  death  of  Rev.  Mr.  Malcomson, 

1805.    His  sermons  in  3  vols.  8vo.  were 

published  in  1809.— SAeteA  pr^.    to 

(Sermofu. 

BULFINCH,  Thomas,  v.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian in  Boston,  was  the  only  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  B.,  an  eminent  and  pious  physi- 
cian, who  died  Dec.  1757,  aged  63,  and 
whose  ftther  Adino  B.,  came  from  Eng- 
land in  1680.  He  was  bora  in  1738^  and, 
after  attending  the  latin  school  of  John 
Lovell,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  174|B.  He  spent  four  years  in  England 
and  Scotland  in  the  prosecution  of  his 
medical  studies  and,  obtaining  his  medi- 
cal degree  in  1757,  returned  immediately 
to  Boston.  During  the  prevalence  of  the 
small-pox  in  176S  his  antiphlogistic  treat- 
ment was  eminently  succesefuL  With 
Drs.  Warren,  Gardiner,  and  Perkins  be 
attempted  the  establishment  of  a  small 
pox  boapital  at  Point  Shirley ;  but  prqu- 
dice  defeated  his  efforts.  During  the  o-  - 
cupation  of  Boston  by  the  British  troops, 
he  remained  in  the  town  and  su&red  ma- 
ny privations  and  losses.  He  continued 
in  practice  till  two  years  before  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  Feb.  1803.  His  moth- 
er was  the  daughter  of  John  Colroan, 
brother  of  Rev.  Benjamin  C.  His  wife 
was  *  the  daughter  of  Charles  Apthorp. 
He  left  a  sdh,  the  architect  and  superin- 


BULKLEY. 

tendent  of  the  public  buildings  at  Wash- 
ington, who  married  the  daughter  of 
John  Apthorp,  and  two  daughters,  mar- 
ried to  George  Storer  and  Joseph  Cool- 
idge.  Dr.  Bulfinch  waa  distinguished 
for  his  personal  appearance  and  elegance 
of  manners.  Like  his  father  ho  waa  roikl 
and  unobtrusive,  cheeri\il,benevolent,and 
pious.  He  published  a  treatise  on  the 
treatment  of  the  scarlet  fever  ;  another  on 
the  yellow  fever. —  Thaeher'i  med.  biog. 

BULKLEY,  Peter,  first  minister  of 
Concord,  Mass.  was  born  at  Woodhill  in 
Bedfordahire,Eng.,Jan.81,1688v  He  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  in  Camb.  and  waa 
fellow  of  the  college.  He  had  a  gentle- 
man's estate  left  him  by  his  father.  Dr. 
Edward  Bulkley  of  Woodhill,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  tlM  ministry.  For  31  yeara 
he  continued  his  faithful  labors  without 
interruption;  but  at  length,  being  silenc- 
ed ibr  nonconlbimity  to  some  of  the  cer- 
emonies of  the  English  church,  lie  came 
to  New  England  in  16S5,  that  he  might 
ei\joy  liberty  of  conscience.  After  resi- 
ding some  time  at  Cambridge,  he  began 
the  settlement  of  Concord  in  1686  with 
a  number  ofplanterr,wh»4iad  accompa- 
nied him  fVom  England.  He  formed  Ju- 
ly 5, 1686  the  twelfth  church,  which  had 
been  established  in  the'  colony,  and  in 
1637  was  constituted  its  teacher  and 
John  Jones  its  pastor.  He  died  in  this 
town  Mar .9, 1659,  aged  76.  His  first  wife 
was  a  daughter  oi^  Thomas  Allen  of  Gol- 
dington  ;  his  second  a  daughter  of  sir 
Rkshard  Chitwood.  By  these  he  had  14 
children,  8  of  whom  were  educated  for 
tlte  ministry.  Edward,  who  succeeded 
him  about  1659,  died  at  Chelmsford  Jan. 
3, 1696,  and  was  buried  at  Concord:  his 
son,  Peter,  a  graduate  of  1660,  was  agent 
in  England  in  1676;  was  speaker  of  the 
house  and  assistant  from  1677  to  1684; 
and  died  May  34,  1688» 

Mr.  Bulkley  waa  remarkable  for  his  be- 
nevolence. He'Cxpended  a  large  estate  by 
giving  farms  to  his  servants,  whom  he 
employed  in  husbandry.  It  waa  his  cus- 
tom, when  a  servant  had  lived  with  him  a 
certain  number  of  years,  to  dismiss  him, 
giving  him  a  piece  of  land  for  a  farm^  and 


■  Jj  iot'J  i. 


DULKLRY. 


gt^.'""^ 


tST 


Hs  wai 

mannen, 


to  take  another  in  his  place, 
ftmiiiar  and  pleaaant  in  liia 
though  while  aubjeet  to  bodily  pains  he 
was  aomewhat  irritable,  and  in  preaching 
was  at  times  considered  as  severe.  So 
atrict  was  his  own  virtue,  that  he  could 
not  spare  some  Tollies,  which  were  thought 
too  inconsiderable  to  be  noticed.  In 
consequence  of  his  pressing  importunately 
aome  charitable  work,  contrary  to  the 
wishes  of  the  ruling  elder,  an  unhappy  di- 
vision was  produced  in  tlie  church;'  but 
it  waa  healed  by  the  advice  of  a  council 
and  the  abdication  of  the  elder.  By 
means  of  this  troublesome  aiiair,  Mr. 
Bulkley  said  he  knew  more  of  Ood,  more 
of  himself,  and  more  of  men.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  was  distinguish- 
ed for  the  holiness  of  his  life  and  his  dili- 
gent attention  to  the  duties  of  the  minis- 
try. He  gave  a  considerable  part  of  his 
library  to  Harvard  college.  He  was  ve- 
ry conscientious'in  his  observance  of  the 
sabbath.  He  was  averse  to  novelty  of 
apparel,  and  his  hair  was  always  cut  close. 
Such  was  his  zeal  to  dogooi'^  that  he  sel- 
dom leil  any  company,  without  making 
some  serious  remark,  calculated  to  im- 
press the  mind.  When  through  infirmity 
he  was  unable  to  teach  firom  house  to 
house,  he  added  to  his  usual  labor  on  the 
Lord's  day  that  of  catechising  and  ex- 
horting the  youth  in  the  presence  of  the 
whole  assembly.  Such  was  his  reputation 
among  the  ministers  of  New  England, 
that  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  mod- 
erators of  the  synod  of  1687.  Mr. 
Hooker  was  the  other. 

He  published  a  work  entitled,  the  goo- 
pel  covenant  or  the  covenant  of  grace 
opened,  ke.  London,  1646,  4to.  pp.  383. 
This  book  was  so  much  esteemed,  that  it 
passed  through  several  editions.  It  is  com- 
posed of  sermons  preached  at  Concord 
upon  Zechariah  ix.  II,  "the  blood  of  the 
covenant."  Speaking  of  this  work,  Mr. 
Shepard  of  Cambridge  says,  "the 
church  of  God  is  bound  to  bless  God  for 
the  holy,  judicious,  and  learned  labors  of 
this  aged,  and  experienced,  and  precious 
servant  of  Jesus  Christ."  Mr.  Bulkley 
also  wrote  Latin  poetry,  some  specimens 


of  which  are  preserved  by  Dr.  Mather  in 
his  history  of  New  England.— .MisfW* 
magn.  tii.  96,  98;  JV«a/,  i.  881 ;  N<me«ih 
form,  mentor.  Itut  ed.  ii.  900;  Hetaies,  i. 
814;  Coll.  h.i.  X.  168;  Eiplty'i  ded.term. 
BULK  LEY,  John,  one  of  the  first  grad- 
uate* of  Harv.  col.,  was  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. Hetookhiadeg.  ofi.M.  inl643. 
He  afterwards  went  to  England,  k,  settled 
at  Fordham,  where  he  continued  for  sev- 
eral years  with  good  acceptance  and  use- 
fulness. After  his  ejectment  in  1668  he 
went  to  Wapping  in  the  suburbs  of  Lon- 
don, where  he  practised  physk:  several 
yean  with  success.  He  was  eminent  in 
learning  and  equally  so  in  piety.  Though 
he  was  not  often  in  his  pulpit  after  his 
ejectment,  he  might  truly  be  said  to 
preach  every  day  in  the  week.  His 
whole  life  was  a  continued  sermon.  He 
seldom  visited  his  patients  without  read- 
ing a  lecture  of  divinity  to  them,  and  pray- 
ing with  them.  Hewasremarkabeforthe 
sweetness  of  his  temper,  k  his  integrity 
and  charitableness;  but  what  gave  a  lus- 
tre to  all  his  other  virtues  was  his  deep 
humility.  He  died  near  the  tower  in 
London  in  1689,  aged  69.— iV«fu:of(/'or. 
memor.  lait  ed.  ii.  300;  Jamei'Jun.nerm. 
BULKLEY,  Gershom,  an  eminent 
minister,  the  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Dec.  1686,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1655.  About  the 
year  1658  he  succeeded  Mr.  Blinman  at 
minister  of  New  London.  Here  he  con- 
tinued till  about  the  year  1666,  when  he 
became  pastor  of  the  church  in  Wethera- 
field  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Russell,  who  had 
removed  to  Hadley.  He  was  succeeded 
at  New  London  by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  Ma- 
ny years  before  his  death  he  resigned  the 
ministry  at  Wetherefield  on  account  of 
his  infirmities,  and  Mr.  Rowlandson  of 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  was  received  as  minis- 
ter. Mr.  Bulkley  died  Dec  2,  1713,  aged 
77  years.  His  wife  was  Sarah,  the 
daughter  of  president  Chauncy.  He 
was  a  man  of  distinction  in  hia  day,  and 
was  particularly  eminent  for  his  skill  in 
chemistry.  From  an  inscription  upon 
his  grave  stone,  it  appears  that,  he  was 
regarded  as  a  man  of  rare  abilities  and 


I» 


BULKLEY. 


i  -r  itt 


BULL. 


i 


('. 


eiiraordinary  induatry,  excellent  in  lear> 
Bing ,  muter  of  many  langutgee,  exquis- 
ite in  hb  ikill  in  divinity,  phyaie,  and  law, 
and  of  a  moat  exemplary  and  christian 
life.— Trtm»6t<i/,i.  819,  334,  488,  619} 
JlfM«.  ki$t.  eol.  X.  155. 

BULKLEY,  John,  firat  minister  of 
Colchester,  Connecticut,  waa  the  son  of 
Gershom  Bulkley.  His  mother  waa  the 
daughter  of  preaidentChauncy.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699,  wu 
ordained  Dee.  30,  1708,  It  died  in  June 
1781.  His  son,  John  Bulkley,  a  graduate 
at  Yale  college  in  1756,  eminent  for  lear- 
ning, possessed  a  high  reputation  as  a 
physician  and  lawyer,  and  when  very 
young  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior eourt  of  Connecticut. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  very  distinguished  aa 
a  scholar.  While  a  member  of  college  he 
and  Mr.  Dummer,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  same  class,  were  considered  as  pre- 
eminent in  genius  and  talenta.  The  palm 
waa  given  to  the  latter  for  quickneas,  bril- 
liancy, and  wit }  but  Mr.  Bulkley  was  re- 
garded aa  hia  auperior  in  aolidity  of  judg- 
ment and  atrength  of  argument.  He  car- 
ried hia  ressarehes  into  the  various  depart- 
ments of  the  law,  of  medicine,  and  theolo- 
gy. He  was  classed  by  Dr.  Chauncy  in 
1788  among  the  three,  moat  eminent  for 
strength  of  genius  and  powers  of  mind, 
whksh  New  England  had  produced.  The 
other  two  were  Jeremiah  Dummer  and 
Thomaa  Walter.— He  wrote  a  preface  to 
R.  Woksott'a  meditations  and  published  an 
election  sermon  in  1713,  entitled,  the  ne- 
cessity of  religion  in  societies.  In  1734 
he  published  an  inquiry  into  the  right  of 
the  aboriginal  natives  to  the  lands  in 
America.  This  curious  treatise  has  with- 
in a  few  years  been  reprinted  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  historical  society  of  Massa- 
chusetU.  The  author  contends,  that  the 
Indians  had  no  just  claims  to  any  lands, 
but  such  as  they  had  subdued  and  improv- 
ed by  their  own  labor,  and  that  the  En- 
glish had  a  perfect  right  to  occupy  all 
other  lands  without  compensation  to  the 
natives.  He  published  one  other  tract, 
entitled,  an  impartial  acoount  of  a  late 
dabate>t  Lyme  upon  the  following  points; 


whether  it  be  the  will  of  God,  that  th« 
infknU  of  visible  believers  shoukl  be  bap- 
tised ;  whether  sprinkling  be  lawAil  and 
sufficient ;  and  whether  the  present  way 
of  maintaining  ministers  by  a  public  rate 
or  Ux  be  lawful,  1739.  In  this  he  gives 
some  account  of  the  rise  of  the  antipedo- 
baptisU.--3ViMNiiii/,  i.  530;  Jtfiss.  hiii. 
eol.  IV.  159;  x.155;  0«n.AM(.o/Coii.l78. 

BULL,  William,  m.  d.,  a  physician, 
eminent  for  literature  and  medical  science, 
was  the  sonof  Wm.  Bull,  lieut.  gov.  of  S. 
Carolina,  who  died  March  1755,  aged  78. 
He  was  the  first  native  of  South  Caroli- 
na, and  probably  the  first  American,  who 
obtained  a  degree  in  medicine.  S.  L. 
Knapp,  in  his  stereotype  lectures  on  Ame- 
rican literature,  mistakes  in  representing 
Dr.  Bull  as  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college, 
and  also  in  giving  his  name  Ball.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  and  in  1785  defen- 
deid  a  thesis  de  colics  pictonum  before  the 
university  of  Leyden.  He  is  quoted  by 
Van  Swieten  as  his  fellow  student  with 
the  tiUe  of  the  learned  Dr.  Bull.  After 
his  return  to  this  country,  his  services  in 
civil  life  were  required  by  his  fellow  citi- 
zens. In  1751  he  waa  a  member  of  the 
council ;  in  1768  he  was  speaker  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  and  in  1764  he 
was  lieutenant  governor  of  South  Caroli- 
na. He  was  msny  years  in  this  office, 
and  commander  in  chief.  When  the 
British  troops  left  South  Carolina  in 
1783  he  accompanied  them  to  England, 
where  he  resided  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  He  died  in  London  July  4,  1791, 
aged  81. — Ramiay'$  rev.  oftned.  43,  48  ; 
MiUer,  i.  817,  ii.  868;  OentUman'$  nuig. 
XXV.  386;  Ranuay^s  Hut.  8.  C.  ii.  118. 

BULL,  John,  general,  a  soldier  of  the 
revolution,  died  at  Northumberland, 
Penns.,  in  Aug.  1834,  aged  94.  In  the 
French  wars  his  services  were  important, 
especially  in  making  treaties  with  the 
Indians  for  the  safety  of  the  frontiers.  In 
the  war  for  independence  he  engaged 
with  zeal.  In  1776  he  was  a  member  of 
the  assembly  from  the  county  of  Phila- 
delphia. At  the  age  of  75  he  was  »lso  a 
useful  member  of  the  legislature.  He 
died  with  composure,  trusting  in   the 


BULLOCK. 


BUROOYNE. 


180 


that  th* 
db6lMp> 
wAil  and 
Nwntway 
lublio  Tate 
I  he  f  ivet 
antipedo- 
tf««.  Ami. 
'C0II.17S. 
physieian, 
a1  acienee, 
,  gov.  of  S. 
»,  aged  7a. 
ith  Caroli- 
rican,  who 
le.     S.  L. 
eaon  Ame- 
spreaenting 
ft  rd  college, 
I/.   Hewaa 
1795  defen- 
1  before  the 
I  quoted  by 
tudent  with 
lull.    After 
I  aervicea  in 
fellow  citi- 
onber  of  the 
faker  of  the 

in  1764  he 
uth  Caroli- 
I  this  office, 
When  the 

laroliua  in 
[o  England, 

ider  of  hia 

ily  4, 1791, 
\ed.  43,  4S ; 
ian*«  mag. 

C.  II.  lis. 

Idier  of  the 

fumberland. 
In  the 

important, 
with  the 

Intiers.    In 
engaged 

Imember  of 

of  Phila- 

waaftlaoa 

;ure.     He 

ig  in   the 


atonement  of  the  Savior,  with  aaaured 
hope  of  a  glorioua  reaurreetion. 

BULLOCK,  William,  publiahed  a 
work,  entitled,  Virginia  impartially  exam- 
ined, 1049. 

BUNKER.  Beiyamin,  miniater  of  Mai- 
den, Maaa.,  waa  theaon  oC  George  Bun- 
ker, who  lived  in  Charleatown  in  16S4 
and  in  1687  waa  disarmed,  with  many 
others,  by  order  of  the  general  court  for 
being  a  follower  of  Wheelwright  and  Mra. 
Hutchinson,  lest  in  some  revelation  they 
should  make  an  assault  upon  the  govern- 
ment: ftom  whom  or  from  aome  deacen- 
dant  the  name  of  Bunker's  hill  is  doubt- 
leaa  derived.  The  celebrated  battle  was 
fought  on  Breed's  hill,  distant  120  rods 
S.  E.  fVom  Bunker's,  wliksh  is  a  loftier 
hill. — Mr.Bunker  was  graduated  at  Harv- 
ard college  in  1668,  and  died  Feb.  S,  1670, 
aged  about  90.-8mage'$  Wiirihr.  1. 148. 

BURD,  Benjamin,  general,  a  soUier 
ofthe  revolution,  at  the  age  of  31  joined 
col.  Thompson'a  regiment  of  Pennsylva- 
nia riflemen  b  marched  as  a  volunteer  to 
Boston,  where  he  arrived  August  1776. 
He  waa  afterwards  in  the  battle  of  Long 
Island.  In  1777,  as  captain  in  the  4th 
Pennaylvania  regiment  he  was  in  the  bat- 
tlea  of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  and  after- 
wards at  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  In 
the  capacity  of  major  he  was  engaged  in 
the  battles  of  Germantown  and  Mon- 
mouth. In  1779  he  accompanied  Sulli- 
van in  his  expedition  against  the  Indians. 
In  all  his  services  he  was  brave  and  ac- 
tive. After  the  war  he  settled  down  on 
his  paternal  farm  at  fort  Littleton,  where 
he  waa  long  known  for  his  hospitable  and 
gentlemanly  deportment.  For  the  ten 
last  years  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Bedford, 
Penns.;  where  he  died  Oct.  5,  1833  of 
the  dropsy  in  the  chest,  aged  69.  His 
wife  died  on  the  preceding  day. — Far' 
mer't  eol.  ii.  op.  99. 

BURGOYNE,  John  a  British  lieuten- 
ant general  in  America,was  the  natural  son 
of  lord  Bingley.  He  entered  early  into 
the  army,  and  in  1663  had  the  command 
of  a  body  of  troops,  sent  to  Portugal  for 
the  defence  of  that  kingdom  against  the 
Spaniards.    After  his  return  to  England 


ha  beeama  •  privy  eounaellor,  and 
choaen  a  member  of  parliament  In  the 
American  war  he  waa  with  the  Britiah 
army  in  Boaton  at  the  battle  of  BunkerVi 
hill  in  1776,  and  in  the  same  year  waa 
sent  to  Canada.  In  the  year  1777  he  waa 
intruated  with  the  command  of  the  northr 
em  army,  which  ahould  rather  have  been 
given  to  air  Guy  Carleton,  who  waa 
much  better  acquainted  with  the  aituatkw 
of  the  country.  It  waa  the  object  of  the 
campaign  of  1777  to  open  a  oommunicar 
tion  between  New  York  and  Canada,  and 
thua  to  aever  New  England  from  the  oth- 
er statea.  Burgoyne  first  proposed  to 
poaaeaa  himself  of  the  fortreaa  of  Ticonde- 
roga.  W  ith  an  army  of  about  4,000  cho- 
sen British  troops  and  8,000  Germana  he 
left  St.  John'a  June  6  and,  proceeding  up 
laVe  Champlain,  landed  near  Crown 
Point,  where  he  met  the  Indiana  and  gave 
them  a  war  feast.  He  made  a  speech 
to  them,  calculated  to  aeeure  their 
ftiendly  co-operation,  but  deaigned  al- 
so to  >ritigate  their  native  ferocity. 
He  endeavored  to  impresa  on  them 
the  distinction  between  enemies  in  the 
field  and  helpless,  unarmed  inhabitants, 
and  promised  rewarda  for  prisoners,  but 
none  for  scalps.  The  attempt  to  lay  aome 
reatraint  upon  the  mode  of  warfare,  adop- 
ted by  the  savages,  is  honorable  to  the 
humanity  of  Burgoyne  ;  but  it  may  not 
be  easy  to  justify  the  connexion  with  an 
ally,  upon  whom  it  was  well  known  no  ef- 
fectual restraints  could  be  laid.  He  also 
published  on  June  39th  a  manifeato,  inr 
tended  to  alarm  the  people  of  the  country, 
through  which  he  was  to  march,  and  con- 
cluded it  with  saying,  "I  trust  I  shall 
stand  acquitted  in  the  eyea  of  God  and 
man  in  denouncing  and  executing  the 
vengeance  ofthe  state  against  thewilftil 
outcasts.  The  messengers  of  justice  and 
of  wrath  await  them  in  the  field,  and  de- 
vastation, famine,  and  every  concomitant 
horror,  that  a  reluctant  but  indispensable 
prosecution  of  military  duty  must  occa- 
sion, will  bar  the  way  to  their  return." 
On  the  first  of  July  he  proceeded  to 
Ticonderoga,  where  general  St.  Clair 
was  stationed  with  about  8,000  efieetive 


190 


BURGOYNE. 


'£ 


nnk  ft  file,  many  of  whom  were  without 
bayonets.  The  works  were  extensive 
and  incomplete,  and  required  10,000  men 
for  their  defence.  The  British  army  was 
brger,  than  had  been  expected.  When 
the  investment  was  almost  complete,  gen 
eral  St.  Clair  called  a  council  of  war,  and 
the  immediate  evacuation  of  the  fort  was 
unanimously  advised.  Preparations  for 
the  retreat  were  accordingly  made  in  the 
nightof  July  5th.  Burgoyne  the  next 
morning  engaged  in  the  pursuit,  and  with 
the  grand  division  of  the  army  in  gun 
boats  and  two  frigates  proceeded  to  the 
falls  of  Skeensborough;  but,  meeting  with 
opposition  in  this  place  from  the  works, 
which  had  been  constructed,  he  returned 
to  South  Bay,  where  he  landed.  He  fol- 
lowed the  Americans,  however,  from 
Skeensborough  to  fort  Edward  on  the 
Hudson  river,  where,arter  conducting  his 
army  with  incredible  labor  and  fatigue 
through  the  wilderness,  he  arrived  July 
90.  Had  he  returned  to  Ticonderoga, 
and  embarked  on  lake  George,  he  might 
easily  have  proceeded  to  fort  George, 
whence  there  was  a  waggon  road  to  fort 
Edward.  But  he  disliked  the  appearance 
of  a  retrograde  motion,  though  it  would 
have  brought  him  to  the  place  of  his  des- 
tination much  sooner  and  with  much  less 
difficulty.  On  his  approach  general 
Schuyler,  'ivho  had  been  joined  by  St. 
Clair,  passed  over  to  the  west  bank  ofthe 
Hudson,  and  retreated  to  Saratoga.  Col. 
St.  Leger  had  been  destined  to  reach  Al- 
bany from  Canada  by  a  different  route. 
He  was  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
lake  Ontario;  and  thence  to  proc<^  down 
the  Mohawk.  He  had  accordingly  reach- 
ed the  head  of  this  river,  and  was  invest- 
ing fort  Schuyler,  formerly  called  fort 
Stanwix,  when  intelligence  of  his  opera- 
tions was  brought  to  Burgoyne,who  per- 
ceived the  importance  of  a  rapid  move- 
ment down  the  Hudson  in  order  to  aid 
him  in  his  project,  and  to  effect  the  junc- 
tion of  the  troops.  But  this  intention 
could  not  be  executed  without  the  aid  of 
ox  teams,  carriages,  and  provisions.  In 
order  to  procure  them  he  detached  lieut. 
eoL  fiaum  with  about  600  men  to  Ben- 


nington, a  place  about  94  miles  to  the 
eastward  of  Hudson's  river,  where  large 
supplies  were  deposited  for  the  northern 
American  army.  But  Baum  was  defeat- 
ed at  Walloon  creek,  about  seven  miles 
from  Bennington,  Aug.  16th  and  colonel 
Breyman,  who  had  advanced  to  his  assis- 
tance with  about  500  men,  was  obliged  to 
i  retreat.  This  was  the  first  check,  which 
the  northern  army  received.  This  disas- 
ter was  followed  in  a  few  days  by  anoth- 
er ;  for  St.  Leger,  being  deserted  by  his 
Indian  allies,  who  were  alarmed  by  the 
approach  of  general  Arnold  and  by  a  re- 
port of  the  defeat  of  Burgoyne,  was 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  fort  Schuyler 
in  such  ha8te,that  the  artillery  with  great 
part  of  the  baggage,  ammunition,  &  pro- 
visions fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. As  he  returned  immediately  to  Can- 
ada, Burgoyne  was  cut  ofi  from  the  hope 
of  being  strengthened  by  a  junction,  and 
the  American  forces  were  enabled  to  con- 
centrate themselves  in  order  to  oppose 
him.  General  Gates  arrived  to  supersede 
Schuyler  and  to  take  the  command  of  the 
northern  American  army  August  1 9th ; 
and  his  presence,  with  the  recent  events, 
procured  a  vast  accession  of  militia,  and 
inspired  them  with  the  hope  of  capturing 
the  whole  British  army.  Burgoyne  was 
prevented  from  commencing  his  march  by 
the  necessity  of  transporting  provisions 
from  fort  George,  and  every  moment's 
delay  increased  the  difficultyof  proceeding. 
I  Having  thrown  a  bridge  of  boats  over  the 
I  Hudson,  he  crossed  that  river  September 
13th  and  14th,  and  encamped  on  the 
heights  and  plains  of  Saratoga.  Gates 
immediately  advanced  towards  him,  and 
encamped  three  miles  above  Stillwater. 
I  Burgoyne  was  not  averse  to  battle.  He 
I  accordingly  approached,  and  on  the  19th 
the  action  commenced  at  about  three 
o'clock  and  lasted  till  night,  when  the 
Americans  under  the  command  of  Arnold 
retired  to  their  camp.  The  loss  on  the 
part  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  between  three  &  four  hun- 
dred. The  loss  ofthe  British  was  about 
600.  Burgoyne  now  found,  that  the  en- 
emy, which  he  had  to  meet,  was  able  to 


BURfcOYNE. 


191 


miles  to  the 
'where  large 
the  northern 
I  was  defeat- 
seven  miles 
1  and  colonel 
I  to  his  assis- 
es obliged  io 
check,  which 
This  disas- 
lyaby  anoth- 
jerted  by  his 
irmed  by  the 
and  by  a  re- 
rgoyne,    was 
'  fort  Schuyler 
sry  with  great 
[nition,  &  pro- 
)fthe  Ameri- 
liately  to  Can- 
from  the  hope 
junction,  and 
nabled  to  con- 
der  to  oppose 
id  to  supersede 
}mmand  of  the 
August  19th ; 
recent  events, 
)f  militia,  and 
)eoi' capturing 
Burgoyne  was 
g  his  march  by 
ing  provisions 
ery  moment's 
rof  proceeding, 
boats  over  the 
ver  September 
mped  on  the 
atoga.     Gates 
ards  him,  and 
jve  Stillwater, 
to  battle.    He 
on  the  19th 
about    three 
[lit,  when  the 
,nd  of  Arnold 
he  loss  on  the 
killed  and 
&  four  hun- 
tish  was  about 
1,  that  the  en- 
It,  was  able  to 


sustain  an  attack  in  open  plains  with  the 
intrepidity  and  the  spirit  of  veterans.  As 
he  had  given  up  all  communication  with 
the  lakes,  he  now  felt  the  necessity  of  a 
diversion  in  his  favor  by  the  British  army. 
He  accordingly  wrote  upon  this  subject  in 
the  most  pressing  manner  to  sir  William 
Howe  and  general  Clinton;  but  no  effectu- 
al aid  was  afforded.  He  was  also  at  this 
time  deserted  by  his  Indian  allies,  who 
had  been  disappointed  in  their  hopes  of 
plunder,  and  whose  enthusiasm  was 
chilled.  These  hordes  of  the  wilderness, 
of  whom  in  his  proclamation  he  boasted, 
that  "he  had  but  to  lift  his  arm  and  beck- 
on by  a  stretch  thereof,"  and  they  would 
execute  his  vengeance,were  now  "deaf  to 
every  consideration  of  honor,and  unmoved 
by  any  representation  made,  to  them  of 
the  distress,  in  which  their  secession 
would  involve  him."  Difficulties  thick- 
ened around  him.  His  army  was  reduced 
to  about  5, 000  men,  and  they  were  limi- 
ted to  half  the  usual  allowance  of  provi- 
sion. As  the  stock  of  forage  was  entirely 
exhausted,  his  horses  were  perishing  in 
great  numbers.  The  American  army 
was  so  much  augmented,  as  to  render  him 
diffident  of  making  good  his  retreat. 

In  this  exigency  he  resolved  to  examine 
the  possibility  of  advancing,or  of  dislodg- 
ing the  Americans,  and  removing  them 
to  a  greater  distance,  so  as  to  favor  his 
retreat,  if  he  should  be  under  the  neces- 
sity of  resorting  to  that  melancholy  expe- 
dient. For  this  purpose  he  detached  a 
body  of  1500  men,  which  he  led,  attended 
by  generals  Philips,  Reidesel,  &  Frazer. 
This  detachment,  on  the  seventh  of  Oc- 
tober,had  scarcely  formed  within  less 
than  half  a  mile  of  the  American  in- 
trenchment3,when  a  furious  attack  was 
made  on  its  leflt,by  thedirection  of  Gates, 
who  had  perceived  the  movements 
of  the  British.  Arnold  soon  pressed 
hard  on  the  right  under  Burgoyne,  which 
with  the  loss  of  the  field  pieces  and  great 
part  of  the  artillery  corps  retreated  to  the 
camp.  The  Americans  followed  &  assault- 
ed the  works  throughout  their  whole  ex- 
tent from  right  to  left.  The  works  were 
actually  forced  towards  the  close  of  the 


day,  and  colonel  John  Brooks,  who  had 
dislodged  the  German  reserve,  ocoupied 
the  ground,  which  he  had  gained.     In 
this  action  Burgoyne  lost  a  number  of 
his  best  officers,  among  whom  were  gen- 
eral Frazer  and  colonel  Breyman,  many 
privates  killed,  and  two  hundred  taken 
prisoners,  with  nine  pieces  of  brass  artil- 
lery and  the  encampment  and  equipage  of 
the  German  brigade.    After  the  disasteis 
of  the  day  he  took  advantage  of  the  night 
to  change  his  position,  and  to  secure  him- 
self in  the  strong  camp  on  the  heights. 
But  apprehensive  of  being  enclosed  on  all 
sides,  he  the  next  evening  commenced 
his  retreat  to  Saratoga,  where  h^arrived 
on  the  morning  of  the  tenth.     In  his 
march  all  the  dwelling   houses  on  his 
route  were  reduced  to  ashes.  This  move- 
ntent  had  been  foreseen,  and  a  force  was 
already  stationed  in  his  rear  to  be  ready  to 
cut  off  his  retreat.    No  means  of  extrica- 
ting himself  from  difficulty  was  now  left 
him,  but  to  abandon  his  baggage  and  artil- 
lery, and  by  fording  the  Hudson  to  escape 
to  fort  George  through  roads   unpassa- 
ble  by  waggons.    Of  this  last  resource  he 
was  deprived  by  the  precaution  of  Gates, 
who  had  posted  strong  parties  at  the 
fords,  so  that  they  could  not  be  passed 
without  artillery.    In  this  dilemma,  when 
his  army  was  reduced  to  about  3,500  fight- 
ing men,  and  there  was  no  means  of  pro- 
curing a  supply   of   provisions,  which 
were  almost  exhausted,  he  called  a  coun- 
cil of  war,  and  it  was  unanimously  agreed 
to  enter  into  a  convention  with  general 
Gates.    The  troops  of  Burgoyne  were  at 
first  required  to  ground  their  arms  in  their 
encampments  and  yield  themselves  prison- 
ers of  war ;  but  this  demand  was  imme- 
diately rejected,  and  the  American  gen- 
eral did  not  think  it  necessary  to  insist 
upon  the  rigorous  terms  proposed.    The 
convention  was  signed  October  17th,  and 
the  British  army  on  the  same  day  march- 
ed out  of  their  encampment  with  all  the 
honors  of  war.     It  was  stipulated,  that 
they  should  be  permitted  to  embark  for 
England,  and  should  not  serve  against 
the  United  States  during  the  war.     The 
whole  number  of  prisoners   was  5,753. 


BURKE. 


Burgfoyne's  army  in  July  had  conaiated 
oTupwarda  of  9,000  men.  The  army  of 
Oates,  inc)  uding  3600  aick,  amounted  to 
18,300. 

The  army  of  Burgoyne  was  escorted 
to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  it  was  kept 
till  Nov.  of  the  following  year,  when 
congreaa  directed  its  removal  to  Char- 
k)tteville  in  Virginia.  This  detention  of 
the  troops  was  through  fear,  that  the 
convention  would  be  broken,  and  until  a 
ratification  of  it  by  the  court  of  Great 
Britain.  B  urgoyne  himself  had  obtained 
permission  to  repair  to  England  on  parole, 
where  he  arrived  in  May  1778.  He  met 
a  very  cpol  reception,  and  was  denied  ad- 
mission to  the  presence  of  his  sovereign. 
He  was  even  ordered  immediately  to  re- 
pair to  America  as  a  prisoner  ;  but  the  ill 
state  of  his  health  prevented  his  compli- 
ance. At  length  he  was  permitted  to 
vindicate  his  character;  soon  after  which 
he  resigned  his  emoluments  from  gov- 
ernment to  the  amount  of  upwards  of 
15,000  dollars  a  year.  In  1777  there 
was  published  at  London  "a  reply  to  his 
letter  to  his  constituents,"  doubtless 
written  by  brd  Sackville,  the  secretary  of 
the  American  department,  on  whom  Bur- 
goyne had  thrown  the  blame  of  the  fail- 
ure of  the  expedition.  This  pamphlet 
exhibits  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
style  of  Junius,  and  furnishes  one  of  the 
reasons  for  the  belief,  that  lord  Sack- 
ville was  the  author  of  the  letters  of  Ju- 
nius. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1781, 
when  a  majority  of  parliament  seemed 
resolved  to  persist  in  the  war,  he  joined 
the  opposition,  and  advocated  a  motion 
ibr  the  discontinuance  of  the  fruitless 
contest.  He  knew,  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble, to  cc'>.4uer  America.  "Passion,  pre- 
judice, and  interest,"  said  he,  "may  ope- 
rate suddenly  and  partially ;  but  when  we 
see  one  principle  pervading  the  whole 
continent,  the  Americans  resolutely  en- 
countering difficulty  and  death  for  a 
course  of  years,  it  must  be  a  strong  vanity 
and  presumption  in  our  own  mind8,which 
can  only  lead  us  to  imagine,  that  they  are 
not  in  the  right."   From  the  peace  till  his 


death  he  lived  as  a  private  gentleman,  de- 
voted to  pleasure  fc  the  muses.  His  death 
was  occasioned  by  a  fit  of  the  gout,  Au- 
gust 4, 1793.  He  published  a  letter  to  his 
constituents,  5th.  ed.  1779;  state  of  the 
expedition  from  Canada,  1780 ;  the  nuud 
of  the  oaks,  an  entertainment;  bonton; 
and  the  heiress,  a  comedy,  which  were 
once  very  popular,  and  are  considered  as 
respectable  dramatic  compositions.— 
Stednum,  i.  S18-.957;  JtfartAaU,  in.  9S1- 
991,398;  Warren,  n.  1-58;  Holmei, 
II.  369-375;  Ranuay;  ii.  37-66;  Oordm, 
II.  476-490,  388-578;  jinmt^  reg.  for 
1777, 141-176;  for  1778,-196-300;  CoU. 
hilt.  $oe.  II.  104-134 ;  JunttM  vntiuuked. 

BURKE,  Aedanus,  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  chancery  in  South  Carolina, 
was  a  native  of  Galway  in  Ireland.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution  he  came 
as  a  volunteer  lo  fight  for  American  liber- 
ty. In  1778,  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court.  In  1789  he  was  a 
delegate  to  congress.  The  establishment 
of  the  society  of  the  Cincinnati  was  op- 
posed b}'  him  with  great  zeal.  He  died 
at  Charleston  March  80, 1803,  aged  59. 
Mr.  Burke  was  an  earnest  republican ; 
honest,  yet  eccentric  ;  in  the  administm- 
tion  of  justice  inflexibly  upright.  He 
published  an  address  to  the  freemen  of 
the  state  of  S.  C.  by  Cassius,  1783,  in 
which  he  recommended  a  general  amnes- 
ty ;  considerations  upon  the  order  of  the 
Cincinnati,  1783. — Gordon,  iv,  896  ; 
Warren,  111,  388;  RanuayU  8.  C.  i. 
477. 

BURKE,  John  Doly,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Virginia,  was  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college.  Com- 
ing to  America  in  1797,  he  conducted  for 
a  short  time  a  paper  at  Boston  and  after- 
wards at  New  York,  where  he  was  arres- 
ted under  the  sedition  law.  At  the 
Boston  theatre  he  was  made  the  master 
of  ceremonies.  He  was  killed  in  a  duel 
with  Felix  Coquebert,  a  Frenchman,  in 
consequence  of  a  political  dispute,  April 
13,  1808.  He  published  a  history  of  Vir- 
ginia from  its  first  settlement  to  1804  in 
8  vols.  An  additional  volume,  the  joint 
production  of  Mr.  Jones  and  Mr.  Girar- 


BURNAP" 


'%mtM':m 


BURNET. 


I9S 


ntleman,  de- 
■.  HiadMth 
he  gout,  Au* 
a  letter  to  hui 
state  of  the 
30 ;  the  maid 
nt;  bonton; 
,  which  were 
considered  as 
tn  positions.— 

hall,  III.  asi- 

58;  Holme; 
-56;  Oordom, 
nual  reg.  for 
195-300;  Coll. 
itu  vmnuuked. 
judge  of  the 
)uth  Carolina, 

Ireland.  At 
ution  he  came 
American  liber- 
ointed  a  judge 

1789  he  was  a 
e  establishment 
jinnatiwas  op- 
zeal.  He  died 
1802,  aged  59. 
est  republican ; 
the  administra- 

upright.  He 
the  freemen  of 

lius,  178S,  in 

general  amnes- 
Ihe  order  of  the 
Ion,    IV, 

toy's  8. 

author  of  a  his- 
Eitiveof  Ireland 
college.     Com- 
Le  conducted  for 
Lston  aud  afler- 
Ire  he  was  arres- 
law.     At  the 
kde  the  master 
I  killed  in  a  duel 
iFrenchman,  in 
1  dispute,  April 
^history  of  Vir- 
lent  to  1804  in 
Uume,  the  joint 
land  Mr.  Girar- 


dii^  waa  pubUriksd  in  ISlt  H»  publkih- 
ed  ate  Bvalnr  IriU,  a  tnKe4f ;  Btothlen 
Qdtotj  u  litalmriaal  Anna,  fSM;  m 

OIWBn,  oHnWI  aiBRNI «,  t^Wr 

MHIMiATt  Aadwvi  »  alwnrnaii, 
pumJwiTiMiili  H—mh  tha  Mriddleaat. 
tliMMli^  MmHi  Mmmtm  is  I7M  ani 
lfM^4llfclffT* 

BWIWA^  Jaaob,  •.  d.,  flnt  miaiitBr 
of  MwriMM,  Mi  H.,  waabomin  Bead- 
ing, MlMt,  lfor.',l^  lT49,k  WM  adMaen- 
daal«fJiaa«twlK>diBdlM7.  AAargrad- 
uatfalf  M  Harvaid  eellagw  in  I770i  h« 
stidiBdtiMOioffi^hTlioiBaaHainn  of 
Biaiing')  a  naa  of  piafcaadwwmioo,  of 
gnaiiBildMaB^aad  gaBtleaaaa,  and  of  i«> 
toMkaMa  patianaa  nader  aevaiv  triala, 
whsMaHUapla  tang^t  hiapiqrilBiuehof 
tha  qiirit  of  f«i%k>ii.  TIm  ekardi  of  Mer* 
riBMBwaaeoMtitatad  Sept  6,  I77t  and 
Mfi  Banap'  waa  ofdaiaed  Oet  14th. 
AAav  a  mteiatry  of  nearly  50  yean  he  di- 
ed Dae.  M,  1891,  aged  7S.  By  his  aee- 
ond  wifo,  Elisabeth,  slstec  of  gov.  John 
Drook*,  who  died  in  1810,  he  had  IS  ehil- 
dres.  Two  ofhis  sons  gnduatad  at  Har- 
vaid aollege.  Wtthaaoand  jadgment 
and  viffOKMH  powar*  he  diligently  atud- 
iedlhaaariptafaa in  the  original  languar 
geai  IttMi  seatiments  ha  aaeaped  tha 
extraoeaoforAodfflcyaiMliiberaiityb  Kb 
hia  di^ositioB  ha  waa  kind  aad  eatinlis. 
He  pttbhihed  an  oration  on  iadqiandenea, 
1806,  and  the  fi>Uowiag  aannona;  at  a 
fast,  1790 ;  at  theaiaotioa,  1801 ;  oa  the 
death  of  8.  Chandler,  1806 ;  of  R.  M. 
Davidson,  1808 ;  of  R.  Parker,  1809 ;  of 
Sarah,  Sam'l  It  Joanna  Spauldiar,  1816; 
of  J.  Kidder,  1818 ;  at  Ae  tbaaksginng, 
1811)  at  Menimao,  1810;  atM.  Dee.  90, 
18t0,  two  centariea  firom  the  settlement 
of  N.  E.~JiWiiMr>«  eoUeet.  ii.  76-70. 

BURNET,  William,  gov.  of  aeveral 
of  the  Amerioan  eobnies,  was  the  eUeat 
SOB  of  the  oelebrated  bishop  Burnet,  and 
war  bom  at  theHagne  in  March  1688. 
He  waa  aamed  WiUiam  after  the  Prince 
of  OfangaiWbo  stood  hia  godfiuher.  Pre- 
vioaafy  to  hia  eoraing  to  this  eountry,  be 
poeaasaed  a  oonsidenble  fortune;  but  it 
had  been  wrecked  in  the  south  sea 
schenM,  whioh  reduced  many  mulent 
25 


flmdliea  to  indigence.     In  the  year  1790 
he  waa  appointed  govemorof  New  York 
and  Ifaw  Jersey  ift  the  pkna  Of  Robert 
Hneter,  irtio  aaeeeaded  Mr.  Bamet'  aa 
oonptroUer  ganeiai  of  the  meonta  of 
the  enatODW,  apiaee  wMth  IMt^handred 
poanda  per  aaaam.    Haarrivadat  New 
York  aad  took  npoa  kta  fhai|ovanininit 
of  that  proviaea  Sept  If^  THm     Ha 
coatiBaai  hi  dda  alatfam  tM  Ms  maoval 
ia  1790.     Noae  of  hia  pradaaaaaOfB  had 
saeh  eslenaiva  and  Jual  vfawa  et  the'la* 
dkmafiUfiiandof  thedaageroua  Mighd 
borhood  of  tha  Fianeh,  wfaoae  tAtrnt^ 
em  he  waa  feUy  delarniiaad  Id*  ehelftk. 
Ha  paoetratad  iato  their  polkty,  behif 
oonviaeed  flrom  thait  posaesiiiag  theiuht 
passes,  ftom  tiieir  aare  to  9atMiU»*tha 
nativea,  and  Htm  the  iaereaaa '  of  their 
settlementa  hi  LoniaiaBi,  that  dw  Brittab 
eotoniea  had  mveh  to  ftar  ftom  their  0t» 
and  power.    Ia  his  finit  speeeh  to  tin- 
asaembly  he  exptcsaed  Ma  tlppitlb»u^ 
skHM  and    endenrofed  to  awakes  tha 
snspieion  of  the  raembeiai     Agreeably 
to  Ma  desire  aa  aet  area  pasaed  at  tfiafirst 
session,  prohibitiag  the  aaleof  audi  gooda 
to  the  Franehj  as  ware  aaitkbia  for  ttwia^ 
dian  trade.     Thia  waa  a  wise  aad  aeeeii 
saiy  measure;  fbr  1^  OMaaa  of  goodly 
procured  flxaa  Albaiqriand  transported  to 
Canada  by  the  MotamrkandkAaOatarioi 
the  Fmadi  were  enridad  a»  divert  tfie* 
flir  trade  ftom  the  flbdaoa  to  the  St. 
Lawrenee,aad  toeormptthe  ideiity  of 
the  Indian  dlies.    But  wise  and  neetssa 
ry,  aa  thk  measnre  waa^a  ekoaor' waa 
raised  agaiaat  it  by  thoae,  wboaa  hiteresta 
were  aflbeted.    The  govevaer,  however', 
was  net  prevented    ftom  pnraidBr  hia 
pbna  for  Um  poblio:  weiftre.     He  per>- 
oeived  the  impOTtaaee  of  obtainingr  tlw 
command  of  hike  Ontario  in  order  tofma- 
trato  the  projeet  of  tha  Fieaeh  fer  eatab- 
lishiag  a  eliain  of  forta  ftom  Canada  to 
Louisiana,so  as  to  confine  the  Engiiah  eoi* 
oniee  to  narrow  Hnuts  along  the  aaaeeeat. 
For  this  purpoM  he  began  the  ereMion  of 
a  trading  house  at  Oswego  ia  the  aoaatiy 
of  the  Seaeea  In£aaa  in  1799^    In  this 
year  there  was  a  eongrees  at  ARmny  of 
the  aeveral  governors  and  oomimssioneit 


^VJ.K-' 


■v«rjr««'jf!i 


BURNET. 


.Y«A»t«;m 


OB  the  renewal  of  the  ancient  fViendship 
with  the  Indians  ;  and  grovernor  Buniet 
penuaded  them  to  aend  a  message  to  the 
eastern  Indians,  threatening  them  with 
war,  unless  they  concluded  a  peace  with 
the  English,  who  had  been  much  harass* 
ed  by  their  iVequent  irruptions. 

Another  circumBtance,in  addition  to  the 
act  above  mentioned,  increased  the  disaf- 
fection of  the  people  to  the  governor.  As 
he  sustained  the  office  of  chancellor,  he 
paid  great  attention  to  its  duties.  Though 
he  was  not  a  lawyer,  he  in  general  tran- 
sacted the  business,  which  was  brought 
before  him,  with  correctness  and  ability. 
He  had,  however,  one  failing,  which  dis- 
qualified him  for  a  station,  that  some- 
times required  a  patient  application  of 
mind.  His  decisions  were  precipitate. 
He  used  to  say  of  himself,  "  I  act  first, 
and  think  afterward."  As  some  cases 
were  brought  before  him,  in  which  the 
path  of  justice  was  not  so  plain  as  to  be 
instantly  seen,  and  as  the  establishment 
of  the  court  v^lf  without  the  consent  of 
the  asembly  was  considered  as  a  griev- 
ance, Mr.  Burnet  saw  a  strong  party  rise 
against  him.  His  services  were  overlook- 
ed and  his  removal  became  necessary. 
Such  was  his  disinterested  zeal  in  prose- 
cuting his  plan  of  opposition  to  the 
French,  that  after  they  had  built  a  large 
atorehouse  and  repaired  the  fort  at  Niag- 
ara in  17S6,  he  in  the  following  year,  at 
his  own  expense,  built  a  fort  at  Oswego 
for  the  protection  of  the  post  &  trade.This 
was  a  measure  of  the  highest  importance 
to  the  colonies.  In  the  government  of 
New  Jersey  ,which  he  enjoyed  at  the  same 
time  with  that  ofNew  York,  no  event  of 
interest  took  place.  In  the  session  of  the 
assembly,  in  the  year  1731,  a  bill  was  in- 
troduced, which  was  supposed  to  have 
originated  with  the  governor,  entitled, 
"  an  act  against  denying  the  divinity  of 
our  Savior  Jesus  Christ,  the  doctrine  of 
the  blessed  Trinity,  the  truth  of  the  holy 
scripture,  and  spreading  atheistical 
books;"  but  it  was  rejected. 

Mr.  Burnet  was  succeeded  in  his  gov- 
ernments by  John  Montgomerie,  to 
whom  he  delivered  the  great  seal  of  the 


province  of  NewTork  April  15,  1798. 
He  M\  New  York  with  reluctanee,  for 
by  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Van- 
home  he  had  become  connected  with  a 
numeroua  family,  and  he  had  formed  a 
strict  intimacy  and  friendship  with  sev- 
eral gentlemen  of  learning  and  worth. 
Being  appointed  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts and  New  Hampshire,  he  reached 
Boston  July  18,  1738,  and  was  received 
with  unusual  pomp.  In  his  speech  to  the 
assembly  July  84,  he  made  known  his  in- 
structions to  insist  upon  a  fixed  salary, 
and  expressed  his  intention  firmly  to  ad- 
here to  them.  Thus  the  controversy, 
which  had  been  agitated  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  his  predecessor,  Shute, 
was  revived.  On  the  one  hand  it  was 
contended,  that  if  the  support  of  the  gov- 
ernor depended  upon  an  annual  grant,  he 
would  be  laid  under  constraint,  and 
would  not  act  with  the  necessary  indepen- 
dence and  regard  to  the  rights  of  the 
king.  On  the  other  hand  it  was 
asserted,  that  the  charter  gave  the  as- 
sembly a  full  right  to  raise  and  appropri- 
ate all  monies  for  the  support  of  govern- 
ment, and  that  an  honorable  support 
would  always  be  afibrded  to  a  worthy 
chief  magistrate,  without  rendering  him 
completely  independent  of  the  people, 
whose  interests  he  is  bound  to  promote. 
The  governor  pursued  the  controversy 
with  zeal,  but  without  success ;  and 
opposition  had  an  evident  effect  upon  his 
spirits.  A  violent  cold,  occasioned  by 
the  oversetting  of  his  carriage  upon 
the  causeway  at  Cambridge,  when  the 
tide  was  high,  was  followed  by  a  fever, 
which  tenninated  his  life  September  7, 
1739.  He  left  two  sons  &  a  daughter. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Belcher. 

Governor  Burnet  was  a  man  of  superi- 
or talents,  and  in  many  respects  of  an  am- 
iable character.  His  acquaintance  with 
books  and  his  free  and  easy  manner  of 
communicating  his  sentiments  made  him 
the  delight  of  men  of  letters.  His  library 
was  one  of  the  richest  private  collections 
America.  His  right  of  precedence  in 
all  companies  rendered  him  the  more  ex- 
cusable in  indulging  his  natural  disposi- 


f 


BURNET.  ** 

tion  by  occupying^  a  large  share  in  the 
oonvenation.  To  the  ladies  he  made 
himself  peculiarly  agreeable.  In  his  con- 
duct as  a  governor  he  discovered  nothing 
ofan  avaricious  spirit,  though  in  order  to 
procure  supplies  for  his  family  he  exceed- 
ed the  bounds  of  the  law  in  demanding 
fees  of  masters  of  vessels.  His  controver- 
sy with  the  assembly  respected  not  the 
amount  of  his  salary,  but  only  the  man- 
ner, in  which  it  should  be  secured  to  him. 
In  his  disposal  of  public  offices  he  was 
sometimes  generous,  thougfh  he  usually 
preferred  those,  who  would  favor  his 
cause,  and  displaced  some,  who  opposed 
him.  He  removed  from  his  posts  Mr. 
Lynde,  a  member  of  the  house,  whose  in- 
tegrity and  talents  were  unquestioned, 
merely  because  he  would  not  vote  for  a 
compliance  with  the  instructions  giveit  to 
the  governor.  By  this  measure  he  lost 
many  of  his  friends.  It  is,  however, 
highly  to  the  honor  of  Mr.  Burnet,  that 
an  immoral  or  unfair  character  was  in 
his  view  a  complete  exclusion  from  office; 
and  upon  this  principle  only  he  once 
gave  his  negative  to  the  election  of  a 
member  of  the  council 

With  regard  to  his  religion,  he  firmly 
believed  the  truth  of  Christianity,  but  he 
seems  not  to  have  possessed  all  the  seri- 
ousness, which  would  have  been  honora- 
ble to  his  character,  nor  that  constant 
sense  of  obligation  to  the  Giver  of  all  good, 
which  the  christian  should  feel.  Being 
invited  to  dine  with  an  aged  gentleman, 
who  had  been  a  senator  under  the  old 
charter,  and  who  retained  the  custom  of 
saying  grace  sitting,  he  was  asked  ,wheth- 
er  it  would  be  more  agreeable  to  his  ex- 
cellency, that  grace  should  be  said  sitting 
or  standing.  The  governor  replied,  "stan- 
ding or  sitting,  any  way  or  no  way,  just 
as  you  please."  Another  anecdote  is  the 
follojving.  One  of  the  committee,  who 
went  from  Boston  to  meet  him  on  the 
borders  of  Rhode  Island,  was  the  facetious 
colonel  Tailer.  Burnet  complained  of  the 
long  graces,  which  were  said  by  clergy- 
men on  the  road,  and  asked  when  they 
would  shorten.  Tailer  answered,  "the 
graces  will  increase  in  length  till  you  come 


BURR. 


19f 


(o  Boston ;  aft  r  that  they  will  shorten 
till  you  come  to  your  government  of  New 
Hampshire,  where  your  excellency  will 
find  no  grace  stall."  The  governor, 
though  the  son  of  a  bishop,  was  not  re- 
markable for  his  exact  attendance  upon 
public  wc/ship.  Mr.  Hutchinson,  one  of 
his  successors,  who  had  a  keener  sense  of 
what  was  discreet,  if  not  o(  what  was 
right,  thinks,  that  he  should  have  confor- 
med more  to  the  customs  and  prejudices 
of  New  England.  But  he  had  no  talent 
at  dissimulation,  and  his  character  presen- 
ted itself  fully  to  view.  He  did  not  ap- 
peiar  better,  than  he  really  was.  He  some- 
times wore  a  cloth  coat,  lined  with  vel- 
vet; it  was  said  to  be  expressive  of  his 
character.  By  a.ckuse  in  his  last  will 
he  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried  in  the 
nearest  church  yard  or  burying  ground, 
as  he  had  no  attachment  to  particular 
modes  and  forms. 

He  published  some  astronomical  obser- 
vations in  the  transactions  of  the  royal  sc- 
ciety,  and  an  essay  on  scripture  prophecy, 
wherein  he  endeavored  to  explain  the 
three  periods  contained  in  the  twelfth 
chapter  of  Daniel,  with  arguments  to 
prove,  that  the  first  period  expired  in 
1715.  This  was  published' 1724, 4to.  pp. 
16T.— Smith'!  hitt.  N.  Y.  151-17S,  ed. 
in  4to;  Hutehimm,  ii.  83^-366;  Bel- 
knap, II.  93-95;  J\Iar$haU,  i.  390-399, 
306;  Colman'$  Ufe,  196;  JoAfMon'*  Itfe, 
41,  43;  Minot,  i.  61;  iV;  E.  weekly  jour- 
nal, Sept.  15, 1739. 

BURNET,  Matthias,  o.  d.,  episcopal 
minister,  at  Norwalk,  Con.,  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1764  and  died  in  1806, 
aged  about  55.  He  published  reflections 
upon  the  season  of  harvest,  and  evidences 
of  a  general  judgment,  two  sermons  in 
Amer.  preacher,  ii,  iii. 

BURR,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Dorches- 
ter, Mass.  was  born  at  Redgrave  in  Suf~ 
folk,  England,  about  the  year  1604. 
He  gave  early  indications  of  an  inquisi- 
tive, studious,  and  pious  mind.  While 
he  was  much  attached  to  books,  the  bible 
was  peculiarly  his  delight,  and  by  means 
of  its  instructions,  which  were  familiar  to 
him  from  childhood,  he  was  made  wise  to 


■mt 


.nnm 


BURR. 


•!|- 


^;i 


niTiUon.  Hene*  he  wu  eonseientiou/ 
in  Mcret  prayer ;  his  whole  deportment 
WM  guarded  and  aerioua;  and  hia.sabbaths 
were  entirely  occupied  in  the  exercises  be- 
coming a  day  of  holy  rest.  His  pious  pa- 
rents observed  with  satisfaction  the  pronm 
ising  disposition  of  iheir  son  ;  and  being 
desirous  to  consecrate  him  to  the  service 
of  God  and  his  church,  determined  to  ber 
stow  upon  him  a  learned  education.  He 
was  accordingly  sent  to  the  university, 
where  he  continued  three  or  four  years, 
when  the  course  of  his  academical  studies 
was  interrupted  by  the  death  of  his  father. 
Being  compelled  by  this  meUmcholy 
event  to  retire  into  the  country,  he  un- 
dertook the  instruction  of  a  school ;  but 
he  still  pursued  with  unabated  ardor  his 
design  of  accomplishing  himself  in  the  va- 
rious branches  of  knowledge.  The  awful 
providence  of  God,  he  would  remark,  by 
which  he  was  precluded  from  those  em- 
ployments and  honors  in  the  university, 
of  which  he  was  very  fond,  produced  an 
effect,  for  which  he  had  reason  tp  admire 
the  divine  wisdom.  It  promoted  in  him 
a  humility  and  seriousness,  which  render- 
ed him  more  fit  for  the  great  work  of  tur- 
ning many  to  righteousness. 

AfVer  having  preached  for  some  time 
at  Horning,  near  Bury  in  Suffolk,  he 
was  called  to  take  the  charge  of  a  congre- 
gation at  Reokingshal  in  the  same  coun- 
ty. Here  he  approved  himself  a  iaithful 
minister  of  the  gospel.  By  an  explicit 
and  solemn  covenant  he  obligated  himself 
to  the  most  conscientious  discharge  of  the 
high  duties,  devolved  upon  him.  He  often 
•nd  earnestly  prayed,  that  whatever  he 
preached  to  others,  he  might  preach  from 
his  own  experience.  Yet  he  not  unfre- 
quently  lamented  to  his  friends,  "alas!  I 
preach  not  what  I  am,  but  what  I  ought 
to  be."  Being  silenced  in  England  with 
many  others  for  resisting  the  impositions 
of  the  prelatieal  party,  and  apprehending, 
that  calamities  were  in  store  for  the  nation, 
he  came  to  NewEugland  in  1 6S9,  with  his 
wife  and  S  children,  willing  to  forego  all 
worldly  advantages,  that  he  might  enjoy 
the  ordinances  of  the  gospel  in  their  puri- 
ty.   He  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 


church  in  Doiehester  under  Ihe  paCtoml 
care  of  Richard    Mather,  December  jtl. 
He  was  in  a  short  time  invited  to  aettle 
as  a  colleague  with  Mr.  Blather  in  the 
ministry  ;  but  before  accepting  the  invita- 
tion a   misunderstanding    arose,  which 
made  it  necessary  to  ask  the  advice  of  the 
neighboring  churches.    A  council  was  ac- 
cordingly called  Feb.  3, 1640,  consisting 
of  governor  Winthrop  and  another  mag- 
istrate and  ten   ministera.     Four  days 
were  spent  in  examining  and  discussing 
the  affiur.    It  appeared,  that  Mr.  Burr 
had  been  suspected  of  some  erron,  and 
being  directed  to  give  his  opinion  in  wri- 
ting to  Mr.  Mather,  the  Utter  had  re- 
ported the  exceptionable  expresuons  and 
the  erroneous  sentiments  to  the  church, 
without  alluding  to    the  qualifications, 
which   th^  might  receive  fVom  other 
parts  of  the  writing.    These  errors  Mr. 
Burr  disclaimed.    The  council  declared, 
that  both  these  good  men  had  cause  to 
be  humbled  for  their  failings,  and  advised 
them  to  set  apart  a  day  for  reconciliation. 
This  was  accordingly  done.    The  spirit 
of  meekness  and  love  triumphed,  the  mu- 
tual affection  of  the  ministers  was  restor- 
ed, and  the  peace  of  the  church  was  hap- 
pily re-established.     Mr.  Burr,   whose 
&ith  had  been   somewhat    sliaken,  by 
means  of  the  discussion  was  confirmed  in 
the  truth,  and  he  humbled  himself  with 
many  tears.    He  and  his  family  were  in 
this  year  taken  sick  with  the  small  pox, 
which,  as  inoculation  was  not  practised, 
was  a  very  dangerous  disorder ;  but  he 
happily  recovered.   On  this  occasion  he 
renewed  the  dedication  of  himself  to  God, 
resolving  to  act  only  for  his  glory  and  the 
good  of  his  brethren,  and  not  to  be  govern- 
ed by  selfishness  ;  to  live  in  humitity  and 
with  a  sense  of  his  complete  dependence 
upon  divine  grace  ;  to  be  watchful  over 
his  own  heart,  lest  his  reliance  should  be 
transferred  IVom  the  Creator  to  the  crea- 
ture ;  to  be  mindful,  that  God  heareth 
prayer  ;  and  to  bend  his  exertions  with 
more  diligence  for  the  promotion  of  pious 
affections  in  himself  and  in  his  family. 
He  lived  afterwards  answerably  to  these 
holy  resolutions.    The  most  experienced 


BURR. 


197 


r  the  paMonl 
lecendief  91. 
ited  to  Mltle 
btherio  the 
ingUiBinviU- 
aroee,  which 
iidviceofthe 
ooneil  was  »c- 
40,  coMiBting 
another  oiag- 
,     Four  days 
ind  diseuasing 
that  Mr.  Burr 
ne  emwt,  and 
>pimoii  inwri- 
latter  hed  re- 
ixprearionB  and 
to  the  church, 
qualificationa, 
ive  from  other 
liese  errors  Mr. 
3uncil  declared, 
en  had  cause  to 
ngs,  and  advised 
>r  reconciliation, 
jne.    The  spirit 
imphed,  themu- 

Eters  was  restor- 
hurchwas  hap- 
Burr,   whose 
hat    shaken,  by 
was  confirmed  in 
led  himself  with 
B  family  were  in 
.  the  small  pox, 
as  not  practised, 
disorder ;  but  he 
this  occasion  he 
f  himself  to  God, 
his  glory  and  the 
nottobegovem- 
B  in  humility  and 
ilete  dependence 
le  watchful  over 
tliance  should  be 
lator  to  the  crea- 
lat  God  heareth 
exertions  with 
(motion  of  pious 
1  in  his  family, 
[werebly  to  these 
kost  experienced 


n^-  ehristians  in  the  eountry  found  his  vA»- 

try  and  his  whole  deportment  breathing 

much  of  the  spirit  of  a  better  world.   The 

eminent  Mr.  Hooker,  once  iiearing  him 

v4  preach,  remarked,  "surely  this  man  will 

-.  .,   not  be  long  out  of  heaven,  for  he  preMh- 

"   es,  as  if  he  were  there  already.*'    He  oied 

after  a  short  siokness  August  9, 1 641,  aged 

97  years. 

Mr.  Burr  was  esteemed  both  in  Eng- 
land and  in  this  country  for  his  piety  and 
■■-,    learning.    His  modesty  and  self  diffidence 
were  uncommonly  great.    He  could  with 
difficulty  imagine,that  performances  such 
as  his  could  be  productive  of  any    good. 
Yet  he  was  sometimes  most  happily  dls- 
it    appointed.    Having  been  by  much  im' 
portunity  prevailed  on  to  preach  at  a  dis- 
•      tance  from  home,he  returned,  making  the 
most  humiliating  reflections  on  his  ser- 
mon.   "It  must  surely  be  of  God,"  said 
he,"if  any  good  is  done  by  so  unworthy 
an  instrument."    Yet  this  sermon   was 
instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  a  per- 
son of  eminence,who  heard  it,  and  whose 
future  lifemanifested,that  he  was  a  chris- 
tian indeed.    It  was  his  custom  on  the 
sabbath,  after  his  public  labors,  to  retire 
to  his  cloeet,where  he  supplicated  for- 
giveness of  the  sins,  which  had  attended 
his  performances,and  implored  the  divine 
blessing  upon  them.    He  then  spent  some 
hours  in  praying  with  his  family  and  in- 
structing them  in  the  great  truths  of  re- 
ligion.   When  he  was  desired  to  relax 
his  excessive  exertions  to  do  good,  lest 
he  should  be  exhausted,  he  replied,"it  is 
better  to  be  worn  out  with  the  work,than 
to  be  eaten  out  with  rust."     He  began 
each  day  with  secret  prayer.     He  then 
carefully  meditated  on  a  chapter  of  the 
bible,  which  he  afterwards,  at  the  time  of 
domestic  worship,  expounded  to  his  fam- 
ily and  such  ueighbon,  as  wished  to  be 
present.    A  similar  course  he  pursued  at 
evening.    He  generally  spent  some  time 
after  dinner  in  praying  with  his  wife. 
Immediately  before  retiring  to  rest,  he 
employed  half  an  hour  in  recollecting  and 
confessing  the  sins  of  the  day,  in  grateful 
acknowledgments  of  divine  mercies,  and 
in  supplications  to  be  prepared  for  sudden 


death.    Previously  to  eaeh  oelebratMn  of 
the  Lord's  supper ,he  kq>t  with  his  wife  a 
day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  not  merely  m 
a  preparative  for  that  sacred  ordinance, 
but  as  a  season  for  imptoring  the  bleaaing 
of  God  on  his  family  and  neighborhood. 
Absence  from  home  was  iriuome  to  hiia, 
particularly  as  it  deprived  him  of  dioae 
oj^rtunities  of  holding,  intereoune  with 
iMsven,  on  which  he  placed  so  great  a 
value.    But  when  he  journeyed  with  his 
friends,  he  did  not  foil  to  edify  them  by 
profitable  conversation;  eq[>eciaily  by  in.- 
structive  remarks  on  such  ol^tsandoe- 
currences,  as  presented  themsehrce  to  his 
attention.     In  the  recollection  of  theM 
scenes  he  was  accustomed  to  inquire, 
what  good  had  been  done  or  gained,  vrfiat 
useiVil  examples  seen,  and  what  valuable 
instructions  heard. 

While  he  was  indefatigable  in  bis  min- 
isterial work,  he  was  not  ataxious  for  any 
other  reward,  than  what  he  found  in  tWh 
service  itself.  If  any,  who  hoped  that 
they  had  received  spiritual  benefit  through 
his  exertions,  sent  him  expressions  oT 
their  gratitude,  he^  would  pray,  that  he 
might  not  have  his  portion  in  these  ftingst 
Nor  was  he  backward  to  remind  hia  grati>- 
ful  firiends,  that  whatever  good  th^  had 
received  through  him,  the  gk>ry  should 
be  ascribed  to  God  alone.  It  was  in 
preaching  the  gospel,  that  he  found  hii 
highest  enjoyment  in  life.  In  propoktnta 
to  the  ardor  of  his  piety  was  the  extent 
of  his  charity.  He  sincerely  loved  his 
fellow  men,  and  while  their  eternal  inter- 
ests pressed  with  weight  on  his  heart,  he 
entered  with  lively  sympathy  into  their 
temporal  aflUctions.  Rarely  did  he  visit 
the  poor  without  communicating  what 
was  comfortable  to  the  body,  as  well  as 
what  was  instructive  and  salutary  to  the 
soul.  When  he  was  reminded  of  the  im- 
portance of  having  a  greater  regard  to  his 
own  interest,  he  replied,  I  often  think  of 
those  words,  "he  that  soweth  sparingly 
shall  reap  sparingly."  For  the  general 
interests  of  religion  in  the  world  he  ielt  so 
lively  a  concern,  that  his  personal  joys 
and  sorrows  seemed  inconsiderable  in 
comparison.    He  was  bold  and  zealous  in 


IM 


BURR. 


witlutuding  •vwy  thing,  whioh  brought 
diahonor  on  the  luuos  of  Ood }  but  under 
penonal  i^juriee  he  wu  exempiarUy  meek 
•nd  pitient.  When  informed,  that  any 
thought  meanly  of  him,  hia  reply  waa, 
"I  thinic  meanly  of  myaelf,  and  therefore 
may  well  be  eontent,  that  others  think 
meanly  of  me.*'  When  charged  with 
what  waa  fliulty,  he  remarked,  "if  men 
aee  ao  much  evU  in  me,  what  does  Ood 
see?" 

In  his  lut  sickness  he  exhibited  un* 
common  patience  and  submiuion.  He 
was  perfectly  resigned  to  the  r'ill  of  Ood. 
Just  before  his  death,  as  his  faith  was 
greatly  tried,  and  he  endured  a  sl^iarp 
conflict,  a  person,  who  was  standing  by, 
remarked,  "this  is  one  of  Satan's  last  as- 
saults ;  he  is  a  subtle  enemy,  and  woukl, 
if  it  were  pouible,  deceive  the  very  elect." 
Mr.  Burr  repeated  the  expression,  "if  it 
were  possible,"  ft  added,  "but  blessed  be 
God,  there  is  no  possibility. "  He  then  re- 
quested to  be  left  alone  for  prayer.  But 
seeing  the  company  reluctant  to  depfift, 
he  prayed  in  Latin  as  long  as  he  had 
strength.  He  then  called  for  his  wife, 
•nd  steadfkstly  fixing  his  eyes  upon  her 
said,  "cast  thy  care  upon  Ood,  ibr  he 
careth  for  thee."  He  soon  afterwards  ex- 
pired. He  left  four  children.  His  sons 
were  Jonathan,  John,  and  Simon:  the 
former  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1651,  was  a  physician  in  Hingham,  and 
died  in  Canada  in  1690.  John  settled  in 
Fairfiekl,  Con. — Among  his  grandsons 
was  Peter  Burr,  a  graduate  of  1690  and 
chief  justice  of  Connecticut  in  173S,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Burr.— His  widow, 
Frances,  married  Richard  Dummer,  with 
whom  she  lived  happily  nearly  forty 
jetan.—Mather'$  magn.,  iii,  78-81  ; 
Panop/u(,  Sep.  1808  ;  Smage't  Win- 
tkrop,  v..  83 ;  HarrU'  hUt.  ofDoreheiter 
in  CoU.  hitt.  ioe.  ix.  173-175. 
'.  BURR,  Aaron,  president  of  New  Jer- 
sey college,a  descendant  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  native  of  Fairfield  in  Connectksut, 
and  was  born  in  the  year  1714.  His  an- 
cestors for  a  number  of  generations  had 
lived  in  that  cotony,  and  were  persons  of 
great  respectability.    He  is  said  by  Farm- 


er to  have  been  the  grandson  of  chief 
justise  Peter  Burr,  and  son  of  Rev.  laaaQ 
B.,  who  graduated  in  1717  ;  but  this  may 
be  doubted,  as  he  was  bom  in  1714.  Sav- 
age,  with  greater  probability ,calls  him  the 
so^^of  the  chief  justice.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1785.  In  174S  he 
was  invited  to  take  the  pastoral  charge  of 
the  presbyterian  church  at  Newark  in 
New  Jersey.  Here  he  became  so  emi- 
nent as  an  able  and  learned  divine  and  an 
accomplished  scholar,  that  in  1748  he  waa 
unanimously  elected  president  of  the  col- 
lege,which  he  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing, as  successor  to  Mr.  Dickinson.  The 
college  was  removed  about  tliis  timeiVom 
Elizabethtown  to  Newark  and.  in  1757,  a 
short  time  before  the  death  of  Mr.  Burr,to 
Princeton.  In  1754  he  accompanied  Mr. 
Whitefield  to  Boston,  having  a  high  es- 
teem for  the  character  of  that  eloquent 
itinerant  preacher,  and  greatly  rejoicing 
in  the  success  of  his  labors.  After  a  life 
of  usefulness  and  honor,  devoted  to  his 
Master  in  heaven,  he  was  called  into  the 
eternal  world  September  34,  1757,  in  the 
midst  of  his  days,  being  in  the  forty  third 
year  of  his  age. 

iPresident  Burr  hadasleiil^r  and  deli- 
cate frame  ;  yet  to  encounter  fatigue  he 
had  a  heart  of  steel.  To  amazing  talents 
for  the  despatch  of  business  he  joined  a 
constancy  of  mind,  that  commonly  se- 
cured to  him  success.  As  long  as  an  en- 
terprise appeared  possible,he  yielded  to  no 
discouragement.  The  flourishing  state 
of  the  college  of  New  Jersey  was  much 
owing  to  his  great  &  assiduous  exertion. 
It  was  in  a  great  degree  owing  to  his  in- 
fluence with  the  legislature  and  to  his  in- 
timacy and  friendship  with  governor 
Belcher,  that  the  charter  was  enlarged  in 
1746.  The  first  class  was  graduated  in 
1748,  the  first  year  of  his  presidency. 
When  his  services  were  requested  by  the 
trustees  of  the  college  in  soliciting  dona- 
tions for  the  purchase  of  a  library  h  phi- 
losophical apparatus,  and  for  erecting  a 
building  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
students,  he  engaged  with  his  usual  zeal 
in  the  undertaking,  and  every  where  met 
with  the  encouragement,  which  the  de- 


BURR. 


IM 


of  chief     ■■ 
!V.  iMm 
thia  imy 
i4.   Sav- 
I  him  the 
igradua- 
1  n43  he 
charge  of 
twarli  in 
•o  emt-  •' 
leand  an 
48hewM 
ftlie  Col- 
in found- 
on.    The 
timeflrom 
iul757,a 
[r.  Burr.lo 
lanied  Mr. 
,  high  ei- 
it  eloquent 
r  rejoicing 
After  a  life 
ted  to  hia 
)d  into  the 
767,  in  the 
forty  third 

r  and  deli- 
atigue  he 
ing  talenta 
Le  joined  a 
nmonly  ae- 
aa  an  en- 
elded  to  no 
ling  state 
W88  much 
exertion, 
to  hia  in- 
to hia  in- 
governor 
inlarged  in 
aduated  in 
treaidency. 
ited  by  the 
ing  dona- 
iry  fc  phi- 
erecting  a 
in   of  the 
laual  zeal 
here  met 
!h  the  de- 


''  Mfn  ao  Ailly  deaerved.    A  plaoe  being 
fixed  upon  at  Princeton  for  the  aite  of  the 
new  building,  the  auperintendenoeofthe 
work  waa  aolely  eommitted  to  bim.    Un- 
til the  apring  of  lt57,  when  the  eollege 
waa  removed  to  Newark,  he  diacharftd 
the  duties  both  of  preaident  and  paator  df 
a  church.    Few  were  more  perftct  in  the 
^  art  of  rendering  themaelves  agreeable  in 
1  company.    He  knew  the  avenuea  to  the 
I  liuman  heart,  and  he  poeaeaaed  the  rare 
"^  power  of  pleaaing  without  betraying  a  de- 

-  aign  to  pleaae.     Aa  he  waa  fVee  (Vom  o»- 
'  tentation  and  parade,  no  one  would  have 

auapected  hia  learning,  unleaa  hia  subject 
-'  required  him  to  diaplay  it,  and  then  eveiy 

-  one  waa  aurpriaed  that  a  peraon,  ao  wdl 
acquainted  with  booka,  ahould  yet  poaae4i 
auch  eaae  in  converaation  and  auch  free- 
dom of  behavior.  He  inapiied  all  arounB 
him  with  eheerfulneaa.  Hia  arms  vreio 
open  to  good  men  of  every  denomination. 
Aaweetneaa  of  temper,  obliging  courteay 
and  mildneaa  of  manners,  joined  to  an  en- 
gaging candor  of  sentiment,  spread  a  glo- 
ry over  his  reputation,  and  endeared  his 
person  to  all  his  acquaintance.  Though 
steady  to  his  own  principles,  he  waa  free 
fVom  all  bigotry.  In  the  pulpit  he  ahone 
with  auperior  lustre.  He  waa  fluent, 
copiou8,sublime,  and  persuasive.  Having 
a  clear  and  harmonious  voice,  which  was 
capable  of  expressing  the  various  passions, 
and  taking  a  deep  interest  in  his  subject, 
he  could  not  fail  to  reach  the  heart.  His 
invention  was  exhaustless,  and  his  elocu- 
tion waa  equal  to  his  ideas.  He  was  not 
one  of  those  preachers,  who  soothe  their 
heariers  with  a  delusive  hope  of  safety,  who 
substitute  morality  in  the  place  of  holi- 
ness, and  yield  the  important  doctriney  of 
the  goapel  through  fear  of  displeasing  the 
more  reputable  sinners.  He  insisted  up- 
on the  great  and  universal  duty  of  repen- 
tance, as  all  were  guilty  and  condemned 
by  the  divine  law.  He  never  wished  to 
administer  consolation,  till  the  heart  was 
renewedfcconseerated  unto  God.  When 
he  saw  the  soul  humbled,  he  then  dwelt 
upon  the  riches  of  redeeming  mercy,  and 
expatiated  upon  the  glories  of  him,  who 
was  God  manifest  in  the  flesh.     It  was 


his  endeavor  to  akrm  the  thooghtleMi  to 
fix  upon  theeonacionee  a  aanae  ofdn,  to 
revive  the  dJaoonaohte,  to  animate  tba 
penitent,  to  reclaim  the  ralapaing,  to  eon- 
firm  the  irreaolttte,  and  to  establiah  the 
fltithflil.    He  wiahed  to  reatore  to  man 
the  beautlAil  image  of  God,  disflgnred  by 
theapoatacy.    Hia  life  and  example  were 
a  comment  on  hiaaermo^,and  by  hit  en- 
gaging deportment  he  rendered  the  ami*- 
Ue  character  of  a  chriatian  atUl  mor*  at- 
tractive and  bvely.    He  waa  diatingfoiah- 
ed  for  hia  public  apirtt.    Amidat  hki  other 
careahe  studied,  and  planned,  and  toiled 
for  the  good  of  his  country.     He  had  a 
high  aenae  of  Engliah  liberty  and  deteated 
despotic  power  aa  the  bane  of  human  hap- 
pineaa.    Hecomridered  the  hereqr  of  A- 
riua  aa  not  more  iktal  to  the  purity  of  tlw 
goapel,  than  the  poaitiona  of  Fihner  were 
to  the  dignity  of  man  andtherepoae  of 
atates.    But  tho>  he  had  much  of  that  pa- 
triotic apirit,  which  ia  ornamental  even  to  a 
christian  mini8ter,he  cautiously  intermed- 
dled with  any  matters  of  a  political  nature, 
being  aware  of  the  invidioua  conatrne- 
tions,  which  are  commonly  put  upon  the 
moat  unexceptionable  attempta,  made  by 
men  of  hia  profeaaion  to  promote  the  pu^ 
lie  welfare.    He  was  a  correspondent  of 
the  Scotch  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel;   and  he  thought  no  labor  too 
great  in  the  prosecution  of  an  enterprise, 
which  promised  to  illuminate  the  gloomy 
wilderneaa  with  the  beama  of  evangelical 
troth.    Over  the  college  he  preaided  with 
dignity  and  reputation.    He  liad  the  moat 
engaging  method  of  instructk>n  and  a 
singular  talent  in  communicating  hiaaen- 
timents.     While  he  stripped  learning  of 
its  mysteries,  and  presented  the  most  in- 
tricate subjects  in  the  clearest  light,  and 
thus  enriched  his  pupils  with  the  trea»- 
uers  of  learning,  he  wished  also  to  im- 
plant in  their  minds  the  seeds  of  virtue 
and  religion.    He  took  indefktigable  ^laina 
in  regard  to  their  religious  instruction, 
and  with  zeal,  solicitude,  and  parental  af- 
fection pressed  upon  them  the  care  of 
their  souls  and  with  melting  tenderness 
urged  the  importance  of  their  liecoming 
|he  true  disciples  of  the  holy  Jesus.     In 


BUBR. 


■I  hiWiirHi 


.mm^tiik-mf  !ii«wai,>)iiiMiii  iuiiiiiii'[iiiipini(j 


^fn^'f^^o^Sv^m*^'  iim'i  #w4 


....  »r(^s»v '"■'■.  "»*»*#' 


awe*^*" 


by 


^ifei.^'WiiiA*?.. 


immmmtmrnmrnt 


Mit«iiM|p4lili«fiMMi 


'Af^^^k^  ''■^iflflll^k'' 


iwctwiiiiiKimiiy 
liwmn  ttui  iiitiiMrtif  niiMii  - 

HlltlffliMiftilll  I  triifiiei  «iiiMii|'-i 

omroi  wit,  BXBffw%  mBpasf  j '  ivpiHiNia' 
«t«MlMiialT9ti^   He  |kMMmIi*mni 

ftjttiiiiioii  ~i0«  iWMMt  'of  tlnrt«MMi«Mlih- 
Biiiii»«r^  Flelieh,  Jin.  1,  t7BB;  liw 

of^tbA  ^igiifir  fa  «!»»«»>  ^fMt  *'*- 

DBIW     WIUMJIi      mi     gUfOIUul      BBMMTi 

I'm.  llikiiMpiiMMiitt  ft*A^ 
^%efeviB  ''W  ofift'dMittif  wiMiiBterliiftti 


BURR. 

it  it  thought,  aeoelaratfld  that  event.— 
LiviHgiton'i  fim,  tlog.',  Smith't  term. 
^pref.  to  Burr'i  $erm.  on  Beleker;MiU' 
or,  II.  S45;  EdvutrdU  Itfe,  opjv.;  Orem'i 
dUe.SOO-aii;  Smage't  1Vinthrop,ll.aa. 

BURR,Henry,or  N.Jerwy,  died  about 
the  year,  1773  malcingf  provision  for  the 
emancipation  of  all  hie  slave*,  the  eldest 
at  hia  death,  and  the  younger  as  they 
reached  a  suitable  age.  Peter  White  of 
Haddonfield,  who  married  a  daughter  of 
Burr,  and  died  about  1744,  also  emancipa- 
ted his  slaves.  These  were  the  two  earliest 
instances  of  emancipation. — Jtfiu*.  hitt. 
eol.  f. «.  VIII.  187. 

BURR,  Joseph,  a  philanthropist,  died 
at  Manchester,  Vt.  ,withouta  family  (April 
14,  1838,  aged  66,  bequeathing  more  than 
90,000  dollars  to  various  objects  of  charity. 
He  bequeathed  for  foreign  missions  17 
thousand  dollars,  15  to  the  Bible  society, 
13  to  Middlebury  college,  10  to  the  Ameri- 
can Home  missionary  society,  5  to  the 
tract,  colonization,  and  Vermont  mis- 
sionary societies  each,  5  to  the  Parish  in 
Manchester,  3  to  an  education  society,  1 
to  Dartmouth  and  Williams  colleges  each, 
10  for  a  public  seminary  of  learning  in 
Manchester.  He  bequeathed  these  thou- 
sands of  dollars,  besides  bestowing  a  large 
amount  of  property  upon  his  relatives. 
With  a  small  patrimony  he  had  acquired 
his  estate  by  his  unfailing  judgment 
and  prudence.  He  was  the  banker  of  liis 
region.  He  was  honorable  and  i^onscien- 
tious.  With  correct  religious  views  and  a 
moral  deportment,  he  yet  avowed  no 
hope  of  a  spiritual  renovation,  until  a 
short  time  before  his  death.  On  his  last 
morning  he  said,  "I  think  I  am  waiting 
for  the  coming  of  my  Lord." — JtfMfton. 
herald,  xxiv.  336. 

BURRILL,  John,  speaker  ofthe  house 
of  representatives  of  Mass.,  sustained  this 
ofBce  for  many  years  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  governor  Shute,  and  acquitted 
himself  in  it  with  great  reputation.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  great  integ- 
rity, his  acquaintance  with  the  forms  of 
parliamentary  proceedings,  the  dignity  and 
authority,  with  which  he  filled  the  chair, 
and  for  the  order  and  decorum,  which  he 
26 


DURROUttHS. 


maintained  in  the  debater  of  the  house. 
In  the  year  17S0  he  wu  ohoeen  a  member 
of  the  council.  He  died  of  the  small  pox 
at  Lynn  Dee.  10,  1781,  aged  68.  Be- 
sides sustaining  the  oiHcea  above  mention- 
ed, he  was  also  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
county  of  Eaeex.  To  his  other  acoom- 
plishments  there  waa  added  an  exemplary 
piety.  The  morning  and  evening  incense 
of  prayer  to  God  ascended  flrom  his  Ikmily 
altar. — Hotuhnum^ojhm.  $orm.i  HuUhin- 
ton*ihi$t.  nfMau.  ii.  384. 

BURRILL,  James,  a  senator,  was  the 
son  of  James  B.,  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
and  was  born  about  1771.  He  was  the 
descendant  of  George  Burrill,  an  early 
settler  and  wealthy  farmer  of  Lynn,Mass., 
who  died  in  1668.  The  genealogy  ia 
traced  by  Mr.  Farmer  in  his  register. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  university 
1788.  Having  studied  bw,  he  was 
for  many  years  attorney  general  of 
the  state,  a  member  and  speaker  of  the 
assembly,  and  chief  justice.  He  succeed- 
ed Mr.  Howell  in  the  senate  ofthe  U.  S. 
in  1816,  and  died  at  Washington  Dec. 
36,  1830,  aged  49.  He  entered  earnestly 
into  the  debate  concerning  the  admission 
of  Missouri  into  the  union,vindicating  the 
cause  of  freedom,  only  a  few  days  before 
his  death.  His  wife,  Sarah,  sister  of  J. 
L.  AmoUl,  died  in  1814.  Two  daughtera 
were  married  in  1831  to  Geo.  Curtis  and 
Wm.  R.  Greene. — Former'*  geneal.reg. 

BURROUGHS,  George,  one  of  the 
victims  of  the  witchcrail  delusion  in  1693, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1670, 
and  in  1676  was  a  preacher  at  Falmouth, 
now  Portland,  Maine.  When  the  place 
was  attacked  by  the  Indians  Aug.  11th, 
he  escaped  to  Bang's  island.  He  succee- 
ded Mr.  Bayley  aa  a  preacher  at  Salem 
village  in  Nov.  1680.  In  168S,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  dispute,  he  returned  to 
Portland,  where  he  held  300  acres  of  land, 
which  the  people  had  some  years  before 
given  to  him  as  their  minister:  of  this  he 
relinquished  at  their  request  170  acres, 
and  in  a  very  disinterested  spirit  offered  to 
give  them  30  acres  more,  if  they  wished, 
without  receiving,  what  they  had  oflfered, 
100  acres  "further  off."     His  character 


*M 


BURROWS. 


BURT. 


■tood  nnimpflMhed.  After  the  towa  wu 
deitroyMl  by  the  IndisM  in  I0W,  h«  r»- 
tarnad  to  Salem  rillefe,  or  Dunren.  In 
16M  he  wu  Mcueed  dT  witehereft,  end 
WM  brought  to  trial  Anf  aet  ftth.  In  bin 
indietment  it  wu  stated ,  that  by  hia  wick- 
ed arte  one  MaryWoleott  "wu  tortured, 
afflieted,  pined,  eonaumed,  wuted,  and 
tormented."  The  evidenee  afainst  him 
wu  derived  principally  ftom  the  teatimo- 
nyofthe  afflicted  penK>na,uthoee  were 
called,  who  were  auppoaed  to  be  bewitch- 
ed, and  flrom  that  of  the  eonfewing 
witches.  The  apectre  of  a  little,  black- 
haired  man,  it  wu  teatifled,  had 
inflicted  cruel  pains,  and  appeared  u  a 
head  conjuror.  Two  of  hia  wivea  had 
appeared  to  the  witneaaes,  saying  that  he 
wu  the  cauw  of  their  death,  and  threaten- 
ing, if  he  denied  it,  that  they  would 
appear  in  court.  Accordingly,  during 
Ma  trial  the  afflksted  persons  were  thrown 
into  a  paroxism  of  horror  by  the  spectres 
of  his  wives,  who  were  mindflil  of  their 
engagement.  The  oonAasing  witches  af- 
firmed, that  he  had  attended  witch  meet- 
ings with  them,  and  compelled  them  to 
the  snarea  of  witchcraft.  He  waa  also 
accuaed  of  performing  such  ftats  of  extrs- 
ordinary  strength,  u  couM  not  he  perih^-- 
med  without  diabolical  assistance,  such 
u  carrying  a  barrel  of  molasaea  thtuugh 
a  difficult  place  from  a  canoe  to  the  shore, 
and  putting  his  fiire  finger  into  the  mus- 
ile  of  a  large  gun,  and  holding  it  out 
atraight.  He  pleaded  his  innocence;  but 
it  wu  in  vain.  He  had  excited  prejudicea 
against  him,  white  he  lived  in  Salem,  and 
ha  wu  now  doomed  to  su£br  with  many 
otiiera  through  the  infatuaticm,  which 
prevailed.  He  wu  executed  August  19. 
At  his  execution  he  made  a  speech,  asser- 
ting his  innocence,  and  concluded  his 
dying  prayer  with  the  Lord's  prayer, 
probably  to  vindicate  his  character,  u  it 
wu  a  received  opinion,  that  a  witch  could 
not  repeat  the  lord's  prayer,without  mis- 
taLa.  This  lut  address  to  heaven  wu 
utt«rea  'th  such  composure  and  ferven- 
cy crspi.i  ^<lr9w  tears  from  the  specta- 
tors.-^'Vefi.'  N.  fi.  II.  18(Vi84,  144; 
HuUMtuii%, i\. d't,  56;  Coll.  M»f,  soCiyi. 


M»,  MS;  AiIUmm's  kitt.  J(Mm,  tlM- 
91 1;  Ciil^$  mors  vttmden  tf  itmiU. 
m9rld,fr^f.,  mtd  108, 104;  AMmMsI. 
eol.  I.  141,  174. 

BURROWS,  William,  a  naval  oAser, 
wubomat  Kenderton,near  Philadelphia^, 
Oct.  6, 1785.  To  the  grief  of  hia  (kther, 
col.  Burrows  of  the  marine  corpa,  he  Mr« 
ly  indicated  a  passion  for  the  naval  ur- 
vice.  A  midahipman's  warrant  wu  ob> 
tained  in  1799.  In  aubseqnent  yeara  ha 
aerved  on  boanl  of  difierent  ships ;  in 
1808  he  wu  under  Preble  in  the  Tripoli- 
tan  war ;  in  1807  he  enforced  the  embar- 
go in  the  Delaware.  In  1818  he  made 
a  voyage  to  India  on  his  private  afiairs. 
Appointed  to  the  command  of  the  sk)op 
of  war,  Enterprise,  he  sailed  flrom  Porta- 
mputh,  and  on  Sunday  Sept.  5,  1818  f<^ll 
in  with  his  Britannic  majeaty'a  brig,  the 
Boxer,  offPortland,  between  Segvin  and 
cape  Elinbeth.  After  an  actwn  uf  45 
minutea  the  Boxer  wu  captured,  her 
commander,  Dlyth,  being  killed  by  a  can- 
non hall.  At  the  first  fire  lieut.  Burrows 
waa  wounded  by  a  musket  ball,  but  reflt- 
sed  to  be  carried  below.  When  the 
sword  of  his  enemy  wu  presented  to  him , 
I  i  exclaimed,  clasping  his  hands,  "I  am 
Mtisfied-I  die  contented."  He  died  at  IS 
o'rkwk  at  night.  For  hia  gallantry  con- 
gress voted  a  gold  medal  to  his  neareat 
male  relative.  The  two  commandera 
were  honorably  buried  in  Portland  on  the 
0th.  Lieut  Burrrows  wu  cokl  and  re- 
served in  his  manners  ;  yet  he  had  an  ir- 
resistible vein  of  wit  and  humor.  Hia 
muter  passion  wu  the  love  of  glory ;  and 
a  momentary  flush  of  triumph  soothed 
the  anguish  of  his  last  hours.  He  lived 
not  to  hear  the  applause<^i  n(  hi*  country- 
men. Happy  are  the>, './»  ^ksiid  ob- 
':ainthe  unwithering  "lo'-v,  '  ".-</(«■. 
ting  honor  of  heaven.  . /r  -  ,u  .  iiog. 
S81-S43. 

BURT,  John,  minister  of  Bristol, 
Rhode  Island,  wu  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1736,  and  wu  ordained  May 
18,  1741.  He  died  Oct.  7, 1775,  aged 
58  years.  His  death  wu  very  singular. 
Capt.  Wallace  a  British  commander,  had 
commenced  a  heavy  cannonade  upon  the 


BURT. 


BUSS. 


fate«,M»- 

I  ^f  itmU. 

wntl  officer, 

tThnfkther, 
>rpi,  he  ••r- 
IM  n«v«l  Mf- 
rant  WMob> 
Bnt  y«»M  h« 
nt  ibiiw ;  in 
I  the  Tripoli- 
id  the  ember* 
S13  he  made 
rivete  tfbin. 
1  of  the  tloop 
i  iVom  Portt- 
,t.  5, 1»1»  fr»> 
ity'sbrigi  the 
m  Seguin  end 
■otion  uf  4S 
eaptniedi  her 
lilted  by  »  ««»- 
lieut.  Burrowe 
bell,  but  refti- 
When  the 

rented  to  him, 
hands,  "I  em 
HediedetU 
gallantry  con- 
>  hie  neareet 
eommandera 
'ortland  on  the 
cold  and  re- 
he  had  an  ir- 
hamor.     His 
of  glory }  end 
lunph  soothed 
ura.    He  lived 
.f  hw  eountry- 
e>'  1  i»d  ob- 
'las- 
-  ,u»  .  6iog. 

of  Bristol, 
^  at  Harvard 
ardained  May 
l7,n75,  aged 
■  very  singular. 
Inunander,  had 
^nade  upon  the 


i 


town  at  a  time,  when  an  epUemieal  nek- 
ness  was  prevailing.  Those,  who  wer 
able,  fled  tVom  the  town.  Mr.  Burt, 
though  weak  and  sick,  endeavored  tu  --n- 
cape  the  impending  destruotion.  He  wuh 
afierwards  found  dead  in  an  adjacent  field, 
supposed  to  have  been  overcome  by  ft- 
tigur.  No  other  person  was  injured  in 
the  attaek.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
lieut.  gov.  Wm.  Kllery.  His  Ihther  was 
Beny  "min  .i'urt,andhis  mother  the  daugh- 
ter '.et  Mr.  Cheever of  Chelsea.— 
iv  «  •  .lid  divine  and  a  venerable 
s»r"uit  m'  /osus  Christ,  preaching  the 
trv  Inotrinee  of  grace. — dfeeowil  e/Bm> 
<ot;    iVmrren,  i.  944. 

BURT,  Federal,  minister  of  Dnrham, 
N.  H.,  was  probably  a  descendant  of 
Dp-id  Burt,  an  early  settler  of  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  who  had  15  children.  He 
was  born  at  Southampton  March  4, 1789. 
As  the  new  government  under  iheftder- 
•i  constitution  commenced  at  that  time, 
his  christian  name  is  to  be  ascribed  to  that 
circumstance.  There  are  names  in  our 
country  originating  in  greater  caprice, — 
as  Mr.  Preserved  Fish,  a  sound  merchant 
of  New  York,  and  Mr.  Adam  Eve,  who 
died  lately  in  Penn.  at  a  great  age,  li  Mr. 
Pkkled  Ham  of  Maine,  who  has  not  yet 
turned  to  corruption.  Mr.  B.  wu  grad- 
uated at  Williams  college  in  181S,  wu 
ordained  June  IS,  1817,  and  died  Febru- 
ary S,  18t8,  aged  47.  Settled  over  a  small 
church,  his  ftithi\il  labors  caused  it  to  be 
greatly  increased.  He  was  an  active  and 
intelligent  minister  and  his  useAilness  ex- 
tended to  the  neighboring  towns.  He 
endured  with  the  utmost  patience  a  most 
painful  disease,  obliging  him  to  submit 
to  the  amputation,  first  of  a  finger,  and 
thee  of  an  arm.  In  thiti  condition  he  un- 
dertook to  conduct  the  N.  H.  Ob8erver,a 
religious  paper.  Many  of  the  editorial 
articles  he  wrote,  when  in  extreme  pain: 
he  was  exerting  an  extensive,  beneficial 
infiuence  in  the  community,  when  he  was 
called  away  iVom  his  labon.— CAr.  Jtfir- 
ror,  Feb.  15,  1998. 

BVSHNELL,  David,  inventer  of  sub- 
marine navigatioi  was  a  native  of  Say- 
brook,  Con.,  and  p«)hably  a  descendant  of 


Henry  B.  ofOuilfoid  in  1610.  He 
?r«duated  at  Vale  college  in  1775. 
the  revolutionary  war  he  invented  a 
chine  tor  'marine  navigation,  by  which 
a  magatine  was  to  b(*  Tarried  to  the  bot- 
tom of  ships  fbr  bbwing  theiu  ip,  when 
the  cond  lotor  wu  at  a  safe  distance.  H« 
attempted  to  put  it  in  operation  in  the 
harborof  New  York,  but  with  little  suo- 
ceos.  Great  alarm,  however.wu  excited 
among  the  British ;  which  occask>nad 
tlie  humorous  poetical  narrative  of  "tha 
battle  of  the  kegs,'*  by  Francis  Hopkia- 
son.  Dr.  Dwight  in  his  "Oreenfieid 
Hill"  speaks  of  Bushnell's  genius,  and 
alludes  to 
'  'Hi*  aqntie  *«mI,  plasgsd  baiMalli  iIm  wa«M, 
Glidiai  tkroa|li  dark  raUMla  bb4  oeral  ea«M." 

An  account  of  this  machineiscontsined 
in  Silliman's  journal,  1890.  It  was  bin- 
der the  management  of  capt.  Esra  Le  -,  a 
good  oflker  of  daring  enterprise,  wlio  li- 
ed at  Lyme  in  1891,  aged  79.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  Bushnell  himself  wu  x 
captain  in  the  army.  Gen.  Heath  relates , 
that  Oct.  9, 1778  the  enemy  captured  a 
skx>p  in  the  Hudson  with  the  machine  on 
board,  and  sunk  it  to  the  bottom,  and  he 
remarks,  "its  fhte  wu  truly  a  contrast  to 
iU  design.*'— HeoiA,  69. 

BUSS,  John,  a  physician,  oflfciated 
for  many  years  u  a  preacher  of  the  gos- 
pel. In  Sept.  1679  a  contract  was  made 
with  him  by  the  people  of  Wells,  Msine. 
He  preached  there  at  leut  ten  years.  The 
preachers  before  him  were  Joseph  Emer- 
son, Jeremiah  Hubbaid,  and  Robert 
Payne.  His  successors  were  Percival 
Green,  Richard  Marten,  Samuel  Emery, 
Samuel  Jefierds,  Gideon  Rkihardson, 
Benjamin  White,  and  Jonathan  Green- 
leaf.  Until  1701  no  church  wu  form- 
ed. Probably  Mr.  Buss  wu  not  ordain- 
ed. About  1683  he  removed  to  Oyster 
river,  now  Durham,  N.  H.,  where  he 
preached  8S  years  and  wu  also  a  prac- 
titioner of  physic.  His  house  and  valuta 
ble  library  were  burnt  by  the  Indians  in 
1694.  He  ceased  preaching  about  1715, 
and  wu  succeeded  by  Hugh  Adams,  the 
first  minister  :  the  last  minister  of  Dun 
htm  wu  Federal  Burt.    Mr.  Buss  died 


tm 


BUTLER. 


"» 


IB  1786,  aged  95.  Dr.  Belkmp  ft  othen 
erroneously  make  his  age  108,  for  in  a 
petition  to  the  governor  and  legislatare  in 
1718  he  stated  his  age  as  then  78. — For- 
mer'* reg.i  Hilt.  eoUeet.  ii.  391  ;  Maine 
Aitt.  eol.  I.  364  ;  Bttknap'n  N.  H,  in. 
350. 

BUTLER,  Richard,  major  general, 
an  officer  of  the  revolutionary  army,  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  war  had  the  rank  of 
eolonel  and  was  distinguished  on  several 
occasions.  About  1787  he  was  agent  for 
Indian  afibirs  in  Ohio.  In  the  expedition 
against  the  Indians  in  1791  he  accompa- 
nied St.  Glair  and  commanded  the  right 
wing.  Our  troops,  encamped  a  fevr  miles 
from  the  Miami  villages,  were  attacked  in 
the  morning  of  Nov.  4th.  The  militia, 
who  were  in  advance,  were  thrown  into 
confusion,  and  rushed  through  the  first 
line,  commanded  by  gen.  Butler.  The 
action  was  now  severe ;  the  Indians  lying 
on  the  ground,  and  pouring  a  deadly  fire 
upon  the  whites.  Gen.  Butler,  in  an  heroic 
charge  with  the  bayonet,  drove  .them 
back  S  or  400  yards.  But  resistance  was 
ineffectual.  In  a  short  time  600,  of  the 
army  of  1300,  were  killed  and  wounded, 
and  the  rest  at  9  o'clock  fled  with  precip- 
itation. Gen.  Butler  was  wounded'and 
carried  to  a  convenient  plac^  to  have  his 
wounds  dressed ;  but  an  Indian  broke  in 
in  upon  him  and  tomahawked  and  scalped 
him,  ere  he  himself  was  killed  by  our 
troops.  Major  Ferguson  was  another 
victim.  In  one  of  the  charges  maj.But- 
ler  was  dangerously  wounded.  A  son  of 
gen.  B.  distinguished  himself  at  fort 
Meigs,  under  Harrison,  in  April  1813. — 
Holmes,  II.  388  ;  Marshaa,  v.  839-334. 

BUTLER.Thomas.col.  abrave  officer 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  was  a 
brother  of  the  preceding.  Three  other 
brothers  fought  in  the  service  of  their 
country.  In  the  year  1776  he  was  a  stu- 
dent at  law  with  judge  Wilson  of  Phila- 
delphia; but  early  in  that  year  he  quitted 
his  studies,  and  joined  thearmy  as  a  6ub- 
altem.  He  soon  obtained  the  command 
of  a  company,  in  which  he  continued  till 
ihe  eldse  of  the  r^olutionary  itontest.  He 
WBb  in  almdrt  evexy  abtidn,  that   was 


fought  in  the  middle  states  during  the 
war.  At  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  Sep. 
11,1777,  he  received  the  thanks  of  Wash- 
ington on  the  field  of  battle,  through  his 
aid  de  camp,  general  Hamilton,  for  his  in- 
trepid conduct  in  rallying  a  detachment 
of  retreating  troops,  and  giving  the  enemy 
a  severe  fire.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth, 
June  38,  1778,  he  received  the  thanks  of 
Wayne  for  defending  a  defile  in  the  face 
of  a  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy,  while  col. 
Richard  Butler's  regiment  made  good 
their  retreat.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
retired  into  private  hfe  as  a  farmer,  and 
continued  in  the  enjoyment  of  rural  and 
domestic  happiness  till  the  year  1791, 
when  he  again  took  the  field  against  the 
savages,  who  menaced  our  western  fron- 
tier. He  commanded  a  battalion  in  the 
disastrous  battle  of  Nov.  4,  in  which  his 
brother  fell.  Orders  were  given  by  gen- 
eral St.  Clair  to  charge  with  the  bayonet, 
and  major  Butler,  though  his  leg  had  been 
broken  by  a  ball,  yet  on  horse  back  led 
his  battalion  to  the  charge.  It  was  with 
difficulty,  that  his  surviving  brother, 
captain  Edward  Butler,  removed  him 
from  the  field.  In  1793  he  was  contin- 
ued on  the  establishment  as  major,  and  in 
1794  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieut. 
colonel  commandant  of  the  fourth  sub-le- 
gion. He  commanded  in  this  year  fort 
Fayette  at  Pittsburg,  and  prevented  the 
deluded  insurgents  from  taking  it  more  by 
his  name,  than  by  his  forces,  for  he  had 
but  few  troops.  In  1797  he  was  named 
by  Washington  as  the  officer  beat  calcula- 
ted to  command  in  the  state  of  Tennes- 
see, when  it  was  necessary  to  dispossess 
some  citizens,  who  had  imprudently  set- 
tled on  the  Indian  lands.  Accordingly 
m  May  he  marched  with  his  regiiqent 
from  the  Miami  on  the  Ohio,  and  by  that 
prudence  &  good  sense, which  marked  his 
character  through  life,  he  in  a  short  time 
removed  all  difficulties.  While  in  Ten- 
nessee he  made  several  treaties  with  the 
Indians.  In  1803,  at  the  reduction  of  the 
army,  he  was  continued  as  colonel  of  a 
regiment  on  the  peace  establishment. 
The  close  of  his  life  was  imbittered.  In 
1903  he  was  arrested  by  the  commanding 


M:-'i, 


«??•, 


DUTLER. 


a06 


general  at  fort  Adams  on  the  Mianasippi,' 
and  sent  to  Maryland,  where  he  was  tried 
by  a  court  martial,  and  acquitted  of  all 
the  charges,  except  that  of  wearing  his 
hair.  He  was  then  ordered  to  New  Or- 
leans, where  he  arrived  to  take  the  com- 
mand of  the  troops  Oct.  SO.  He  was 
again  arrested  the  next  month.  He  died 
September  7, 1805,  aged  fifty  one  years. 
-—LomtiaTUi  gax.;  Polyantho$,  i.  IS — 
17;  Manhaa,  v.  393. 

BUTLER,  John,  colonel,  a  tory,  infa- 
mous for  the  massacre  at  Wyoming,  for 
which  the  name  of  Brant  has  been  unjust- 
ly branded  with  infamy,  removed  from 
Connecticut  and  settled  at  Wyoming  un- 
der a  grant  from  that  colony,  though  with- 
in the  bounds  of  Pennsylvania.  Early 
after  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  espou- 
sed the  cause  of  the  enemy.  In  Aug. 
1777  he  and  Daniel  Glaus  signed  an  ad- 
dress to  the  inhabitants  of  Tryon  county, 
exhorting  the  people  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  sent  it  by  Walter  Butler  and  a 
party  of  white  and  red  men  to  the  German 
Flats.  The  messenger  was  imprisoned 
for  his  pains.  Geu.  Arnold  issued  a  coun- 
ter pitKslamation  at  German  Flats  Aug. 
30th. 

In  1778  there  were  8  townships  on  the 
Susquehannah  in  the  vale  of  Wyoming, 
each  6  miles  square,  namely,  Lackewana, 
Exeter,  Kingston,  Wilkesbarre,  Ply- 
mouth, Nanticoak,  Huntington,  and  Sa- 
lem. There  were  1,000  families,  from 
which  1,000  soldiers  had  been  furnished 
to  the  army,  besides  the  garrisons  of  four 
forts  at  Lackewana,  Exeter,  Kingston, 
and  Wilkesbarre.  July  1,  1778  colonel 
Butler,  with  about  1600  men,300  of  whom 
were  Indians  and  the  rest  tories  painted 
like  Indians,  approached  the  upper  fort ; 
and  a  skirmish  ensued,  in  which  ten  of 
the  inhabitants  were  killed.  July  2,  Exe- 
ter fort,  garrisoned  by  tories,  was  given 
up  to  them,  and  Lackewana  fort  was  ta- 
ken. Mr.  Jenkins  and  his  family  were 
barbarously  killed;  and  most  of  the 
women  and  children  were  captured. 
July  3  he  defeated  col.  Zebulon  Butler 
and  destroyed  most  of  his  men,  amoun- 
ting to  400  by   one  account  and  300  by 


another.  July  4,  he  invested  fort  King- 
ston, commanded  by  colonel  Nathan 
Dennison,  who  wertt  to  fort  Exeter 
with  a  flag  to  learn  the  terms,  which 
would  be  granted.  Col-  John  Butler  re- 
plied,—"the  hatchet  I"  The  next  mor- 
ning, Sunday  July  5th,  col.  Dennison, 
his  men  being  nearly  all  killed  or  woun- 
ded, surrendered  at  discretion.  He  was 
seen  surrounded  by  the  enemy,  and  was 
doubtless  murdered.  Some  of  the  prisoners 
were  taken  away:  the  rest  were  shut  up 
in  the  houses,  and  consumed  with  them. 
The  enemy  immediately  crossed  the  riv- 
er to  fort  Wilkesbarre,  which  surrender^ 
ed.  About  70  of  the  soldiers  were  inhu- 
manly butchered  ;  and  the  rest,  with  the 
women  and  children,  were  shut  up  in  the 
houses,  which  were  set  on  fire  and  all 
perished.  Every  building,  except  wliat 
belonged  to  tories,  in  all  these  settlements 
was  destroyed.  Capt.  James  Bedk)ck,  his 
body  stuck  AiU  of  splinters  of  pine  knots, 
was  burned ,  and  captains  Robert  Durgee 
and  Samuel  Ranson  were  held  down  in 
the  fire  with  pitchforks,.  There  were  oth- 
er horrors,  which  cannot  be  described. 
The  fugitives,  who  escaped,  were  many 
of  them  two  or  three  days  without  provi- 
sions. 

In  Sept.  about  100  houses  were  deft- 
troyed  by  the  enemy  at  German  Flats. 
Dec.  11, 1778,  Cherry  Valley  was  destroy- 
ed and  women  and  children  massa- 
cred. Dr,  Dwight  represents,  that  the 
party  of  500  Indians  and  whites  was 
commanded  by  a  son  of  Butler  and  by 
Brant ;  but  the  anecdote,  he  gives,  of  the 
death  of  Butler  needs  correction,  for  he 
was  not  killed  till  a  subsequent  year.  At 
this  time  col.  Ichabod  Alden,  who  had  350 
men  in  the  fort,  was  surprised,  when  im- 
prudently out  of  it,  and  killed.  Of  the 
inhabitants,  180  were  left  without  a 
house.  Dr.  Dwight  relates,  that  Butler 
on  entering  a  house  ordered  a  woman  in 
bed  with  her  infant  child  to  be  killed ;  but 
Brant  said,  "What,  kill  a  woman  and 
child?  No,  that  child  is  not  an  enemy  to 
to  the  king,  nor  a  friend  to  the  congress. 
Long  before  he  will  be  big  enough  to  do 
any  mischief,  the  dispute  will  be  settled." 


•06 


'^■^'\i:H 


BUTLER. 


■^3^ 


Thus  Branti  the  red  men,  wee  the  mtn 
of  humuiity ;  and  the  white  man  was  the 
■avage.— About  the  middle  of  Oct  1781 
capt.  Walter  Butler,  a  aon  of  coL  Butler, 
waa  killed  in  an  action  on  the  Mohawk, 
when  maj.  Ross  and  his  party  of  600,  of 
whom  180  were  Indiana,  were  routed  by 
col.  Willett  and  driven  into  the  wilderneas. 
Willett  had]in  hisarmy  60  Oneida  Indiana. 
On  being  ahot  by  one  of  them,  Butler  aa- 
ked  for  quarter ;  the  Indian  cried  out 
with  a  terrible  voice.  Sherry  Valley!  and 
tomahawked  him.  Thus  the.  white  sav- 
age had  his  retribution. — Col.  Butler 
about  the  year  1796  was  English  agent 
with  reference  to  the  6  natious,  and  lived 
in  upper  Canada.  This  office  was  worth 
5002.  sterling  a  year ;  he  had  also  a  pen- 
sion of  900  or  800;  and  had  received  6,000 
acrea  of  land  for  himself  and  the  same 
for  his  chiklren.  Thus  was  he  rewarded 
for  his  barbarities. — JlfartAoM,  in.  567; 
Dmgkt'e  trav.  in.  S04;  JKIm*.  hi$t.  eol. 
11.380;  Onffin't  remauw;  Mmon'e  Amer. 
rewumbraneer,  1717.  p.  895 ;  Thmeker't 
wtU.  /oMrn.  141,  .394. 

BUTLER,  Zebulon,  a  soldier  of  the 
revolution,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  at 
Wyoming,  said  to  be  the  cousin  of  col. 
John  Butler,  but  this  haa  been  recently 
denied  by  his  grandson.  He  fought 
hravely  in  the  old  French  war.  In  the 
war  of  the  revolution  he  was  the  second 
in  command  at  Wyoming,  when  that 
heautiAil  vale  was  desolated  by  the  fero- 
cious John  Butler ;  he  inarched  July  8, 
1778,  from  Wilkesbarre,  where  a  small 
guard  was  left,  to  the  neighboring  fort  cf 
Kingston  with  400  men.  On  being  sum- 
moned to  surrender  in  two  hours  he  de- 
manded a  parley  and  a  place  in  Kingston 
was  appointed  for  the  meeting  ;  he  pro- 
ceeded thither  with  his  troops,  and  on 
approaching  a  flag,  seen  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  he  was  drawn  thus  treacher- 
ously into  an  ambush,  and  the  enemy 
rose  upon  him  in  great  numbers.  He 
fought  bravely  three  quarters  of  an  hour, 
when  one  of  his  men  cried  out,  that  he 
had  ordered  a  retreat.  This  interrupted 
their  fire  and  a  total  route  ensued.  Ma- 
ny were  lost  in  the  river,  when  endeavor- 


ing to  cross  it,the  enemy  pnriraing  them 
with  fury.  Only  70  escaped  to  Wilkes- 
barre. On  this  day  300  women  were 
made  widows.  July  4,  the  enemy,  with 
a  summons  to  surrender,  sent  196  scalps 
into  fort  Kingston,  where  coL  Dennison 
commanded.  In  the  evening  col.  Butler 
leA  the  fort  with  his  family  and  proceeded 
down  the  river  in  safety.  Such  is  the 
account,  written  or  published  at  Pough- 
keepsie  July  30th,  and  published  in  Al- 
mon's  remembmncer,  and  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  Gordon,  Marshall,  and  others, 
excepting,  that  Marshall  reduces  the 
number,  which  escaped  July  8d  to  80, 
instead  of  70.  But  this  account  of  the 
aflbir  has  been  recently  contradicted  by 
E.  D.  Griffin,  whose  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  col.  Butler.  According  to 
his  statement,  his  grandfather  was  com- 
pelled to  fight  prematurely  by  the  rash 
vehemence  of  his  men,  who  could  not 
brook  the  delay,  requisite  for  obtaining 
information  concerning  the  enemy ;  but, 
ambushed,  he  rode  amongst  his  ranks, 
exposing  himself  with  the  utmost  cool- 
ness to  the  whole  fire  of  the  enemy  in 
the  vain  hope  of  sustaining  the  odurage 
of  his  men ;  and  of  800  only  4  escaped, 
of  which  number  he  was  one.  Such  an 
incautious,  rash  attack  of  the  enemy  un- 
der Brent  by  the  troops  of  Goshen  issu- 
ed the  next,  year  in  a  similar  defeat  at 
Minisink ;  col.  Tusten  being  compelled 
to  march  by  the  brave  flourish  of  a  subor- 
dinate officer.^— Col.  Butler  received 
marks  of  confidence  from  Washington. 
Mr.  Griffin,  about  the  year  1816,  visited 
the  gnve  oijhis  grandfather,  the  patriarch 
of  Wyoming,  and  found  some  uncouth 
rhymes  chiselled  on  his  monument 
Had  Thomas  Campbell  resided  one  win- 
ter at  Wyoming,  ere  he  wrote  his  Ger- 
trude, a  beautiful  poem,  he  never  would 
have  associated  the  objects  of  tropical  scen- 
ery with  the  vale  of  the  Susquehannah  ; 
he  never  would  have  made  the  eroeodile 
to  swim  in  that  river;  nor  caused  the  red 
flamingo  and  the  huge  eondor  of  the 
rock  to  spread  their  wings  there;  nor 
planted  on  its  banks  the  aloei,  the  high 
nu^inolia,  and  the  palm  tree.— Mmon'i 


BUTLER. 


BUTTNER. 


ntdngthem 
Ito  Wilkflf 
romen  wen 
enemy,  with 
It  196  Bcalpe 
)L  Dennison 
J  col.  Butler 
ind  proceeded 
Such  ia  the 
Bd  at  Pough- 
lUahed  in  Al- 
fhichwMfol- 
,  and  othen, 

reduces  the 
ily  8d  to  80, 
Bcount  of  the 
mtradicted  by 
ther  was  the 
According  to 
ther  was  com- 
f  by  the  rash 
rho  could  not 
for  obtaining 
B  enemy ;  but, 
gat  his  ranks, 
3  utmost  cool- 
'  the  enemy  in 
ig  the  cOurage 
nly  4  escaped, 
one.    Such  an 
|the  enemy  un- 
|f  Goshen  issu- 
[milar  defeat  at 
ting  compelled 
Irish  of  B  subor- 
lutler   receiv-d 

Washington. 

1816,  visited 
[r,  the  patriarch 

some  uncouth 
monument. 

lided  one  win* 
rote  his  Ger- 
never  would 

)f  tropical  seen- 

isquehannah  ; 
the  eroeodiU 

Icaused  the  red 
.ondor  of  the 
■8  there ;  nor 

foef,  the  high 
:ee.—Mmon'» 


Amer.  rtmemb.  1779.  p.  51-45;  Oordon, 
III.  188;  Thaeher't  mU.  jour.  141; 
JVortAotf,!!!.  657;  Or^ffin't  reHuritu. 

BUTLER,  William,  col.,  an  officer  of 
the  revolution,  after  the  destruction  of 
Wyoming  by  John  Butler  and  the  In- 
dians July  6, 1778,  was  immediately  de- 
tached in  command,  as  lieut.  colonel,  of 
the  4th  Pennsylvania  regiment  for  the  as- 
sistance of  the  fl-ontiers.  He  marched 
Avm  Schoharie  and  penetrated  into  the 
Indian  country  in  Oct  with  great  difficul- 
ty, crossing  high  mountains  and  deep 
waters,  and  destroyed  the  towns  Unadilla 
and  Anaguaga,  the  latter  being  the  head 
quarters  of  Brant,  lying  on  both  sidesjthe 
SuBquehannah,where  it  is  850  yards  wide. 
Many  farm  houses  and  about  4000  bush* 
els  of  grain  were  destroyed. — ^His  account 
of  the  expedition  was  published.  It  is 
believed,  that  he  is  the  col.  Brown,  who 
was  distinguished  in  the  expedition  of 
Sullivan  against  the  Indians  in  1779. 
Mar$hall,  iii.  563 ;  Mmon'i  remem. 
1779.   35S. 

BUTLER,  William,  major  general, 
an  officer  of  the  revolution,  was  the  son 
of  James  Butler,  who  in  the  command  of 
a  party  of  whigs  was  surprised  and  taken 
prisoner  near  Cloud's  creek.  South  Caro- 
oiina,  by  a  party  of  Cunningham's  horse, 
and  after  his  surrender  peruhed  with  the 
other  prisoners,  who  were  marched  out 
one  by  one  and  cut  to  pieces.  This 
treacherous  murder,  by  the  hand  of  the 
royalist  leader,  gave  a  keen  edge  to  the 
spirit  of  the  son.  At  the  head  of  a  body 
of  cavalry  he  with  capt.  Michael  Wat- 
son of  the  mounted  rangers  attacked  with 
great  gallantry  and  dispersed  double  the 
number  of  the  enemy  in  Dean's  swamp, 
though  Watson  fell  in  the  action.  In 
1800  he  was  a  representative  in  congress. 
In  the  war  of  1813  he  commanded  the 
forces  of  South  Carolina,  employed  in  the 
defence  of  the  state.  He  died  in  Edge- 
field district  Nov.  16,  1831,  aged  67. 

BUTLER,  Percival,  general,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  was  with  the  army 
at  the  siege  and  capture  of  York,  Oct.  19 
1 781 .  He  died  at  Port  William,  Kentuc- 
ky, Sept.  11,  1831,  aged  61. 


BUTLER,  Peiree,  •  senator,  was  <tf 
the  family  of  the  dukeS  of  Ormond  in 
Ireland.  Before  the  resolution  he  was  a 
major  in  a  British  regiment  in  Boston. 
He  afterwards  attached  himsdf  to  the 
republican  institutions  of  America.  In 
1787  he  was  a  delegate  ftom  South  Caro- 
line to  congress;  in  1788  a  member  of  the 
convention,  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  Under  the 
constitution  he  was  one  of  the  first  sena- 
tors from  S.  C.  and  remained  in  congress 
till  1796.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Calhoun 
in  1803  he  was  again  appointed;  but  re- 
signed in  1804.  .  In  his  political  views  be 
was  opposed  to  some  of  the  measures  of 
Washington's  administration.  Jay's 
treaty  he  disapproved,  while  he  approved 
of  the  war  of  181 3.  He  died  ,at  Philadel- 
phia Feb.  16,  1833,  aged  77.  His  wift, 
a  daughter  of  col.  Middleton  of  Charles- 
ton, whom  he  married  in  1768,  died  in 
1790. 

BUTTNER,Gottlieb,a  Moravian  mis- 
sionary to  the  Mohegan  Indians  in  New 
York,  arrived  in  this  country  Oct.  1741. 
In  the  preceding  year  C.  H.  Ranch  had 
commenced  the  mission  at  Shekomeko, 
or  Shacomaco,  a  village  of  a  few  Mohe- 
gan Indians  SO  miles  from  Poughkeepeie, 
about  35  miles  east  of  the  Hudson  river, 
near  the  borders  of  Conn.  b.  close  by  the 
Stissik  mountain.  In  Feb.  1743  count 
Zinzendorf at.Oly  in  Penn.ordained  Butler 
a  deacon.  The  count,  with  his  daughter 
Benigna,  visited  Shacomaco  in  Aug,  and 
constituted  the  first  Moravian  congrega- 
tion of  Indians,  consisting  of  10  persons 
among  whom  were  Shabash,  Seim,  Kiop, 
Tschoop,  and  Kermelok.  Buttner,  with 
his  wife,  arrived  at  Shacomaco  in  Oct. 
and  entered  upon  his  labors,  preaching  in 
Dutch  or  English,  and  having  an  inter- 
preter for  the  Indians.  In  1743  the  num- 
ber of  the  baptized  was  SI .  The  Lord's 
supper  was  first  administered  March  IS, 
174.4.  and  again  July  37.  A  monthly 
prayer  meeting  was  established,  at  which 
accounts  were  read  concerning  the  prog- 
ress of  the  gospel  in  the  world.  During 
the  year  174S  Buitner  experienced  much 
persecution,    being  summoned    several 


Mt  BYFIELD. 

tfanM  to  Poughkeqwie  to  answer  to 
charges,  brought  against  him.  He  was 
accused  of  teaching  without  authority, 
and  or  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance, deeming  an  oath  unlawful.  At  this 
time  his  health  was  declining.  He  died 
Feh.  39, 1745,  aged  38..  The  other  mis- 
sionaries were  sdon  withdrawn  from 
Shaeomaeo  on  account  of  the  persecution, 
and  in  1746  ten  families  of  the  Indians,  in 
all  44  personsjcmigrated  to  Pennsylvania. 
For  them  300  acres  of  land  were  purchas- 
ed at  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Mahony 
and  Lecha  beyoqd  the  blue  mountains, 
and  the  new  town  was  called  Gnadenhut- 
ten  or  tents  of  grace.  Othcir  Mohegan 
emigrants  fVom  Shaeomaeo  and  Connecti- 
cut soon  followed. — The  mission  of  Ser- 
geant at  StQckbridge  was  earlier  than 
this. — LoakieVt  hi$t.  Moron.  mi$».  ii.58, 
6S. 

BYFIELD,  Nath>l,  judge  of  the  vice 
admiralty,  and  member  of  the  council  of 
Massachuoetts,  was  the  son  of  Richard 
Byfield,  pastor  of  Long  Ditton  in  Sussex, 
England,  who  was  one  of  the  divines  in 
the  Westminister  assembly.  His  mother 
was  the  sister  of  bishop  Juxon.  He  was 
bom  in  the  year  166S,  and  was  the  young- 
est of  twenty  one  children,  sixteen  of 
whom  sometimes  accompanied  at  the  same 
time  their  pious  father  to  the  house  of 
worship.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  the 
year  1674.  Being  an  eminent  merchant, 
whose  property  was  very  considerable, 
soon  after  Philip's  war  he  was  one  of  the 
four  proprietors  and  the  principal  settler  of 
the  town  of  Bristol  in  Rhode  Island.  He 
lived  in  this  place  till  the  year  1734,  when 
on  account  of  his  advanced  age  he  return- 
ed to  Boston,  where  he  died  June  6, 1733, 
aged  70.  He  possessed  very  considera- 
ble abilities,  which  fitted  him  for  the  sta- 
tions, which  he  occupied.  He  held  a  va- 
riety of  offices  both  civil  and  military.  He 
was  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives ;  was  for  38  years  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Bristol 
county,  and  two  years  for  Sufiblk  ;  was 
many  years  a  member  of  the  council ;  and 
was  judge  of  the  vice  admiralty  from  the 
year  170S.    His  spirit  was  active  and  vig- 


■^f^. 


BYLES. 


orons,  his  oourage  unshaken  by  any  dan- 
ger, and  his  constancy  such,  as  was  not 
easily  discouraged  by  difficulties.  He  was 
well  formed  for  the  exercise  of  authority, 
his  very -looks  inspiring  respect.  He 
possessed  a  happy  ek>cution.  He  k>ved 
order,  and  in  his  faiqily  the  nicest  econo- 
my was  visible.  He  was  conspicuous  for 
piety,  having  a  liberaUcatholic  spirit,  and 
loving  all  good  men,  however  they  differ- 
ed from  him  in  matters  of  small  impor- 
tance. For  forty  years  he  constantly  de- 
voted a  certain  proportron  of  his  estate  to 
charitable  purposes.  In  one  year  he  was 
known  to  give  away  several  hundreds 
of  pounds.  He  had  a  steady  and  unsha- 
ken faith  in  the  truths  of  the  gospel ;  and 
he  died  in  the  lively  hope  of  the  mercy  of 
God  through  the  glorious  Redeemer.  He 
published  a  tract,  entitled,  an  account  of 
the  late  revolution  in  New  England,  with 
the  declaration  of  the  gentlemen,  mer- 
chants, and  inhabitants  of  Boston,  &c. 
1689.— CAawiey'f  Jitn,  ter.  ;  Weekly 
newa  let.,  no.  IbSS  ;  Hutehiruon,  ii.  311. 
BYLES,  Mather,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Boston,  was  descended  from  a  respectable 
family  and  was  born  in  that  town  March 
26,  1706.  His  father  was  a  native  of 
England  and  died  within  a  year  after  the 
birth  of  his  son.  By  his  mother's  side  he 
descended  from  Richard  Mather  of  Dor- 
chester and  John  Cotton  of  Boston.  In 
early  life  he  discovered  a  taste  for  litera- 
ture, and  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1735.  After  pursuing  his  lite- 
rary and  theological  studies  for  some  time 
he  commenced  preaching.  He  was  or- 
dained the  first  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Holiis  street,  Boston,  Dec.  30, 1733.  It 
was  not  long  before  he  attained  consider- 
able eminence  in  his  profession,  and  he 
became  known  by  his  publication  of  sev- 
eral pieces  in  prose  and  verse.  His  poet- 
ical talents  be  considered  only  as  instru- 
ments of  innocent  amusement,  and  never 
permitted  them  to  withdraw  his  attention 
from  more  serious  and  profitable  objects. 
He  never  attempted  any  great  production 
in  verse  ;  but  sounded  his  lyre  only  in 
compliance  with  occasbnal  inclination. 
He  continued  to  live  happily  with  his  par- 


:^4-«;^E'*i*• 


BYLES. 


by  any  dan- 
,  as  wu  not 
;ie«.    Hewaa 
of  authority, 
espect.      He 
.     He  lored 
nicest  econo- 
tnspicuous  fur 
>lic  spirit,  and 
-er  they  differ- 
small  impor* 
constantly  de- 
of  his  estate  to 
le  year  he  was 
eral  hundreds 
lyand  unsha- 
le  gospel ;  and 
jf  the  mercy  of 
Eledeeraer.  He 
an  account  of 
England,  with 
;ntlemen,  mer- 
)f  Boston,  &c. 
rer. ;     Weekly 
hifuon,  11.311. 
D.,  minister  of 
>m  a  respectable 
lat  town  March 
as  a  native  of 
year  ai\er  the 
nother's  side  he 
father  of  Dor- 
af  Boston.     In 
taste  for  litera- 
ted  at  Harvard 
irsuing  his  lite- 
■s  for  some  lime 
He  was  or- 
thecharch  in 
20, 1733.     It 
lined  consider- 
ifession,  and  he 
iication  of  sev- 
rse.    His  poet- 
only  as  instru- 
lent,  and  never 
LW  his  attention 
ofitable  objects, 
reat  production 
]\a  lyre  only  in 
lal  inclination, 
ily  with  his  par- 


ish in  the  useful  discharge  of  ministerial 
duties  until  the  late  revolution  began  to 
create  distrust  and  animoai^  between  the 
different  parties,  that  existed  in  the  eoun> 
try  prior  to  the  war.     Falling  under  the 
imputation  of  being  a  tory,  he  was  in 
1776  separated  from  his  people  by  the 
jealousy  and  violence  of  the  times,  and 
he  wae  never  afterwards  re-united   to 
them.    He  was  accused  of  attachment  to 
Great  Britain.     The  substance  of  the 
chargies  against  him  was,  that  he  contin- 
ued in  Boston  with  his  family  during  the 
siege ;  that  he  prayed  for  the  king  and 
the  safety  of  the  town  ;  and  that  he  re- 
ceived the  visits  of  the  British  officers. 
In  May  1777  he  was  denounced  in  town 
meeting  as  a  person  inimical  to  America; 
after  which  he  was  obliged  to  enter  into 
bonds  for  his  appearance  «t  a  publis  trial 
before  a  special  court  on  the  second  of 
June  following.      He  was  pronounced 
guilty,  and  sentenced  to  confinement  on 
board  a  guard  ship,  and  in  forty  days  to 
be  sent  with  his  family  to  England.  When 
brought  before  the  board  of  war,  by  whom 
he  was  treated  respectfully,  his  sentence 
seems  to  have  been  altered,  and  it  was 
directed,  that  he  should  be  confined  to 
his  own  house,  and  a  guard  placed  over 
him  there.    This  was  accordingly  done 
for  a  few  weeks,  and  then  the  guard  was 
removed.     A  short  time  afYerwards  a 
guard  was  again  placed  over  him,  and 
again  dismissed.     Upon  this  occasion  he 
observed  in  his  own  manner,  that  he  was 
guarded,  reguarded,  and  disregarded.  He 
was  not  again  connected  with  any  parish. 
In  the  year  178S  he  was  seized  with  a 
paralytic  disorder,  and  he  died  July  6, 
1788,  aged  eighty  two  years.     He  was 
twice  married.     His  first  wife  v,na  the 
niece  of  gov.  Belcher,  and  his  second  the 
daughter  of  lieut.  gov.  Tailer.    His  son, 
Mather  Byles,  d.  d.,  was  a  minister  of 
New  London  in  Connecticut  but  was 
dismissed    in   1768,   and  was  then  an 
q>iscopal    minister    several    years    in 
Boston   till    the  revolution,  and  after 
wards  at  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick, 
where  he  died  March  13,  1814.— His 
grandson,  Mather  Brown,  historical  and 
27 


portrait  painter,  artist  to  Oco.  IV.  died  at 
London  May  95,  |8S1. 

Dr.  Byiet  was  in  person  Ull  and  wall 
proportioned .  He  possessed  a  command- 
ing presence,  and  was  a  graceful  speaker. 
His  voice  was  strong,  clear,  harmonious, 
and  susceptible  of  various  modnbtknif, 
adapted  to  the  subject  of  his  diseourae. 
He  was  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of 
his  wit  in  common  converaatwn,  and  for 
the  smartness  of  his  repartees.  He  poa* 
sessed  an  uncommon  talent  in  making 
puns,  some  of  which  are  at  the  present 
day  frequently  repeated  in  social  circles. 
His  imagination  was  fertile,  and  his  satira 
keen.  His  wit  was  a  dangerous  instra* 
ment,  in  the  use  of  which  he  was  not  al- 
ways prudent,  and  it  is  thought,  that  ht 
was  not  sufficiently  regardful  of  the  wo- 
sequences  of  the  severe  ronarks,  in  whkh 
he  sometimes  indulged  himself. 

His  literary  merit  introduced  him  to 
the  acquaintance  of  many  men  of  genius 
in  England  ;  and  the  names  of  Pope, 
Lansdowne,  and  Watts  are  found  among- 
his  correspondents.  From  the  former  he 
received  a  copy  of  an  elegant  edition  or 
the  Odyssey  in  quarto.  Dr.  Watts  sent 
him  copies  of  his  works,  as  he  poblisbed 
them. — His  poetry  evinces  a  rich  fancy, 
and  the  versification  is  polished.  The 
following  extract  from  "the  Conflagra- 
tion" relates  to  the  effect  ou  the  earth  of 
the  flames  of  the  last  day  :— 

"Yet  ibsll  ]re.FkiDM,  the  wailing  globe  refinf , 
And  bid  ibe  akiei  with  purer  iplenrfor  ibine, 
The  earth,  which  the  prolific  firea  eonanoM, 
To  beauty  buma.  and  wilhera  into  bloom} 
Improving  in  the  fertile  flame  it  liea, 
Fadea  into  form  and  into  vigor  diea: 
Freili-^wning  glorici  bluih  amidst  thebhu^ 
And  nature  all  lenewi  Ler  flowery  face." 

In  his  preaching  he  was  generally  solemn 
and  interesting,  though  sometimes  his 
sermons  gave  indications  of  the  pecniiar 
turn  of  his  mind.  On  being  asked  why 
he  did  not  preach  politics,  he  replied ;  "I 
have  thrown  up  four  breastworks,  behind 
which  I  have  intrenched  myself,  neither 
of  which  cut  be  forced.  In  the  first  place 
I  do  not  understand  politics ;  in  the  sec- 
ond pkice,  you  all  do,  every  man  and 


IM 


BYRD. 


[ 


mother's  aon  of  you ;  in  the  third  pUce, 
you  have  politics  all  the  week,  pray  lei 
one  day  out  of  seven  be  devoted  to  reli- 
gion ;  in  the  fourth  place  I  am  engaged 
in  a  work  of  infinitely  greater  importance. 
Give  me  any  subject  to  preach  on  of  more 
consequence,  than  the  truths  I  bring  to 
you,  and  I  will  preach  on  it  the  next  sab- 
bath." 

The  following  extracts  from  one  of  his 
sermons  will  show  what  were  the  reli- 
gious sentiments,  which  he  embraced  and 
enforced  upon  his  hearers.  "We  per- 
ceive," said  he,  "that  conversion  is  out 
of  our  own  power.  It  is  impossible  for 
us  to  convert  ourselves,  or  for  all  the  an- 
gels in  heaven  to  do  it  for  us.  To  con- 
vince you  of  this,  iet  the  natural  man 
make  the  experiment.  Try  this  moment. 
Try  and  see  whether  you  can  bring  your 
hearts  to  this,  to  renounce  all  happiness 
in  every  thing  but  the  favor  of  God ;  to 
let  God  order  for  you  ;  to  have  no  will  of 
your  own  ;.  to  be  swallowed  up  and  rav- 
ished with  his  will,  whatever  it  is. .  Can 
you  renounce  every  mortal  idol?  Can 
you  leave  this  world  and  all  the  low 
delights  of  it,  and  go  to  a  world  where 
you  will  have  none  of  them;  but  the  love 
of  Giod  will  swallow  you  up?  These 
things  are  so  far  distant  from  an  unre- 
newed heart,  that  they  look  like  wild 
paradoxes  to  it." — "The  enmity  be- 
tween Godand  us  is  irreconcilable,  hut 
by  Christ.  Out  of  him  God  is  a 
consuming  fire.  False  notions  of  the 
divine  justice  and  mercy  could  never 
bring  us  truly  to  him ;  and  true  ones 
would  only  drive  us  farther  from  him.  So 
that  set  Christ  aside,  and  there  can  be  ho 
conversion.  We  learn  also  the  honors 
of  the  Holy  Ghost.  He  is  the  agent, 
who  ^"jrforms  this  work.  One  reason, 
that  men  fall  short  of  this  saving  change, 
is  the  not  acknowledging  him,  as  they 
ought.  Did  men  regard  the  operation  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  more,  there  would 
be  more  frequent  converts.  Men  are  apt 
to  trust  to  their  own  8trength,when  they 
set  about  the  work  of  conversion.  They 
rob  the  Spirit  of  God  of  his  glory,  and  so 
it  all  comes  to  nothing.     He  it  is,  who 


makes  this  great  change  in  men.  He 
must  be  the  almighty  God  then ;  and  we 
should  honor  him  as  so." 

He  published  a  number  of  essays  in  the 
New  England  weekly  journal,  which  are 
marked  by  one  of  the  letters  composing 
the  word  celoiza;  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  George  I,  and  the  accession  of  George 
II,  1727;  a  poetical  epistle  to  governor 
Beksher,  on  the  death  of  his  lady,  1736. 
A  number  of  his  miscellaneous  poems 
were  collected  and  printed  in  a  volume, 
in  1744.  Among  the  sermons,  which  he 
published,  are  the  following  ;  ^e  charac- 
ter of  the  upright  man,  1739  ;  on  the  na- 
ture and  necessity  of  conversion,  1793 ; 
flourish  of  tho  annual  spring,  17S9  ;  at 
the  artillery  election,1740;  on  setting  our 
afiections  on  things  above,  1 740;  before  an 
execution,1751 ;  on  Mrs.  Dummer,1753 ; 
on  William  Dummer,1761;  on  J.  Gould, 
1772;  at  the  lecture,  1751;  on  the  earth- 
quake, 1755 ;  at  the  thanksgiving  for  the 
success  of  the  British  arms,  1760  ;  on  the 
present  vileness  of  the  body  and  its  future 
glorious  change,  second  edition,  1771. — 
Polyanthoi,  iv.  1-10;  Spec.  Amer.  poet. 
I.  124-lSS. 

BYRD,  William,  colonel,  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Virginia,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  about  1 682.  When  in 
1699  about  300  of  the  persecuted  French 
protestants  arrived  in  the  colony,  he  re- 
ceived them  with  the  affection  of  a  father 
and  gave  them  the  most  liberal  assistance. 
His  generous  charity  to  the  poor  foreign- 
ers is  particularly  described  by  Beverlj'. 
He  had  received  a  liberal  education  in 
England,  and  was  distinguished  for  his 
literary  taste  and  his  patronage  of  science. 
He  had  one  of  the  largest  libraries  on  the 
continent.  In  1733  he  was  one  of  tho 
commissioners  for  establishing  the  line 
between  North  Carolina  and  Virginia. 
He  died  about  1743  at  an  advanced  age. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  as 
were  also  Mather,  Boylston,  Dudley,Silas 
Taylor  of  Virginia,  and  others.  Having 
a  large  property,  his  munificence  and  his 
style  of  living  were  unrivalled  in  the  cokv 
ny.  He  wrote,  it  is  believed,  the  anony- 
mous work,  the  history  of  the  dividing 


m 


■fen 


CABELL. 


■.'vrmti 


CABOT. 


Hi 


1  men.  He 
;hen ;  and  vre 

r  essays  in  the 
lal,  which  are 
rs  composing 

on  the  death 
ion  of  George 
9  to  governor 
bis  lady,  1786. 
ineous   poems 
1  in  a  volume, 
jons,  which  he 
g ;  ihe  charac- 
39  ;  on  the  na- 
version,  1782 ; 
ing,  1789;   at 

on  setting  our 
1740;  before  an 
Dummer,1753 ; 
l;on  J.  Gould, 
I;  ontheearth- 
ksgiving  for  the 
IS,  1760 ;  on  the 
iy  and  its  future 
edition,  1771.— 
oee.  Jtmer.  poet. 

•nel,    a   distin- 
lia,  was  a  mem- 
682.    When  in 
Irsecuted  French 
le  colony,  he  re- 
;tion  of  a  father 
iberal  assistance, 
jhe  poor  foreign- 
by  Beverly, 
il  education  in 
uished  for  his 
[nage  of  science, 
libraries  on  the 
one  of  the 
[ishing  the  line 
and  Virginia, 
advanced  age. 
|oyal  society,  as 
in,Dudtey,Sila8 
thers.    Havihg 
[ficenceand  his 
llled  in  the  colo- 
'ed,  the  anony- 
if  the  dividing 


line  betwesn  Virginia  and  North  Caroli- 
na, 1728 :  also,  for  the  philosoph.  transac- 
tions an  account  of  a  negro  boy,  dappled 
with  white  spots. — A  colonel  Wm.  Byrd, 
probably  his  son,  was  a  commissiouer  to 
treat  with  the  Indians  in  1766 ;  and  ac- 
companied Forbes  in  the  expedition 
against  fort  du  Quesne  in  1 768.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  council  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  ;  but  he  was  deceased 
before  Jan.  6, 1781,  when  Arnold  debar- 
ked at  Westover,  the  residence  of  his 
widow. — Beverly,  iv.  18;  Miller,  ii. 
61;  jBurAr. 

C  AB£LL,Samuel  J.,  col.,a  revolution- 
ary 8oldier,died  at  his  seat  in  Nelson  coun- 
ty, Va.,  Sept.  4,  1818,  aged  61.  Being 
in  college  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  he 
joined  the  first  armed  corps,  raised  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  soon  attained  the  rank  of  lieut. 
col.  in  the  continental  army,  serving  with 
reputation  in  all  the  northern  campaigns, 
tia  the  fall  of  Charleston,  May  12,  1780, 
when  he  became  a  prisoner.  The  close 
of  the  war  restored  him  to  liberty.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly; also  a  member  of  congress. 

CABOT,  John,  a  Venetian,  who  first 
discovered  the  continent  of  America,  was 
perfectly  skilled  in  all  the  sciences,  requi- 
site to  form  an  accomplished  mariner. 
He  had  three  sons,  Ljewis,  Sebastian,  and 
Sanctius,  all  of  whom  he  educated  in  a 
manner  best  calculated  to  make  them  able 
seamen.    Encouraged  by  the  success  of 
Columbus,  who  returned  in  149S  iVom  his 
first  voyage,  he  was  determined  to  attempt 
the  discovery  of  miknown  lands,  particu- 
larly of  a  northwest  passage  to  the  East 
Indies.    Having  obtained  a  commission 
from  king  Henry  VII,  empowering  him 
and  his  three  sons  to  discover  unknown 
lands,  and  to  conquer  and .  settle  them, 
and  giving  him  jurisdkstion  over  the  coun- 
tries, which  he  shoukl  subdue,  on  condi- 
tion of  paying  the  king  one  fifth  part  of 
all  the  gains,  he  sailed  from  Bristol  with 
two    vessels,    freighted  by    the   mer- 
chants   of  London   and    Bristol    with 
articles  of  traffic,  and  with  about  300 
men,  in  May  1497.    He  sailed  towards 
the  northwest  till  heieached.  the  latitude 


of  68  degrees,  when  the  floatbig  ice  and 
the  severity  of  the  weather  induced  him 
to  alter  his  course  to  the  southwest.    He 
discovered  land  June  24,  which,  as  it  vras 
the  first,  that  he  had  seen,  he  called  Prima 
Vista.    This  is  generally  supposed  to  be 
a  part  of  the  island  of    Newfoundbmd, 
though  in  the  opinion  of  some  it  is  a 
place  on  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  in 
the  latitude  of  46  degrees.    A  few  day* 
afterward  a  smaller  island  was  discovered, 
to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  John, 
on  account  of  its  being  discovered  on  the 
day  of  John,  the  baptist.     Continuing 
his  course  westwardly,  he  soon  reached 
the  continent,  and  then  sailed  along  the 
coast  northwardly  to  the  latitude  of  67 
and  a  half  degrees.    As  the  coast  stretch- 
ed toward  the  east,  he  turned  back  and 
sailed  toward  the  equator,  till  he  came  to 
Florida.   The  provisions  now  failing,  aod 
a  mutiny  breaking  out  among  the  mari- 
ners, he  returned  to  Engbind  without  at- 
tempting a  settlement  or  conquest  in  any 
part  of  the  new  world.    In  this  voyage 
Cabot  was  accompanied  by  his  son  Sebas- 
tian, and  to  them  is  attributed  the  honor 
of  first  bsholding  the  continent  of  North 
America  ;  for  it  was  not  till  the  following 
year,  1498,  that  the  continent  was  seen 
by  Columbus.    But  this  c?  -cumstance  is 
of  little  importance:   for,  as  Irving  re- 
marks, "when  Columbus  first  touched  the 
shore  of  the  western  hemisphere,  he  had 
achieved  his  enterprise,  he  had  accom- 
plished all,  that  was  necessary  to  his  fame : 
thegreat  problem  was  solved;  the  New 

World   was  discovered." Belktu^'e 

^mer.  biog.  i.  149-154;  Holme*}  Pur- 
ehtu,  I.  737, 738;  Robertson, book  ix.  16, 
17;  Prinee,  introd.  80;  Irving'e  Co- 
Ivmb. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  navi- 
gator, the  son  of  the  p  eceding,  was  bom 
at  Bristol.  When  ab  )ut  20  years  of  age 
he  accompanied  his  father  in  the  voyage 
of  1497  ,in  which  the  continent  of  the  new 
world  was  discovered.  About  the  year 
1517  he  sailed  on  another  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, and  went  to  the  Brasils,  and 
thence  to  Hispaniola  and  Porto  Rieo. 
Failing  in  his  object  of  finding  a  way  to 


0 


lit 


CABOT. 


^  I 


the  EmI  ladiM,  he  returasd  to  England. 
HtTing  b«en  invited  to  Spain,  where  he 
WM  reeeived  in  the  meet  reepeetful  man- 
ner by  itinf  Ferdinand  and  queen  Isabella, 
he  tailed  in  their  aerviee  on  a  voyage  of 
jdiaeovery  in  April  1615.    He  visited  the 
eoast  of  Bruil,  and  entered  a  great  river, 
to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Rio  de  la 
Plata.  He  sailed  up  this  river  130  leagues. 
After  being  absent  on  this  expedition  a 
number  of  years,  he  returned  to  Spain  in 
the  spring  of  1681.     But  he  was  not 
well  received.    He  made  other  voyages, 
'Of  which  no  particular  msmoriala  remain. 
His  residenee  was  at  the  city  of  Seville. 
His  employment  in  the  office  of  chief  pi- 
lot was  the  drawing  of  charts,  on  which 
Jbe  delineated  all   the   new   discoveries 
nade  by  himself  and  others ;  and,  by 
his  offiee,  he  was   intrusted  with   the 
reviewing  of  all  projects  for  discovery. 
His  character  is  said  to  have  been  gentle, 
ftiendly,  and  social,  though  in  his  voyages 
•ome  instances  of  injustice  towards  the 
natives  and  of  severity  towards  hisimari- 
ners  are  recorded.    In  his  advanced  age 
he  returned  to  England  and  resided  at 
Bristol.    He  received  a  pension  from  Ed- 
ward VI,  and  was  appointed  governor  of 
a  company  of  merchants,  associated  for 
the  purpose  of  ^naking  discoveries.    He 
had  a  strong  persuasion,  that  a  passage 
might  be  found  to  China  by  the  north 
east.    By  his  means  a  trade  was  commen- 
ced with  Russia,  which  gave  rise  to  the 
Russian  company.    The  last  account  of 
him  is,  that  in  1666,  when  the  company 
«7ere  sending  out  a  vessel  for  discovery, 
be  made  a  visit  on  board.    "The  good 
«ld  gentleman,  master  Cabota,"  says  the 
jounsl  (/the  voyage  in  Hakluyt,  "gave 
ito  the  poor  most  liberal  alms,  wishing 
Aben  to  pray  for  the  good  fortune  and 
prosperous  success  of  our  pinnace.   And 
iben  at  the  sign  of  St  Christopher,  he 
mud  bis  ftiends  banqueted,  and  for  very 
joy,  that  he  had  to  see  the  towardness  of 
«ttr  intended  discovery,  be  entered, into 
the  dance  bisaself  among  the  rest  of  the 
young  a»d  lusty  company ;  which  being 
ended,  be  aad  his  fiieads  departed,  most 
gently  emnvenling  viio  the  govemanos 


of  almighty  God."    He  died,  it  is  believ- 
ed, in  1667,  aged  80  years.    He  waa  one 
of  the  most  extraordinary  men  of  the  age, 
in  which  hu  lived.    There  is  preserved  in 
Hakluyt  a  complete  set  of  instructions, 
drawn  and  signed  by  Cabot,  for  the  direc- 
tion of  the  voyage  to  Cathay  in  China, 
which  affords  the  clearest  proof  of  liis  sa- 
gacity.   It  ia  supposed,  that  he  was  the 
first,  who  noticed  the  variation  of  the 
magnetic  needle,  and  he  published,  navi- 
gatione  nelle  parte  settentrionale,  Venice, 
1688,  felio.    He  published  also  a  large 
map,  which  was  engraved  by  Clement 
Adams,  and  hung  up  in  the  gallery  at 
Whitehall ;  andon  this  map  was  inscribed 
a  Latin  account  of  the  discovery  of  New- 
foundland.-^— Belknap'*  Jimer.  biog.  i. 
149-168;  Mati.mag.  ii.  467-471;  Hak- 
luyt, I.  S96, 968,  «74;  CampbeWt  admir 
rait,  I.  410;  Reet*  eye/. 

CABOT,  George,  a  senator,  was  bom 
in  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1763:  the  name  was 
perhaps  originally  Cobbett.  His  early 
employment  was  that  of  a  shipmaster ; 
but  his  visiU  to  foreign  countries  were 
made  subservient  to  the  enlargement  of 
his  knowledge.  At  the  age  of  35  he  was 
a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  at 
Concord,  in  which  body  he  opposed  the 
project  of  establishing  by  law  a  maximum 
of  prices,  &  contended  for  entire  freedom 
of  commerce.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  state  convention  for  considering  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  Being 
appointed,  a  few  years  afterwards,  a  sena- 
tor of  the  United  States,  he  co-operated 
in  the  financial  views  of  Hamilton  and  as- 
sisted him  by  his  extensive  commercial 
knowledge.  May  8, 1798,  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  first Becretary  of  the  navy,  but 
declining  it,  B.  Stoddart  received  the 
appointment.  Of  the  eastern  convention, 
assembled  at  Hartford  in  1814  during  the 
war,  Mr.  Cabot  was  the  president.  He 
died  at  Boston  April  18,  1838,  aged  71. 
Destitute  of  the  advantages  of  a  public 
education,Mr.  Cabot  was  yet  distinguish- 
ed for  his  intelligence&almost  unequalled 
for  the  eloquence  of  his  conversation,  es- 
pecially on  the  topic  of  the  French  revo- 
lution.   He  was  muter  of  the  sdence  of 


'  <5:    i- 


CADWALLADER. 


CALDWELL. 


,  itisbeUev- 
Hewu  ons 
n  of  the  age, 
I  preserved  in 
instruotioMi 
for  the  direc- 
ayin  China, 
roof  of  Ilia  aa- 
it  he  was  the 
iation  of  the 
ibliahed,  navi- 
snale,  Venice, 
1  ilao  a  large 
,  by  Clement 
he  gallery  at 
;>  waa  inseribed 
)very  of  New- 
Imer.  Iriog.  i. 
167-471;  Httk- 
npheWt  admi- 

ator,  was  bom 
the  name  waa 
tt.     His  early 
a  shipmaster ; 
countries  were 
enlargement  of 
geofSBhewaa 
ial   congress  at 
\e  opposed  the 
law  a  maximum 
entire  freedom 
Ibo  a  member  of 
msidering  the 
States.   Being 
irwards,  a  sena- 
he  co-operated 
iamilton  and  as- 
ive  commercial 
he  was  ap- 
»f  the  navy,  but 
received  the 
jrn  convention, 
[814  during  the 
president.    He 
1898,  aged  71. 
;es  of  a  public 
et  distinguish- 
lost  unequalled 
Inversation,  es- 
French  revo- 
the  sdence  of 


political  economy.  In  the  party  divisions 
of  his  day  he  was  a  decided  federalist,  the 
flriend  of  Ames  and  Hamilton.  He  had 
«njoyedalso  the  confidence  of  Washing- 
ton.  His  fellow  citizens  intrusted  him 
with  various  offices,  evincing  their  reli- 
ance on  his  wisdom  and  integrity.  In 
private  life  he  was  most  amiable,  courte- 
ous, and  benevolent.  He  wrs  a  profess- 
or of  religion  in  the  church,  oP which  the 
minister  was  Dr.  Kirkland,  who,  aAer  his 
death,  married  his  daughter.— Lord'* 
Lempr.;  Erne.  Amer. 

CADWALLADER,  Thomas,  m.  d., 
a  physician  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  son 
of  John  C.,and  completed  hismedinal  ed- 
ucation in  Europe.    From  1763  till  his 
death  he  was  one  of  the  physicians  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital.    His  dissections 
for  Dr.  Shippen  were  among  the  sariiest, 
made  in  this  country.     Dr.  John  Jpnes 
was  his  pupil.    He  died  Nov.  14,  1779, 
ap-ed  73.    In  his  disposition  he  was  equa- 
ble and  benevolent;  in  his  mannera  cour- 
teous.    His  life  was  once  saved  by  his 
courteousness.   A  provincial  officer,  vea- 
ry  of  his  life,  had  determined  to  shoot  the 
first  person,  whom  he  should  meet,  in  or- 
der that  justice  might  bring  him  to  the  gal- 
lows. An  easier  method  of  reaching  hit  end 
would  have  been  to  shoot  himself.    How- 
ever, with  his  resolution  and  his'  gut  he 
sallied  forth.    He  met  first  a  pretty  girl ; 
but  her  beauty  vanquished  his  intent    He 
next  met  Dr.  C,  whose  courteous  "Good 
morning,  sir,  what  sport?"  also  conquered 
him.    He  then  went  to  a  tavern,  &  skot  a 
Mr.  Scull,  for  which  he  was  hung.— He 
published  an  essay  on  the  Iliac  passion, 
entitled;  an  Essay  on  the  West  India  Diy 
Gripes,  1745,  in  which  he  recommended 
the  use  of  opiates  and  mild  cathartics,  in- 
stead of  quicksilver,  then  employed.  This 
was  one  of  the  earliest  American  medical 
treatises.    Boylston  had  written  before  on 
the  small  pox,  and  Harwood  a  treatise  on 
pharmacy,  and,  at  a  far  earlier  period, 
Thacher  on  the  small  pox  and  measles. 
— Ramsoy'f   rev.  36;    Thaeher'smed. 
Hog. 

CADWALLADER,  John,  general,  a 
iSoldier  of  the  revolution,  was  bom  in  PhiK 


adelphia,  and  was  a  roeiaber  of  the  Penns. 
convention  in  1775.  He  was  appointed 
by  congress  a  brigadi«r  general  Feb.  1777. 
In  the  battles  of  Princeton,  Brandy  wine, 
Oermantown,  and  Monmouth  he  partici- 
pated ;  and  in  the  attack  on  the  enemy  at 
Trenton  Washington  intrusted  him  with 
one  of  the  divisions  of  the  army  ;  but  he 
could  not  cross  the  river,6ta  account  of  th» 
ice,  until  the  day  after  the  battle.  He 
fought  a  duel  with  gen.  Conway  in  conso- 
quence  of  the  intrigue  of  the  latter  against 
Washington.  After  the  war  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  of  Maryland,  where 
he  died  Feb.  10, 1786,  aged  48.  He  was 
a  relative  of  John  Dickinson  and  a  gen- 
tleman of  great  fortune.  He  published  a 
Reply  to  gen.  J.  Reed's  remarks  lie., 
1788.— JIfvrsAa//,  in.  189. 

CAINES,  George,  reporter  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  New  York,  died  at  Cat- 
skill,  July  10,  1835,  aged  54.  He  pub- 
lished Lex  mereatoria  Americana,  1808; 
Cases  in  the  court  for  trial  of  impeachment 
fc  correction  of  errors,  S  vols.  1805-7; 
practical  forms  of  the  supreme  court  of 
N.  Y.  1808. 

CALDWELL,  James,  minister  in  N. 
Jersey,  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1759, 
and  was  a  trustee  ofthe  college  iVom  1769 
till  his  death,  Jan.  1783,  occasioned  by 
ruffian  violence.  He  lived  near  the  Con- 
necticut Farms.  During  the  war  his  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  his  country  made  him  a 
mark  for  the  British  vengeance.  In  June 
1780  the  British  troops  destroyed  his 
house  and  13  other  houses  and  the  meet- 
ing house.  Some  officers  first  received 
reft«shmento  trorA  the  hands  uf  Mrs.Cald- 
well ;  soon  afterwards  a  soldier  approach- 
ed, and,  putting  his  gun  into  the  window 
of  her  bed  room,  shot  her  through  the 
breast. '  An  officer  then  throwing  his 
cloak  over  the  corpse,  carried  it  to  the 
next  house.  Thus  died  the  mother  of 
9  children.— TA(u;Aer'<  mil.  joum.  194  j 
Col.  hilt.  toe.  II.  188. 

CALDWELL,  David,  a  minister,  di- 
ed at  Guilford  court  house,  N.  Carolina, 
Aug.  19, 1824,  aged  99  years  and  five 
months.  He  was  bom  in  March  1795> 
in  Lancaster  county,  Penns. 


fU 


CALDWELL. 


CALHOUN. 


CALDWELL,  EUm  Bottdinot,  clerk 
orUie  luprenie  court  of  the  United  States, 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1796,  and  died 
at  Washington  in  May  1805,  gladdened 
by  the  promiaea  of  the  religion,  which  he 
profeaaed.  He  zealoualy  aaaiated  in  form- 
ing and  conducting  the  American  coloni- 
lation  society,  of  which  he  was  the  coi> 
responding  secretary.  In  honor  of  him 
the  managers  of  the  society  gave  the  name 
of  Caldwell  to  a  town  in  their  AiViean 
colony.  Mr.  C. ,  in  order  to  bring  religious 
instruction  to  the  untaught  in  the  coun- 
try near  Washington,  obtained  a  license 
to  preach  iVom  the  presbytery,  and  waa 
accustomed  to  preach  on  the  sabbath. — 
Jifr.  repot.  I.  136  ;  Mu.  her.  33:  SI. 

CALEF,  Rob't,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
was  distinguished  about  the  time  of  the 
witchcrail  delusion  by  his  resistance  to  the 
infatuation.  After  Cotton  Mather  had 
published  Wonders  of  the  invisible  world, 
from  which  it  appears,  that  he  was  by  no 
meana  incredulous  with  regard  to  the  ato- 
ries  then  in  circulation,  Mn  Calef  pub- 
lished a  book  on  the  opposite  side,  enti- 
tled. More  wondersof  the  invisible  world, 
London,  1700.  Thi*  ^u  reprinted  at 
Salem  in  1796.  Dr.  Increase  Mather, 
president  of  Harvard  college,  in  1700 
ordered  the  book  to  be  burned  in  the  col- 
lege yard.  The  members  of  the  old  north 
church  published  a  defence  of  their  pas- 
tors, the  Mathers,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled, 
"Remarks  upon  a  scandalous  book  &c.  " 
with  the  motto, "  truth  will  come  off  con- 
queror." And  so  it  was,  for  the  witch- 
craft, sorcery  was  soon  vanquished.  The 
judges  and  jury  confessed  their  error,  and 
the  deluded  people  opened  their  eyes.— As 
he  censured  the  proceedings  of  the  courts 
respecting  the  witches  at  a  time,  when 
the  people  of  the  country  in  general  did 
not  see  their  error,  he  gave  great  offence. 
But  he  is  thought  to  be  faithful  in  his 
narration  of  facts.  He  died  at  Roxbury 
Apr.  18,  1719. — Hutehituon,  ii.  54;  Jlfcu. 
hUt.  eol.;  111.  300 ;  Eliot. 

CALHOUN,  Patri'-k,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  the 
year  1737.  His  father  emigrated  in  1793 
to  Pennsylvania,  where  he  resided  many 


years,  and  afterwards  to  the  western  part 
of  Virginia.  The  settlement,  after  the 
defeat  of  Braddock,  was  broken  up  by  tha 
Indians,  and  Mr.  C,  with  his  three  eUer 
brothers  &  a  sister,  emigrated  in  1756  to 
Long  Cane,  Abbeville,  in  the  interior  of 
South  Carolina,  then  an  uninhabited  wil- 
derness, b.  settled  on  the  immediate  con- 
fines of  the  Cherokee  Indians.  The  set* 
tlement  was  shortly  after,  in  the  war, 
which  commenced  in  °  1759,  attacked  fc 
destroyed  by  the  Cherokees,  8i  half  of  the 
males  were  killed  in  the  desperate  engage- 
ment. The  remnant  retired  to  the  older 
settlements  below,  where  they  remained 
till  the  peace  of  1768,  when  they  return- 
ed &  le-occupied  their  former  settlement 
After  the  destruction  of  the  seUlfment, 
Mr.  Calhoun  was  appointed  by  tht  pro- 
vincial government  to  take  comriU!.rit!  of 
a  body  of  rangers,  raised  for  the  deience 
of  the  frontiers,  in  which  service  he  en- 
countered great  danger  ami  displayed 
much  enterprise  &  intrepidity.  Shortly 
after  the  peace,  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  provincial  legislature,  being  the 
first  individual  ever  elected  iVom  the  up- 
per county  of  the .  >tatp.  He  continued  a 
member  of  that  &  i  f  ^rwards  of  the  State 
legislature  till  his  aeatb,  with  the  inter- 
mission of  a  single  term.  In  the  war  of 
the  revolution  he  took  an  early,  decided, 
and  active  part  in  favor  of  his  country. 
He  vas  self  taught,  having  never  been  bt 
school  more  than  6  months;  yet,  though 
beinir  continually  on  the  ft'ontiers  he  waa 
without  opportunity  to  acquire  knowl- 
edge, such  was  his  thirst  for  information, 
that  he  made  himself  a  good  English 
scholar,  and  an  accurate  land  surveyor. 
He  acquired  also  a  competent  knowledge 
of  the  tower  branches  of  mathematics,  & 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  history.  Hia 
moral  character  well  harmonized  with 
his  love  of  knowledge  4*  strength  of  intel- 
lect. He  passed  a  long  and  active  life 
without  a  blemish;  a  sincere  christian,  a 
good  citizen,  an  upright  magistrate,  a 
kind  neighbor,  &  an  affectionate  husband 
and  father.  He  died  in  1796.  Eight 
years  afterwards  his  son,  John  Caldwell 
Calhoun,  now  vice  president  of  the  Uni- 


CALHOUN. 


i  ♦  .A" 


'ri 


! 


CALLENDER. 


tlS 


Item  ptrt 
after  the 
tip  by  the 
hree  elder 
ia  1756  to 
interior  of 
abited  wil- 
idiate  con- 
The  eet- 
D  the  war, 
attacked  k. 
half  of  the 
•teeniiage- 
lo  the  older 
sy  remained 
,hey  retum- 
■ettlement. 
!  aeUkmcnt, 
bythi  pro- 
toron'S'f''^  of 
the  deience 
jrvice  he  en- 
nil  displayed 
ty.     Shortly 
ted  a  member 
re,  being  the 
fVom  the  up- 
e  continued  8 
B  of  the  State 
ith  the  inter- 
In  the  war  of 
arly,  decided, 
'  \m  country, 
never  been  li 
yet,  though 
ntiere  he  waa 
quire  knowl- 
information, 
ood  English 
ind  surveyor. 
|nt  knowledge 
ithematlcs,  8t 
[history.    His 
bonized  with 
^gthofintel- 
id  active   life 
christian,  a 
lagistrate,  » 
late  husband 
.796.    Eight 
[ohn  Caldwell 
It  of  the  Uni- 


ted States,  graduated  at  Yale  college. 
CALHOUN,  John  Ewing,  a  senator, 
the  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  bom 
in  1749.  His  ftther  died,  while  he  was 
young ;  and  his  mother  marrying  again 
shortly  after,  his  uncle,  then  a  widower, 
took  him  under  his  care.  Such  was  the 
anxiety  of  his  uncle  to  give  him  every 
advantage  to  acquire  an  education,which 
the  country  afforded,  that,  shortly  after 
the  restoration  of  the  settlement  in  the 
year  1768,  he  sent  him  to  a  grammar 
school  in  North  Carolina,  more  thin  one 
hundred  miles  ftom  home,  and  afterwards 
to  Princeton  college,  where  he  graduated 
in  1774.  He  afterwards  studied  hw,  in 
which  profession  he  became  distinguish- 
ed. After  being  for  many  years  in  the 
state  legislature  of  South  Carolina,  he 
was  elected  in  1801  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Read,  a  senator  in  congress,  in  which 
body  he  took  his  seat  the  year,  which 
brought  Mr.  Jefferson  into  power, 
Though  a  decided  republican  and  sup- 
porter of  Mr.  Jefferson,  he  proved  his  in- 
dependence in  resisting  strenuously  the 
passage  of  the  bill,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Breckenridge,  to  abolish  the  office  of  the 
judges,  who  had  been  appointed,  when 
Mr.  Adams  went  out  of  power.  He 
stood  alone  on  the  republican  side  on  the 
occasion,  delivering  a  speech,  which  did 
credit  not  only  to  his  talenta,  but  more 
especially  to  his  independence  of  thought 
and  resolution.  In  the  political  divisions 
of  our  country,  when  many  seem  willing- 
ly to  surrender  their  own  intelligence  and 
conscience  to  the  leaders  of  their  party ,or 
to  be  merely  the  dupes  and  slaves  of  thc^e, 
who  reap  the  profit  of  the  delusion  and 
the  eonflict,  it  ia  refreshing  to  fix  the  eye 
upon  a  man  of  clear  views,  and  strong 
powers  of  elocution,  and  great  firmness 
and  integrity  of  character,  who  dared  to 
secede  alone  from  his  party,  and  to  op- 
pose singly  a  popular  measure,  because  it 
appeared  to  him  to  be  unconstitutional 
and  perilous  in  its  consequences.  He 
was  on  the  select  committee,  to  whom 
the  bill  was  referred  with  instructions  to 
report  a  modification  of  the  judiciary  sys- 
tem of  the  United  States.    But  the  com- 


mittee were  on  motion  of  Mr.  Brecken- 
ridge, Feb.  S,  1809,  diaeharged  fVom  that 
service.  On  the  same  day  the  final 
question  was  taken  16  to  15.  Mr.Calhoun 
voted  with  Hillhouse,  Morris,  Tracy,  and 
other  political  opponento.  Before  the 
next  sessiop  of  congress,  he  died  in  Pen- 
dleton district,  Nov.  36,  1803,  aged  5t 
yean. 

CALLENDER,Elisha,minister  of  the 
1st  baptist  church  in  Boston,  was  the  son 
of  Ellis  Callender,  who  was  a  member  na 
early  aa  16C9  and  minister  of  (he  same 
church  iVom  1708  till  1736.  In  early  Kfe 
the  blessings  of  divine  grace  were  hnpar- 
ted  to  him.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  the  year  1710.  At  his  ordina- 
tion, May  31, 1718,  Increase  and  Cotton 
Mather  k  Mr.  Webb,  though  of  a  differ- 
ent denomination,  gave  their  assistance. 
He  was  very  faithful  and  succcssftil  in  the 
pastoral  office  till  his  death,  March  81, 
1 788.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Condy . 
A  few  days  before  his  death  he  said; 
"  when  I  look  on  one  hand,  I  see  nothing 
but  sin,  guilt,  and  discouragement;  but 
when  I  look  on  the  other,  I  see  my  glori- 
ous Savior,  and  the  merits  of  his  pre- 
cious blood,  which  cleanseth  from  all  sin. 
I  cannot  say,  that  I  have  such  transporte 
of  joy,  as  some  have  had;  but  through 
grace  I  can  say,'  I  have  gotten  the  victo- 
ry over  death  and  the  grave."  The  last 
words,  which  fell  from  his  lips,  were,  "I 
shall  sleep  in  Jesus."  His  life  was  un- 
spotted; his  conversation  was  always  af- 
fable, religious,  and  dignified;  and  his 
end  was  peaceful  and  serene. — Baekua' 
his.  o/N.  E.  III.  134;  Boston  eve.  post. 
w9pn2  3,  1738. 

CALLENDER,  John,  an  eminent 
baptist  minister  and  writer  in  Rhode 
Island,  was  a  nephew  of  Elisha  Callen- 
der and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1733.  He  was  ordained  col- 
league with  elder  Peckum  as  pastor  of  the 
churchatNewportOct.  13, 1781.  This 
was  the  second  baptist  church  in  Ameri- 
ca. It  was  founded  in  the  year  1644. 
Mr.  Callender  died  January  36,  1748, 
aged  41.  He  was  a  man  of  very  consider- 
able powers  of  mind,  and  was  distinguish- 


CALLENDER. 


CALVERT. 


ad  fi>r  hit  candor  tnd  piety.  He  collected 
many  pepen  relating  to  the  hietory 
of  the  baptiiite  in  thie  country, 
which  were  nsml  by  Mr.  Backue.  A 
century  alter  the  deed  ofRhode  bland  wu 
obtained  of  the  Narragansett  Indiana  he 
delivered  at  Newport,  March  "24,  1788,  a 
•ermon  on  the  hiatory  of  the  colony, 
which  waa  publiahed  in  1789,  with  addi- 
tiona.  Thia  hiatorical  diacourse  bringa 
down  the  hiatory  of  Rhode  laland  and 
Providence  plantationa  flrom  1687  to  the 
end  of  the  firat  century.  Thia  ia  but  a 
■mall  work ;  yet  it  ia  the  only  hiatory  of 
Rhode  laland,  which  haa  been  written, 
and  it  ia  honorable  to  ita  author.  He 
publiahed  alao  a  aermon  at  ihe  ordination 
of  Jeremiah  Condy,  1789,  and  a  aermon 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Clap  of  Newport, 
n45.—Baeku$'  hut.  of  N.  E.  in.  939. 

CALLENDER,  Jamea  Thompaon, 
editorofthe  Recorder,died  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  in  July  1803,  being  drowned  in 
Jamea  river,in  which  he  waa  accuatomed  to 
bathe.  He  waa  the  author  of  the  Proepect 
before  ua,  and  of  other  aaaaulta  on  the  ad- 
miniatration  of  Waahington  and  Adama. 
Mr.  Jefferaon  paid  him  repeatedly  60  and 
100  dollara  :  the  circumatancea  are  ex- 
plained in  Jefferaon'a  lettera.  Aflerwarda 
Callander  proclaimed  to  the  world,  in  hos- 
tility to  Mr.  Jefferaon,  the  patronage  or 
charity,  which  he  had  enjoyed.  He  waa 
a  man  of  talenta,  with  an  energetic 
■tyle,  and  in  aeverity  of  invective  unequal- 
led. He  published  political  progresa  of 
Britain,  Sd.  ed.  1795  ;  political  regiater, 
1795;  sketches  of  the  hiatory  of  Ameri- 
ca, 1798.— Co/,  cent.  July  SO,  1808. 

CALLIERES,  Chevalier  De,  gover- 
nor of  Canada,  was  appointed  governor 
of  Montreal  in  1684.  He  enclosed  the 
town  with  palisades.  In  1689  he  went 
to  France  to  suggest  the  project  of  the 
conquest  of  New  York.  In  the  enter- 
prise he  was  to  have  been  commander  in 
chief ;  but  it  failed.  After  the  death  of 
count  de  Frontenac  in  1698  he  acted  as 
governor  till  his  appointment  in  1699. 
Without  the  birth  and  rank  of  his  prede- 
cessor, he  was  free  also  from  his  haughti- 
ness, prejudice,  and  violence.    His  known 


abilitiea  and  ralor  mad*  him  aceeptd>le  to 
the  colony.  He  had  various  nego- 
tiations with  the  Indiana.  In  signing  a 
treaty  Sep.  8,1700  the  Onnontagueae  and 
Taonnonthouana  delineated  a  apider ;  the 
Goyogouina  a  calumet ;  the  Onneyoutha 
a  piece  of  cleft  wood  with  a  atone  in  it ; 
the  Agaittn  a  bear  ;  the  Hurona  a  bea- 
ver ;  the  Ab^naquia  a  kid  ;  and  the  Ou- 
taouaia  a  hnre.  In  endeavoring  to  unite 
all  the  Indian  tribea  in  a  permanent 
peace  and  to  attach  them  to  the  French 
intereat  he  had  enlarged  viewa  and  ado|>- 
ted  wiae  meaaurea  ;  but  in  the  midat  of 
hia  toila  he  died  May  30,  1708,  and  waa 
aucceeded  by  Vaudreuil. — CAortofOts; 
Univ.  Am(.  XL.  137-144. 

CALVERT,  George,  baron  of  Balti- 
more, founder  of  the  province  of  Mary- 
land, waa  deacended  from  a  noble  fami- 
ly in  Flandera,  and  waa  born  at  Kipling 
in  Yorkahire,  England,  in  1583.  After 
taking  hia  bachelor'a  degree  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  in  1597,  he  travelled 
over  the  continent  of  Europe.  At  hia  re- 
turn to  England  in  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  James  I,  he  was  taken  into  the 
oflke  of  sir  Robert  Cecil,  secretary  of 
state,  by  whose  favor  he  was  made  clerk 
of  the  privy  council,  and  received  die 
honor  of  knighthood.  In  1619  he  waa 
appointed  one  of  the  principal  secretariea 
of  state  in  the  place  of  Sir  Thomas  Lake. 
His  great  knowledge  of  public  business 
and  his  diligence  and  fidelity  conciliated 
the  regard  of  the  king,  who  gave  him  a 
pension  of  a  thousand  pounds  out  of 
the  customs.  In  1634  he  became  a  Ro- 
man catholic,  and  having  disclosed  hia 
new  principles  to  the  king  resigned  his 
office.  He  was  continued,  however,  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  and  waa 
created  baron  of  Baltimore  in  the  kingdom 
of  Ireland  in  1635,  at  which  time  he  rep- 
resented the  university  of  Oxford  in  par- 
liament. 

While  he  was  secretary  of  the  state 
he  was  constituted  by  patent  proprietor  of 
the  southeastern  peninsula  of  Newfound- 
land, which  he  named  the  province  of 
Avalon.  He  spent  35,000  pounds  in  ad- 
vancing his  plantation,  and  visited  it  twice 


'i- 


in  peraon ;  but  it  was  ito  annoyed  by  the 
French,  that,  though  he  once  repulsed 
and  pursued  their  xliipt  and  took  sixty 
prisoners,  he  was  ohiigrcd  to  abandon  it. 
Being  still  inclined  to  '  >rm  a  settlement 
in  America,  whither  \u  might  retire  with 
his  Amily  and  friends  of  the  same  re- 
ligious principles,  he  made  a  visit  to  Vir- 
ginia, the  fertility  and  advantages  of 
which  province  had  been  highly  celebra- 
ted, and  in  which  he  had  been  interested 
as  one  of  the  adventurers.  But  meeting 
with  an  unwelcome  reception  on  account 
of  his  religion,  and  observing,  that  the 
Virginians  had  not  extended  their  plant- 
ations beyond  the  Patowmac,  he  fixed  his 
attention  upon  the  territory  northward  of 
this  river,  and,  as  soon  as  he  returned  to 
England,  obtained  a  grant  of  it  from 
Charles  I.  But  owing  to  the  tedious 
forms  of  public  businera,  before  a  patent 
was  completed  he  died  at  London  April 
15,  1683,  aged  60.  Ader  his  death  the 
patent  was  again  drawn  in  the  name  of 
his  eldest  son,  Cecil,  who  succeeded  to  his 
honors,  and  it  passed  the  seals  June  30, 
1 683.  The  country  was  called  Maryland 
in  honor  of  Henrietta  Maria,  tlie  queen 
consort  of  Charles  I.  From  tlie  great 
precision  of  this  charter,  the  powers, 
which  it  confers  upon  the  proprietor,  and 
the  privileges  and  exemptions,  which  it 
granta  to  the  people,  it  is  evident,  that  it 
was  written  by  sir  George  himself.  The 
liberal  code  of  religious  toleration,  which 
it  established,  is  very  honorable  to  him, 
and  was  respected  by  his  son,  who  car- 
ried his  design  into  execution.  Sir 
George  was  conspicuous  for  his  good 
sense  and  moderation.  AH  parties  were 
pleased  with  him.  Not  being  obstinate  in 
his  opinions,  he  took  as  much  pleasure  in 
hearing  the  sentimente  of  others,  as  in 
delivering  his  own.  In  his  views  of  es- 
tablishing foreign  plantations  he  thought, 
that  the  original  inhabitanta,  instead  of 
being  exterminated,  should  be  civilized 
and  converted;  that  the  governors  should 
not  be  interested  merchants,  but  gentle- 
men not  concerned  in  trade ;  and  that 
every  one  should  be  left  to  provide  for 
himself  by  his  own  industry  without  de- 
28 


CALVERT.  Hit 

pendence  on  a  common  inlereit.  He  pub* 
lished  carmen  i\inebre  inD.Hen.Untonmn, 
1596;  parliamentary  speeches;  varbu* 
letters  of  state ;  the  answer  of  Tom  Tell 
Troth,  the  practice  of  prince*  and  th« 
lamentation  of  the  kirk,  lt4%—BeUnuip'$ 
Amer.  Hog.  ii.  86S-868;  Biog.  Brit.i 
Ree$;  IVood'i  Jlthtnm  0«on.  i.  566: 
Keith,  H». 

CALVERT,  Leonard,  first  governor 
of  Maryland,  was  the  brother  of  Ceciliu4 
Calvert,  the  proprietor,  who  sent  him  to 
America  aa  the  head  of  the  colony  in  16SS. 
After  a  circuitous  voyage  he  arrived,  ac- 
companied by  his  brother  George  Calvert, 
and  about  300  persons  of  good  ftmiliei 
and  of  the  Roman  catholic  perauaak)n,  at 
point  Comfort  in  Virginia,  Feb.  34, 1684. 
On  the  third  of  March  he  proceeded  in 
the  bay  of  Cheaapeak  to  the  northward,and 
entered  the  Patowmac,  up  which  he  sailed 
twelve  leagues,  and  came  to  an  anchor 
under  an  island,  which  he  named  St. 
Clement's.  Here  he  fired  hia  cannon, 
elected  a  cross,  and  took  possession  "  in 
the  name  of  the  Savior  of  the  world 
and  of  the  King  of  England."  Thenee 
he  went  15  leagues  higher  to  the  Indian 
town  of  Patowmac  on  the  Virginia  side  of 
the  river,  now  called  New  Marlborough, 
where  he  was  received  in  a  A'iendly  man> 
ner  by  the  guardian  regent,  the  prince  of 
the  country  being  a  minor.  Thence  be 
sailed  13  leagues  higher  to  the  town  of 
Piscataway  on  the  Maryland  side,  where 
he  found  Henry  Fleet,  an  Englishman, 
who  had  resided  several  years  among  the 
natives,  and  was  held  by  them  in  great  es- 
teem. This  man  was  very  serviceable  as 
an  interpreter.  An  interview  having  been 
procured  with  the  Werowance,  or  prince, 
Calvert  asked  him,  whether  he  was  wil- 
ling, that  a  settlement  should  be  made  in 
his  own  country.  He  replied,  "  I  will 
not  bid  you  go,  neither  will  I  bid  you 
stay;  but  you  may  use  your  own  dis- 
cretion." Having  convinced  the  natives, 
that  his  designs  were  honorable  and  pa- 
cific, the  governor  now  sought  a  more 
suitable  station  for  commencing  his  col- 
ony. He  visited  a  creek  on  the  northern 
side  of  the  Patowmac  about  four  leagues 


<h^ 


S18 


CALVERT. 


CAMMERHOF. 


from  its  mouth,  where  was  an  Indian  vil- 
lage. Here  he  acquainted  the  prince  of  the 
place  with  hia  intentions,  and  by  presents 
to  hL-n  and  bis  principal  men  conciliated 
his  friendship  so  much,  as  to  obtain  per- 
mission to  reside  in  one  part  of  the 
town  until  the  next  harvest,  when,  it 
was  stipulated,  the  natives  should  entire- 
ly quit  ihe  place.  Both  parties  entered 
into  a  contract  to  live  in  a  friendly  man- 
ner. After  Calvert  had  given  a  satisfac- 
tory consideration,  the  Indians  readily 
yielded  a  number  of  their  houses,  and 
retired  to  the  others.  As  the  season 
for  planting  corn  had  now  arrived,  both 
parties  went  to  work.  Thus,  March  37, 
16S4,  the  governor  took  peaceable  posses- 
sion of  the  country  of  Maryland,  and 
gave  to  the  town,the  name  of  St.  Mary's, 
and  to  the  creek,  on  which  it  was  situa- 
ted, the  name  of  St.  George's.  The  de- 
sire of  rendering  justice  to  the  natives  by 
giving  them  a  reasonable  compensation 
for  their  lands  is  a  trait  in  the  character  of 
the  first  planters,  which  will  always  do 
honor  to  their  memory.  The  colony  had 
brought  with  them  meal  from  England; 
but  they  found  Indian  cora  in  great  plen- 
ty both  at  Barbadoes  and  Virginia,  and 
by  the  next  spring  they  were  able  to  ex- 
port 1000  bushels  to  New  England  and 
Newfoundland,  for  which  they  received 
in  return  dried  fish  and  other  provisions. 
The  Indians  also  killed  many  deer  and 
turkies,  which  they  sold  to  the  English 
for  knives,  beads,  and  other  small  articles 
of  traffic.  Cattle,  swine^  and  poultry 
were  procured  from  Virginia..  The  prov- 
ince was  established  on  the  broad  founda- 
tion of  security  to  property,  and  of  free- 
dom in  religion.  Fifty  acres  of  land  were 
granted  in  absolute  fee  to  every  emigrant, 
and  Christianity  was  established  without 
allowing  pre-eminence  to  any  particular 
sect.  This  liberal  policy  rendered  a  Ro- 
mftn  catholic  colony  an  asylum  for  those, 
who  were  driven  from  New  England  by 
the  persecutions,  which  were  there  expe- 
rienced from  protestants.  The  same  toler- 
ation, or  rather  perfect  freedom,  was  also 
established  by  R.  Williams  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and.    The  governor  built  him  a  house  at 


St.  Mary's,  for,him8elfandhis8uccesaora, 
and  superintended  the  aflhirsof  the  coun- 
try, till  the  civil  war  in  England,  when  the 
name  of  a  papist  became  so  obnoxious, 
that  the  parliament  assumed  the  govern- 
ment of  the  province,  and  appointed  a 
new  govenor.  Gecilius  Calvert,  the  pro- 
prietor, recovered  his  right  to  the  prov- 
ince upon  the  restoration  of  King  Charies 
II  in  1660,  and  in  the  same  year  appoint- 
ed his  son,  Philip,  the  governor,  and  hia 
son,  Charles,  in  1663.  He  died  in  1676, 
far  in  years  and  high  in  reputation,  &  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  Charles,  by  whom 
an  assembly  was  called,  which  passed  a 
law  prohibiting  the  importation  of  con- 
victs. In  1676  there  were  in  the  colony 
only  S  clergymen  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land.—Be/*ncp'»  Amer.  biog.  ii.  378— 
380;  Holmes,u.  386;  Univ.  hi$t.  xl.  468; 
Europ.  Bettlem.  ii.  233;  Brit.  emp.  in 
America,  i.  324—830. 

CALVERT,  Benedict,  governor  of 
Maryland,  succeeded  in  1737  Charles  C, 
who  had  been  governor  from  1720,  and 
who  died  at  Annapolis  Feb.  5,  1734 ;  or, 
according  to  Savage,  Feb.  3,  1733.  He 
was  induced  to  resign  from  ill  health  in 
1733,  and  died  June  1st  on  his  passage  to 
England.  His  brother,  Edward  Henry 
Calvert,  president  of  the  council,  died  at 
Annapolis  April  34,  1730,  aged  38.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Litchfield  and  sister  of  the  wife  of  Edward 

Young. Lord'$  Lempr. }   Savage^ t 

Winth.  I.  139. 

CALVERT,  Frederic,  baron  of  Bal- 
timore, and  proprietor  of  Maryland,  suc- 
ceeded Charles,  lord  Baltimore,  in  1751, 
and  died  at  Naples  Sept.  SO,  1771,  leaving 
his  property  in  Maryland  to  his  son,  Hen- 
ry Harford.  He  published  a  tour  in  the 
east,  1764 ;  and  Gaudia  Foetica,  Latina, 
Anglica,  et  Galliea,  &c. 

CAMMERHOF,  Frederic,  a  Mora- 
vian bishop,  came  to  this  country  in  1746 
to  assist  bp.  Spangenberg.  In  1748  he 
visited  the  establishment  at  Shomokinon 
the  Susquehannah ;  in  1750  he  repaired 
to  Onondago  to  promote  the  introduction 
of  the  gospel  amongst  the  Iroquois.  He 
died  at  Bethlehem,  his  usual  place  of  real- 


CAMMOCK. 


CAMPBELL. 


W^ 


tiis  succeaaora, 
r«of  thecoun- 
land,  when  the 
BO  obnoxious, 
ed  the  govem- 
1  appointed  a 
vert,  the  pro- 
it  to  the  prov- 
r  King  Charles 
» year  appoint- 
fernor,  and  his 
e  died  in  1676, 
lutation,  &  was 
wles,  by  whom 
rhich  passed  a 
irtation  of  con- 
ire  in  the  colony 
church  of  Eng- 
biog.  n.  87a~ 
V.  hist.  XL.  468; 
Brit.  emp.  in 

st,  governor  of 
1727  Charles  C, 
from  1730,  and 
••eb.  6, 17S4 ;  or, 
eb.  9, 1732.  He 
rom  ill  health  in 
on  his  passage  to 
Edward  Henry 

council,  died  at 
to,  aged  88.  His 
r  of  the  earl  of 
[e  wife  of  Edward 

tpr.  i    Swage's 

baron  of  Bal- 
If  Maryland,  suc- 
llimore,  in  1751, 
|S0, 1771,  leaving 
I  to  his  son,  Hen- 
led  a  tour  in  the 
Ipoetica,  Latina, 


dene,  a 


Mora- 


1  country  in  1746 
In  1748  he 
latShomokinon 
[750  he  repaired 
I  the  introduction 
Le  Iroquois.  He 
lual  place  of  resi- 


dence, Apr.  S8,  1751,  greatly  deplored. 
During  four  ycfarshe  had  baptized  89  In- 
dians. There  was  so  much  sweetness 
and  benevolence  in  his  character,  as  to 
impress  even  the  savages  with  respect 
for  him.  His  mild  and  friendly  behavior 
once  turned  the  heart  of  an  Indian,  en- 
raged by  his  reproofs,  who  had  resolved 
to  kill  him. — Lotkiel. 

CAMMOCK,  Thomas,  proprietor  of 
Black  Point,  obtained  a  patent  Nov.  1, 
1631  from  the  Plymouth  company  of  1500 
acres  in  Scarborough,  in  Maine,  exten- 
ding from  Black  Point  river  to  the  Spur- 
wink  and  back  one  mile  from  the  sea.  He 
was  a  nephew  of  the  earl  of  Warwick 
and  as  early  as  16S1  resided  at  Piscataqua. 
In  16SS  he  was  at  Black  Point.  March 
31,  1636  he  was  one  of  Gorges'  commis- 
sioners, or  a  member  of  the  court  of  New 
Somersetshire  at  Saco,  with  Jocelyn  and 
others ;  but  not  being  in  commission  Sept. 
3,  1639,  he  may  have  died  before  that 
time.  He  died  at  Scarborough. — iSu//»- 
van,  138;  Jlfatn«AM(.  eo^.  i.  18,  41;  Sav- 
age, I.  90. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  first  minister  of 
Oxford,  Mass.  was  born  in  Scotland  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  He  came  to  this 
country  in  1 7 1 7.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  Oxford,  a  town  settled  by  French  pro- 
testants,  March  11,  1731.  He  faithful- 
ly discharged  the  duties  of  his  office,  un- 
til his  death,  March  35.1761,  aged  70, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Joseph  Bowman, 
who  had  been  a  missionary  among  the 
Mohawk  Indians. — Whitney^t  hitt.  of 
Worcester,  84. 

CAMPBELL,  lieut.  colonel,  in  the 
battle  of  Eutaw,  Sept.  8,1781 ,  was  order- 
ed to  charge  the  enemy  at  the  head  of 
the  Virginia  troops,  with  col.  Williams, 
commanding  the  Maryland  continentals. 
In  this  successful  exploit,  which  broke 
the  British  line,  he  received  a  ball  in  his 
breast  and  dropped  speechless  on  the 
pommel  of  his  saddle.  Being  borne  in 
the  rear,  he  expired  the  moment  he  was 
taken  from  his  horse.  Dr.  Holmes  re- 
lates, that  on  being  told,  that  the  British 
were  flying,  he  said,  "I  die  contented  ;" 
but  Lee,  who  was  present,  says,  he  utter- 


ed not  a  word.— Lee,  11. 393;  Hohne's.  11. 
827. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  attorney  of 
the  United  States  for  the  district  of  Vir- 
ginia, received  his  appointment  fVom 
Washington  and  was  a  man  of  eloquence. 
He  died  in  July  1796.  His  father  resided 
in  Virginia ;  and  his  unc|le,  Archibald 
Campbell, — a  Scotch  gentleman,  the  fa^ 
ther  of  Thomas  Campbell,  the  poet, — 
also  resided  there  in  his  youth. 

CAMPBELL,  John  P.,  a  minister  at 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  died  about  December 
1814,  aged  46.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
manuscript  history  of  the  western  coun- 
try. He  published  the  doctrine  of  justifi- 
cation considered  ;  Strictures  on  Stone's 
letters,  1805;  Vindex,  in  answer  to  Stone's 
reply,  1806. 

CAMPBELL,  Samuel,  colonel,  as 
officer  of  the  revolution,  was  born  in 
Londonderry,  N.  H.  in  1738,  and  in  1745 
removed  with  his  father  to  Cherry  Valley, 
then  a  wilderness.  In  the  French  war 
his  services  were  useful;  he  was  a  brave 
officer  of  the  militia  in  the  war  of  the 
revolution,&fought  inmost  of  the  actions 
on  the  frontier.  He  was  particulary  dis- 
tinguished at  the  battle  of  Oriskany  under 
gen.  Herkimer.  He  was  engaged  also  in 
Nov.  1778  inthe  conflict  at  Cherry  Val- 
ley, when  the  village  was  destroyed  and 
many  of  the  people  massacred  by  the  ene- 
my under  Butler  and  Brant.  At  this 
time  his  buildings  were  burnt,  his  person- 
al property  carried  off,  and  his  wife  and 
all  his  children,  but  his  eldest  son,led  into 
captivity.  The  captives  were  marched 
down  the  Susquehannah  river  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Tioga;  thence  up  that  river, 
and  to  Geneva  and  Niagara;  and  thence 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal.  .At 
length,  owing  to  the  exertions  -of  gov. 
Clinton,  Mrs.  Campbell  was  exdhanged 
for  the  wife  of  col.  Butler,  and  -the  chil- 
dren were  with  difficulty  ,at  the  same 
time  rescued  from  captivity. — In  1788, 
when  gen.  Washington  and  gov.  Clintoa 
were  on.their.cxploring  tourjthey  honor- 
ed him  with  a  visit  ifor  one  night  and 
commended  warmly  his  patriotic  zeaL 
Afler  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  >tbe 


CANER.      > 

legislatura  Ic  an  earnest  republican.  He 
died  Sept.  13, 1834,  aged  86.— So  firm 
had  been  his  health,  that  he  was  engaged 
in  personal  labor  the  day  before  he  died. 
Among  his  numerous  descendants  were 
•omeoCthe  chief  citizens  of  Cherry  Val- 
ley. His  character  through  life  was  irre- 
proachable ;  and  for  many  years  he  had 
been  a  consistent  professor  of  religion. — 
Cherry  Valley  gax.  Sep.  14,  1834. 

CANER,  Henry,  d.  o.,  minister  of 
king*8  chapel  in  Boston,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1734.      In  the  following 
year  he  began  to  read  prayers  in  an  episco- 
pal church  at  Fairfield.    In  1787  he  went 
to  England  for  ordination,  &wbs  appoint- 
ed missionary  for  that  town.     His  occa- 
sional services  at  Norwalk  promoted  the 
interest  of  the  church;  and  it   was  not 
long  before  he  hod  a  respectable  congre- 
gation there,  as  well  as  at  Fairfield .    He 
was  a  man  of  talents  and  agreeable  man- 
ners,   highly  esteemed  by  his    people. 
Having  been  chosen  rector  of  the  first 
episcopal  church  in  Boston,  he  was  induc- 
ted into  this  office  April  1 1 ,  1747 .    Here 
he  continued,  till  the  commencement  of 
the  American  revolution  obliged    him  to 
retire  from  Boston.     He  left  the  church 
March  17,  1775.     From  this  period  he 
resided  in  England  till  his  death,  in  Long 
Ashton  at  the  close  of  the  year  1793, 
aged  93.     A  daughter  married  Mr.  Gore 
of  Boston.    He  published  a  sermon  on 
Mathew  vii.  38,  39,  entitled,  the  true 
nature  and  method  of  christian  preaching. 
He  supposes  the  sermon    on  the  mount 
was  addressed  to  the  disciples,  and  con- 
cludes from  this  circumstance, that  "when 
we  preach  to  christians,  we  are  not  to 
spend  time  in  exhorting  them  to  beliere, 
for  that  their  very  profession  supposes 
they  do  already;  but  to  press  and  per- 
suade them  to  live  as  becomes  christians, 
to  be  found  in  the  practice  of  all  moral 
duties."      Jonathan    Dickinson  in    his 
vindication  of  God's  sovereign,free  grace, 
answera  this  sermon,  and  endeavors  to 
show,  that  Christ  and  his  apostles,  even 
when  in  their  preaching  they  addressed 
themselves  to  professing  christians,  dwelt 
much  upon  repentance  and  faith,  as  well 


CANONICUS. 

aa  moral  duties.  Mr.  Caner  published  al- 
so Ainerel  sermons  on  the  death  of  Charles 
Apthorp,  1758;  of  Frederic,  prince  of 
Wales,  1751;  of  Rev.  Dr.  Cutler,  1765; 
of  George  ii.,  1761;  ofTim.Cutler,  1766; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  peace, 
176S;  perhaps  also  a  vindication  of  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  1764. 
—Chaadler'$  life  ofJohruon,  62;  Coll. 
kilt.  $oe.  III.  360;  Cokm.  centinel,  Feb. 
IS,  179S. 

CANONICUS,  an  Indian  chief  of 
Narragansett,  was  the  ekiest  of  three 
brothen  and  his  father's  heir.  Miantun- 
nomu,  son  of  his  youngest  brotlier,  was 
••his  marahal  and  executioner,"  but  did 
nothing  without  his  uncle's  consent.  Ni- 
uegrad  wae  the  other  uncle  of  Miantun- 
nomu.  In  1623,  the  second  year  after 
the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  at  Plymouth, 
Canonicus,  having  about  5,000  fighting 
men,  sent  as  a  challenge  a  bundle  of  ar- 
rows tied  with  a  snake-skin  :  this  skin 
was  returned,  filled  with  powder  and  ball. 
Peace  was  preserved  by  this  defiance  and 
by  a  discreet  negotiation. 

When  Roger  Williams,  driven  from 
Massachusetts,  sought  a  retreat  at  Nar- 
ragansett, the  king,Canonicus,generously 
made  him  and  his  companions  a  present 
of  all  the  neck  of  land  between  Pawtucket 
and  Moshasuck  rivers,  that  they  might 
own  it  forever.  On  this  neck  they  settled. 
Here  was  an  act  of  kindness,  which  even 
at  the  present  day  demands  a  requital 
from  the  whites  towards  the  remains  of 
the  Indian  tribes.  About  fifty  yeara  af- 
terwards Williams  gave  a  deposition,  in 
which  he  saj's,"  I  declare  to  posterity,  that 
wete  it  not  for  the  favor,  that  God  gave 
m^  with  Canonicus,  none  of  these  parts, 
noi  not  Rhode  Island,  had  been  purchased 
or  obtained,  for  I  never  got  any  thing  of 
Canonicus  but  by  gift."— "And  I  desire 
posterity  to  sec  the  gracious  hand  of  the 
Most  High,  that  when  the  hearts  of  my 
countrymen  and  friends  and  brethren  fail- 
red  me,  his  infinite  wisdom  &  merits  stir- 
red up  the  barbarous  heart  of  Canonicus  to 
love  me  as  his  own  son  to  his  last  gasp." 
Once,  in  a  solemn  oration,the  sachem  said 
to  Williams,  "I  have  never  suffered  any 


t;J 


CANONICUS. 

wron;  to  be  offered  to  the  English  aince 
they  landed,  nor  never  will. — ^Wunnaum- 
wagean  Englishman,  (that  is,  ^the  Eng- 
li$h  tpeak  true,  if  he  mean  truly,)  then 
shall  I  go  to  my  grave  in  peace."  When 
Williams  replied  that  he  had  no  cause  to 
distrust  the  Englishman's  Wunnaum- 
wauonck,  fa%tl^fulnei$,  the  old  Indian 
took  a  stick  and  broke  it  into  ten  pieces, 
and  related  ten  instances,  laying  down  a 
stick  to  every  instance,  which  awakened 
his  fears.  He  proved  himself  at  all  times 
the  friend  of  the  English.  The  Indian 
deed  of  Rhode  Island  bears  date  March 
34,  16S8.  The  deed  of  Providence  is 
dated  the  same  day. — In  1632  there  was 
a  war  between  the  Narragansetts  and  Pe- 
quota  concerning  the  territory  between 
Paucatuck  river  and  Wecapaug  brook  on 
the  east,  10  miles  wide,  and  15  or  20  in 
length,  which  was  claimed  by  Canonicus 
as  having  conquered  it  many  years  before. 
After  three  years'  war  the  land  was  ob- 
tained, and  given  to  Sossoa  ^r  Sochso,  a 
renegade  Pequot,  who  had  fought  valor- 
ously  for  Canonicus.  However,  the  Pe- 
quots  very  soon  recovered  it.  On  losing 
his  son  Canonicus,  after  burying  him, 
"burned  his  own  palace  and  all  his  goods 
in  it,  amongst  them  to  a  great  value,  in  a 
solemn  remembrance  to  his  son,  and  in  a 
kmd  of  humble  expiation  to  the  gods, 
who,  as  they  believed,  had  taken  his  son 
from  him." 

When  an  embassy  was  sent  to  him  in 
1 637  from  Massachusetts,  he  received  the 
ambassadors  in  his  best  style.  In  the 
royal  entertainment,  which  he  provided, 
he  gave  them  boiled  chestnuts  for  white 
bread;  also  boiled  puddings,  made  of 
pounded  Indian  corn,  well  filled  with  a 
"great  store  of  black  berries,  somewhat 
like  curranu."  His  audience  chamber 
was  a  house,  50  feet  wide,  made  of  long 
poles  stuck  in  the  ground,  covered  with 
mats,  save  a  hole  in  the  roof  to  let  out  the 
smoke.  Seated  on  a  mat,  his  nobility 
were  around  him,  with  their  legs  doubled 
under  them,  their  knees  touching  their 
chins.  He  agreed  to  favor  the  English 
rather  than  the  Pequots ;  and  to  the  lat- 
ter he  gave  his  faithful  advice,  designed  to 


CAPEN. 


S31 


hush  the  tempest  of  war,  which  wai  ie»- 
dy  to  break  out.  But  in  a  short  time  the 
Pequots  forgot  his  wise  counsels,  and 
plunged  into  a  fatal  war  with  the  Eng- 
lish, and  were  destroyed  by  Mason.  In 
the  war  with  Uncas  in  164S  Miantunno- 
mu  was  taken  prisoner  and  killed.  April 
19, 1644  Pesaaous  and  Canonicus  by  deed 
submitted  to  the  English  king  for  protec- 
tion. In  1645,  the  sons  of  Canonicus 
having  excited  a  war  with  some  neigh- 
boring Indians,  troops  were  sent  from 
Massachusetts  under  Gibbons,  who  quell- 
ed the  disturbance.  After  Miantunnomu 
a  sachem,  called  Mecumeh,  was  associat- 
ed with  Canonicus.  i'essaeus  also  was  a 
powerful  sachem.  The  venerable  king, 
whose  name  deserves  to  be  held  in  honor, 
died  June  4, 1647,  aged  about  85  years. 
Roger  Williams  calls  him  "a  wise  and 
peaceable  prince."  Wise  he  must  have 
been,  compared  with  most  princes,  since 
he  was  peaceable.  In  about  thirty  years 
Philip  and  his  race  fell  victims  to  war, 
which  he  enkindled. — Prince,  392;  Mtut. 
M$t.  eol.  III.  315,  238 ;  v.  337  ;  «.  «.  iv. 
43  ;  vu.  76  ;  ix.  169 ;  Holmes,  i.  177, 
286;  Sanage't  Winthrop,  ii.  308. 

CAONABO,  a  Carib  chief,  called  by 
the  Spaniards  the  lord  of  the  golden  house, 
in  1493  captured  the  fortress  of  La  Navi- 
dad  in  Hispaniola  and  massacred  the  Span- 
iards. The  next  year  he  unsuccessfully 
besMged  Ojeda,  though  be  had  with 
ImnHQiOOO  warriors.  Soon  afterwards 
Ojeda  made  him  prisoner  by  stratagem, 
pretending  to  honor  him  by  putting  on 
him  a  pair  of  manacles  of  burnished  steel, 
resembling  silver,  and  mounting  him 
in  state  on  his  own  horse.  Thus  he 
galloped  off  with  his  prize,  the  victim 
of  vanity.  In  1496  he  was  put  on  board 
a  vessel  to  be  conveyed  to  Spain ;  but  he 
died  in  the  passage.  His  death  is  ascri- 
bed to  the  deep  melancholy  of  his  proud 
spirit.  At  first  a  simple  Carib  warrior, 
he  became  the  most  powerful  cacique  in 
the  populous  island  of  Hayti.  But  being 
made  a  prisoner,  he  died  in  obscurity. 
Thus  sinks  away  all  the  glory  of  human 
greatness.— /rvtf^'tCoZumftiw,  ii. 

CAPEN,  Joseph,  a  poet  and  minister 


ass 


CARDELL. 


CARLETON. 


ofToptfield,  Mass.  was  the  son  of  John 
C,  who  lived  in  Dorchester  in  1684  and 
died  in  1603,  aged  79.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1677,  ordained 
June  4,  1684,  and  died  June  SO,  1736, 
aged  66.  He  published,  about  1683,  an 
elegy  on  the  ingenious  mathematician  and 
printer,  John  Foster,  which  concludes 
with  the  following  lines,  doubtless 
suggested  by  Woodbridge's  elegy  on 
John  Cotton: 

"Thy  body ,  wbioh  no  activenew  did  lack, 
Now's  laid  atida,  like  an  uld  almanac; 
But  for  the  prewnc  only'a  out  of  date; 
'Twill  have,  at  length,  a  far  mora  active  state. 
Tea,  though  willi  duit  tliy  body  wiled  be , 
Yet,  at  tbereiurection,  we  tliall  see 
A  fail-  edition,  and  of  matclileas  worth, 
Free  from  erratas,  new  in  heaven  set  fortli; 
'Til  but  a  word  from  Qod,  the  great  Creator, 
It  shall  be  done,  when  he  mith  Imprimatur." 

CARDELL,  WlDiam  S.,  a  useful 
writer,  died  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Aug.  10, 
18S8  ;  his  usual  residence  had  been  in  the 
city  of  If.  Y.  He  was  a  man  of  talehts 
and  active  benevolence.  He  projected  an 
American  academy  of  belles  lettres,  which 
had  a  momentary  existence!  ut  soon  expi- 
red. He  published  a  new  system  of  gram- 
mar, and  other  useful  books  for  youth. 

CARHEIL,  Etienne  De,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, visited  the  Iroquois  in  1669. 
For  more  than  60  years  he  toiled  amongst 
the  Indians  in  Canada  with  little  success; 
in  1781  Charlevoix  left  him  in  Canada, 
still  fullof  vigor  and  vivacity.  Though 
he  spoke  the  Huron  and  Iroquois  langua- 
ges better  than  his  own,  and  was  regar- 
ded by  the  savages  as  a  saint  and  a  gen- 
ius of  the  first  order  ;  yethemadvbnt  few 
converts,  and  for  his  little  success  he  hum- 
bled himself  before  God.  Charlevoix  re- 
marks, that  the  history  of  Carhcil  may 
well  teach  missionaries,  that  it  is  the  pre- 
rogative of  (3od  to  renew  the  heart,  and 
that  their  toils  are  never  in  vain,  if  they 
themselves  become  saints. 

CARLETON,  Guy,  lord  Dorchester, 
a  distinguished  British  officer  in  America, 
was  appointed  a  brigadier  general  in  this 
country  in  1776.  He  was  made  major 
geneml  in  1772.    At  the  close  of  theyear 


1774  a  commission  passed  the  seals,  con- 
stituting him  captain  general  and  gover- 
nor of  Quebec.  When  Canada  was  in- 
vaded by  Montgomery  in  1775,  Carleton 
was  in  the  most  imminent  danger  of  being 
taken  prisoner  upon  the  St.  Lawrence 
afterthe  capture  of  Montreal;  but  he  es- 
caped in  a  boat  with  muffled  paddles,  and 
arrived  safely  at  Quebec,  which  he  found 
threatened  by  an  unexpected  enemy.  Ar- 
nold, though  he  had  been  repulsed  by  col- 
onel Maclean,  was  yet  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  city,  waiting  for  the  arrival 
of  Montgomery  previously  to  another 
attack.  General  Carleton  with  the  skill 
of  an  experienced  officer  took  the  nece^ 
sary  measures  for  the  security  of  the  city. 
His  first  act  was  to  oblige  all  to  leave 
Quebec,  who  would  not  take  up  arms  in 
iu  defence.  When  Montgomery  ap- 
proached, his  summons  was  treated  with 
contempt  by  the  governor,  whose  intre- 
pidity was  not  to  be  shaken .  By  his  in- 
dustry and  bravery  Carleton  saved  the 
city.  Afterthe  unsuccessful  assault  of 
the  last  of  December,  in  which  Mont- 
gomery was  killed,  he  had  nothing  more 
immediately  to  apprehend.  In  May  1776 
he  obliged  the  Americans  to  raise  the 
siege,  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  com- 
pelled them  to  withdraw  entirely  from 
Canada.  In  October  he  recaptured 
Crown  Point ;  but,  as  the  winter  Mras  ad- 
vancing, he  did  not  attempt  the  reduction 
of  Ticonderoga,but  returned  to  St.  John's. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  next  year  he  was 
superseded  in  his  command  by  Burgoyne, 
who  was  intrusted  with  the  northern 
British  army.  Carleton's  experience, 
and  abilities,  and  services  were  such,  as 
rendered  him  worthy  of  the  command, 
which  was  given  to  another.  Though 
he  immediately  asked  leave  to  resign  his 
government,  he  yet  contributed  all  in  his 
power  to  secure  the  success  of  the  cam- 
paign. In  the  year  1783  he  was  appoin- 
ted, as  successor  of  sir  Henry  Clinton, 
commander  in  chief  of  all  his  majesty's 
forces  in  America.  He  arrived  at  New 
York  with  his  commission  in  the  begin- 
ning of  May.  After  the  treaty  was  signed 
he  delayed  for  some  time  the  evacuation 


CARLTON. 


CARMICHAEL. 


SOS 


aeala,  con- 
md  govet- 
la  WM  in- 
i,  Carleton 
er  of  being 
LAwrence 
but  be  es- 
ftddles,  and 
;h  he  found 
nemy.    Ar- 
ilged  by  col- 
5  neighbor- 
the  arrival 
to  another 
ith  the  skill 
k  theneces- 
^  of  the  city, 
all  to  leave 
I  up  arms  in 
gomery   ap- 
treated  with 
orhose  intre- 
.    By  his  in- 
D  saved  the 
111  assault  of 
?hich  Mont- 
othing  more 
lln  May  1776 
to  raise  the 
ifore  he  com- 
sntirely  from 
I    recaptured 
inter  was  ad- 
the  reduction 
to  St.  John's, 
year  he  was 
y  Burgoyne, 
\e  northern 
experience, 
ire  such,  as 
command. 
Though 
o  resign  his 
Itedall  inhis 
of  the  cam- 
Iwas  appoin- 
iry  Clinton, 
is  majesty's 
[ved  at  New 
the  begin- 
was  signed 
evacuation 


of  the  city  from  regard  to  the  safety  of 
the  loyalists;  but  Nov.  36,  1788  he  em- 
barked and  withdrew  the  British  ships 
iVom  the  shores  of  America.  He  died  in 
England  at  the  close  of  tho  year  1808, 
aged  89.  He  was  a  brave  and  an  able  offi- 
cer, and  he  rendered  important  services 
to  his  country.  Though  he  was  not 
conciliating  in  his  manners,  and  possessed 
the  severity  of  the  soldier ;  yet  his  hu- 
manity to  the  American  prisoners,  whom 
he  took  in  Canada,hasbeen  much  praised. 
In  excuse  for  the  little  attention,  wltich 
he  paid  to  the  honorable  burial  of  Mont- 
gomery, it  can  only  be  said,  that  he  re- 
garded him  as  a  rebel. — Stedmm,  i.; 
^tmualreg.  XVII.  189,  xix.  3-16;  xx.3; 
Warren*!  kUt.  rev.,  ii.  S,  3;  iii.  217, 
S52,   811. 

CARLTON,  Osgood,  a  teacher  of 
mathematics  and  navigation,resided  chief- 
ly in  Mass.,  but  died  in  Litchfield,  N.  H., 
in  June  1816.  He  published  valuable 
maps  of  Mass.,  and  of  the  district  of 
Maine ;  also  the  American  navigator, 
1801 ;  the  South  American  pilot,  1804  ; 
a  map  of  the  U.  S.,  1806;  practice  of 
arithmetic,  1810. 

CARMAN,  captain,  a  brave  seaman, 
sailed  from  New  Haven  Dec.  1643  in  a 
vessel  of  180  tons  with  clapboards  for  the 
Canaries,  being  earnestly  commended  by 
the  church  at  New  Haven  to  the  Lord's 
protection.  Near  the  island  of  Palma  he 
was  attacked  by  a  Turkish  pirate  of  300 
tons,  with  300  men  and  36  cannon,  he 
having  only  30  men  and  7  serviceable 
cannon.  The  battle  lasted  three  hours, 
the  Turk  lying  across  his  hawse,  so  that 
he  had  to  fire  through  his  own  "hood- 
ings."  At  last  he  was  boarded  by  100 
men;  but  a  shot  killing  the  Turkish  cap- 
tain,Bnd  the  tiller  of  his  ship  being  broken, 
the  Turk  took  in  his  ensign  and  fell  ofi*, 
leaving  behind  50  men.  These  Carman 
and  his  crew  assaulted  hand  to  hand  and 
compelled  all,who  were  not  killed,  to.leap 
overboard.  He  had  many  wounds  on  his 
head  and  body,  and  several  of  his  men 
were  wounded,but  only  one  was  killed.  At 
the  island  he  was  courteously  entertain- 
ed.   He  arrived  at  Boston  July  3, 1643. 


In  Nov.  1646  he  sailed  flrom  Boston  for 
Malaga,  in  company  with  a  new  ship  of 
400  tons  ;  but  both  vessels  run  aground 
in  the  night  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and 
Carman,  Dr.  Pratt,  and  17  others  were 
drowned.  There  were  on  board  the 
large  vessel  several  ship  maateis  as 
passengers :  but,8ays  Hubbard/'accoidinf 
to  the  old  proverb,  the  more  eooks  the 
worse  broth,  and  the  more  masters  the 
worse  mariners."  The  lights  in  the  cas- 
tle of  Cadiz  had  been  seen  ;  but  were 
mistaken  for  lights  in  enemies'  vessels. 
—3  Hilt.  eol.  VI.  536;  Savage's  Winth. 
II.  134,  339. 

CARMICHAEL,  William,  charg^  d' 
af&ires  at  the  court  of  Spain,  was  a  native 
of  Maryland.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  he  was  in  London,  and  thence 
he  proceeded  to  Paris  on  his  way  to 
America  with  despatches  from  A.  Lee. 
At  Paris  he  was  detained  by  sickness. 
On  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Deane  in  June 
1776,  he  aided  him  in  his  correspondence 
and  the  transaction  of  business  till  Oct. 
Then,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Prussian 
minister  he  went  to  Berlin,  by  way  of 
Amsterdam,  to  communicate  to  the  king 
intelligence  concerning  American  com- 
merce. Returning  to  Paris,  he  was  em- 
ployed more  than  a  year  by  the  American 
commissioners.  He  rrived  at  Boston 
in  May  1778;  in  Nov.  'le  took  his  seat 
in  congress  as  a  delegate  from  Maryland, 
though  he  had  been  appointed  secretary 
to  the  commissioners  in  France.  The 
next  year,  in  Sept.,  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  legation  to  Mr.  Jay  in  his  mis- 
sion to  Spain  and  accompanied  him  and 
remained  with  him  during  his  residence 
in  Madrid.  When  Mr.  Jay  went  to 
Paris  in  June  1782,  Mr.  Carmichael  was 
left  as  charg^  d'  afiaires,  and  after  the 
peace  was  commissioned  in  that  charac- 
ter by  congress,  and  continued  as  such  at 
the  court  of  Spain  about  15  years.  In 
March  1793  Wm.  Short  was  joined  with 
him  in  a  commission  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
with  Spain.  The  attempt  was  unsuc- 
cessful. Soon  afterwards  Mr.  Carmi- 
chael returned  to  the  United  States.  He 
died  in  March  or  April  1795.     His  cor- 


334 


CARNES. 


CARRINGTON. 


reapondence  makes  a  part  of  the  9th  vol. 
of  diplomatic  correspondence,  edited  by 
J.  Sparks. — Dipl.  eor.  ix.  S,  4. 

CARNES,  Thomas  P.,  a  judge  of 
Georgia,  was  born  and  educated  at  Mary- 
land ;  removing  to  Georgia,  he  there  at- 
tained to  a  high  rank  as  a  lawyer.  He  was 
successively  solicitor  general,  attorney 
general,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court ; 
and  he  was  also  a  member  of  congress. 
He  died  at  Milledgevillo  May  8,  1323, 
aged  60. 

CARR,  Robert  Sir,  was  appointed  by 
Charles  II,  in  1664,  a  commissioner,  with 
col.  Nicolls,  Cartwright,  and  Maverick, 
with  extensive  powers  in  New  England. 
It  was  designed  to  repress  the  spirit  of 
liberty.  Clarendon  said,  "they  are  al- 
ready hardened  into  republics."  In  the 
summer  he  and  Maverick  arrived  at  Pis- 
cataqua.  Aug.  27, 1664  Nicolls  &  Carr, 
with  4  frigates  &  300  men,  captured  from 
the  Dutch  New  Amsterdam  and  called  it 
New  York  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  the  brother  of  the  king. 
Sept.  34th  the  garrison  at  fort  Orange 
capitulated,  and  the  place  was  called 
Albany.  Carr  forced  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes  on  Delaware  bay  to  capitulate 
Oct.  1.  Thus  New  Netherlands,  inclu- 
ding New  Jersey,  was  subjected.  The 
commissioners,  excepting  Nicolls,  repair- 
ed to  Boston  in  Feb.  1665.  Their  pro- 
ceedings are  narrated  by  Hutchinson. 
When  they  arrived  in  Maine  in  Junel  665, 
they  assumed  all  the  powers  of  govern- 
ment, so  that  the  authority  of  Massachu- 
setts there  was  suspended.  By  special 
commission  from  them  a  court  was  held 
at  Casco  by  Jocelyn  and  others  in  July 
1666.  The  government,  thus  created  by 
the  commissioners,  expired  in  1668,  the 
people  looking  to  Massachusetts  for  a  fir- 
mer administration  of  af&irs.  In  the 
mean  time  Carr  had  returned  to  England, 
where  he  died,  at  Bristol, June  1,  1667, 
the  day  after  he  landed. — Holmes,  i,  333; 
Hutehitu.  i.  311-339. 

CARR,  Dabney,  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  of  Virginia,  moved 
and  eloquently  supported  the  resolution 
for  appointing  a  committee  of  correspon- 


dence in  consequence  of  the  British  en- 
croachments, which  was  adopted  March 
13,  1773.  But  he  died  in  about  two 
months,  at  Charlotteville,  May  16th,  aged 
30.  He  married  Martha,  the  sister  of 
Mr.  Jefferson,  who  in  his  works  has  de- 
lineated his  character,  as  marked  by  a 
sound  judgment  and  inflexible  firmness, 
combined  with  fancy  and  eloquence, 
8oflnef«  and  kindness.  His  eldest  son, 
Peter  Carr, died  about  1808. — Jefferaon*)i 
Work: 

CARRIER,  Thomas,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  died  at  Colchester,  Con.,  May 
16, 1735,  aged  109  years.  He  was  born 
in  the  west  of  England  and  removed 
thence  to  Andover,  Mass.  He  married 
in  1664  Martha  Allen,  who  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  the  witchcrafl  infatuation  at  Salem 
village,  with  Mr.  Burroughs,  Aug.  19, 
1693,  one  of  her  own  daughters,aged  7,be- 
ing  allowed  to  testify  against  her,  as  ma- 
king her  a  witch,  &  appearing  like  a  black 
cat,  the  cat  saying,  she  was  her  mother. 
Hutchinson  has  preserved  her  testimo- 
ny.— He  lived  at  Colchester  about  30 
years,  and  was  a  member  of  the  church  in 
that  town.  His  head  in  his  last  years 
was  not  bald,  nor  his  hair  gray.  Not 
many  days  before  his  death  he  travelled 
on  foot  to  see  a  sick  man  six  miles,  and 
the  very  day  before  he  died  he  was  visit- 
ing his  neighbors. — New  Eng.  taeek. 
jour.  June  9,  3735;  Hutchinson,  ii.  47; 
Fa^tner''8  eol.  ii.  69. 

CARRIGAIN,  Philip,  a  distinguished 
physician,  was  born  in  New  York  in  1746, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  Scotch  physician, 
who  died  in  that  city.  After  studying 
with  Dr.  Bricket  of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  he 
settled  in  1768  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  where 
he  rose  to  eminence  as  a  physician  and 
surgeon.  His  practice  was  for  years 
more  extensive,  than  that  of  any  other 
physician  in  the  state.  He  died  in  Aug. 
1806.  His  son  of  the  same  name,  a  law- 
yer, and  secretary  of  state,  published  in 
1816  the  large  and  beautiful  map  of  New 
Hampshire.— J(foor«'«  annals  of  Concord, 
63;  Bouton's  cent,  disc,  94. 

CARRINGTON,  Paul,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  died  at  his  seat  in  Char- 


CARRINOTON. 


CARTER. 


SSft 


British  en- 
pted  March 
about  two 
y 16th, aged 
he  Bister  of 
orkn  has  de- 
narked  by  a 
ble  iinnness, 
I    eloquence, 
is  eldest  son, 
—Jefferton'i 

markable  for 
;r,  Con.,  May 
He  was  born 
and  removed 
He  married 
ho  fell  a  vio- 
lation at  Salem 
ghs,  Aug.  19, 
,ter8,aged7,be- 
ist  her,  as  ma- 
ing  like  a  black 
ras  her  mother, 
i  her  testimo- 
ester  about  20 
)f  the  church  in 
I  his  last  years 
ir  gray.     Not 
,h  he  travelled 
six  miles,  and 
he  was  visit- 
Eng.   week, 
hinton,  n.  47; 

|a  distinguished 
York  in  1746, 
ftch  physician, 
ifter  studying 
rhill,  Mass.,  he 
I,  N.  H.,  where 
physician  and 
ras   for   years 
of  any  other 
te  died  in  Aug. 
name,  a  law- 
5,  published  in 
[ulmapofNew 
I  of  Concord, 

,,  a  patriot  of 
Is  seat  in  Char- 


lotlt  eounty,  Virgiaia,  June  iS,  1818, 
•ffti  88.  He  WM  prttbaMjr  oMsr,  than 
ujr  ranrMnf  Tiifinia  pitriot,  who 
t«ak  an  Mtiv*  part  ia  tkt  eoanoili  oT 
Ilia  eouMfy  ia  tiM  iMt  atrvffiea  for  Hbar* 
ty  ant  Ittdapaadanea. 

CARIIKOTON.  iMmd,  aaoflMr 
tf  tiM  lavolntkm,  waa  ra  ae^  ifmrttt 
Waaler  faneial  aadar  OtHtm  in  tlw  «a»- 
palfaat  Aa  Knith  i  aad  aarvad^ikoia  Ike 
iMrtii.  He  wait  leprNrouthreiaeMifreM 
/hMnVirfiaia  aftcrthepeaae.  Whan  Aa> 
roB  Bwr  iraftrieA  ftnr  bifh  tteaaea,  he 
TMM  femiiaa  of  the  jw]r«  lie  W9m  bom 
Feb.  ll,IT4t»  and  died  Oet  ••,  1818, 
afed<#l  .—Leni'*  Ltmfr.§  Lt»t  1. 188. 

OAmiNOTON.  Pkttl,jndfaortbe 
geiMMleoartofVlrriaiaidiad  athkiaat 
in  Charlotte  eoanty,  Tiifiak,  Jan.  8, 
1818,  aged  88.  la  hia  yonth  be  WM  dlt> 
tiafdahadea  aaoUieria  the  (Mtiona  at 
GuiMbri  eoart  home  and  Oieen  apiiaf . 
Ob  tbi  retam  ofpeaee  he  eonpleted  hie 
stadki  atWm.  and  Mary  collefe.  At 
the^ef  88  he  was  a  member  of  Um 
house  of  delefates,  afterwards  oflhe  sen> 
ate)  Dram  whieh  body  he  wa«  trenafbned  to 
the  bench  of  the  snpeikMr  court.  He 
died,  expreming  the  hope  of  a  happy  im- 
mortality throuffh  the  BMrita  of  the  Sa- 
vior.—CArtfrMen  VMtmt,  m,  88. 

CARROLL,  John,  d.  d.  ti..  ».,  flnt 
cathoUe  bishop  in  the  U.  8.,  was  bOra  at 
Upper  Marboroogh  in  Md.  in  1194  nwl 
sent  for  edueation  at  the  ageof  1 8  to  Han- 
dert.  From  St.  Omer^,wnere  he  remained 
6  yearsjhe  was  transibrrsd  to  the  eolleges 
of  Liege  and  Brvges.  Having  been  or- 
dained a  prieet  and  beeooM  a  Jeanit,  in 
ITTOhe  aeeempanied  the  mri  of  |n  Eng- 
lish tatholie  noblenwn  on  •  tonr  throngh 
Ennqw.  In  177^  he  waa  appointed  a 
profecsor  hi  the  eoUege  ofBrugee.  On 
the  sappresaion  of  tfie  Jeenits  by  the  pope 
he  retired  to  Engiand,aBd  aeted  ae  seere- 
Ury  of  the  fttthers ;  in  1T78  he  ivtomed 
to  America  and  engaged  in  the  dntiee  of  a 
parish  priest  By  request  ofeongress  he 
aoeompanied  Fmiridin,  C.  Carroll,  and  8. 
Chase  in  Uieir  missfon  to  Canada  in  order 
to  recommend  neutrality  tothe  Canadians. 
Aiqpeinted  eathoHe  vicar  general  in  1788, 
29 


he  settled  at  )daltimore.  In  IVM  kewa* 
eoBMSmted  in  England  enthoHe  bidhop 
of  tfie  V.  8.,  and  he  remmed  whh  the 
tMearthebishnpofBldtfapem.  Aftw 
ysarabslbra  his  dsatfi  he  iTik  eisated 
at«hbMibp.  Be  died  i»ea.f,tt|8,  aged 
88  yatm.  ib  whs  the  broiker  orCbariaa 
OnrQn,lhe  oai^aarvlvti|pig^arika 
daelimtioB  of  faidapendanel;  BMiop  0. 
waavena«abl»,^|iiilMiafedlainlii.  In 
Latin,  Italian»and  Wt^btHtkhe  taaftmd 
wHhease.  Hb  wa«  mild,  and  emtftaMM. 
and  AeafloBintBleflaBse,  NHnt  In  MuA- 
ly  inlereoniNWMi  pemcmsof  Mhar  ssels. 
His  end  waa  peaoelW.  in  Mnlmt  ill- 
nem  he  ssid  la  a  protHriintrnWrtttr,  who 
aUoded  la  hii  i^jprdadianf  dnHh,  "my 
hopes  have  alws^  b«en  on  An  erem  flif 
Christ'«~&wye.  •Amer.;  Jhi.  plm.n^ 
I.  i»-i4. 

CARTER,  Thmnas,  Brat  mhrislsr  of 
Wobnm,  Mam.,  came  totkis  aonnfiy  in 
1888,  and  Uved  ieveNii  years  itt  Oa^ftam 
and  WatertDwn.  Hi  %aa  ordatoed  at 
Wdbnm  Nov.  18, 1848 ;  the  it^reh  had 
been  gathered  Aag.  Uttu  TUb  wasa 
hiy  ordination.  The  ehureh  haviiqg  no 
elder,  or  minister  to  ttopoee  bands,  and 
a|q>roheading  apieeeden^  UaMig  to  the 
"dependenee  of  ehnrebes  anda|ffeabyA»> 
ry,"  two  of  iii.  members  peifermed  that 
solemnity,  aMMMigh  «efwil  ttbdsteih 
were  present.  When  dmy  bMft  trnpoiad 
handaibr  die  ehtt»t^,  Md  said}  we  tor- 
dtin  thee  pistor  of  this  chiJniilb,  1  piUftt 
wss  made  by  an  efcler  of  a  neliKbtonng 
ehnmh.  There  is  no  other  tinJK>idiled 
instanee  of  sueb  an  ordination,  redorded 
in  the  early  biatory  df  this  eountry.^  Mr. 
Carter  died  8l»p.  5, 1884,  or,  aa  Wctbnm 
records  my,  Dec.  1,  aged  TS— •Amajfe'* 
WiH^tnf,  II.  81,  883;  S  J9Kil.  Hit.  yii. 
48;  OMe*eri^g*l  kUt.  fTetam.        .^'I 

CARTER,  Rdbert,  prcslAint  ofite 
eounoil  of  Viri^nhi  In  17S8,  was  sncceeded 
next  year  ae  the  bead  <^the  state  by  gov. 
Wm.  Ooui^.  He  died  Aug.  4,  im 
aged  68.  Ofgmt  wealth,  he  wia  the 
proprietor  of  800,000  acres  of  IhmI  UM 
llOOslavcs. 

CARTER,  Robert,  of  Neminy.Vir- 
ginia,  a  member  of  the  executive  eouseil, 


.n'j'iiii } 


CARTER.      ^Or'.mJiij«/  I 


probably.adeacendintof  the  preceding;, 
WM  rkh,  having  7  or  800  slavea.  Believ- 
ing I  that  the  toleration  of  slavery  indi- 
eatee  very  great  depravity,  he  gradually 
euMiioipated  the  whole.  Another  ac- 
count mentions,  that  he  emancipated '442 
aiavea,  at  •  aaeriSce  of  100,000  dollars. 
He  was  14  years  a  regular  baptist;  then 
became  an  arminian;  and  allerwards  a  fol- 
lower ofthe  bewildered  enthusiast,  Swe- 
denborg>  He  removed  to  Baltimore  to 
find  a  society  ofthe  same  ikith.  He  died 
a  few  years  before  1818,  at  an  advanced 
tige.—Biudiett  it-  318-,  Rippm'i  Reg. 

CARTER,  Ezra,  a  respectable  and 
benevolent  physician,,  was  born  in  South 
Hampton,  N.  H.  and  settled  about  1740 
in  Concord,  where  he  died  Sept.  17,1767, 
aged  48.  He  several  times  narrowly  es- 
caped being  killed  by  the  Indians.  In  one 
of  hb  viiiits  to  a  sick  and.  poor  family  in 
Bow,  something  was  said  concerning  the 
payment  of  his  bill.  The  man  and  his 
wife  plead  their  deep  poverty  ;  but  the 
doctor  replied,  you  have  property  enough 
to  satisfy  me,  and  I  will  have  my  pay, 
before  I  leave  your  house.  Then,  seizing, 
a  kitten  from  the  floor,  he  said, — "I  told 
you,  I  should  have  my  pay;  I  have  got  it.. 
Good  byrff'ul  Ood  bless  you."  Justbe- 
fore  his  death  he  signed  receipts  to  the 
bills  against  all  poor  persons,  with  direc- 
tions to  his  executors  to  deliver  them. — 
Jtfoor«'«  ann.  c/f  Coneord,  85* 

CARTER,  Nathaniel  Hazeltine,  a 
scholar  and  traveller,  was  the  son  of  Jo- 
seph Carter,  and  was  born  in  Concord, 
N.  H.  about  the  year  I7<88.  In  1841  he 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college-,and 
afterwards  studied  law.  Whea  thn  char- 
ter of  the  college  was  amended  by  the 
legislature  in  Ir8l7,he  was  appointed' pro- 
fessor of  languages  in  Dartmouth  univer- 
sity ft  ofliciated  in  that  capacity  two  or 
three  years.  Is  1.830  he  became  the 
proprietor  b,  editor  ofthe  Albr  jy  Regis- 
ter, the  name  of  which  he  chMged,  May 
16,  to  that  ofthe  New  York  Statesman. 
He  removed  to  the  city  of  New  York 
Jan.  !8S3,  and  associated  his  paper  whh 
another,  entering  into  partnership  with 
Mr.  0.  W.  trentiss.    He  zealously  es- 


poused the  interests  of  Dewitt  Clinton. 
From  1835  to  1837  he  was  abroad,  travd- 
ling  upon  the  continent  of  Europe  as  the 
companion  and  guide  of  a  young  geBt)e<- 
man  of  New  York,  whose  ftther  deflrayed 
the  expenses  of  the  tour.  During  this 
absence  he  enriched  his  paper  with  letters 
flrom  Europe,  which  on  his  return  he  col- 
lected and  published  in  two  large  8vo. 
volumes,  entitled.  Letters  ttom  Europe, 
comprising  the  journal  of  a  tour  through 
Ireland,  England,Scotland,  France,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland,  1837.  These  writings, 
the  production  of  a  classical  sehohir  and  a 
zealous  friend  of  the  republican  instHa- 
tions  of  America  as  well  as  of  a  believer 
in  the  simple  and  pure  religion  ofthe  gos- 
pel, are  well  calculated  to  promote  in  the 
reader  the  love  of  country.  The  expo- 
sure of  the  civil  &  religious  tyranny,  under 
which  the  greater  part  of  Europe  groans, 
is  doing  good  service  to  the  cause  of  liber- 
ty.— Mr.  Carter's  health  becoming  im- 
paired, he  spent  the  winters  of  1837  and 
1838  in  Culm.  When  he  visited  Concord 
in  Nov.  1839  he  addressed  a  few  lines  to 
his  "Native  Stream,"  in  which  he  alludes 
to  hia  wanderings  by  other   streams: — 

'^  A  long  the  Shannon,  Doon,  and  Tay 
I'va  aauatered  many  n  happy  day , 
And  sought  beside  the  Oam  and  Thames 
Memorials  of  immortal  names ; 
Or  mingled  in  the  polished  train 
Of  fashion  on  the  banks  of  Seine. 
And  I  have  seen  the  atare  Rhone 
Rush  headlong  from  h'u  Alpine  throue  i 
Green  Mincius  and  the  silver  Po 
Through  vine<lad  vales  meand-'ring  flow  r 
Sweet  Amo,  wreatli'd  in  summer  flowers. 
Linger  amidst  Etrurian  bowers; 
And  the  old  Tiber's  yellow  tide 
Roll  to  tlie  sen  in  sullen  pride. 
In  climes  henenth  the  Wning  xone^ 
Mid  tangled  forests,  deep  and  lone, 
Wiiere  fervid  skies  forever  glow ,     'fe Ihh 
And  the  soft  trade-winds  whispering  blow, 
My  roving  fitotsteps  too  have  prcat 
The  bveliest  ijlanid  ofthe  west. 
There  Yurouri  winds  deep  and  calm, 
Through  groves  of  citron  b&d  of  palm ; 
Thete  on  (lieKliiggish  v/avc  nf  Juan 
My  little  baat  lialh  borne  mc  on;     '"^^  ' 
Or  np  Canims/'s  silent  floods ,  "^ 

Strewn  witli  the  blossoms  of  its  woods." 


ilt  Clinton, 
iroad,  twTel- 
iiropeM  the 
ninjr  g«»tte- 
ther  deflwyed 
During  thii 
nmth  letters 
return  he  coV- 
ro  targe  8vo. 
Vom  Europe, 
tour  through 
Franr«i  Italy, 
'heee  writings, 
schotar  and  a 
[bliean  instHu- 
I  of  a  believer 
ion  of  the  gos- 
promote  in  the 
.     The  expo- 
I  tyranny.under 
Europe  groans, 
»o  cause  of  liber- 
becoming  im- 
srs  of  1897  and 
(Visited  Concord 

ed  a  few  lines  to 
which  he  alludes 
her  streams:— 


of  its  wood!.** 


CARTERET.       .u.i?;Iv 

His  partner,  Mr.  Prentiss,  died  in  March 
1830.  In  the  same  year  he  relinquished 
his  interest  in  the  Statesman,  and  for  the 
benefit  of  his  very  enfeebled  health  pro- 
ceeded again  to  France.  But  a  fatal  con- 
sumption terminated  his  life,  a  few  days 
after  his  arrival  at  Marseilles,  Jan.  3,1830, 
aged  43.  His  funeral  was  attended  by 
many  Americans  and  British.  Mr.  Car- 
ter wa»  m  very  upright  and  amiable  man, 
and  an  i>  jcomplished  bcholer.  He  was  a 
poet,  as  well  as  a  writer  of  prose  ;  hit 
longest  poetical  piece  is  entitled  the  Pains 
of  Imagination,  delivered  at  Dartmouth 
college.  His  hymn  for  Christmas  is  pre- 
served in  Specimens  of  Amer.  poetry. — 
Bouton'M  Cent.Due.  95.;  Spec.  iii.  113. 

CARTERET,  George  sir,  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  New  Jersey,  obtained  with 
lord  Berkeley  from  the  duke  of  York  a 
grant  of  N.  J.  June  23,  1664,  the  duke 
having  received  from  the  king  a  larger 
patent  March  13.  The  name  of  New 
Jersey  was  given,because  Carteret's  fam- 
ily were  from  the  isle  of  Jersey.  Eliza- 
bethtown  is  said  to  have  been  named  from 
his  wife. — Philip  Carteret  was  gov.  of  N. 
Jersey,  with  some  interruption,  from 
1665  till  his  death,  Nov.  1683.  After 
1676,  when  the  division  of  the  country 
was  made  by  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  he 
governed  east  Jersey. — Holmet,  ii.  333. 

CARTIER,  Jacques,  a  French  navi- 
gator, who  made  important  discoveries  in 
Canada,  was  a  native  of  St  Male.  After 
the  voyage  of  the  Cabots  the  French 
learned  the  value  of  their  discoveries,  >nd 
in  a  few  years  began  the  cod  fishery  upon 
Ihe  banks  of  Newfoundland.  The  baron 
de  Levi  is  said  to  have  discovered  a  part 
of  Canada  about  1518.  In  1534  John 
Verazzana,  a  Florentine,  in  the  service  of 
France,  ranged  the  coast  of  the  new  con- 
tinent from  Florida  to  Newfoundland. 
From  a  subsequent  voyage  in  1525  he 
never  returned,  and  it  is  supposed,  that 
he  was  cut  to  pieces  and  devoured  by  the 
savages.  His  fate  discouraged  other  at- 
tempts to  discover  the  new  world,  till  the 
importance  of  having  a  colony  in  the 
neighborhood  ofthe  fishing  banks  induced 
Francis  I.  to  send  out  Cartier  in    1534. 


CARTIER. 


■m 


The  king  8aid,~"the  kings  ofSpain  and 
Portugal  are  taking  possession  of  the  new 
world,  without  giving  me  a  part;  I  should 
be  glad  to  see  the  article  in  Adam's  last 
will,  which  gives  them  America."  Car> 
tier  sailed  from  St.  Malo  April  30  with 
two  ships  of  sixty  tons  and  133  men.  On 
the  tenth  of  May  he  came  in  sight  of 
Bona  vista  on  the  Island  of  Newfoundland; 
but  the  ice  obliged  him  to  go  to  the  south, 
and  ha  entered  a  harbor  at  the  distance  of 
five  leagues,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  St.  Catherine.  As  soon  as  the  season 
would  permit,  he  sailed  northward,  and 
entered  the  straits  of  Bellisle.  In  this  voy- 
age  he  visited  the  greater  part  of  the 
coast,  which  surrounds  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  aad  took  possession  of  the 
country  in  the  name  ofthe  king;  he  dis- 
covered a  bay,  which  he  called  baye  des 
Chaleurs,  on  account,  ofthe  sultry  weath- 
er, which  he  experienced  in  it;  he  sailed 
so  far  into  the  great  river,  afterwards 
called  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  to  discover 
land  on  the  opposite  side.  August  15,  he 
set  sail  on  his  return,  and  arrived  at  St. 
Malo  on  the  fifth  of  September. 

When  his  discoveries  were  known  in 
France,  it  was  determined  to  make  a  set- 
tlement in  that  part  of  America,  which 
he  had  visited.  Accordingly  in  the  fo^ 
lowing  year  he  received  a  more  ample 
commission  and  was  equipped  with  three 
vessels.  When  he  was  ready  to  depart, 
he  went  to  the  cathedral  church  with  hia 
whole  company,  and  the  bishop  gave 
them  his  benediction.  He  sailed  May  1 9, 
1 535 .  He  experienced  a  severe  storm  on 
his  passage,  but  in  July  he  reached  the 
destined  port.  He  entered  the  gulf  as  in 
the  preceding  year,  being  accompanied  by 
a  number  of  young  men  of  distinction. 
He  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence  and  dis- 
covered an  island,  which  he  named  Bao 
chus,  but  which  is  now  called  Orleans,  ip 
the  neighborhood  of  Queb>jc.  This  i  aj^iifl 
was  full  of  inhabitants,  who  subsisted.hy 
fishing.  He  went  on  shore  apd  (the  ji^a- 
tives  brought  him  Indian  coi;n  ,for  his  re^ 
freshment.  With  Ws  pipnace  and  two 
boats  he  proceeded  .up  the  river  as  far  a» 
Hochelikga,  a  settle^tent  upoo  an  isl»a(^ 


CARTVVRIGHT. 


Whieh  he  called  Nont-royftl,  but  which  te 
mw  celled  Montrael.  In  thie  Indkn  town 
Were  about  fil\y  long  hntti,  built  with 
Makee,  and  covered  with  bark.  The  peo- 
ple lived  moatly  by  fiahin^  and  tillage. 
They  had  corn,  beana,  aquaahea,  and 
pampkina.  In  two  or  three  daya  he  aet 
ont  OB  hia  return,  and  arrived,  Oct.  4,  at 
St.  Cruix,  not  far  from  Quebec,  now 
ealled  Jaeqnea  Cartier'a  river.  Here  he 
peaaed  the  winter.  In  Dec.  the  acurvy 
began  to  make  ita  appearance  among  the 
aativea,  and  in  a  abort  time  Cartier'a  com- 
pany were  aeized  by  the  diaorder.  By 
the  middle  of  Feb.,  of  110  peraona  fifty 
were  afaik  at  once,  and  eight  or  ten  had 
died.  In  thia  extremity  he  appointed  a 
day  of  humiliation.  A  erucMx  waa  placed 
on  a  tree,  a  proeeadion  of  thoae,  who  were 
»ble  to  walk,  waa  formed,  and  at  the  eloae 
of  the  devotional  exerciaea,  Cartier  made 
t  vow,  that  "if  it  ahould  pleaae  Ood  to 
permit  him  to  return  to  France,  he  woukl 
go  in  pilgrimage  to  our  lady  of  R^que- 
mado."  The  aiek  were  all  healed  by  ua- 
ing  a  medicine,  which  waa  empk>yed 
with  aueceaa  hy  the  nativea.  Thia  waa 
i  decoction  of  the  leaves  and  bark  of  a 
tree.  The  liqpor  waa  drunk  every  other 
day,  and  an  external  application  waa  made 
to  the  lege.  1  Sarlevoix  aays,  the  tree 
waa  that,  which  yielded  turpentine,  and 
Dri--BeilQMip  thinka  it  waa  the  apruce 
pine.  In  May  he  aet  sail  on  hia  return  to 
Fmnee,  carrying  off  with  him  Donnacon- 
na,  the  Indian  king  of  the  country,  and  9 
other  nativea,  all  of  whom  but  a  little  girl 
died  in  France.  He  arrived  at  St.  Malo 
July  6, 15S6. 

At  the  end  of  four  years  a  third  expedi- 
tion  waa  projected.  Francis  de  la  Roque, 
lord  of  Roberval,  was  commissioned  by 
the  king  aa  his  lieutenant  governor' in 
Canada :  and  Cartier  was  appointed  his 
pik>t  wiut  the  command  of  five  ahipa,  his 
commission,  which  may  be  seen  in  Haz- 
ard*a  collections,  being  dated  October  17, 
1540.  He  sailed,  however,  May3S,  1540, 
to  Newfoundland  and  Canada. — Aug.  95, 
liearrived  at  the  haven  of  St.  Crdx,  in 
the  river  St.  Lawrence ;  about  4  leagues 
•hove  that  place,  on  a  cliff,  at  the  east 


aide  of  the  mouth  of  a  aawH  river,  he 
built  a  fort,  which  he  called  Charkabourg. 
This  was  near  Quebec.  In  the  apring  of 
1549,  he  determined  to  retarn  to  France, 
and  accordingly  in  Jane  arrived  at  Saint 
John's  inNewfoundland  on  hia  way  borne. 
Here  he  met  Roberval,  who  dki  not  ae- 
eompany  him  in  jiia  voyage,  and  who  had 
been  detained  till  this  time.  He  was  Of^ 
dered  to  return  to  Canada,  bnt  he  ehose 
to  puraue  hia  voyage  to  France,  and 
sailed  out  of  the  harbor  privately  in  the 
night.  Roberval  attempted  to  establish 
a  colony,  but  it  waa  aoon  broken  up,  and 
the  French  did  not  eatablish  themsehrts 
permanently  in  Canada  till  after  the  expi- 
ration of  half  a  century. 

Cartier  published  memoirs  of  Canada 
after  his  aecond  voyage.  The  names, 
which  he  gave  to  islands,  riven,  Ste.  are 
now  entirely  changed.  In  this  work  he 
shows,  that  he  possessed  a  good  share  of 
the  credulity  or  the  exaggeratk)n  of  trav- 
ellers. Being  one  day  in  the  chase  he 
saya,  that  he  puraued  •  beast,  which  had 
but  two  legs,  and  which  ran  with  aston- 
ishing rapklity.  This  strange  animal  was 
propably  an  Indian,  ctothed  w'th  the  akin 
of  some  wiU  beaat.  He  speaks  alao  of 
human  monatera  of  diflferent  kinds,  of 
which  aecounta  had  been  given  him. 
Some  of  them  lived  withont  eating.-Bef- 
knap'i  Jhner.  Hog.,  i.  159-194;  Chmrte- 
votx,  introd.  xx;  i.  8-93.  edit.  4to; 
Hakbtyt,  iii.  186,  301-940;  Holme$,  i.; 
Prince,  it^rod.  89,  90,  99^  Purekm$,  i. 
991,  993;  v.  1005;  Fonter'i  voy.  997, 
448;  Univ.  kiit.  xxxix.  407. 

CARTWRIOHT,  George,  colonel, 
was  one  of  king  Charles'  commissioners 
to  New  England,  with  Nieolls,  Carr,and 
Maverick  in  1664.  When  the  commis- 
sioners, on  their  arrival  at  Boaton,  in- 
formed the  general  court,  that  they  should 
next  day  sit  and  hear  a  cause  against  the 
governor  and  company,  the  court  publish- 
ed "by  sound  of  trumpet"  its  disapproba- 
tion of  this  proceeding  and  prohibited  all 
persons  from  abetting  it.  Thus  early  and 
boldly  was  the  note  of  liberty  sounded. 
The  commiasionersifinding  that  they  had 
to  do  with  stiiF-necked  men,  soon  went 


CARVER. 


tM 


•wiy  in  diiphMura.  In  Cwtwrightl 
voyage  to  Enf  land  in  1M6,  he  wu  teken 
bytheDuteh,  and  lost  tiia  papera  and 
hardly  eaeaped  with  hia  life.  Hubbard 
nya,  they  pot  into  hia  mouth  a  (ag, 
which  ha  had  **  threatened  to  tome  in 
New  England,  that  pleaaed  him  not." 
The  loaa  o^  hia  pnpera  waa  deemed  a  ben- 
efit to  the  eoloiUea,  aa  hia  prejudioea  were 
atrong  againtt  them,  and  aa  the  papera 
would  have  been  employed  for  purpoaea 
of  miaehiar.— H«/iiM«,  i.  S88 ;  Hitt.  eol. 
Ti.  K79. 

CARVER,  John,  flrat  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  was  a  native  ofEnglud, 
•nd  WW  among  the  emigranta  to  Leyden, 
who  composed  Mr.  Robinson's  church  in 
that  place.  When  a  removal  to  America 
waa  contemplated,  he  waa  appointed  one 
of  the  agenta  to  negotiate  with  the 
Virginia  company  in  England  for  a 
auitable  territory.  He  obtained  a  patent 
in  1619,  and  in.  the  following  year  came 
to  New  Englan !  with  the  first  company. 
Two  vessels  had  been  procured,  the  one 
called  the  SpeedweH  and  the  other  the 
May-flower,  which  sailed  firom  South- 
ampton, carrying  ISO  passengets,  Aug. 
6, 19tO.  As  one  of  the  vessels  proved 
leaky,  they  both  put  into  Dartmouth  for 
repairs.  They  put  to  sea  again  Aug.  31 ; 
but  the  same  cause,  after  they  had  sailed 
about  100  leagues,  obliged  them  to  put 
back  to  Plymouth.  The  Speedwell  was 
there  pronounced  unfit  for  the  voyage. 
About  twenty  of  the  passengers  went  on 
shore.  The  others  were  received  on 
board  the  May-flower,  wLich  sailed  with 
101  passengers,  besides  the  ship's  officers 
•nd  crew,  Sept.  6.  During  the  voyage 
the  weather  was  unfavorable,  and  the 
ship  being  leaky  the  people  were  alrAost 
continually  wet.  One  young  man  died 
at  sea,  and  a  child  was  born,  the  son  of 
Stephen  Hopkins,  which  waa  called  Oce- 
anus.  Nov.  0,  they  discovered  the  white, 
sandy  shores  of  cape  Cod.  As  this  land 
was  northward  of  Hudson's  river,  to 
which  they  were  destined,  the  ship  was 
immediately  put  about  to  the  southward ; 
but  the  appearance  of  breakers  and  the 
danger  from  shoals,  togettier  with  the 


eagerness  of  tha  women  and  children  to 
besatoB  shore,  induced  them  to  shift 
their  course  again  to  the  north.  The 
next  day  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
cape  was  doubled,  and  the  ship  was  safe- 
ly anchored  in  the  harbor  of  cape  Cod. 
As  they  were  without  the  territory  of  the 
south  Virginia  company,  iVom  whom  they 
had  received  the  charter,  which  waa  thus 
rendered  useless,  and  aa  they  perceived 
the  absolute  necessity  of  government,  it 
wss  thought  proper  before  they  landed, 
that  a  political  assoeiatk>n  should  be  form- 
ed, intrusting  all  powers  in  the  hands  of 
the  majority.  Accordingly,  after  aolemn 
prayers  and  thankagiving,  a  written  in- 
strument was  Si- scribed  Nov.  11,  S6fO 
by  41  persons  out  of  the  whole  number  of 
passengers  of  all  descriptk>ns  on  board. 
Mr.  Carver's  name  stood  first,  and  be 
wu  unanimoualy  elected  governor  for  ona 
year.  Among  the  other  names  were 
those  of  Bradford,  Winalow,  Brewater, 
Allerton,  Standish,  Alden,  Fuller,  War- 
ren, Hopkins,  White,  Rogers,  and  Cook. 
Ctovernment  being  thus  regularly  eatab- 
liahed  on  a  truly  republican  principle,  16 
armed  men  were  sent  on  shore  the  same 
day  to  procure  wood  and  make  diacove- 
riea.  They  returned  at  night,  having 
seen  no  house  nor  a  human  being.  The 
next  day,  Sunday,  was  observed  u  a  day 
ofreat.  While  they  hiy  in  this  haibor, 
during  the  space  of  five  weeks,  several 
excursions  were  made  by  the  direction  of 
the  governor.  In  one  of  them  Mr.  Brad- 
ford's foot  was  caught  in  a  deer  trap, 
which  was  made  by  bending  a  young  tree 
to  the  earth,  with  a  noose  under  ground, 
covered  with  acorns.  But  his  compan- 
ions disengaged  him  from  his  unpleasant 
situation.  An  Indian  burying  ground 
was  discovered,  and  in  one  of  the  graves 
were  found  a  mortar,  an  earthem  pot,  a 
bow  and  arrows,  and  other  implements, 
all  of  which  were  carefully  repbwed.  A 
more  important  discovery  was  a  cellar, 
filled  with  seed  com  in  ears,  of  which 
they  took  as  much  as  they  could  carry 
away,  after  reasoning  for  some  time  upon 
the  mv>rality  of  the  action,  and  resolving 
to  satisiy  the  owners,  when  they  should 


880 


CAUVKU. 


find  them.  In  other  expeditiou  •  num- 
ber ofbuthek  of  oorn  were  obtained,  the 
MquisiUon  of  which  at  *  time,  when  it 
WM  much  needed,  they  regarded  a«  a  pe- 
culiar ikvor  of  divine  providence.  In  six 
montha  the  ownera  were  remunerated  to 
their  entire  aatiaAotion. 

On  Wedneaday,  Deo.  6,  governor  Car- 
ver hinuelf,  with  nine  of  the  principal 
men,  well  armed  and  the  aame  mumber  of 
aeamen,  tet  aail  in  the  ahallop  to  make 
tc-rther  diacoveriea.  The  weather  waa 
80  oold,  that  the  apray  of  the  sea  froze  on 
their  coata,  till  they  were  caaed  with  ice, 
like  coata  of  iron.  They  coaated  along 
the  cape,  and  occasionally  a  party  waaaet 
onahore.  At  the  dawn  of  day  on  Friday, 
Deo.  8,  thoae  who  were  on  the  land,  were 
aurprised  by  the  audden  war  cry  of  the 
nativea,  and  a  flight  of  arrows.  They 
immediately  aeized  their  arma,  and  on  the 
firat  discharge  of  musketry  the  Indians 
fled.  Eighteen  arrowa  were  taken  up, 
headed  either  with  brass,  deer's  horns,  or 
bird's  clawa,  which  they  aent  as  a  preaent 
to  their  ftienda'in  England.  As  they  sailed 
along  the  shore,  they  were  overtaken  by 
a  storm,  and  the  rudder  being  broken  and 
the  ahallop  driven  into  a  cove  full  of 
breakers,  they  all  expected  to  perish. 
By  much  exertion,  however,  they  came 
to  anchor  in  a  Ihir  aound  under  a  point  of 
land.  While  they  were  divided  in  opin- 
ion with  reapect  to  landing  at  this  pbce, 
the  severity  of  the  weather  compelled 
them  to  go  on  shore.  In  the  morning  of 
Saturday  they  found  themselves  on  a 
small  uninhabited  island,  which  has  ever 
since  borne  the  name  uf  Clarke's  island, 
from  the  mate  of  the  ship,  the  first  man, 
who  stepped  upon  it.  As  the  next  day 
waa  the  christian  sabbath,  they  appropri- 
ated it  to  those  religious  purposes,  for 
which  it  was  set  apdrv.  On  Monday, 
Dee.  11,  they  surveyed  the  bay,  and 
went  ashore  upon  the  main  land  et  the 
place,  which  they  called  Plymouth  ;  and 
a  part  of  the  very  rock  on  which  they  first 
set  their  feet,  is  now  in  the  public  square 
of  the  town,  and  is  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  the  forefathern'  rock.  The  day 
of  their  landing,  the  92d  of  Pec.  in  the 


new  style,  is  in  the  present  age  regarded 
aa  an  annual  festival.  Several  of  tlie  die* 
coursea  on  the  occaaion  have  been  pub> 
lished.  As  they  marohed  into  the  coun- 
try they  found  cornfiekis,  and  brooks,  and 
an  excellent  situation  for  buikling.  With 
the  news  of  their  success  they  returned 
to  their  company,  and  Dec.  16,  the  ship 
came  to  anchor  in  the  liarbor.  The  high 
ground  on  the  south  west  side  of  the  bay 
waa  pitched  upon  aa  the  aite  of  the  con- 
templated  town,  and  a  street  and  house 
tots  were  immediately  laid  out.  It  was 
also  resolved  to  plant  their  ordnance  upon 
a  commanding  eminence,  that  overlooked 
the  plain.  Before  the  end  of  Dec.  they 
had  erected  a  storehouse  with  a  thatched 
roof,  in  which  their  goods  were  deposited 
under  a  guard.  Two  rows  of  houaea 
were  begun,  and  aa  faat  as  they  coukl  be 
covered,  the  people  who  were  classed  into 
10  fkmilies,  came  aahore,  and  lodged  in 
them.  On  the  last  of  Dec.  the  public 
services  of  religion  were  attended  for  the 
firat  time  on  the  shore,  and  the  phice^was 
named  Plymouth,  both  because  it  was  so 
called  in  capt.  Smith's  map,  published  a 
few  years  before,  and  in  remembrance  of 
the  kind  treatment,which  they  had  recei- 
ved from  the  inhabitanta  of  Plymouth, 
the  last  port  of  their  native  country, 
from  which  they  sailed.  The  severe 
hardships^  to  which  this  company  were 
exposed  in  ao  rigorous  a  climate,  and  the 
scorbutic  habits,  contracted  by  living  so 
long  on  board  the  ahip,  caused  a  great 
mortality  among  them,  so  that  before 
the  month  of  April  near  one  half  of  them 
died.  6ov.  Carver  was  himself  danger- 
ously ill  in  January.  On  the  14th  of  that 
month,  as  he  lay  sick  at  the  storehouse, 
the  building  took  fire  by  meana  of  the 
thatched  roof,  and  it  was  with  diffi- 
culty, that  the  stock  of  ammunition  was 
preserved.  By  the  beginning  of  March 
he  was  so  far  recovered  of  his  first  illness, 
that  he  waa  able  to  walk  three  miles  to 
visit  a  large  pond,  which  had  been  dis- 
covered from  the  top  of  a'tree  by  Francis 
Billington,who8e  name  it  has  since  borne. 
None  of  the  natives  were  seen  before  the 
sickness  among  the  planters  had  abated. 


i 


yr- 


CARV£K. 


I  or  the  (Ua- 
been  pub- 

0  the  cuun« 
brookBi  and 
ling.  With 
ley  returned 
16,  the  ihip 

The  high 

le  of  the  bay 

of  the  Gon- 

1  nnd  houae 
lut.     It  waa 
dnanoe  upon 
it  overlooked 
of  Dec.  they 
th  a  thatched 
ere  depoaited 
VI  of  houaea 
they  could  be 
re  cloaaed  into 
tnd  kxiged  in 
ec.  the  publk} 
tended  for  th© 
the  place^waa 
auae  it  waa  ao 
ip,  publiahed  a 
membrance  of 
hey  had  recei- 
Df  Plymouth, 
tive  country. 

The  aevere 
company  were 
mate,  and  the 
by  living  ao 
lused  a  great 
that  before 
half  of  them 
jmself  danger- 
le  14th  of  that 
le  storehouse, 
teans  of  the 
IS  with   diffi- 
imunition  waa 
ing  of  March 
lis  first  illness, 
ihree  miles  to 
Ihad  been  dis- 
fee  by  Francis 
since  borne, 
jn  before  the 
[s  had  abated. 


The  peatilence,  which  raged  in  the  coun- 
try four  yeara  before,  had  almoat  depopu- 
lated it.     March,  16th,  a  savage  came 
boUly  into  the  town  akine,  and  to  the 
utoniahment  of  the  emigrants  addreaaed 
them  in  theae  words,  "welcome,  English- 
men I     welcome.    Englishmen!"      Hia 
name  waa  Samoaet,  and  he  waa  lord,  or 
■agamore  of   Moratiggon,   distant  five 
days'  journey  to  the  eastward.     He  had 
learned  broken  English  of  the  fishermen 
in  his  country.     By  him  the  governor 
was  informed,  that  the  place,  where  they 
now  were,was  called  Patuxet,and,though 
it  waa  formerly  popuk)us,  that  every  hu- 
man being  had  died  of  the  late  pestilence. 
This  account  waa  confirmed  by  the  ex- 
tent of  the  deaerted  fields,  the  number  of 
graves,  and  the  remnants  of  skeletons, 
lying  on  the  ground.     Being  dismissed 
with  a  present,  he  returned  the  next  day 
with  5  of  the  Indians,  who  lived  in  the 
neighborhood,bwho  brought  a  few  skins 
for  trade.     He  was  sent  out  again  in  a 
few  days  and  March  23,  returned  with 
Squanto,  the  only  native  of  Patuxet  then 
living.    Having  been  carried  off  in  1614 
by  a  captain  Hunt  of  Smith'a  fleet,  who 
in  hia  voyage  fVom  Virginia  to  Malaga 
visited  Plymouth  and  treach^- '    ,ig|y  seized 
him  and  36  others  of  the  it  uvea,  he  esca- 
ped the  pestilence,  which  desolated  the 
country.    They  were  mUl  itt  Malaga  at 
30/.  a  man.    As  several  of  these  Indians 
were  rescued  IVoim  slavery  by  some  be- 
nevolent monks  «t  Malaga,  Squanto  waa 
probably  thus  set  at  liberty.     He  had 
learned  the  English  language  at  I^ndon, 
and  came  back  to  his  native  country  with 
the  fishermen.    They  informed  the  plan- 
ters, that  Massassoit,  the  sachem  of  the 
neighboring  Indians,  was  near  with  his 
brother  and  a  number  of   his  people ; 
and  within  an  hour  he  appeared  on  the 
top  of  a  hill  over  against  the  English 
town  with  a  train  of  60  men.     Mutual 
distrust  prevented  for  some  time  any  ad- 
vances upon  either  side  ;  but  Mr.  Wine- 
low  being  sent  to  the  Indian  king  with  a 
copper  chain   and  two  knives,  with   a 
Iriendly  message  from  the  governor,  the 
sachem  was  pleased  to  descend  from  the 


hill,  accompanied  by  twenty  men  un- 
armed.    Capt.  SUndiah  met  him  at  th« 
brook  at  the  head  of  aix  men  with  mus- 
keto,  and  eacorted  him  to  one  of  the  beat 
liouaea,  where  three  or  four  cushions  were 
placed  on  a  green  rug,  spread  over  the 
floor.     The  governor  came  in,  preceded 
by  a  drum  and  trumpet,  the  sound  of 
which  greatly  delighted  the  Indians.    Af- 
ter mutual  salutations,  the  governor  kiss- 
ing his  majesty's  hand,  refVeshmenta  were 
ordered.     A  league  of  iViendship  was 
then  agreed  on,  which  waa  inviolably 
observed  for  above    fifty   yean.     The 
articles  of  the  treaty  were  the  follow- 
ing, "that    neither  he    nor  hia  should 
injure  any  of  oura  ;  that,  if  they  did, 
he  should  send  the  offender,  that  we 
might  punish  him;  that  if  our  tools  were 
taken  away,  he  should  restore  them,  and 
if  ours  did  any  harm  to  any  of  his,  we 
would  do  the  like  to  them ;   that  if  any 
unjuatly  warred  against  him,  we  would 
aid  him,  and  if  any  warred  against  us  he 
should  aid  us ;    that   he  shoukl  certify 
his  neighbor  confederates  of  this,  tliat 
they  might  not  wrong  us,  but  be  com- 
prised in  the  conditions  of  peace  ;  that, 
when  their  men  came  to  us,  they  ohouki 
leave  their  bows  and  arrowa  behind  them, 
aa  we  ahould  leave  our  pieces,  when  we 
came  to  them  ;  that  in  doing  thua  king 
James  would  esteem  him  aa  his  friend 
and  ally."     Afler  the  treaty,  the  gover- 
nor conducted  M^asaasaoit  to  the  brook, 
where  they  embraced  each   other  and 
parted. 

The  next  day,  March  28,  a  few  laws 
were  enacted,  and  Mr.  Carver  was  con- 
firmed as  governor  ^  the  following  year. 
In  the  beginning  ( >i  April,20acreaof  land 
were  prepared  for  the  reception  of  Indian 
corn,  and  Sainose*  and  Squanto  taught 
the  emigrants  how  to  plant,  and  dress  it 
with  herrings.of  which  an  immense  quan- 
tity came  into  the  brooks.  Six  aerea 
were  sowed  with  barley  and  peas.  While 
they  were  engaged  in  this  labor  April 
5th,  the  governor  came  out  of  the  field 
at  noon  .complaining  of  a  pain  in  his  head, 
caused  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  In  a  few 
hours  it  deprived  him  of  his  senaes,  and 


CARVER. 


ia  •  Aw  4«]W  put  M  6ii4  to  hii  iUb  to  Um 
gNkt gridf of  thviaAat  |4uMMkMi.  lb 
WM  bMM  with  dB  tlw  hmm,  wbkk 
oovid  k«  ptii  to  hit  nMrnoiy,  Ths  am 
W4M  «aibr  «i— I  nwti  inad  wrsnl  voHiM 
9v«r  lib  fMM.  Hit  wife,  trwewo  faf 
ker  lai%  nnriMd  .Inai  iNit  tis  #9dH. 
Wlm  lie  «ri««a,  thor*  wen  •  penoM 

6jD«r.«er  Canrer  WM  dbtiBfaiibfld  ftt 
hii  pnllMMo,  iateffitj,  and  lirauMH. 
Behaitiooderiatela  Eiiffiaii4>  whiek 
he  ■pent  io.tlM  engmtion  to  HoliuMlMid 
AiMrie*,  He  exerted  bteMlftofMomote 
tho  iiMevNte  of  the  eoloiqr  {  he  bore  • 
httgeehaie  of  ili  edRiriage ;  and  the  peo- 
ple fle«M«i  in  him  •■  their  lUend  end 
fatlMK.  Piety,  hmiiity,  ud  benevoience 
were  eeuMat  traite  ia  his  cheraeter.  In 
the  tiae  of  tho  gWMnl  nekoeie,  whieh 
befell  the  cokmy,  after  he  had  huaself  re* 
eometadi  he  waa  aanduous  in  att«idiii( 
the  aiek  and  perferaaing  the  mmt  huaiiliar 
tiag  aervjoae  for  them  without  aajr,  d«h 
Uaeyoii  of  peraena  or  ehaiaeielM.  He 
waa  aueeeeded  is  the  oOee  of  governor 
by  Mr.  Biadibrd.  Onecrf'hiafrandchil- 
draB>  who  lived  in  Maiahfield,  reached  the 
age  of  109  ytera.  The  broad  awoid  oT 
Gov,  Carver  ia  depoaited  in  the  cabinet 
cfthe  MaaMchiiaetM  hiat.  aociety  in  Bo»- 
ton.  A  town  in  the  county  of  Plymooth 
is  named  Carver.  Other  pi%rim  fethen 
have  bem  thaa  honored,  aa  Bradford  and 
Bnewiter.-'JMXMiy'*  Jtm».  Biog.  a. 
179-SMl  Frmee,  «»-104;  Holme$,  i. 
161, 168;  Pwrekmi,  v.  184»-1850}  Um^ 
««r».  U»t.  ZSXIZ.S7S;  iV«aP«  N.  K  i. 
M.  HflMf'  jyeHon.  88.-48. 

CARVER,  Joc-<t'.  1,  an  enterpriaii« 
tiav«ller,waaanative«f  Connecticut,  and 
•nm  bomi  in  1783.  He  loat  hia  father, 
whOwaaajuatieeofthepMoe,  when  he 
iwaa  onif  five  yean  of  age.  He  was  in- 
tended Sat  the  profeaaion  of  medicine, 
whieh  h»  quitted  for  a  nUUtary  life.  In 
the  French  war  he  commaoded  an  inde- 
pendent company  of  provincials  in  the 
expedition,  carried  on  aeroaa  the  lakes 
againat  Canada.  He  served  with  reputa- 
tiontiUthepeMeoflTeS.  AOartbiahe 
formed  the  resolution  of  expkmng  the 


moit  interior  parta  of  North  Amaiiiea  aad 
of  oven  penetvatiag  M>  A*  AMiiaoMMi 
ovat  that  broad  part  of  the  nnntinstw, 
which  lies  between  the  ferty  thiid  idii  *• 
fef^alxth  degieerofaorthkrtilade-  Aa 
tho  Bi«Uah  hndeeaae  in  pfiiiirtna  #m 
vMt  tertitoiy  hy$m  eonqneal  efCanada, 
he  wiahed  to  rendl»<fhia  a«vdaitiMipfai<> 
taUa  to  hia«onktfyi^%hil«he  grstiaad  W« 
taatoferadvMMwm  lia  believed,  thatih* 
Freadk  had  JntemtemiHy  heptctthet  tm 
Jooaignofaatortheilrteriwr  partaofN.A> 
merica.  He  hoped  toftailitate  the  diaeov- 
eiy  of  a  north  wit^MaMgenor  ofa  oomn»- 
nieation  between' Hudaon'a  bi^  and  the 
Pncificocean.  tf  ha  aoald  dM  the  aa- 
tahliafamentd'a  poaton  the  atraita  ofAih 
num,  he  auppoaeA  he  ahould  thaa  apen  a 
channel  for  ei^awf  ing  iateyigeaee  to 
Cbiaa  and  the  Cngtfsh  aettheaeirta  in  the 
Eaat  fakdieaw^  greater  expedition,  thu 
by  a  tediona  voyage  by  tbeeape  of  Ckwd 
Hope,  or  the  8tniip»  of  JAagellan. 

With  these  views  he  aet  out  from  Boa- 
tcmin  1766,  and  in  September  of  that 
year  arrived  at  MiehiUiinaek«nae,AeaM)at 
interior  English  post.  He  qipUed  to  the 
governor,  Mr.  Rogers,  to  Aimish  him 
with  a  proper  assortment  of  goods,  aa  a 
prcaeat  fer  the  Indians  living  in  dietiaek, 
which  he  intended  to  parsue.  Reeeiving 
a  aupply  in  part,  it  was  promised,  that  the 
remainder  should  be  sent  to  him,  when 
he  reached  the  falla  of  St.  Anthony  in  the 
river  Miariasippi.  Ineonseqaeneeoftbe 
Aulvre  of  the  gooda  he  found  it  neeessaiy 
to  return  to  la  Prairie  la  Chien  in  the 
spring  of  1767,  having  apent  the  prece- 
ding witttnr  among  the  NsudouiMBe  of  the 
(dains,  on  the  river  St.  Pierre,  1400  miles 
west  of  MiohiUimackinae.  Bong  Aus 
retarded  in  his  pnigresa  weaiward,  he  de- 
termined to  direct  his  course  norUiward, 
that  byfindii^K  a  communication  between 
the  Mississippi  and  lake  Superior,  he 
might  meet  the  tratlera  at  the  grand  poF 
tage  on  the  northweat  aide  <t(  the  lab*. 
Of  them  he  intended  to  purchaae  the 
gooda,  which  he  needed,  and  then  to  pur- 
sue his  journey  by  the  way  of  the  lahes  b 
Pluye,  Dubois,  and  Ouinipique  to  the 
of  the  river   of  the  west.     He 


jRMiMaad 


«ilwli.    As 

ffntitedliii 
ved.thatlhfi 
pftMbM  >•> 
^tftoofIV>A- 
ethcdiMor- 

tef  «adtlt» 

itraitsofA*- 
l  that  «P«B  • 
it^igeifBO  to 

etpeofOMl 

ontCromBoa- 
Qiber  of  tteft 
ktii*e,theBUMi 
■ppUed  to  tlw 
1  AirBMh  him 
[ofgooda,  M  • 
iBthetndt, 
ReMiviDC 
d,th»ttbe 
him,  wh«D 
.nthony  in  the 

itiMeeMuy 
Chien  in  the 

int  the  praee- 
»«iM«ofthe 
i,l400aiilea 
Being  tiiw 

iiw»rd«  be  de- 
ft nortbwaidi 
ition  between 

Bvperior,  he 
le  grand  poF 
<^  the  kbe. 
purehue  the 

idthentopur- 

ofthetakMle 

jueto  the 

ke  west.     H« 


CARY. 


m 


feiched  hke  Superior,  before  the  treden 
had  returned  to  Michillimackinac,  but 
they  could  not  flirnish  him  with  goods. 
Thua  disappointed  a  seeond  time,  he  con- 
tinued some  months  on  the  north  and 
east  borders  of  bke  Superior,  exploring 
the  bays  and  rivers,  which  empty  them- 
selves into  that  large  body  of  water,  and 
carefully  observingthe natural  productions 
of  the  country,  and  the  customs  and  man- 
ners of  the  inhabitants.  He  arrived  at 
Boston  in  Oct  1768,  having  been  absent 
on  this  expedition  two  years  and  five 
months,  and  during  that  time  travelled 
near  7000  miles. 

As  soon  as  he  had  properly  digested  his 
journal  and  charts,  he  went  to  England 
to  publish  them.  On  his  arrival  he  pre- 
sented a  petition  to  his  majesty  in  council 
for  a  reimbursement  of  the  sums,  which 
he  had  expended  in  the  service  of  govern- 
ment. This  was  referred  to  the  lords 
commissioners  of  trade  and  plantations, 
by  whom  ho  was  examined  in  regard  to 
his  discoveries.  Having  obtained  permis- 
sion to  publish  his  papers,  he  disposed  of 
them  to  a  bookseller.  When  they  were 
almost  ready  for  the  press,  an  order  was 
issued  fVom  the  council  board,  requiring 
him  to  deliver  into  the  plantation  office 
all  his  charts  and  journals,  with  every  pa- 
per relating  to  the  discoveries,  which  he 
had  made.  In  order  to  obey  this  com- 
mand he  was  obliged  to  repurchase  them 
from  the  bookseller.  It  was  not  until  ten 
years  after,  that  he  published  an  account 
of  his  travels.  Being  disappointed  in  his 
hopes  of  preferment,  he  heicame  clerk  of 
the  lottery.  As  he  sold  his  name  to  a 
historical  compilation,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1779  in  folio,  entitled,  the 
New  universal  traveller,  containing  an 
account  of  all  the  empires,  kingdoms, 
and  states  in  the  known  world,  he  was 
abandoned  by  those,  whose  duty  it  was 
to  support  him,  and  he  died  in  want  of 
the  common  necessaries  of  life  in  1780, 
aged  48  years.  His  wife  lived  at  Mon- 
tague in  1767.  He  published  a  tract  on 
the  culture  of  tobacco;  and  travels 
through  the  interior  parts  of  North 
AmerioiiD  the  years  1766,  1767,  and 
30 


1768,  London,  8vo.  1778.— An  edition 
of  this  work  was  published  at  Boston  in 
1797. — bitroditetion  to  hi$  traveU;  New 
and  general  biog.  diet.;  Watkint. 

CARY,  Thomss,  minister  in  New- 
buryport,  Massa.,  the  son  of  Samuel  Ga- 
ry, of  Charlestown,  was  born  Oct.  18, 
1745,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1761.  While  preparing  for  the  sacred 
office,  he  resided  in  Haverhill,  where  he 
enjoyed  the  instructions  of  Mr.  Barnard, 
whom  he  highly  respected  and  afiitction- 
ately  loved.  He  was  ordained  as  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Lowell,  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Newbiiryport,  May  11,  1768. 
One  third  of  the  church  and  congregation, 
being  dissatisfied  with  the  choice  of  Mr 
Cary,  were  formed  into  a  separate  society. 
For  near  twenty  years  he  was  enabled 
to  perform  all  the  duties  of  the  ministerial 
office;  but  in  the  4Sd  year  of  his  age  it 
pleased  God  by  a  paralytic  stroke  to  re- 
move him  from  his  public  labors.  After 
this  event  Mr.  Andrews  was  ordained  as 
his  colleague  Dec.  10,1788.  From  this 
period  until  about  two  years  before  his 
death  Mr.  Cary  was  so  far  restored  to 
health,as  to  be  able  occasionally  to  perform 
the  public  offices  of  religion.  He  died  Nov. 
34, 1808,  aged  6S.  He  possessed  a  strong  & 
comprehensive  mind,  which  was  highly 
cultivated  by  reading,  observation,  refiec- 
tion,  and  prayer.  His  sermons  were 
phun,  forcible,  sententious,  and  altogether 
practical.  He  was  not  ashamed  to  be 
called  a  rational  Christian.  Though  he 
read  writers  on  all  sides  of  theotogical 
questions;  yet  those  were  his  favorite  au- 
thors, who  treated  the  doctrines  and  du- 
ties of  Christianity  in  a  rational  manner. 
Candid  towards  those,  who  difiisred  fVom 
him  in  opinion,  he  sincerely  respected  the 
fVee  and  honest  inquirer  after  truth.  His 
feelings  were  keen  and  his  passions 
strong;  but  it  was  the  great  business  of 
hid  life,&  the  subject  of  his  earnest  prayers, 
to  reduce  them  to  the  government  of  rea- 
son St  the  gospel.  In  the  various  relations 
of  life  he  conciliated  respect  and  esteem. 
To  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  he  was 
a  generous  fViend,  a  wise  counsellor,  and 
a  most  pleasant  and  improving  associate. 


S84 


GARY. 


He  excelled  in  thechamuiofoonvemtioii. 
He  was  held  in  very  high  esteem  for 
bis  public  labors;  for  sound  and  fervent 
devotion,  for  judicious,  ioipressive,  pa- 
thetic, apd  edifying  discourses.  Between 
him  and  his  people  there  subsisted  an  un> 
common  harmony  and  affection.  During 
his  long  debility  the  religion,  which  he 
preached,  was  his  support  and  solace. 
.In  the  leisure,  which  was  now  afforded 
him,  he  took  a  peculiar  interest  in  atten- 
ding to  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  his 
country;  and  the  fruits  of  his  studies 
were  conspicuous  in  his  conversation. 
As  his  disorder  increased  upon  him,  he 
sunk  into  a  state  of  insensibility,  and 
without  a  struggle  his  spirit  returned  to 
God,  who  gave  it.  He  published  two 
sermons  on  the  importance  of  salvation; 
a  sermon  from  Matthew  xii.  2G,  at  the 
funeral  of  S.  Webster,  1796;  the  right 
hand  of  fellowship  at  the  ordination  of  J. 
Beattie;  the  charge  at  the  ordination  of  A. 
Moore;  a  sermon  on  the  last  day  of  assem- 
bling in  the  old  meeting  house,  Sept.  37, 
1801. — jlndrewi'  fun.  $erm.i  PanoplUt, 
Dee.  1808. 

GARY,  Samuel,  minister  in  Boston, 
the  sen  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1804  and  was  set- 
tled as  the  colleague  of  Dr.  Freeman  at 
the  stone  chapel,  Jan.  1,  1809.  He  died 
in  England  Oct.  23.  1815,  aged  30.  He 
published  a  review  of  English's  "Grounds 
of  Christianity  examined,"  181S;  also  the 
following  sermons;  before  Merriroac  hu- 
mane soc.,  1806;  at  his  ordination,  1809; 
on  the  fast,  1813;  at  Thursday  lecture, 
1814;  on  death  of  S.  Bulfinch,  1815. 

GARY,  Lott,  an  African  minister,  was 
bom  a  slave  about  30  miles  below  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  on  the  estate  of  Wm.  A. 
Christian.  In  1804  he  was  hired  out  in 
Richmond  as  a  common  laborer.  He 
was  profane  and  much  addicted  to  intoxi- 
cation. But  about  the  year  1 807  it  pleas- 
ed God  to  bring  him  to  repentance,  and 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Baptist 
church,  of  which  his  father  was  a  pious 
member.  As  yet  he  was  not  able  to  read. 
But  having  a  strong  desire  to  read  the 
third  chapter  of  John,  on  which  he  had 


heard  a  Mrmon,  he  procured  a  New  Tes- 
tament, and  commenced  learning  his  let- 
ters in  that  chapter.    He  learned  to  read 
and  write.    Being  employed  in  a  tobacco 
warehouse,  and  for  his  singularly  faithAil 
and  useAil  services  receiving  a  liberal  re- 
ward, and  being  also  assisted  by  a  sub- 
scription, he  was  able,  soon  after  the 
death  of  his  first  wife  in  1813,  to  ransom 
himself  and  3  children  for  850  dollars.. 
He  soon  became  a  preacher,  and  was  em- 
ployed every  sabbath  among  the  cok>red 
people  on  plantations  near  Richmond.  His 
desire  to  promote  the  cause  of  religion  in 
Africa  induced  him  to  accompany  the  first 
band  of  emigrants  to  Africa,  sent  out  by 
the  colonization  society  in  1931 .  He  made 
sacrifices  for  this  object,  for  in  1830  he 
received  a  salary  for  his  services  in  Rich- 
mond of  800  dollars;  and  this  would  have 
been  continued  to  him.    It  was  probably 
his  resolution,  that  at  an  early  period  pre- 
vented the  abandonment  of  the  colony  of 
Montserado.    In  the  battles  of  Nov.  and 
Dec.  1832  he  bravely  participated.    He 
said,  "  there  never  has  been  a  minute,  no, 
not  when  the  balls  were  flying  around  my 
head,  when  I  could  wish  myself  again  in 
America.  "     He  was  health  officer  and 
general  inspector.  During  the  prevalence 
of  the  disease  of  the  climate  he  acted  as  a 
physician,  the  only  one  at    the   time, 
having   obtained   some    medical    infor- 
mation from  Dr.  Ayres,  and  made  lib- 
eral sacrifices  of  his  property  for  the 
poor,  the  sick,  and  afilicted.    In  March 
1834  he  had  100  patients.    About  1815 
he  had  assisted  in  forming  in  Richmond 
an.African  missionary  society.    In  Africa 
he  did  not  forget  its  objects;  but  most  so- 
licitously sought  access  to   the    native 
tribes,  that  he  might  instruct  them  in  the 
christian  religion.     Through  his  agency 
a  school  was  established  about  70  miles 
from  Monrovia.— Before  he  sailed  for  Af- 
rica a  church  was  formed  at  Richmond 
of  8  or  9  persons,  of  which  he  became  the 
pastor.     In  Sept.  1836  he  was  elected 
vice-agent  of  the  colony.    Mr.  Ashmun, 
who  had  perfect  confidence  in  his  integ- 
rity,  gooil  sense,  public  spirit,  decision, 
and  courage,  cheerfully  committed  the 


CASAS. 


rtf'* 


SSf 


a  New  Tes- 
iiing  hi«  let- 
irned  to  read 
L  in  a  tobacco 
ilarly  faithful 
f  a  liberal  re- 
ed by  a  BUb- 
on  after  the 
IS,  to  ranaom 
850  dollars^ 
,  and  was  em- 
g  the  colored 
lichmond.  His 
B  of  religion  in 
apany  the  first 
a,  sent  out  by 
831.  He  made 
r  in  1820  he 
•vices  in  Rich- 
his  would  have 
t  was  probably 
irly  period  pre- 
)f  the  colony  of 
eaofNov.  and 
ticipated.    He 
n  a  minute,  no, 
^ing  around  my 
nyself  again  in 
1th  officer  and 
the  prevalence 
■a  he  acted  as  a 
at    the   time, 
medical    infor- 
and  made  lib- 
}perty  for  the 
ed.    In  March 
I.    About  1815 
I  in  Richmond 
ety.    In  Aflrica 
ts;  but  most  so- 
,0   the    native 
ict  them  in  the 
ugh  his  agency 
about  70  miles 
le  sailed  for  Af- 
iat  Richmond 
1  he  became  the 
lewas  elected 
Mr.  Ashmun, 
« in  his  integ- 
ipirit,  decision, 
[comnuVtcd  the 


ai&irs  of  the  colony  td  hu  haMj^,  when 
ill  health  compelled  him  to  withdniw.  For 
6  months  he  was  the  able  and  faithful 
chief  of  Liberia. 

<  The  following  were  the  melancholy 
circumstances  of  his  death.  The  natives 
robbed  a  neighboring  factory  of  the  colo- 
ny, and  refusing  redress,  Mr.  Gary  called 
out  the  militia  to  enforce  his  claim  or  to 
prevent  such  encroachments.  In  the  eve- 
ning of  Nov.  8,  1838  as  he  and  others 
were  engaged  in  making  cartridges  in  the 
old  agency  house,  a  candle  was  upset 
which  set  the  powder  on  fire.  This  explo- 
sion caused  the  death  of  Mr.  Gary  and  7 
others;  though  he  survived  till  the  10th.— 
Perhaps  Mr.  G.did  wrong,  when  he  was 
so  ready  to  light  up  the  torch  of  war.  In 
resolute  self  defence  against  unprovoked 
attack,  the  heroism  of  1833  is  to  be  com- 
mended; but  the  resolution  to  march  an 
army  fraiastthe  natives,  because  they 
had  7'  . '  r.  )d  a  small  factory,  was  a  pur- 
pose '  .tunable  wisdom  and  proprie- 
ty, u.  .ifc  accomplishment  of  the  purpose 
might  have  issued  in  the  destruction  of 
the  colony.  It  needs  the  cahn  of  peace, 
that  its  roots  may  strike  deep  and  its  bran- 
ches spread  out  wide  on  the  African 
coasts.  Besides,  the  spirit  of  war  is  in 
every  respect  hostile  to  the  religion  of 
Christ,  which,  it  is  hoped,  the  Liberian 
colony  will  recommend  to  all  the  natives, 
with  whom  they  have  intercourse.  If 
this  last  act  was  an  error  of  judgment  on 
the  part  of  Mr.  Gary;  yet  will  he  deserve 
a  perpetual  remembrance  in  the  colony, 
whose  foundation  he  assisted  in  laying. 

"Tliy  meed  iball  be  a  nation's  love ! 
Thy  praise  tbr,  rree-man's  song! 
And  in  thy  star-wreathed  home  above 
Thou  mayst  the  theme  prolong; 
For  hymns  of  praise  from  Afric's  plains 
Shall  mingle  with  seraphic  strains." 

Some  of  the  letters  of  Mr.  Gary  are  pub- 
lished in  the  African  repository  for  Sept. 
1828.— .a/r.  Repos.  i.  23S;  iv.  162.  209; 
V.  10,  64. 

CASAS,  Bartholomew  Las,  bishop  of 
Chiapa,  was  bom  at  Seville  in  1474  and 
was  of  French  extraction.  His  father, 
Antonio,  who  went  to  Hispaniola  with 


Columbua  in  149S  and  returned  rich  to 
Seville  in  1498,  made  him  a  present  of  an 
Indian  slave,  while  he  was  pursuing  his 
studies  at  Salamanca.  All  the  slaves  be- 
ing sent  back  to  their  country  by  the 
command  of  Isabella,  Las  Gasas  became 
deeply  interested  in  their  favor.  In  1502 
he  accompanied  Ovando  to  Hispanioki,  &i 
witnessing  the  cruel  treatment  experien- 
ced by  the  natives,  he  devoted  his  whole 
subsequent  life,  a  period  of  more  than  60 
year8,tothe  vindication  of  their  cause  and 
the  melioration  of  their  sufferings.  As  a 
missionary  he  tratrersed  the  wilderness  of 
the  new  world.  Aa  the  champion  of  the 
natives  iie  made  voyages  to  the  court  of 
Spain  and  vindicated  their  cause  with  his 
lips  and  his  pen.  He  was  made  bishop 
ofGhiapa  in  1544,  and  returned  to  Spain 
in  1551.  After  a  life  of  apostolic  intre- 
pidity and  zeal  he  died  in  1566  at  the 
age  of  93,  and  was  buried  at  Madrid  at 
the  church  of  the  Dominican  convent  of 
Atocha,  of  which  fraternity  he  was  a 
member. — He  has  been  justly  reproached 
for  lending  his  encouragement  to  the  sla- 
very of  the  Africans  in  1517.  The  traf- 
fic existed  before  that  period:  in  1511 
Ferdinand  had  ordered  many  Africans  to 
be  transported  from  Guinea  to  Hispaniola, 
since  one  negro  could  perform  the  work  of 
4  Indians.  It  was  to  spare  the  Indians 
undoubtedly jthat  Las  Gasas  recommended 
to  cardinal  Ximenes  the  introduction  of 
negro  slaves,  the  number  being  limited  to 
4,000.  In  this  he  trespassed  on  the  grand 
rule,  never  to  do  evil  for  the  sake  of  sup- 
posed good. — He  published  "a  brief  rela- 
tion of  the  destruction  of  the  Indians," 
about  1542.  There  was  published  at 
London,  in  1656,  Tears  of  the  Indians, 
being  a  translation  from  Las  Gasas.  A 
French  version  of  his  Voyages  of  the 
Spaniards  appeared  in  1697. — J.  A.  Llor- 
ente  has  published  a  memoir  of  Las  Gasas, 
prefixed  to  the  collection  of  his  works . 
The  most  important  work  of  Las  Gasas 
is  a  general  history  of  the  Indies  fVom 
their  discovery  in  1 520  in  3  vols,  in  manu- 
script. It  was  commenced  in  1527  at  53 
years  of  age  and  finished  in  1559,  at  85. 
This  work,  which  was  consulted  by  Her- 


m 


CASS. 


CASWELL. 


reraituJ  Mr.  irving,  existaonly  in  manu-  j 
■oript,  the  puhltcation  of  it  never  having  I 
been  permitted  in  Spain  on  account  of  it* 
too  fluthAil  delineation  of  Spaniah  cruelty. 
~>ir«iiif '•  Cohmb.  iv. 

CASSi  Jonathan,  major,  a  soldier  of 
the  re^  "lution,  waa  bom  in  Saliabury, 
Maaa..  d  was  a, descendant  of  Joseph 
Cass,  who  lived  in  Exeter  in  1680.  He 
removed  to  New  Hampshire  in  early  life. 
He  was  living  at  Exeter  at  the  period  of 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  entered  the 
army  the  day  after,  as  a  private  soldier. 
He  served  during  the  whole  revolution, 
and  attained  the  rank  of  captain.  He 
was  in  the  battles  of  Bunker  Hill,  of  Sarap 
toga,  of  Trenton,  of  Brandywine,  of 
Monmouth,  of  Germantown,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  most  active  and  trying 
acenea  of  the  revolutionary  struggle.  In 
the  memorable  winter,  when  the  British 
occupied  Philadelphia,  he  hekl  a  command 
upon  the  linea,  under  that  gallant  parti- 
san, col.  Allen  McLane  of  Delaware,  and 
Ailly  participated  in  all  the  dangers  and 
sufferings  of  that  critical  period .  He  was 
also  with  Sullivan  in  his  Indian  expedi- 
tion. At  the  termination  of  the  war,  be 
established  himself  at  Exeter,  whero  he 
married  and  resided,  till  his  appointment 
in  1790  as  i^ptain  in  ^  earmy,  then  or- 
ganixidg  for  the  defence  of  the  western 
ftontier.  He  joined  the  army,  and  con- 
tinued to  serve  wifh  it  till  1800,  when  he 
resigned,  having  the  rank  of  major,  and 
settled  upon  the  bank  of  the  Muskingum 
in  Ohio,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Zanes- 
ville.  Here  he  resided  till  his  death,  in 
August  18S0,  aged  77  years.  He  was 
a  man  of  strong  natural  powers,  and 
of  great  purity  of  purpose  ;  one 
of  that  baud  of  patriots,  who  were  born 
for  the  times,  in  which  they  lived. 
He  met  death  in  his  chamber,  as  he  had 
faced  it  in  the  field,  and  cbserved  upon 
its  approach,  "this  then  it  death."  He 
died  with  thw  faith  of  n  christian,  and 
with  those  hopes  and  rssurances,  which 
Christianity  only,  can  impart.  His  son, 
Lewis  Cass,  is  now  Secretary  of  war. 

CASTILLO,  Bemal  DiaxDel,  publish- 
ed Uistoria  verdadera  de  la  conquista  de 


la  Nue>|||Upan#,'»16M.  His  True  his- 
tory of  llexieowu  republished  in  Salem, 
t  vols.  1808. 

CASTIN,  Saint,  a  French  baron,  waa 
acr  tain  in  the  regiment  of  Carignan, 
whicii  was  sent  from  Hungary  to  Canada 
in  166&.  He  lived  at  Penobseot,  at  what 
ia  now  the  town  of  Castine,  in  1687.  The 
next  year  his  trading  house  was  pillaged 
by  the  English  in  his  absencn.  He  mar- 
ried one  of  the  Ab^naquis  Indians.  In 
1696  he  led  SOO  savages,  which  Charl»> 
voix  calls  Canibas  and  Malecitea,  against 
Pemaquid,  associated  with  Iberville,  the 
French  commander,  and  waa  sueccssM 
in  the  capture  of  the  fort.  Capt.  Chubb, 
who  had  16  cannon  and  90  men,  dki  not 
make  a  brave  defence.  In  1708  Castin 
assisted  in  the  defence  of  Port  Royal  and 
again  1707,  when  he  was  wounded.  Hia 
son,  the  baron  de  St.  Castin,  who  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  command  of  the  Penob- 
scot Indians,  was  taken  by  surprise  in 
Dec.  1731,  and  carried  a  prisoner  l|o  Bos- 
ton, but  soon  released.  His  la«t  days 
were  spent  in  France,  where  he  had  an 
eatate.-CAorfev.;  Hutehimon}  Hut.  eoL 

CASWELL,  Richard,  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  received  an  education 
suitable  for  the  bar,  and  was  distinguished 
M  a  friend  to  the  rights  of  mankind.  When- 
ever oppressed  indigence  called  for  his 
profesuonal  assistance,  he  afforded  it  with- 
out the  hope  of  any  other  reward,  than 
the  consciousness  of  having  exerted  him- 
self to  promote  the  happiness  of  n  fellow 
man.  Warmly  attached  to  the  liberties 
of  his  country,  he  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  congress  '"\  1774,  and  he 
early  took  arms  in  resistance  to  the  arbi- 
trary claims  of  Great  Britain.  Ke  was  at 
the  head  ''  a  regiment  in  1776,  when  it 
became  u  essary  to  oppose  a  body  of 
loyalists,  composed  of  a  number  of  the 
ignorant  and  disorderly  inhabitants  of 
the  frontiers,  styling  themselves  riegula- 
tors,  and  of  emigrants  from  the  highlands 
of  Scotland.  This  party  of  about  1500 
men  was  collected  in  the  middle  of  Feb. 
under  gen.  M'Donald.  He  waa  pursued 
by  gen.  Moore,  and  on  the  S7th  he  found 
himself  under  the  necessity  of  engaging 


It 


? 


•  Trvwhif 
id  in  (Mm, 


^ 


# 


*!* 


y^ 


ti  at 


CATESBT. 


i*m 


'S 


W' 


Uron, 
I  CarigMn, 
>y  to  Canada 
loot,  at  what 
in  1687.  The 
waa  pillaged 
10.    He  n>ar> 
Indiana.    In 
rhioh  Charle> 
«itei,  againat 
IberriUe,  the 
as  Bucceasful 
Capt.  Chubb, 
men,  did  not 
1706  Caatin 
'ort  Royal  and 
ounded.    Hia 
tin,  who  aue- 
ofthePenob- 
f  Burpriae  in 
iaoner  llo  Bov 
Hia  Wt  days 
ere  he  had  an 
ion;  Hut.  eol, 
governor  of 
«n  education 
diatinguiahed 
,nkind.When- 
ealled  for  hie 
forded  it  with- 
reward,  than 
exerted  him- 
of  A  fellow 
the  libertiea 
tinted  a  mem- 
1774, and  he 
[ce  to  thearbi- 
Kewaaat 
,1776,  when  it 
a  body  of 
[umber  of  the 
ihabitanta  of 
jlvea  regula- 
the  highlands 
If  about  1600 
liddle  of  Feb. 
waa  pursued 
]7th  he  found 
of  engaging 


^l  Oaawell,  who  wM  intre«||Md  with 
about  1000  minute  men  and  inilitia  di- 
rectly in  his  firont,  at  a  place  called 
Mcore'a  creek  bridge.  This  waa  about 
16  milea  diaUnt  flrom  Wilniington,where 
M'Donald  hoped  to  join  general  Clinton. 
But  he  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner 
by  Caswell  with  the  losa  of  70  men  in 
killed  and  wounded,  and  1600  excellent 
rifles.  This  victory  was  of  eminent  ser- 
vice to  the  American  cause  in  North 
Carolina.  Col  Caswell  was  president  of 
the  convention,  which  formed  the  consti- 
tution of  North  Carolina  in  Dee.  1776, 
under  which  constitution  he  was  govern- 
or fVom  1777  to  the  year  1780,  and  from 
1786  to  1787.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  president  of  the  senate,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  he  hadhekl  the  commis- 
sion of  major  general.  He  died  at  Fay- 
etteville,  Nov.  30, 1789.  In  his  charac- 
ter the  public  and  domestic  virtues  were 
united.  Ever  honored  with  some 
marks  of  the  approbation  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, he  watched  with  unrentitted  atten- 
tion over  the  weUhre  of  the  community, 
and  anxiously  endeavored  also  to  promote 
the  felicity  of  ^ts  members  in  their  sepa- 
rate interests.  While  the  complacency  of 
his  disposition  ft  his  eqiul  temper  pecu- 
liarly endeared  him  to  his  fr:ends,theyeom- 
nanded  respect  even  iVom  his  enemies. 
Of  the  society  of  freemasons  he  had  been 
grand  mastrr. — Martin'*  fun.  oral.; 
Gax.  of  the  U.  S.  i.  907,  340;  Marihall, 
!.  380;  Oordon,  ii,  S09;  Ranuay,  i.  964. 
CATESBY,  Mark,  f.e.s.,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  born  in  England  in  1670. 
Having  an  early  and  a  strong  propensity 
tothestudy  of  nature,  he  determined  to 
gratify  his  taste  by  exploring  a  part  of  the 
new  world.  As  some  of  his  relatione  lived 
in  Virginia,  he  was  induced  first  to  visit 
that  province,  where  he  arrived  April  S3, 
1713.  Here  he  remained  seven  years, 
observing  and  admiring  the  various  pro- 
ductions of  the  country,  and  occasionally 
sending  dried  specimens  of  plants  to  his 
correspondents  in  Great  Britain,  and  par- 
ticulary  to  Dr.  Sherard.  His  collections, 
however,  as  yet  had  no  reference  to  the 
work, which  he  ailerwards  published.   On 


his  return  to  England  in  1719  he  wasen- 
eouraged,  by  the  sssiatanee  of  seveni  of 
the  nobility,  and  of  some  distinguished 
naturalists,  to  revisit  America  with  th« 
professed  design  of  describing,delineating, 
and  painting  the  most  curious  objeeta  of 
nature.  He  arrived  at  South  Carolina, 
which  was  selected  m  the  place  of  his  res- 
idence. May  S8,  1733;  and,  having  first 
examined  the  lower  parta  of  the  country 
in  occasional  excursk>ns  flrom  Charleston, 
he  afterwards  went  into  the  interior  and 
reaided  for  some  time  a*  fort  Moore  upon 
Savannah  river,  800  milea  ftom  the  sea. 
From  this  place  he  made  several  visits  to 
the  Indians,  who  lived  still  higher  up  the 
river  in  the  more  mountainous  regions; 
fche  also  extended  his  researches  through 
Georgia  and  Florida.  In  hia  travels  h« 
generally  engaged  one  of  the  savages  to 
be  his  companion,  who  carried  Ibr  him  hii 
box,  containing  eonveniencea  for  painting, 
and  the  specimens  of  plants,  which  he 
collected.  Having  spent  near  three  yean 
upon  the  continent,  he  visited  the  Bah»> 
ma  islands  at  the  invitation  of  the  gover- 
nor,and,  residing  in  the  isle  of  Providence, 
proeecuted  hia  plan,  and  made  various 
collections  of  fishes  and  submarine  prodae- 
tions. 

Returning  to  England  in  1736,  he  waa 
well  received  by  his  patrons;  but  the 
great  expenae  of  procuring  engravings 
induced  him  to  learn  from  Joaeph  Goupy 
the  art  of  etching.  He  then  retired  to 
Hoxton,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to  the 
completwn  of  his  great  work,  which  he 
published  in  numbers  of  30  pkints  each. 
The  figures  were  etched  by  himself  from 
his  own  paintings,  and  the  colored  copiee 
were  done  under  his  own  inspection.  Al- 
though his  attention  was  principally  devo- 
ted to  plants,  yet  most  of  his  plates  ex- 
hibit some  subject  of  the  animal  kingdom. 
The  first  number  appeared  in  1790,  and 
the  first  volume,  consisting  of  100  plates, 
was  finished  in  1733;  the  second  in  1749; 
and  the  appendix  of  90  plates  in  1748. 
Of  each  number  a  regular  account,  written 
by  Dr.  Cromwell  Mortimer,  secretary 
ofthe  royal  society,  was  Udd  before  the 
society,  as  it  appeared,  and  printed  in  the 


■^:t 


CATHRALL. 


fnmrt 


:.0 


¥:  * 

CHALKLEY. 


W^/ 


pMloMphlcal  tniuMtiont.  The  whole 
workia  entitled,  the  natural  history  of 
CaroUna,Fiorida,and  the  Bahama  islanda, 
in  Frenoh  and  English,  containing  the 
figures  of  birds,  beasts,  fishes,  8ic.  colored 
•fler  the  life,  anda  raap  of  the  countries. 
It  contains  descriptions  of  many  curious 
and  important  articles  of  food,  medicine, 
domestic  economy,  and  ornamental  cul- 
ture; and  was  one  of  the  most  splendid 
works  of  the  kind,  which  had  ever  been 
published.  The  principal  defect  of  the 
work  is  the  want  of  a  separate  delineation 
of  all  the  parts  of  the  flower.  For  the 
Latin  names  Mr.  Catesby  was  indebted  to 
Dr.  Shenrd.  He  did  not  lire  to  see  a 
second  impression,  for  he  died  in  London 
Dec.  34, 1749,  aged  70  yeare,  leaving  a 
widow  and  two  children,  whose  depen- 
dence for  support  was  entirely  upon  the 
profits  of  his  work.  He  was  esteemed  by 
the  most  respectable  membere  of  the  royal 
society,  of  which  he  was  a  fellow,  for  his 
modesty,  ingenuity  ,and  upright  behavior. 
His  name  has  been  perpetuated  by  Dr. 
Oronovius  in  the  plant,  called  Catesbea. 

The  second  edition  of  Catesby's  natural 
history  was  published  in  1754,  and  the 
third  in  1771,  to  which  a  Linntean  index 
was  annexed.  The  colorings,  however,  of 
this  edition  are  wretchedly  executed; 
those,  which  passed  under  the  inspection 
of  Catesby  himself,  have  most  of  life  end 
I'eauty,  though  even  these  cannot  vie 
witii  the  splendid  figures,  which  are  now 
presented  to  the  lovers  of  natural  history. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  paper,  printed  in 
the  44th  volume  of  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions, on  birds  of  passage ;  in  which 
he  proves,  that  they  emigrate  in  search  of 
proper  food,from  a  variety  of  observations, 
which  he  had  an  opportunity  of  making 
during  his  voyages  across  the  Atlantic. 
In  1767  there  was  published  under  his 
name,  hortus  Americanus,  a  collection  of 
85  curious  trees  and  shrubs  from  North 
America,  adapted  to  the  soil  of  Great 
Britain,  colored,  folio. — Preface  to  hit 
nat.  hitt;.  Beei*  eyelr,  Miller,  u.  365; 
Pulteney't  $ketehe$  of  the  prog,  of  bot- 
any in  Ef^.  II.  ch.  44. 

€ATHRALL,  Isaac,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 


ekn  in  Hiladelphia.  studied  in  that  eity 
and  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris, 
and  returned  home  in  1798.  During  the 
pr6valenaeof  the  yelbw  fever  in  thai 
year  and  in  1797, 1798,  It  1799  he  remain- 
ed at  his  post  and  even  dissected  those, 
who  died  of  the  disease.  In  1816  lie  was 
seized  wilh  a  paralytic  affection.  He  died 
of  the  apoplexy  Feb.  SS,  1819,  aged  65. 
He  was  a  judicious  physician ;  a  skilAil 
anatomist  and  surgeon ;  a  man  of  rigid 
morality  and  inflexible  integrity;  and 
truly  estimable  in  the  relations  of  a  son, 
husband,  and  father.  In  his  religions 
views  he  was  a  quaker.  He  publisheid  re- 
marks on  the  yellow  fever,  1791;  Bu- 
chan's  domestic  medicine,  with  notes, 
1797 ;  memoir  on  the  analjrsis  of  the 
black  vomit,  shewing,  that  it  might  be 
safely  tasted,  1800,  in  5th  vol.  of  the  tren»> 
actions  of  the  Amer.  philosoph.  society  ; 
and  a  pamphlet  on  the  yellow  fever,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Currie,  in  1803. — 
Tkaeher^t  med.  biog. 

CATLIN,  Jacob,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
New  Marlborough,  Mass.,  a  native  of 
Harwinton,  Con.,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1784,  and  ordained  July  4, 
1787.  His  predecessora  were  Thomas 
Strong,  who  was  ordained  in  1744  and 
died  in  1777,  and  Caleb  Alexander.  Af- 
ter a  ministry  of  nearly  40  yean  he  died 
April  13, 1836,  aged  68.  Industry,  pa- 
tience, franknees,  and  meekness  were  hia 
characteristics.  He  was  a  plain,  faithful 
preacher.  In  his  religious  views  he  was 
calvinistic.  During  his  ministry  about 
350  persons  were  added  to  the  church. 
He  published  a  Compendium  of  the  sys- 
'  .m  of  divine  truth,  13mo.  3d  ed.  1835.— 
Hist,  of  Berksnire,  398. 

CHABERT, »:  De,  published  Voy- 
age dans  1*  Amerique  Septent  1750  et 
1751,  4to.  1753. 

CHALKLEY,  Thomas,  a  preacher 
among  the  quakere  of  Pennsylvania,  re- 
moved from  .England  to  that  colony 
about  the  year  1701,  and  lived  there  up- 
wards of  forty  yeare,  excepting  when  the 
necessary  af&ire  of  trade,  or  his  duties  as 
a  preacher  called  him  away.  In  1705  he 
visited  the  Indians  at  Conestoga  near  the 


•f 


m 

ihtt  city 
and  P«Tia, 
During  the 
er  in  that 

hereniain- 
cted  thow, 
1816  he  was 
n.    He  died 
9,  aged  65' 
m ;  a  akiKVil 
oan  of  rigid 
egrity;  and 
ns  of  a  son, 
his  religioiw 
published  re- 
,  17«4;  Bu- 
,  with  notes, 
islysis  of  the 

it  might  be 
i\.  of  the  trans- 
soph,  society ; 
llovp  fever,  in 
ie,  in  1804. — 

I.,  minister  of 
I.,  a  native  of 
iduated  at  Yale 
gained  July  4, 
were  Thomas 
I  in  1744  and 
lexander.     Af- 
years  he  died 
Industry,  pa- 
skness  were  his 
plain,  faithful 
J  views  he  was 
[ministry  about 
[to  tli«  church, 
turn  of  the  sys- 
2ded.  1895.— 

publUhed  Voy- 
Dtent   1750  et 

a  preacher 
Innsylvania,  re- 
lo  that  colony 
llived  there  up- 
Ipting  when  the 
lor  his  duties  as 
|y.  In  1705  he 
istoga  near  the 


CHALMERS. 


'  ■   ^•'i'^.^i''^ 


CHAMPE. 


SM 


river  Susquehnnnah,  in  company  with 
some  of  his  brethren,  to  secure  their 
friendship  and  impart  tp  t'uem  religious 
instruction.  He  died  at  the  bland  of 
Tortola  in  *741,  while  on  a  visit  there  for 
the  purpose  of  promoting  what  he  be- 
lieved to  be  the  truth.  He  was  a  man  of 
many  virtues,  and  w»  endeared  to  ''.is 
acquaintance  by  the  geiUeness  of  his 
manners.  The  library  of  the  quakers  in 
Philadelphia  was  commt»oed  by  him. 
His  journal  and  a  collectk>n  of  his  writings 
was  published  at  Philadelphia,  1749,  and 
New  York,  1808.— ProiMf,  i.  468. 

CHALMERS,  Lionel,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian of  South  Carolina,  eminent  for  medi- 
cal science  and  for  his  various  and  exten- 
sive knowledge,  was  born  about  the  year 
1715atCambletou  inthe  west  of  Scotland, 
and  came  when  very  young  to  Carolina, 
where  he  practised  physic  more  than  40 
years.  He  first  practised  in  Christ  Church, 
but  soon  removed  to  Charlestown.     Af- 
fecting no  mystery  in  his  practice,  he  em- 
ployed the  knowledge,  which  he  had  ac- 
quired, for  the  good  of  mankind.      He 
died  in  1777,  aged  63,  leaving  behind  him 
the  character  of  a  skilful,  humane  physi- 
cian, and  of  a  worthy,  honest  man.    He 
wrote  in  1754  useful  remarks  on  opistho- 
tonos and  tetanus,  which  were  published 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  observations 
and  inquiries  of  the  medical  society  of 
London.    His  most  respectable  work  is 
an  essay  on  fevers,  published  at  Charles- 
ton, 1767,  in  which  he  gave  the  outlines 
of  the  spasmodic  theory,  which  had  been 
taught  by  Hofiman,  and  which  was  after- 
wards more  fully  illustrated  by  Cullen. 
Besides  several  smaller  productions  he 
also  published  a  valuable  work  on  the 
weather  and  diseases  of  South  Carolina, 
3  vols.  London,  1776.— JIftUer,  i.  319; 
II.  364;  JIamtay**  rev.  of  med.  48,  44; 
hilt,  of  a.  Carolina,  ii.  113,  451. 

CHALMERS,  Qeorge,  died  in  Lon- 
don in  June  1835,  aged  83.  In  early  life 
he  practised  law  in  Maryland.  He  .pub- 
lished, with  other  works,  Political  annals 
of  the  United  Colonies,  4to.  1780 ;  es- 
tirnateof  strength  of  Britain,  1783 ;  opin- 
ions on  subjects  of  law  and  policy,  arising  I  has  been  suggested  in  some  papers  in  the 


i>om  Amer.  independence,  1784 ;  opin- 
ions of  lawyers  on  Engl,  jurisprudence,  3 
vols.  1814 ;  life  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
1883. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  chief  justice  of 
New  York,  was  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive coup'U  in  1754,  when  he  attended, 
as  one  of  the  commissioners,  the  congresa 
at  Albany  June  14th.  He  was  soon 
afterwards  appointed  judge,  and  died  at 
NewYork  April  10, 1765. 

CHAMBERS,  William,  a  physician 
of  New  York,  died  in  that  city  July  83, 
1837.  A  short  time  before  his  death  he 
acquired  considerable  celebrity  by  the  in- 
vention of  a  medicine  for  the  cure  of  in- 
temperance. The  efiect  was  produced 
by  the  strong  association  of  what  is  nau- 
seous and  insufferable  with  th^;  taste  of 
ardent  spirits. 

CHAMBLY,  De,  captain,  gave  his 
name  to  the  fort  in  Canada,  which  he 
built  of  wood,  in  1665,  but  which  was  af^, 
terwards  constructed  of  stone,  with  four 
bastions.  The  fort  of  Sorel  was  built  at 
the  same  time  by  capt.  de  Sorel.  Both 
Chambly  and  Sorel  were  oiRcers  in  the 
regiment  of  Carignan-Salieres,  which,  af- 
ter fighting  in  Hungary  against  the 
Turks,  was  sent  to  Canada  in  1665  to 
fight  ar  it  the  Iroquois.  Chambly 
owned  .an  land  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  fort. — About  the  year  1673  he  was 
appointed  as  successor  of  Grandfontaine 
to  the  commapd  of  the  fort  at  Penobscot; 
but  Aug.  10,  1674  he  was  taken  prisoner 
by  an  Englishman  ;  and  at  the  same  pe- 
riod the  fort  at  St.  John's  was  also  sur- 
prised. In  1680  he  was  nominated  gov- 
ernor of  Acadia;  but  in  a  short  time  was 
promoted  to  the  government  of  Grenada. 
Charlevoix,  i.  381,  463. 

CHAMPE,  John,  sergeant  major  of 
Lee's  legion  cavalry  in  the  revolutionary 
war, was  born  in  Loudon  eountyjVirginia. 
In  1776  he  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of 
90.  Immediately  after  the  treason  of  Ar- 
nold,he  was  sent  by  Lee,  at  the  request  of 
Washington,a8aspy  to  NewYork,for  two 
purposes ;  to  ascertain,  whether  another 
American  general  was  also  a  traitor,  as 


f 


■'*• 


'^',, 


140 


CHAMPE. 


CHAMPLAIN. 


/,* 


lMiid«c«fWuhiiigtoii,  Hid,if  poMible,  to 
kriof  otT  Arnold  to  the  American  head 
qntrtcn,  Uwt  he  might  be  tried  and  pun- 
iahed,  and  thus  Andre  be  aayed.  It  waa 
with  a  daring  anirit  of  patriotism,  that 
Champe  undet-  )kthis  enterprise.  He 
iJBared  not  the  danger ;  but  the  ignominy 
of  desertion  and  of  enlisting  in  the  army 
of  the  enemy,  he  apprehended,  would  de> 
atroy  hia  hope  of  promotion,  should  he 
live  to  return.  He  was  aaaured,  that 
hit  eharacter  should  be  protected  at  a 
proper  time.  At  11  o'clock  the  same 
night  Champe  took  his  cloak,  vallise,  and 
orderly  book,  drew  his  horse  from  the 
picket,  and  fled,  aa  a  deserter,  ftom  the 
American  camp  near  Tappan.  In  half 
an  hour  the  desertion  was  reported  to 
Lee,  who  made  all  the  delay,  in  his 
power,  and  then  ordered  a  pursuit  about 
IS.  Atabout  daybreak  a  few  milea  north 
of  the  ▼illage  of  Bergen  the  pursuing 
p«rty  beheld  from  the  summit  of  a  hill 
the  deserter  half  a  mile  in  front  Champe 
now  put  spurs  to  his  horse,  and  the  pur> 
suit  was  hot ;  he  passed  through  Bergen, 
to  reach  the  British  galleys  a  few  miles 
west,  at  Elizabeth  town  poh:*~  Getting 
abreast  of  the  galleys,  having  lashed  his 
vallise  on  his  ritoul'':ers,  with  his  drawn 
sword  in  his  hand,  he  dismounted,  and 
running  through  the  marsh  plunged  into 
thejriver  and  called  to  the  galleys  for  help. 
This  was  afforded,  for  a  boat  was  sent  to 
take  him  up.  The  horse  was  carried 
back  to  the  camp.  To  Washington  the 
success  of  Champe  was  very  accep- 
table intelligence.  Champe  was  taken 
to  New  York  and  examined  by  sir  Henry 
Clinton,,  and  by  him  sent  to  Arnold,  who 
offered  him  the  place  of  sergeant  major  in 
a  legion,  he  was  raising.  On  the  last  day 
of  Sept.  he  was  appointed  one  of  Arnold's 
recruiting  sergeants.  He  enlisted,  be- 
cause that  step  was  necessary,  in  order 
that  he  might  gain  access  to  the  traitor. 
Two  days  afterwards  Andre  was  tried, 
and,  the  intelligence  from  Champe  not 
promising  any  immediate  success  in  car- 
rying off  Arnold,  the  sentence  was  exe- 
cuted Oct.  9d.  In  a  few  days  Champe 
sent  ample  evidence  of  the  innocence  of 


the  aecuied  general,  who  I  suppose,  was 
Gates,  so  that  gen.  Washington  disn^ssed 
all  his  aaspieions.  Oct.  30,  the  general 
expressed  his  approbation  of  Champe'a 
plan  ibr  taking  Arnold,  of  whom  he  wish- 
ed to  "make  a  pubUe  example,"  and 
pledged  himself  to  bestow  the  promised 
rewards  on  Champe  and  hia  associate. 
The  plan  waa  this  :  to  seize  Arnold, 
when  in  his  garden,  whither  he  went  at 
a  bto  hour  every  night ;  to  gag  him; 
and  to  drag  him  between  two  men,  as  a 
drunken  soldier,  to  #  boat  on  the  Hudson, 
and  to  deliver  him  to  a  pirty  of  horse  on 
the  Jersey  shore.  The  night  was  fixed, 
and  the  intelligence  communicated  to 
Lee,  who  repaired  to  Hoboken  with  a 
party  of  dragoons  and  three  led  horses  for 
Champe,  his  associate,  and  the  prisoner ; 
but  after  waiting  in  vain  for  hours  near  the 
river  ahore,  he.  retired,  aa  the  day  broke, 
and  returned  to  the  army  with  deep  cha- 
grin. It  appeared,  that  on  the  eventful 
day  Arnokl  removed  hia  quarters,  in  or- 
der to  superintend  the  embarkation  of 
troops,  and  the  American  legion,  to 
which  Champe  belonged,  was  transferred 
to  the  fleet  of  transports,  and  landed  in 
Virginia.  After  the  junction  of  Corn- 
wallis  with'  Arnold  at  PetersburgjChampe 
escaped  anc^  rejoined  the  American  army 
in  North  Carolina.  When  his  story  waa 
known,  he  secured  the  respect  and  love  of 
every  ofiicer  and  soldier.  Greene  fur- 
nished him  with  a  horse  apd  money,  and 
sent  him  to  Washington,  who  granted  him 
a  discharge,  lest,  failing  into  the  enemy's 
hands,  he  should  die  on  a  gibbet.  When 
Washington  was  called  by  president  Ad- 
ams in  July  1798  to  the  command  of  the 
army  then  rai8ed,he  sent  to  lieut.  col.  Lee 
to  inquire  forj  Chsmpe,  determined  to 
place  him  at  the  head  of  a  company  of  in- 
fantry; but  he  had  removed  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  soon  afterwards  died.— Lee'* 
metnoir$,  ii.  159-187. 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel,  de,  the  foun- 
der and  governor  of  Quebec,  waa  of  a 
noblefamily  of  Brouagein  the  province 
of  Saintonge  in  France.  He  commanded  a 
vessel,  in  which  he  made  a  voyage  to  the 
East  Indies  about  the  year  1600,  and  ac- 


f 


■  '*-.;.  .-fit,,' 


CHAMPLAIN. 


.* 


"Ml 


quired  ^  high  reputation  as  an  aMe  and 
experienced  uiEoer.  After  an  absence  of 
two  years  and  a  half  he  returned  to 
France  at  a  time,  when  it  was  resolved  to 
prosecute  the  divcoveries,  which  had 
been  commenced  in  Canada  by  Cartier. 
The  Marquis  de  la  Roche  and  Chauvin, 
governors  of  Canada,  had  endeavored  to 
establish  a  colony,  and  the  latter  was 
succeeded  by  de  Chatte,  who  engaged 
Champlain  in  hid  service  in  1 60S.  Cham- 
plain  sailed  M^;.16,accompanied  by  Pont- 
grav^,  w'.io  had  made  many  voyages  to 
Tadousjac,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Sague- 
nay  intu  the  St.  Lawrence.  After  their 
arrival  at  this  place  May  25th,  he  left  his 
vessel,  and  in  a  light  batteau  ascended  the 
St.  Lawrence  to  the  falls  of  St.  Louis, 
which  bounded  the  discoveries  of  Cartier 
in  1535.  This  was  in  tb-j  neighborhood 
of  Hochelaga;  but  that  Indian  settlement 
was  not  now  in  existence.  After  ma- 
king many  inquiries  of  the  natives  and 
exploring  much  of  the  country  along  the 
St.  Lawrence,  he  sailed  for  France  in 
August.  On  his  arrival  in  Sept.,  he 
found  that  de  Chatte  was  dead,  and  his 
commission  as  lieutenant  general  of  Can- 
ada given  to  the  sieur  de  Monts.  This 
gentleman  engaged  him  as  his  pilot  in  an- 
other voyage  to  the  new  world. 

Champlain  sailed  on  his  second  voyage 
March  7,1604,  and  arrived  at  Acadie  May 
6.  After  being  employed  about  a  month 
in  the  long  boat,  visiting  the  coast  in  or- 
der to  find  a  proper  situation  for  a  settle- 
ment, he  pitched  upon  a  small  island 
about  twer-ty  leagues  to  the  westward  of 
St.  John's  river  and  about  half  a  league 
in  circumference.  To  this  island  de 
Monts,  after  his  arrival  at  the  place,  gave 
the  name  of  St.  Qroir..  It  lies  in  the  riv- 
er of  the  same  name,  which  divides  the 
United  States  from  the  British  province 
of  New  Brunswick.  During  the  winter 
Champlain  was  occupied  in  exploring  the 
country,  and  he  went  as  far  as  cape  Cod, 
where  he  gave  the  name  of  Malebarre  to 
a  point  of  land,  on  account  of  the  immi- 
nent danger  of  running  aground  near  it 
with  his  bark.  In  the  next  year  he  pur- 
sued his  discoveries,  though  he  did  not 
31 


pan  more  than  ten  or  twelve  leagues  be- 
yond Malebarre. 

In  1607  he  was  aent  out  on  another 
voyage  to  Tadousaac,  accompanied  by 
Pontgrav<.  In  July  1608  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  Q'lebec.  He  was  a  man, 
who  did  not  embarrass  himself  with  com- 
merce, and  who  felt  no  interest  in  the  traf- 
fic with  the  Indians,  which  proved  so 
profitable  to  many,  that  were  engaged  in 
it.  Being  intrusted  with  the  charge  of 
establishing  a  permanent  colony,  he  ex- 
amined the  most  eligible  places  for  settle- 
ment, and  selected  a  spot  upon  the  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  co  fluenceol'this  river 
and  t*-e  small  river  of  St.  Charles,  about 
S20  Hi-ies  from  the  se^.  The  river  in  this 
place  was  very  much  contracted,  and  it 
was  on  this  account,  that  the  natives  call- 
ed it  Quebec.  Hen*  he  arrived  July  8, 
He  erected  barracks,  cleared  the  ground, 
sowed  wheat  and  rye,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  the  capital  of  Canada.  The 
toil  of  subduing  the  wilderness,  it  seems, 
was  not  very  acceptable  to  all  his  compa- 
ny, for  some  of  them  conspired  to  put 
their  leader  to  death,  and  to  embark  at 
Tadoussao  for  France.  The  attempt  to 
destroy  him  was  to  be  made  by  poison 
and  by  a  train  of  gunpowder  ;  but  the 
apothecary  having  discovered  the  scheme, 
one  of  the  conspirators  was  hanged,  and 
others  condemned  to  the  gallies.  During 
the  winter  his  people  were  afflicted  with 
the  scurvy.  Champlain  sought  after  the 
medicine,  which  had  been  so  successfully 
used  by  Cartier ;  but  the  tree,  which  was 
called  Annedda,  was  not  now  to  be  found. 
From  this  circumstance  it  was  concluded, 
that  the  tribe  of  Indians,  with  which  Car- 
tier  was  acquainted,  had  been  exterminat- 
ed by  their  enemies. 

In  the  summer  of  the  year  1609,  when 
the  Hurons,  Algonquins,  and  others  were 
about  to  march  against  their  common  en- 
emy, the  Iroquois,  Champlain  very  readi- 
ly joined  them,  for  he  had  a  keen  taste 
for  adventures,  and  he  hoped  by  a  con- 
quest to  impress  all  the  Indian  tribes 
with  the  power  of  the  French,  and  to-se- 
cure an  alliance  with  them.  He  did  not 
foresee,  that  he  should  force  the  Iroquois 


34a 


;fVf,* 


CHAMPLAIN. 


who  lived  in  what  k  now  the  state  of  N. 
Yorl(,  to  wek  the  protection  of  the  Eng- 
liahand  Dutch.    He  embarked  on  the 
river  Sore),  which  was  then  called  the 
Iroquoiiii  because  these  savages  usually  de- 
scended by  this  stream  into  Canada.    At 
the  ikils  of  Chambly  he  was  stopped,  and 
was  obliged  to  send  back  his  boat.    Only 
two  Frenchmen  remained  with  him.    He 
ascended  with  his  allies  in  the  Indian  ca- 
noes to  the  lake,  to  which  he  gave  his 
own  name,  which  it  retains  at  the  pres- 
ent day.    The  savages,  whom  he  accom- 
panied, hoped  to  surprise  the  Iroquois  in 
their    villages,    but     they    met    them 
unexpectedly  upqn.the  lake.    Al\er  gain- 
ing the  land,  it  was  agreed  to  defer  the 
battle  till  the  next  day,  as  the  night  was 
now  approaching.     In  the  morning  of 
July  SO  Champlain  placed  a  party  with 
his  twoFrenchmen  in  a  neighboring  wood, 
so  as  to  come  upon  the  enemy  in  iknk. 
The  Iroquois,  who  were  about  300  in 
number,  seeing  but  a  handful  of  men, 
were  sure  of  victory.    But  as  soon  as  the 
battle  began,  Champlain  killed  two   of 
their  chiefs,  who  were  conspicuous  by 
their  plumes,  by  the  first  r.ibjharge  of  his 
firelock,  loaded  with  four  balls.    The  re- 
port and  execution  of  fire  arms  filled  the 
Iroquois  with  inexpressible  consternation. 
They  were  quickly  put  to  flight,  and  the 
victorious  allies  returned  to  Quebec  with 
fifty  scalps. 

In  Sept.   1609  Champlain   embarked 
with  Pontgrav^  for  France,  leaving  the 
colony  under  the  care  of  a  brave  man, 
named  Peter  Chavin.    But  he  was  soon 
sent  out  again  to  the  new  world.     He 
sailed  from'  Honfleur  April  8,  1610  and 
arrived  at  Tadoussac  on  the  36th.    He 
encouraged  the  Montagnez  Indians,  who 
lived  at  this  place,  to  engage  in  a  se- 
cond expedition    against  the    Iroquois. 
Accordingly,  soon  after  his  arrival  at  Que- 
bec, they  sent  to  him  about  60  warriors. 
At  the  head  of  these  and  others  of  the  al- 
lies he  proceeded  up   the  river  Sorel. 
The  enemy  were  soon  met,  and  after  a 
severe  engagement,  in  which  Chami!>lain 
was  wounded  by  an  arrow,  were  entirely 
defeated.     He  arrived  at  Quebec  from 


MontrealJune  19,  and  landed  at  Rochelle 
Aug.  11.    After  the  death  of  Henry  IV. 
the  interest  of  de  Monts,  in  whose  ser- 
vice Champlain  had  been  engaged,  was 
entirely  ruined,  and  the  latter  was  obliged 
to  leave  a  settlement,  which  he  was  com- 
mencing at  Mont  royal,  or  Montreal,  and 
to  go  again  to  France  in  1611.  Charles  de 
Bourbon,   being  commissioned    by   the 
queen  regent  governor  of  New  France, 
appointed  Champlain  his  lieutenant  with 
very  extensive  powers.    He  returned  to 
Canada  in  1613,  was  engaged  again  in 
war  with  the  Iroquois,  and  made  new 
discoveries.    His  voyages  across  the  At- 
hkntic  were  frequent.    He  was  continue<l 
lieutenant  under  the  prince  of  Conde  and 
Mcntmorenci.    In  1615  his  zeal  for  the 
spiritual  interests  of  the  Indians  induced 
him  to  bring  with  him  a  number  of  Je- 
suit fathers,  some  of  whom  assisted  him 
in  his  warfare.    He  penetrated  to  lake  On- 
tario, and,  being  wounded  while  asslHting 
the  Hurons  against  their  enemies,  was 
obliged  to  pass  a  whole  winter  among 
them.    When  he  returned  to  Quebec  in 
July  1616,  he  was  received  as  one  risen 
from  the  dead.    In  July  1639  he  was  obli- 
ged to  capitulate  to  an  English  armament 
under  sir  David  Kertk  or   Kirk.     He 
was  carried  to  France  in  an  English  ship; 
and  there  he  found  the  public  sentiment 
much  divided  with  regard  to  Canada ; 
some  thinking  it  not  worth  regaining,  as 
it  had  cost  the  government  vast  sums 
without   bringing  any    returns,  others 
deeming  the  fishery  and  fur  trade  great 
national  objects,  especially  as  a  nursery 
for  seamen.     Champlain  exerted  himself 
to  effect  tho  recovery  of  this  country,  and 
Canada  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of  St. 
Germain's  in  1633,  wilb  Acadie  and  cape 
Breton. 

In  1633  the  company  of  New  France 
resumed  all  their  rights,  and  appointed 
Champlain  the  governor.  In  a  short 
time  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  new  arma- 
ment, furnished  with  a  fresh  recruit  of 
Jesuits,  inhabitants,  and  all  kinds  of  ne- 
cessaries for  the  welfare  of  the  revived 
colony.  His  attention  was  now  engrossed 
by  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  savages, 


CHAMPLAIN. 


CHANDLEH. 


9a 


it  Rochellfl 

Henry  IV. 

vhose  eer- 

;ggrd,  was 

naa  oblined 

le  was  com- 

ontrcal,B«d 
Charles  de 

ed   by   the 

ew  France, 

[tenant  with 
returned  to 

ed  again  in 

1  made  new 

sroes  the  At- 

as  continueil 

3f  Conde  and 

I  real  for  the 

liana  induced 

umber  of  Je- 

]  aesisted  him 

ed  to  lake  On- 

vhile  assisting 

enemies,  was 

winter  among 

1  to  Quebec  in 

ei  as  one  risen 

|29  hewnsoblr- 

[lish  armament 
Kirk.     He 
English  ship; 
iblic  sentiment 
d  to  Canada ; 
regaining,  as 
ent  vast  sums 
'turns,  others 
iir  trade  great 
as  a  nursery 
sxerted  himself 
is  country,  and 
le  treaty  of  St. 
.cadie  and  cape 

New  France 
and  appointed 
In  a  short 
a  new  arma- 
resh  recruit  of 
[ill  kinds  of  ne- 
,of  the  revived 
I  now  engrossed 
If  the  savages, 


whom  it  was  his  principal  object  to  bring 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  christian  religion. 
The  number  of  ecclesiastical  missionaries, 
exclusive  of  lay  brothers,  was  now  15,the 
chief  of  whom  were  le  Jeune,de  Noue,  and 
Muse,  and  Brebeuf.  A  mission  was  es- 
tablished among  the  Hurons;  the  colony 
was  gaining  an  accession  of  numbers  and 
strength ;  and  an  attempt  was  just  com- 
mencing to  establish  a  college  in  Quebec, 
when  in  Dec.  1635  the  governor  died, 
and  was  succeeded  the  next  year  by  de 
Montmagny. 

Champlain  merited  the  title  of  the 
father  of  New  France.  Though  he  was 
credulous,  he  possessed  an  uncommon 
share  of  penetration.  His  views  were 
upright,  and  in  circumstances  of  difficulty 
,no  man  could  make  a  better  choice  of 
measures.  He  prosecuted  his  enterpnues 
with  constancy,  and  no  dangers  could 
shake  his  firmness.  His  zeal  for  the  in- 
terests of  his  country  was  ardent  and  dis- 
interested ;  his  heart  was  tender  and  com- 
passionate towards  the  unhappy  ;  and  he 
was  more  attentive  to  the  concerns  of  his 
friends,  than  to  his  own.  He  was  a  faith- 
ful historian,  a  voyager,  who  observed 
every  thing  with  attention,  skilful  in  ge- 
ometry, and  an  experienced  seaman.  He 
appears  to  been  fond  of  good  cheer,  for 
in  the  early  period  of  his  residence  in 
Canada  he  established  with  his  associates 
an  order  "de  bon  temps,"  which  contri- 
buted not  a  little  to  the  gratification  of 
the  palate.  By  this  order  every  one  of 
the  same-^table  was  in  his  turn  to  be  both 
steward  and  cater  for  a  day.  He  %va8 
careful  by  hunting  to  make  a  suitable  pro- 
vision, and  at  supper,  when  the  cook  had 
made  every  thing  ready,  he  marched  at 
the  head  of  thecompany  with  a  napkin 
over  his  shoulder,  having  also  the  staff  of 
office,  and  wearing  the  collar  of  his  order, 
and  was  followed  by  his  associates,  each  of 
whom  bore  a  dish.  At  the  close  of  the 
banquet,  he  pledged  his  successor  in  a 
bumper  of  wine  and  resigned  to  him  the 
collar  and  stafil  It.  may  not  be  easy  to 
justify  Champlain  in  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  war  against  the  Irequois.  It  is 
even  supposed  by  some,  that  his  love  of 


adventures  led  him  to  arouse  the  spirit  of 
the  Hurons  and  to  exeite  them  to  war. 
His  seal  for  the  propagation  of  religion 
among  the  savages  was  so  great,  that  he 
used  to  say,  "that  the  salvation  of  one 
soul  was  of  more  value  than  the  conquest 
of  an  empire,  and  that  kings  ought  not  to 
think  of  extending  their  authority  over 
idolatrous  nations,  except  for  the  purpose 
of  subjecting  them  to  Jesus  Christ." 

He  published  an  account  of  his- first 
voyages  in  1618  in  4to,  and  a  continua- 
tion in  1  680  in  8vo.  He  published  an  edi- 
tion of  these  in  16S3  in  one  volume  enti- 
tled, les  voyages  de  la  Nouvelle  France 
occidentale,  dicle  Canada,  4lo.  This 
work  comprises  a  history  of  New  France 
from  the  first  discoveries  of  Verazzani  to 
the  year  16S1.  There  is  added  to  it  a 
treatise  on  navigation  and  the  duty  of  a 
good  mariner,  and  ^an  abridgment  of  the 
christian  doctrine  in  Huron  andFrench. — 
Champlain' $  voyaget;  Charlevoix,  faitea 
ehronol.  xxviii-xxx;  i.  ill,  141-198  ; 
Belknap'i  Jltner.  biog.  i.  322-845;  Univ. 
hiat.  xxxix.  410-426;  Purehat,  i.  9S.S; 
v.  1605-1645;  Harrii'  voy.  i.  8il-815; 
Holmes,  i.;  Chalmers,  i.  586.;  Churchill, 
III.  798-816. 

CHANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury, 
D.  D.,  an  eminent  episcopalian  minister 
and  writer,  was  a  native  of  Woodstock, 
Con.,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
ir.  .'3.  t  There  was  with  many  in  the 
year  1748  an  expectation  of  an  episcopal 
establishment  in  this  country,  when  men 
of  talents  could  indulge  the  hope  of  be- 
coming digiitariesin  the  church.  The 
bait  of  preferment  was  at  this  time  offered 
to  Dr.  Stiles.  Whether  the  circum- 
stances of  the  times  had  an  insensible  in- 
fluence over  the  mind  of  Mr.  Chandler  or 
not,  it  was  in  the  year  1748,  that  he  was 
proselyted  to  episcopacy.  He  went  to 
England  in  1751  and  took  orders  in  the 
established  church.  On  his  return  to  this 
country,  he  became  rector  of  St.  John's 
church  at  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey, 
where  he  long  maintained  a  high  character 
both  for  erudition  and  talents.  During 
the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  was  afflic- 
ted with  a  disorder,  which  made  trial  of 


•44 


CHANLKR. 


4 


all  liM  patience.  But  he  wM  retlyned  to 
the  will  ofOod.  Hia  hope  ol'flnal  deiiv- 
•nnoo  IVom  tin,  and  Oom  the  evili  con- 
nected with  if,  rested  upon  the  incarna- 
tion and  sufferings  of  the  eternal  Son  of 
the  Father.  He  was  even  cheerful  under 
the  heavy  troubled,  which  were  laid  upon 
him.  His  ruipectablp  and  useful  life  ter- 
minated June  17,  1790,  aged  64.  Dr. 
Chandler  wos  a  zealous  friend  of  the  epis- 
copal church,  and  ha  wrote  much  in  favor 
of  it.  Ho  was  engaged  in  a  controversy 
on  the  subject  with  Dr.  Chauncy  of  Boa- 
ton.  He  published  an  appeal  to  the  pub- 
lic in  behalf  of  the  church  of  England  in 
America,  1767;  a  defence  of  his  appeal, 
1769;  a  further  defence  of  his  appeal. 
1771;  asermon,  preached  Iwfore  the  cor- 
poration for  the  relief  of  the  widows  and 
children  of  episcopal  clergymen, 1771  ; 
an  examination  of  the  critical  commentary 
on  Seeker's  letter  to  Walpole  concerning 
bishops  in  America,  1774.  He  also  pre- 
pared for  the  press  a  life  of  Dr.  Johnson  ; 
but  the  revolution  arrested  its  publication. 
It  was  printed  at  New  York  in  the  year 
1809.— Jlfti/er,  ii.  356;  Beaek'$Jun.  ler.; 
Oen.  hikl.  ofCotmeet.  158  ;  Memoiriojf 
T.  HoUi$,  I.  435, 436. 

CHANLER,  Isaac,  a  baptist  Minister, 
was  born  in  Bristol,  England,  in  1701, 
and  came  to  South  Carolina  in  1733. 
He  settled  as  pastor  of  abaptist  church  on 
Ashley  river  in  1736,  where  he  continued 
till  his  death,  Nov.30,  1749,  aged  48.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Oliver  Hart,  who  re- 
mained till  1780,  when  he  removed  to 
New  Jersey.  Mr.Chanler  published  a  ser- 
mon on  establishment  in  grace,  preached 
at  Charleston  in  1740  by  the  desire  of 
Mr.Whitefield  at  the  commencement  of  a 
course  of  lectures  by  ministers  of  different 
denominations  ;  also  the  doctrines  of  glo- 
rious grace  unfolded,  and  practically  im- 
proved; a  treatise  on  original  sin  ;  and  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev.  Wm.  Tilly, 
nU;~-MUer,  ii.  364;  Baekut'  alridg- 
ment,  S48  ;  Benedict,  ii.  126. 

CHAPIN,  Walter,  minister  of  Wood- 
stock, Vermont,  died  July  22,  1827,  aged 
48.  He  was  an  efficient  friend  of  various 
benevolent  societies.    For  several  years 


CHARLEVOIX. 

lie  waj  the  editor  of  a  small  religious  pa« 
per,  which  was  discontinued  in  1894.  Ho 
published  a  valuable  compilation,  the  Mia- 
sionary  gazetteer. 

CHAPLIN,  Ebenezer,  minister  of 
Millbury,  Mass.,  was  ordained  Nov*.  14, 
1764,  and  afler  about  90  years  dismis- 
sed, and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Ooffe. 
He  died  at  Hardwick  Dec.  18,  1898,  aged 
89.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Webb,  Uxbridge,  1773; 
discourse  on  political  affairs,  1773  ;  result 
of  a  council,  1793;  a  treatise  on  the  Sacra- 
mento, 13mo.  1802. 

CHAPLIN,  Daniel,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Groton,  MnN3.,  was  a  descendant  of  Hugh 
Chaplin  of  Rowley,  who  came  to  this 
country  as  early  as  1638.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1772,  and. 
died  in  May  1831,  t^cA  87.  Hia  son,  Dr. 
James  P.  Chaplin,  a  very  respectable  and 
useful  physician  of  Cambridge  port,  died 
Oct.  12,  1838,  aged  46.— He  published 
the  character  of  Rev.  Mr.  Wright,  1902; 
convention  sirmon,  1808. 

CHAPMAN,  Asa,  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Con.,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1792,  and  in  a  few  years 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Newtown,  Fairfield  county,  rising  to  the 
first  rank  in  his  profession.  In  1818  he 
was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  su- 
preme court,  in  which  station  he  was 
upright  and  impartial,  while  he  was  pro- 
found and  learned  as  a  jurist.  He  died  at 
New  Haven  Sept.  34, 1825,  aged  54. 

CHARDON,  Peter,  a  Jesuit  missiona- 
ry, was  employed  for  many  years  among 
the  Indians  upon  lake  Michigan.  He  be- 
gan his  labors  as  early  as  1697,  and  con- 
tinued them  for  35  or  30  years.  He  pre- 
sided over  the  mission  at  the  village  of 
Ponteautamis  upon  the  river  St.  Joseph, 
and  he  labored  also  among  the  Sakis  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  green  Bay,  or 
baye  des  Puans,  as  it  was  called  by  the 
French.  He  was  acquainted  with  almost 
all  the  languages  of  the  Indians,  who  in- 
habited the  lakes. — Charlevoix,  in,  393, 
395;  Lettrea  idif.  et  cutieuiei,  xi.  373- 
878. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xa- 


ro»!i»M  UHv« 


vier  dc,  •  hiatoricfil  writer,  who  lived  a 
number  of  yean  in  Canada,  waa  born  at 
St.  Quintin  in  France  in  1684,  and,  enter- 
ing into  the  aociety  or  Jeauita,  taught 
the  languagea  and  philoaophy  with  great 
reputation.  Before  the  year  1730  he  had 
reaided  aome  time  in  Qncb<>o,  and  waa 
connected,  it  ia  believed,  with  the  college 
in  that  pfaiee.  By  order  of  the  king  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Canada  in  1730,  where 
he  arrived  in  Sept.  From  Quebec  he  paa- 
aed  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  through 
the  lakea  to  Michiilimackinac  ;  thence 
down  lake  Michigan,  and  the  Illinoia  and 
MiMiasippi  rivera  to  New  Orleans,  from 
which  place  he  returned,  touching  at  St. 
Domingo,  to  France  in  1739.  During 
this  period  ho  collected  (licta  for  his  hiato* 
ry  of  Canada,  and  kept  a  journal,  which 
he  aflerwards  published,  annexed  to  hia 
history.  Af\er  his  arrival  in  his  native 
country,  he  had  a  principal  concern  for  34 
yeara  in  the  journal  des  Tr^voux.  He 
died  in  1761,  aged  78  years.  He  publish- 
ed in  French  the  history  of  Christianity 
in  Japan,  8vol.  1715,  8vo;  the  life  of 
Mary,  1634,  13mo;  the  hiatory  of  St. 
Domingo,  2  vol.  1731,  4to ;  the  hiatory 
and  general  description  of  Japan,  3vol. 
1736,  4to,  and  9  vol.  13mo,  comprising  all 
that  is  valuable  in  Kcempfer'a  history  of 
that  country  ;  a  general  history  of  New 
France,  3  vol.  1744,  4to,  and  6  vol.  13mo ; 
and  a  history  of  Paraguay,  S  vol.  1756, 
4to.  Hid  works  were  well  received  ;  but 
the  history  of  New  France,  or  Canada,  is 
deemed  peculiarly  valuable,  as  he  himself 
visited  the  country,  which  he  described, 
and  paid  particular  attention  to  the  man- 
ners and  customs  of  the  Indians.  He  has 
added  something  upon  botany  and  other 
parts  of  natural  history;  but  on  these 
subjects  a  perfect  confidence  is  not  placed 
in  his  accuracy.  His  style  is  deficient  in 
precision. — Nouo.  diet,  hittorique,  edit. 
1804;  dikin'a  and  Nicholson's  gen.  biog. 
CHASE,  Samuel,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States,  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Chase,  an  episcopal 
minister,  who  came  from  England,  and 
was  bom  in  Somerset  county,  Maryland, 
April  17, 1741.     Under  his  fathier,  who 


CHASE.  '"^  (M 

removed  to  Baltimore  In  I748,ha  received 
hia  early  education.  He  studied  kw  at 
Annapolis  and  there  settled  in  the  prac- 
tice,and  "his  talents,  industry  ,intrepklity, 
impoaing  stature,  sonorous  voice,  fluent 
and  energetic  elocution  raised  him  to  dit> 
tinction."  In  the  colonial  legislature  he 
vehemently  resisted  the  stamp  act  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  general  congreta  at 
Philadelphia  in  Sept.  1774,  and  served  in 
that  body  several  years.  It  was  he,  who 
denounced  Mr.  Zubly,  the  delegate  iVom 
Georgia  aa  a  traitor,  and  compelled  him 
to  flee.  By  the  oonp  *  sea  he  waa  early  in 
1776  sent  with  Franklin  and  Carroll  on  a 
mission  to  Canada  with  the  design 
of  conciliating  the  good  will  of  the 
inhabitants.  When  the  pro;'  ,«ition 
for  independence  was  before  congress, 
as  he  had  been  prohibited  from  voting  for 
it  by  the  convention  of  Maryland,  he  im- 
mediately traversed  the  province  i  ^  num- 
moned  county  meetings,  whic  i  ciiinkl 
address  the  conventioh.  In  hia  way 
that  body  waa  induced  to  vote  for  inde- 
pendence; and  with  this  authority  Mr. 
Chase  returned  again  to  congress  in  sea- 
son to  vote  for  the  declaration.  In  1788 
being  invited,  at  Baltimore,  to  attend  a 
debating  club  of  young  men,  the  indica- 
tion of  talents  by  Wm.  Pinknev,  then 
clerk  to  an  apothecary,  induced  him  to 
patronize  the  young  man, who  ailer wards 
rose  to  great  eminence.  In  the  same 
year  he  went  to  England  as  the  agent  of 
the  state  of  Maryland  to  reclaim  a  large 
amount  of  propo,  'y ,  v^hich  had  been  in- 
trusted to  the  b.'j  ;^  i  England.  At  a 
subsequent  period  the  state  recovered 
650  thousand  dollars.  In  England  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Pitt,  Fox,  and 
Burke.  In  1786  he  removed  to  Balti- 
more at  the  request  of  col.  Howard,  who 
presented  him  with  a  square  of  ten  lotd 
of  land,  on  which  he  built  a  house.  In 
Annapolis  he  had  been  the  recorder  of  the 
city,  and  performed  his  duties  highly  to 
the  acceptance  of  his  fellow  citizens.  In 
1788  he  was  appointed  the  presiding 
judge  of  a  court  for  the  county  of  Balti<. 
more.  In  1 7  90  he  vras  a  member  of  the 
convention  in  Maryland  for  considering 


^^^:\ 


ftf-  S"' 


846 


CHASSE. 


CHAUMONOT. 


the  conatitation  of  the  U.  8.,  which  he 
did  not  deem  sufficiently  democratical. 
In  1791  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  general  court  of  Maryland.  His 
characteristic  firmness  was  manifested  in 
1794,  when,  on  occasion  of  a  riot  and  the 
tarring  and  feathering  of  some  obnoxious 
persons,  he  caused  two  popular  men  to 
be  arrested  as  ring  leaden.  Refusing  to 
give  bail,  he  direi-ted  the  sheriff  to  take 
them  to  prison  ;  but  the  sheriff  was  ap- 
prehensive of  resistance.  "Call  out  the 
posse  comitatus,  then,"  exclaimed  the 
judge.  "Sir,"  said  the  sheriP",  "no  one 
will  serve."  "Summon  me,  then," 
cried  the  judge:  "I  will  be  the  posse 
comitatus,  and  I  will  take  him  to 
jail."  This  occurred  on  Saturday.  He 
demanded  assistance  from  the  governor 
and  council.  On  Monday  the  security 
was  given;  but  on  that  day  the  grand 
jury,  instead  of  finding  a  bill  against  the 
offender,  presented  the  judge  himself  for 
holding  what  they  deemed  two  incom- 
patible offices,  those  of  judge  in  the  crim- 
inal and  general  courts.  But  the  judge 
calmly  informed  them,  that  they  touched 
upon  topics  beyond  their  province. 

In  1796  he  was  appointed  an  associate 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  U.  S., 
in  which  station  he  continued  15  years. 
Tet  in  1804,  at  the  instigation  of  John 
Randolph,he  was  impeached  by  the  house 
of  representatives,  accused  of  various  mis- 
demeanors in  some  political  trials,  as  of 
Fries,  Callender,  &c.  His  trial  before 
the  Senate  ended  in  his  acquittal  March 
5,  1805.  On  5  of  the  8  charges  a  majori- 
ty acquitted  him ;  on  the  others  a  majqr- 
ty  was  against  him,  but  not  the  required 
number  of  two  thirds.  His  health  fai'ed 
in  1811,  and  he  clearly  saw,  that  he  was 
approaching  the  grave.  A  short  time 
before  his  death  he  partook  of  the  sacra- 
ment, and  declared  himself  to  be  in  peace 
with  all  mankind.  He  died  June  19, 
181 1,  aged  70.  In  his  will  he  prohibited 
any  mourning  dress  on  his  account,  and 
requested  a  plain  inscription  on  his  tomb 
of  only  his  name  and  the  date  of  his  birth 
and  death. — Judge  Chase  was  a  man  of 
eminent  talents,aud  of  great  courage  and 


firmness.  But  unhappily  he  was  irascible 
and  vehement.  More  of  humility  and 
more  of  mildness  would  have  preserved 
him  from  much  trouble.  Yet  was  he  a 
zealous  patriot  and  a  sincere  and  affection- 
ate friend,  and  notwithstanding'some  of 
the  impi  rfections  of  man  his  name  de- 
serves to  be  held  in  honor. — A  report  of 
his  trial  was  puh\iihed.—Ooodrieh*$live$; 
Eneye.  Jimer. 

CHASSE,  Pierre  De  La,  a  Jesuit 
missionary,  in  I710conducted  to  Quebec 
a  party  of  Ab^naquis  Indians  from  Maine. 
Their  presence  was  acceptable  to  Vau- 
dreuil,  the  governor.  For  many  years 
before  this  he  had  been  a  missionary. 
About  1730  he  was  superior  general  of 
missions.  In  July  1731  he  wrote  a  letter 
to  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  con- 
cerning the  detention  of  some  Indians  as 
prisoners  in  Boston,  threatening  repri- 
sals. AAer  the  death  of  Rale,  La  Chasse 
requested  of  the  superior  of  the  seminary, 
that  praye.'s  might  be  made  for  the  re- 
pose of  his  soul:  the  old  roan  replied  in 
the  words  of  Augustin,  that  a  martyr  did 
not  need  prayers.  With  the  character- 
istic policy  of  the  Jesuits  he  represented 
to  the  governor,  that  some  measures 
were  requisite  to  attach  the  Indians  in 
Maine  to  the  French, — that  grace  often 
needed  the  co-operation  of  men,  and  that 
temporal  interest  often  servt^  as  the  vehi- 
cle of  faith. — Charlevoix,  ii. 

CHASTELLUX,  F.  J.  Marquis  De, 
was  a  member  of  the  French  academy, 
and  field  marshal  of  France.  He  served 
in  America  in  the  revolutionary  war. 
His  travels  in  N.  America  in  1780-1782 
were  published  at  Paris  in  1786,  and 
translated,  in  two  vols.  1787.  He  pub- 
lished also  a  work  on  public  happiness, 
it  a  translation  of  a  poem  of  Humphreys. 

CHAUMONOT;  Joseph,  a  Jesuit 
missionary  among  the  Indians  of  North 
America,  was  au  Italian.  He  labored 
with  indefatigable  ^eal  for  more  than  half 
a  century  among  the  natives  of  Canada. 
He  was  among  the  Hurons,  who  lived 
north  of  lake  Erie,  as  early  as  1642,  and 
in  the  following  year  spent  some  time 
with  a  tribe  to  the  south  east,  which  was 


?,»ti 


CHAUNCV. 


« 


m^ 


247 


vas  irascible 
imility.  and 
B  preserved 
et  was  he  a 
nd  affection- 
ing'some  of 
lis  name  de- 
-A  report  of 
irtcA'tUvei; 

1a,  a  Jesuit 
id  to  Quebec 
I  from  Maine, 
ible  to  Vau- 
■  many  years 
^  missionary. 
»r  general  of 
wrote  a  letter 
chusetta  con- 
Die  Indians  as 
itening  repri- 
ile.  La  Chasse 
'  the  seminary, 
B  for   the  re- 
aan  replied  in 
kt  a  martyr  did 
the  character- 
[le  represented 
tme   measures 
he  Indians   in 
it  grace  often 
men,  and  that 
t^asthevehi- 
[I. 

Marquis  De, 
ich  academy, 
He  served 
utionary  war. 
in  1780-1782 
in  1786,  and 
7.     He  pub- 
lic happiness, 
ffHumphreys. 
)h,    a    Jesuit 
ins  of  North 
He  labored 
lore  than  half 
of  Canada. 
J  who  lived 
as  1643,  and 
kt  some  time 
k,  which  was 


called  the  neutral  nation,  because  they 
did  not  then  engage  in  the  war  between 
the  Iroquois  and  the  Hurons.    From  the 
li<tter  they  derived  their  origin.    In  the 
year  1655,  when  he  was  the  oldest  mis- 
sionary in  New  France,  he  visited  the 
Onondagas  at  their  request,  av4  made 
a  number  of  converts,  some  of  whom 
were    ttp  principal  men    of  thb  tribe. 
This  mission  however  was  soon  abandon- 
ed, though  it  was  afterwards  resumed. 
About  the  year  1670  he  established  the 
mission  of  Loretto,  three  leagues  north 
east  from  Quebec,  where  he  collected  a 
number  of  Indians  of  the  Huron  tribe. 
The  Hurons  resided  originally  northward 
of  lake  Erie,  and  it  was  in  consequence  of 
the  wars,  in  whioh  they  were  engaged 
with  other  tribes,  that  they  were  induced 
to  go  down  the  St.  Lawrence.     The 
name  of  Hurons  was  given  them  on  ac- 
count oi  the  manner,  in  which  they  dress- 
ed their  hair.    As  they  cut  it  for  the  n'ost 
part  very  short,  and  turned  it  up   in  a 
fantastical  way,  so  as  to  give  themselves 
a  frightful  appearance,  the  French  cried 
out,  when  they  first  saw  them,  "quelles 
hures!"  What  wild  boars' heads!   They 
were  afterwards  called  Hurons.     Cham- 
plain  calls  them  Ochasteguins;  but  their 
true  name  is  Yendats,  with  the  French 
pronunciation.     Their  descendants,  the 
Wyan^pts,  on  the  sout! .  western  side  of 
lake  Erie,  were  in  1809  under  the  care  of 
Joseph  Badger,  a  missionary  from  New 
England,  who  had  been  with  them  two 
or  three  years  with  the  most  fl|ittering 
prospects  of  rescuing  them  from  barbar- 
rism.    Chaumonot  composed  a  grammar 
of  the  Huron  language. — Charlevoix,  i.; 
Uhtv.  Ats<.  xxx^.  457;  Lettrea  edif.  et 
cur.  XXIII.  S13— 316. 

CH  AUNC  YjCharles,  the  second  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college,  was  born  in 
Hertfordshire,  England,  in  1689,  and  was 
the  son  of  Geo.  Chauncy.  He  was  at 
Westminster  school,  which  adjoined 
to  the  parliament  house,  at  the  time  of 
the  gunpowder  plot,  and  must  have  per- 
ished, if  the  scheme  had  been  executed. 
After  leaving  Westminster,  he  was  ad- 
mitted a  student  of  Trinity  college,  Cam- 


bridge, and  attained  the  degree  of  bache- 
lor of  divinity.     He  was  soon  chosen 
professor  of  Hebrew ;  but  the  vice  chan- 
cellor. Dr.  Williams,  wishing  to  bestow 
this  ofRce  upon  a  kinsman,  Mr.  Chauncy 
was  chosen  professor  of  Greek.    He  went 
from  the  university  an  eminent  preacher 
of  the  gospel.    He  was  first  se  ttled  in  the 
ministry  at  Marstow,  but  afterwarda  be- 
came Vicar  ofWareinthe  beginning  of 
1637,  in  which  place  his  success  in  the 
conversion  and  edification  of  souls  was 
remarkably  grea^.      He  had  at  this  time 
serious  objections  to  the  discipline  and  to 
some  of  the  articles  of  the  established 
chureh,&  in  about  two  years  he  began  to 
suffer  for  his  nonconformity  to  the  inven- 
tions of  man  in  the  worship  of  Ood. 
In  1 639  he  was  charged  with  asserting  in 
a  sermon,  that  idolatry  was  admitted  into 
the  church;  that  the  preaching  of  the 
gospel  would  be  suppressed  ;  and  that 
much  atheism,  popery,  arminianism,  and 
heresy  had  crept  into  the  church;    and, 
after  being  questioned  in  the  high  com- 
mission court,  his  cause  was  referred  to 
Dr.  William  Laud,  the  bishop  of  London, 
his  ordinary,  who  required  him  to  make 
a  submission  in  Latin.     He  was  again 
brought  before  the  same  court  in  1635, 
when  Laud  was   archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury.   The  crime,  of  which  he  was  now 
accu8ed,was  opposing  the  making  of  a  rail 
around  the  communion  table  of  his  church 
as  an  innovation  and  a  snare  to  men's 
consciences.  He  was  pronounced  guilty  of 
contempt  of  ecclesiastical  government  and 
of  raising  a  schism,  and  was  suspended 
fVom  his  ministry  till  he  should  make  in 
open  court  a  recantation,  acknowledging 
his  great  offence,  and  protesting  that  he 
was  persuaded  in  his  conscience,  that 
kneeling  at  the  sacrament  was  lawful  and 
commendable,  and  that  the  rail  set  up  in 
the  chancel,  with  the  bench  for  kneeling, 
was  a  decent  and  convenient  ornament, 
and  promising  never  to  oppose  either  that 
or  any  other  laudable  rite  or  ceremony 
prescribed  in  the  church  of  England.    He 
was  sentenced  to  pay  the  costs  of  suit, 
which  were  great,and  to  imprisonment  tilt 
he  complied  with  the  order  of  court. 


4 


vt 


JL^ 


348 


# 


CHAUNCY. 


♦ 


#■• 


Hii  fortitude  failed  him  in  the  midst  of 
his  sufferings,  and  contrary  to  his  con- 
science he  made  the  recantation  Feb.  11. 
For  his  weakness  and  folly  he  ever  re- 
proached himself.     He  soon  repented  of 
his  submission  and  before  he  came  toNew 
Engl,  made  a  solemn  retractation,  vrhich 
was  ailerwards  printed  in  London.      In 
the  preface  of  his  last  will  he  particularly 
laments,  as  "still  fresh  before  him,his  ma- 
ny sinful  compliances  with  and  conformi- 
ty unto  vile  human  inventions,  will  wor- 
ship, superstition,  and  patcberies  stitched 
into  the  service  of  the  Lord,  which  the 
English  mass  book,  the  book  of  common 
prayer,&  the  ordination  of  priest8,&c.  are 
fully  fraught  withal."      He  proceeds  to 
charge  his  posterity  with    the  greatest 
warmth  of  zeal  and  solemnity  oflanguage, 
as  they  would  answer  for  their  conduct  at 
the  tribunal  of  Christ,  "not  to  conform, 
as  he  had  done,  to  rites -and  ceremonies  in 
religious  worship  of  man's  devising  and 
not  of  God's  appointment."       Being  si- 
lenced for  refusing  to  read  the  book  of 
sports,  he  determined  to  seek  the  peacea- 
ble enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  conscience 
in  New  England.      He  accordingly  came 
to  this  country,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth 
a  few  days  before  the  great  earthquake 
of  June  1,  1688.      He  continued  in  this 
town  about  three  years,  assisting  Mr, 
Reyner  in  his  public  labors;    bu).  being 
invited  to  take  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
church  at  Scituate,he  was  again  ordained 
and   continued  in  that  place  about  13 
years,  faithfully  performing  the  duties  of 
the    sacred  office.      The    ecclesiastical 
state  of  England  had  now  assunied  a  new 
appearance,  and  as  his  maintenance  at 
Scituate  was  so  diproportionate  to  the 
necessities  of  1       family,  that  he  was 
sometimes  unable  to  procure  bread,  he  re- 
solved to  accept  the  invitation,  which  he 
received  from  his  people  in  Ware  to  re- 
turn to  them.      One  cause  of  his  difficul- 
ties was  the  opposing  influence  of  Mr. 
Vassall,  which  issued  in  the  establishment 
of  the  second  church.     At  this  period 
Mr.  Chauncy's  wt  rldly  wealth  consisted 
of  a  house  and  about  60  acres  of  land. 
His  predfloessor  at  Scituate  was  John 


Lathrop.  He  went  to  Boston  to  embark 
for  Great  Britain;  but  the  presidentship 
of  Harvard  college  being  at  this  time  v^* 
cant  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Dunster, 
he  was  requested,  Nov.  "2,  1654,  to  accept 
that  office.  As  he  was  of  opinion,  that 
the  baptism  of  infants  and  adults  should 
be  by  immersion,  and  that  the  Lord's 
supper  should  be  celebrated  in  the  eve- 
ning, the  overseers  of  the  collefl  desired 
him  to  forbear  disseminating  his  peculiar 
sentiments.  He  had  no  difficulty  in 
yiekiing  to  their  wishes.  He  was  induc- 
ted into  the  office  of  president  Nov.  37, 
1654,  and  continued  in  this  station  till 
his  death,  Feb.  19,  1673,  aged  81.  He 
left  behind  him  six  sons,  all  of  whom 
were  graduated  at  Harvard  college,  and 
were  preachers.  They  were  Isaac,  a 
graduate  of  1651,  who  was  pastor  of 
Berry  Street  church,  London,  and  had 
for  his  assistant  Dr.  Watts  in  1698,  and 
by  him  was  succeeded  in  1701 ;  Ichabod, 
a  graduate  of  1651,  who  was  chaplain  of 
a  regiment  at  Dunkirk  ;  Barnabas,  a 
graduate  of  1657;  Nathaniel,  a  graduate 
of  1661,  minister  of  Windsor,  who  re- 
moved to  Hatfield  1673  and  died  Nov.  4, 
1686;  Elnathan,  a  graduate  of  1661,  a 
physician  in  T^.>.'ton;  and  Israel.  His 
daughter,  S^ral.  married  G.  Bulkley. 
All,  who  bear  the  name  of  Chauncy  in 
America,  are  probably  his  descendants. 

President  Chauncy  was  a  distii^uished 
scholar,  being  intimately  acquainted  with 
the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  languages. 
He  enjoyed  an  opportunity  of  perfecting 
his  knowledge  of  the  former  by  living  one 
year  in  the  same  house  with  a  Jew.  He 
was  well  versed  also  in  the  sciences,  es- 
pecially in  theology,  whUl  was  his  favor- 
ite study.  To  his  other  acquisitions  he 
added  some  skill  in  physic,  and  thus  he 
was  enabled  to  prescribe  for  bodily  diseas- 
es, as  well  as  to  cure  tho«e  of  the  mind. 
He  presided  over  the  college  with  dignity 
and  reputation,  and  some  of  the  most  em- 
inent meB  in  the  country,  as  Increase 
Mather,  Millard,  Stoddard,  and  judge 
Scwall,  ^ere  educated  under  his  care. 
To  those  students,  who  were  destined 
for  the    ministry,   he  addressed   these 


W 


.^Ki^ 


't  *{#' 


Tlfesi" 


CHA 


^ 


Y/ 


^m 


words;  "when  you  are  youwelvea  inter- 
ested in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  and  his 
righteousness,  you  will  be  fit  to  teach 
others."  When  he  attended  prayers  in 
the  college  hall  in  the  morning,,  he  usual- 
ly expounded  a  cliapter  of  the  old  testa- 
ment, which  was  first  read  from  the  He- 
brew by  one  of  his  pupils,  and  in  the 
evenioM  chapter  of  the  new  testament, 
read  from  the  Greek.  On  the  mornings 
of  the  Lord's  day , instead  of  an  exposition, 
he  preached  a  qermon  of  about  three 
quarters  of  an  hour  in  length.  -Once  a 
fortnight  in  the  forenoon  his  labors  wefre 
enjoyed  by  the' congregation  of  Cam- 
bridge. As  a  preacher  t^e  was  animated 
and  learned,  yet  remarkably  plain,  being 
mindful  of  the  importance  ofaccontnioda- 
ting  himself  to  the  understandings  of  all 
his  hearers.  In  a  letter  to  a  brother  in  the 
ministry  he  advised  him  not  to  use  any 
dark,  Latin  words,  or  ^ny  derived  froih 
Latin,  lest  he  should  not  be  nnderstood,& 
enjoined  it  upon  him  to  be  much  in  prayer 
to  God,  as  the  surest  way  to  success  in 
his  labors.  '  The  subjects,  which  he 
thought  important  to  be  preached,  are 
the  misery  of  the  natural  state  of  man, 
the  necessity  of  union  with  Christ,  and 
the  fruits  of  justifying  faith  in  love  and 
good  works.  He  believed,  that  Jesns 
Christ,  by  suffering  the  full  punishment 
due  tttejhe  sins  of  the  elect,  made  satis- 
factioik  to  divine  justice,  and  that  faith 
justifiea  by  receiving  the  righteousness  of 
the  Savior,  which  is  imputed  to  believers. 
He  was  exceedingly  solicitous  to  exclude 
works  from  any  share  in  the  antecedent 
condition  of  justifi<»tion;  yet  few  insisted 
more  upon  the^eceosity  in  all  the  justi- 
fied. II 

He  was  an  indefatigable  student,  ma- 
king it  his  constant  practice  to  rise  at 
four  o'clock  in  the  morning;  but  his  stu- 
dies did  not  interrupt  his  intercourse  with 
heaven,>for  he  usually  devoted  several 
hours  in  the  course  of  the  day  to  secret 
prayer.  Immediately  after  li^nose  from 
bed,  at  U  o'clodk,  tAiin  the  afternoon, 
and  at  9  he  retired  from  the  world  to  com- 
mune with  the  Fatlier  of  mercieb.  He 
kept  a  diary,  in  which,  under  the  heads 
32 


Sf  sins  and  mercies,  he  recorded  his  im- 
perfections, and  the  blessings, .  which  were 
impfirted  to  him.  His  temper  was  pas-  X' 
sionate,  but  he  endeavored  to  subdue  it, 
and  such  was  his  conscientiou^'ness  and 
self  inspection,  that  when  his  better  reso- 
lutions were  overcome  by  the  warmth  of 
his  feelings,  he  would  immediately  retire 
to  humble  himself  befure  God  iind  to 
sfeek  his  mercy.  He  kept  many  days  of 
fasting  and  prayer,  sometimes  alone,  and 
sometiipes  With  his  family  and  a  few  of 
his  pious  neighbors.  Such  was  his  atten- 
tion to  those,  whose  religious  instruction 
was  more  peculiarly  his  duty,  that  every 
moving  tetfvenin^,  after  hejiad  expoun- 
ded a  chapter  of  the  bible  in  his  family,  he 
would  endeavor  by  suitable  questions  to 
impress  the  truths,  presented,  upon  the 
minds  of  his  children  and  servants. 

This  venerable  man,  when  he  had  trav- 
elled beyond  the  boundaries  of  fourscore, 
was  yet  able  to  preach  and  to  superintend 
the  concerns  of  the  college.  His  friends 
at  this  period  observed  to  him,  as  he  was 
going  to  preach  on  a  winter's  day,  that  he 
would  certainly  die  in  the  pulpit;  but  he 
pressed  more  vigorously  through  the 
snow  drift,  replying,  "how  glad  should 
I  be,  if  this  should  prove  true?"  He  was 
induced  on  account  of  the;  infirmities  of 
age  to  address  to  his  friends  a  farewell 
oration  on  the  day  of  commencement  in 
1871,  after  which  he  sent  for  his  chiklrtq 
and  blessed  them.  He  now  waited  for 
his  departure.  When  he  vfaa  stretched 
on  the  b^d  of  death,  and  the  flame  of  life 
was  almost  extinct,  he  was  desired  by 
Mr.  Oa^es  to  give  a  sign  of  his  hope  and 
assurance  of  future  glory.  The  speech- 
less oki  man  accordingly  lilted  up  his 
hands  towards  heaven  and  his  spirit  soon 
rushed  forthj  and  entered  eternity. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Amos  ii.  1 1 , 
preached  in  the  college  hall  in  1655,  en- 
titled, God's  mercy  shewed  his  people  In 
giving  them  a  faithful  miniatry,&.  schools  ijp 
of  learning  fbr  the  continuance  thereof. 
In  this  sermon  he  speaks  of  the  wearing 
of  long  hair,  particularly  by  students  and 
lAinisters,  with  the  utmost  detestation, 
and  represents  it  as  a  heathenish  practice, 


Hh 


^.' 


«, 


f 


m 


h, 


S50 


%■ 


and  Mone  of  the  crying  aim  or  the 
In  thia  aentimrnt  he  was  supported  by 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  o^ 
that  day.  He  takes  occasion  at  the  same 
time  to  reprehend  the  criminal  neglect  of 
the  people  with  regard  to  the  suitable 
maintenance  of  ministers.  He  published 
also  theialection  sermon,  1656;  and  a  vol. 
of  36  sermons  on  justification,  1 859,  4to. 
He  published  in  166S  the  Antisynodalia 
Americana,  in  opposition  to  the  result  of 
the  Synod  of  1663;  which  made  a  perilous 
innovation  by  admitting  to  baptism  the 
children  of  those,  who  did  not  partake  of 
the  Lord's  supper.  In  his  resistance  he 
had  the  aid  of  Mr.  Davenfort  and;..  In- 
crease Mather.  On  the  other  side  were 
Mr.  Allen  of  Dedham,  who  answered  the 
Antisynodalia,  Richard  Mather,  and  Mr. 
Mitchell. — President  Chauncy's  man- 
uscripts fell  into  the  hands  of  the  widow 
of  his  son,  Nathaniel  Chauncy  of  Hat- 
field, and  as  she  marriii>d  a  Northanp- 
ton  deacon,  who  subsisted  principally 
by  making  and  selling  pies,  these  learned 
and  pious  writings  were  not  suffered  to 
decay.  Being  put  to  the  bottom  of  the 
pies,  they  rendered  goodservice  by  shield- 
ing them  from  the  scorching  of  the  ov- 
en!  By  reason  of  this  sad  fate  of  his  an- 
cestor's manuscripts  Dr.  Chauncy  resol- 
ved to  burn  hie  own  ;  but  he  failed  to  do 
it. — Mather^s  magtutlia,  iii.  133-141  ; 


Col.  hitt.  toe.  IV,  111  ;  X.  SI, 
«.  f.  IV.  346.  B.tuhvBorth?$  hist. 


\t^ 


IV.  138; 

171-180 

eol.  II.  84,  316;  Neal't  N.  E.,  i.  387- 

S90;  Hutehituon,u'ib9;  Holmes,  i.  SG3, 

S64. 

CHAUNCY,  Israel,  minister  of  Strat- 
fbrdyCon.,  the  son  of  president  dhauncy, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1661 
•nd  ordained  at  Stratford  in  1665.  At 
his  ordination,  elder  Brinsmead,  one  of 
the  lay  brethren,  assisted  in  imposing 
hands,  and  wore  his  mittens ;  on  which 
account  the  episcopalians  called  the 
induction  "the  leather-mitten  ordina- 
tion." It  is  probable,  that  elders  or  min- 
isters also  imposed  their  hands  on  him 
and  that  this  was  not,  as  in  the  car  3  of 
Mr.  Carter,  a  purely  lay  ordination.  He 
died  March  14,  1703,  aged  68,  leaving 

•    '>  ■■♦' 


PHAUNCY. 

'* 

land,   two  sons,  Charles  and  Isaac,  whose  poa* 
terit>  are  in  England. 

CHAUNCY,  Isaac,  minister  of  Had- 
ley,  Massa.;  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1693,  otdained  Sept.  9,  1696, 
&died  May  3,  1745,  aged  74.  His  wife, 
probably  his  second  wife,  was  i.he  widow 
of  Rev.  Nathan  Metcalf  of  Falmouth, 
Massa.,who  died  about  17'J5.  i|udaugh- 
ter  married  Rev.  Mr.  Graham  or  South- 
bury,  of  whom  Rev.  Dr.  Chauncy  Lee  of 
Marlborough,  Con.,  is  a  grandson. — He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  John 
Williams  of  Deerfield,  June  13,  1739, 
which  displays  very  considerable  learning 
and  taste,  uncommon  for  the  time. 

CHAUNCY,  Nathaniel,  minister  of 
Durham,  Con:  v-'as  ihe  son  of  Nathaniel 
Chauncy,  minister  of  Windsor  and  Hat- 
field. He  was  in  t]}e  first  class  at  Yale 
college,  all  of  whom  were  ministers,  and 
graduated  in  !703.  He  was  ordained 
Feb.  7, 171 1  and  died  Feb.  1,  1756.  His 
successor  was  Elizur  Goodrif;h.  From 
1746  to  1752  he  ^vasa  trustee  of  the  col- 
lege. He  published  the  election  sermon 
inl7l9,al80inl734.— 3Vuin6u«,  1.  530. 

CHAUNCY,  Charles  d.  d.,  minister 
in  Boston,  was  born  in  that  town  Janua- 
ry 1, 1705,  and  was  a  descendant  of  pre- 
sident Chauncy.  Mr  Farmer  mistakes  in 
saying,  that  he  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Charier  C.  of  Stratfield.  He  was  the  son 
of  Mr.  Charles  C,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
wlio  died  about  1713.  His  father  was, 
not  the  youngest  son,  as  Di.  Eliot  repre- 
sent'«,  but  the  eldest  son  of  Rev.  Isaac 
Chauncy  of  London.  Entering  Harvard 
college  at  twelve  years  of  age,  he  receiv- 
ed his  first  degree  in  J731.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  thirst  church  in 
Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Foxcroft, 
Oct,  35,  1727.  After  enjoying  for  a  few 
years  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Clarke,  he  died 
Feb.  10,  1787,  in  the  SSd  year  of  his  age, 
and  the  60th  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  learning,  and  for  the  spirit 
of  indepei^nce,  which  marked  his  inqui- 
ries. Beiiig  placed  by  divine  providence 
in  a  situation,  which  afforded  him  much 
leisure,  lie  was  diligent  in  his  search  al- 
ter truth.    He  formed  the  resolution  to 


CHAUNCY. 


V* 


.^<. 


whow  po«- 

iter  of  Had- 
at  Harvard 
ipt.  9,  1696, 
I.    His  wife, 
,s  ihe  widow 
)f  Falmouth, 
..  ttgdaugh- 
im  or  South- 
launcy  Lee  of 
randson. — He 
leath  of  John 
ne   19,  1729, 
rable  learning 
»e  time. 

1,  minister   of 
I  of  Nathaniel 
deor  and  Hat- 
L  claaa  at  Yale 
ministers,  and 
was  ordained 
1,1756.    His 
(dri(;h.     From 
itee  of  the  col- 
slection  sermon 
umbull,  1.  530. 
D.  D.,  minister 
at  town  Janus- 
cendant  ofpre- 
ner  mistakes  in 
son  of  Rev. 
He  waslheson 
hant  of  Boston, 
lis  father  was, 
)i.  Eliot  repro- 
of Rev.  Isaac 
itering  Harvard 
age,  he  receiv- 
rai.     He  was 
irst  church  in 
Mr.  Foxcroft, 
)ying  for  a  few 
Clarke,  he  died 
'car  of  his  age, 
_jtry.    He  was 
|nd  for  the  spirit 
irked  his  inqui- 
ine  providence 
[ded  him  mnch 
_  bis  search  al- 
ia resolution  to 


see  n^r  himself,  to  understand,  if  possible, 
ail  tiie  articles  M  liis  creed,  and  not  to 
teach  for  the  doctrines  of  Christ  the  com- 
mandments of  men.    The  result  of  his 
inquiries  in  some  instances  did  not  corres- 
pond with  the  opinions,  embraced  gener- 
ally by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  ;  but 
he  adopted  them  after  patient  investiga- 
tion, and  he  believed  them  himself  to  be 
founded  on  the  scriptures.    His  favorite 
authors  were  Tillotson  and  Baxter.  Soon 
ntter  Mr.  Whitefield  came  to  thiscountry, 
when  his  preaching  was  attended  with 
very  remarkable  effects,  and  many  disor- 
ders accompanied  the  refdrmation  produ- 
ced. Dr.  Chauncy  stood  forth  in  opposi- 
tion to  him.    He  could  not  easily  admit, 
that  any  good  could  be  done  by  an  itin- 
erant preacher,  "who  played  the  bishop  in 
another  man's  parish,"  as  he  rendered  I. 
Peter,  iv.  12,  "and  who  went  out  of  his 
proper  line  of  thinge."    Believing,  that 
the  welfare  of  the  churches  was  endanger- 
ed, he  travelled  several  hundred  miles  to 
collect  facts,  and  published  in  1743  his 
seasonable  thoughts  on  the  state  of  reli- 
gion in  New  England,  in  which  he  givea 
a  faithful  picture  of  the  uncharitableness, 
enthusiasm,  and  confusion,  which  prevail- 
ed in  different  parts  of  the  country.    He 
attacked  wh  A  was  worthy  ofrepreheneion ; 
but,  Uke  most  men'  of  strong  passionb,  by 
dwelling  constantly  upon   the  picture, 
which  he  was  drawing,  he  almost  forgot, 
that  different  and  more  pleasant  objects 
might  be  presented  to  the  eye.    Such 
men  as  Golman,  Sewall,  Prince,  Cooper, 
Foxcroft,  and  Eliot  agreed  with  him  in 
reprehending  and  opposing  tho  extrava- 
gancies, which  he  had  witnessed ;    but 
they  had  different  views  of  the  general  re- 
ligious state  of  the  country,  and  thought 
it  their  duty  to  express  "their  full  per- 
suasion, that  there  had  been  a  happy  and 
remarkable  revival  of  religion  in  many 
parts  of  the  land  through  an  uncommon 
divine  influence."    Di.  Chauncy  in  his 
work  endeavors  to  distinguish  the  nature 
of  true  religion.    He  represents  the  new 
creation  as  wrought  in  the  minds  of  sin- 
ners by  the  Spirit  of  God  in  different 
ways;8ometimes  as  accompanied  by  terror. 


and  sometimes  as  exciting  Uttle  agitation  ( 
but  as  always  evincing  itself  by  the  iVuiu 
of  holiness.  As  a  remedy  for  the  evito, 
which  he  recorded,  he  enforces  it  upon 
his  brethren  as  their  most  sacred  duty  to 
discourage  and  oppose  all  itinerant  preach- 
ing  in  places,  where  ministers  were  settled. 
He  recommends  also  a  more  strict  exami- 
nation of  candidates  fqt  theministry,  and 
the  revival  of  discip'ine  in  the  churches. 
In  regard  to  Mr.  Whitefieb],  than  whom 
there  was  never  a  more  disinterested  man, 
it  was  suggested,  that  vanity  might  have 
been  the  cauto  of  his  incessant  travels  in 
Great  Britain  and  America,  and  that  in 
soliciting  subscriptions  he  might  have 
had  "a  felk)W  feeling  with  the  orphans  in 
Georgia." 

Dr.  Chauncy  was  ardently  attached  to 
the  civil  and  religious  liberties  of  his  cotin- 
try.  After  the  death  of  Dr.  Mayhew  he 
followed  in  his  steps  in  withstanding  the 
schemes  of  episcopalians.  He  published 
1767  remarks  upon  a  sermon  of  the 


in 


bishop  of  LandaflT,  in  which  pamphlet  be 
expressed'his  fears,  that  the  appointment 
of  bishops  for  America,  as  was  projected, 
would  be  followed  by  attempts  to  promote 
episcopacy  by  force.  He  then  aidds,  "it 
may  be  relied  on,  our  people  would  hot 
be  easy  if  restrained  in  the  exercise  of 
that  liberty,  wherewith  Christ  hath  made 
them  freft  ;  yea,  they  would  hazard  every 
thing  dear  to  them,  their  estates,  their 
very  lives,  rather  than  sufi&r  their  necks 
to  be  put  under  that  yoke  of  bondage, 
which  was  so  sadly  galling  t'>  heir  fathers, 
and  occasioned  their  retre.'  nto  this  dis- 
tant land,  that  they  might  enjoy  the  free- 
dom of  men  and  christians."  A  contro- 
versy on  the  subject  with  Dr.  Chandler 
succeeded,  Rud  in  his  reply  to  him  he  cb- 
•^  ;- es,  "it  is  with  me  past  ak^  doubt,  that 
tne  religion  of  Jesu;-  will  never  be  restor- 
ed to  its  primitive  j  sHy,'  8i|np!icity,  and 
glory,  until  religious  establishments  are  so 
brought  down,  as  to  be  no  more."  In 
1771  he  published  his  complete  view  of 
episcopacy  from  the  fathers,  a  work, 
which  does  him  great  honor.  And  which 
in  the  opinion  of  many  has  settled  the  con- 
troversy. 


m- 


#A 


i'A 


CHAUNCY. 


mriri 


He  wa.s  kn  honest  patriot,  and  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  en> 
^  tered  warmly  into  those  measures,  which 
WRre  cunaidered  necessary  to  vindicate 
our  rights,  aiid  which  wer»-  founded  in 
justice  and  dictated  by  wisc'i  m.  During 
the  war  he  was  a  most  incirahle  whig. 
So  firmly  was  he  cn'vinced  of  the  justice 
of  our  cause,  that  ha  used  to  \uiy,  lie  had 
no  doubt,  if  human  exertions  were  inef«  i 
feetual,  that  a  host  of  angei,-:  would  be ' 
sent  to  assist  us.  When  a  snn.e  was 
excited,  and  some  doubts  were  expressed 

*  respecting^  the  p-issibility  of  such  an  ally, 
he  persisted  in  his  assertion,  adding,  that 
he  knew  it.  His  mind  was  indeed  of  a  pe- 
culiar s'ifrr>p.  In  con-  ei'sation  lie  WBsapt 
tolw  vt>h''r!ti»)!t  md  eaiavagaut ;  a  little 
opposltici'  vjoaUetsilj'  kindles  flame;  but 
in  his  wuMtfn  Uk  •  .jjs:* '3  nii.re  ailm  and 
collected,  }\::  vrnr^  ivKiierteti  ibr  the  ex- 
cellence 0.''  h;s  J^ifttcter;  /wing  honest 
BHd  sincere  ir<  hiss  .iitefcOur.'e  with  his  fel- 
tov-  mert,  kind,  end  charitable,  and  pious. 
I^issiumlation,  which  was  of  all  things 
rooui  foreign  to  his  nature,  was  the  object 
of  his  severest  >  invective.  His  language 
•mtiii  reiroarkably  plain  and  pointed,  when 
he  spoke  against  fraud  either  in  public  bo- 
dies. Of  indiridunis-  Paper  money,  ten- 
der acta,  and  every  specits  cf  knavery 
met  his  severest  reprehenaioii  both  in  his 
public  discourses  and  in  private  conversa- 
tion. No  company  could  restrain  him 
from  the  honest  expression  of  hia  senti- 
ments. In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  ap- 
peared to  those,  who  were  near  him,  to 
be  almost  wholly  engaged  in  devotional 
exercises. 

^  Dr.  Chauncy's  publications  are  numer- 
ous. The  following  is  a  list  of  them. 
Funeral  sermons  from  1731  to  1769  oh 
Sarah  Byfield,  Elizabeth  Price,  Nathaniel 
Qyfiflid,  Jonathan  '^Villiums,  Lucy  Wal- 
do, Cornelius  Thayer,  Anna  Foncrofl, 
Edward  Gt»y,  Dr.  Mayhew,  Mr.  Fojt- 

|jt  crofl,  and  Dr.  Sew&ll ;  se>-mon8  at  the  or- 
dination of  Thomas  Frink,  Joseph  Bow- 
man, Penuel  Bowen,  and  Simeon  How- 
ard ;  a  serinon  bef  v  he  artillery  compa- 
ny, 1734  ;  on  reti;;'  'compulsion,  17S9; 
on  the  new  cre^   -iv  ,  on  an  unbridled 


tongue  ;  on  the  gifVs  of  the  Spirit'^)  min- 
isters, 1743  ;  on  the  ojdbouring  of  the 
Holy  Ghofit ;    against  enthusiasm  ;  ac- 
count of  the  French  i>ro;  hdU  ic  a  letter 
to  a  friend,    1742;  t.tugoiiable  thciirhta 
on  the  state  of  religi  tn  in  '':ii.  '-f  Engl  ind> 
8vo,  174S ;  a  uonveiaian  ac .  avm,  1744  j  • 
thanksgivirf  sermon  on  the  ivyl-vctior  of 
cape  Brett  1,   1745,  a  lettes"  u>  f?'M:ge 
Wh  icefield  ;  a  second  •;:!*ter  to  the  same  ; 
n  iiirmon  on  lae  rebelirJ.i  in  ikvor  of  the 
pret  ■  !der,1748  ;,  cLction  sermon,!  747  ;a 
se<'nu)U  for  encouraging  industry  ;  1763 ; 
on  murdlei,    l754  ;  ou  tlie  earthcoukf , 
1755;  inacc^'unt  of  me  Ohio  defeat,  17 'J  5} 
a  particular  p.airMive  of  thf  t.'ef«>'.  ♦  of  the 
Flrench   arrf   u!,    kke  Oeorge,      (56; 
sermon  on  tlic  earthquakes  in  Spain,  &e. 
1756;  the  opinion  of  one,who  has  perused 
Clark's  summer  morning's  conversation, 
1759  ;  a  Dudleian  lecture  on  the  validity 
of  presbyterian  ordination,  1763  ;  twelve 
sermons  on  seasonable  and  important  sub- 
jects, particulaly  referring  to  the  Sande- 
manian  doctrines,  fivo,  1765;  a  thanks- 
giving sermon  on  tt.e  repeal  of  the  stamp 
act,  1766  ;  on    tru^t  in  God  the  duty 
of  a  people,  &c.  ;  on  all  things  in  common 
1773;  on  the  accursed  thing,1778 ;  an  ac- 
count of  the  French  prophets  in  a  letter 
to  a  friend ;  remarks  on  the  bishop  of  Lan- 
dafPs  sermon,    1767  ;    answer   to  Dr. 
Chandler's  appeal,  1768 ;  reply  to  Dr. 
Chandler's  appeal  defended,  1770 ;  a  com- 
plete view  of  episcopacy  from  the  fathers, 
8vo,l771  ;fiveserraonsonthe  Lord's  sup- 
per, 1772;  a  just  representation  of  the 
sufferings  and  hardships  of  the  town  of 
Boston,  1774  ;  the  mystery  hid  from  ages, 
or  the  salvation  of  ail  men,  8vo,  1784  ; 
this  has  been  answered  by  Dr.  Edwards ;, 
the  benevolence  of  the  Deity  eoiisfdered, 
8vo,  1785;  five  dissertations  on  the  fall 
&nd  its  consequences,  8vo.  1785  ;  a  ser- 
mon on  the  return  of  hia  society  to  their 
house  of  worship,  n ":  r  it  had  undergone 
repairs. — Clarke'  :'>(■..  ssttn.  ;  Miller,  ii. 
368. 

CHAUNCY,  . :;.  .,  i,t.D.,  a  judge 
of  the  suji;  .o  c  of  Connecticut ,  was 
a  deecenda-  c  ='  j  v.ident  Chauney,  and 
was  born    .-.   Di.rnam,  Con.,  June    11, 


ml 


if'! 


,'^l'f*f4"W 


CHECKLEY. 


:^1T^,-T:>?nr') 


piritHb  niin- 
iring  of  the 
uaiasro  ;  tc- 
s  ir  a  letter 
)le  Ihcnjj'hte 
'V  Etjgl  »nd, 
ivm,  17i-l }  • 
i.'yi'votior  ol* 
i  oj  G-a-oigc 
to  the  same  ; 
n.  favor  of  the 
mon,l747  ; » 
luBtry  J 1762 } 
le  earthc  ouke , 
adefeat,"l75i5» 
prfeS'^r*  of  the 
eorgej    .  *5B  } 
iA  Spain,  &c. 
lio  has  perused 
conversation, 
on  the  validity 
,  I76a  ;  twelve 
important  sub- 
to  the  Sande- 
765 ;  a  thanks- 
al  of  the  stamp 
God  the  duty 
ngs  in  common 
ig,1778 ;  an  ac- 
hetB  in  a  letter 
bishop  of  Lan- 
^nswer   to  Dr. 
;  reply  to  Dr. 
,1770;  a  com- 
Tom  the  fathers, 
[the  Lord's  sup- 
Untation  of  the 
[of  the  town  of 
hid  from  ages, 
in,  8vo,  1784  ; 
Dr.  Edwards  •, 
»ty  considered, 
|ons  on  the  fall 
1785  ;  a  ser- 
Bociety  to  their 
had  undergone 
;  Miller,  n* 

tt.D.,  a  judge 

|onnecticut,WB8 

Chauncy,  and 

Jon.,  June    lli 


1747.  "tVithcut  the  advantages  of  a  pub- 
lic education  he  studied  law  with  J.  A  Hill- 
hou«e,and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  inl768. 
In  1189  hewas  appointed  judge  ;but  in  I79S 
he  resigned  his  seat  on  the  bench,  and 
retired  from  the  business  of  the  courts, 
tho>  he  afterwards  gave  lectures  to  a  class 
of  studenti  at  law.  He  was  also  delight- 
fully employed  in  educating  his  children. 
He  died  at  New  Haven  April  18,  1833, 
aged  75  years.  His  thirst  for  knowledge 
was  unquenchable.  In  legal  science  his 
investigations  were  profound,  and  he  was 
well  skilled  in  various  departments  of  lit- 
erature, history,  civil  policy,  and  theolo- 
gy. Having  thoroughly  studied  the  ev- 
idencrs  of  Christianity,  he  obtained  a  set- 
tled conviction,  that  the  Bible  is  the  word 
of  God.  In  searching  the  scriptures  be 
was  led  to  embrace  the  tenets,  in  which 
most  of  the  protestant  churches  are 
agreed.  He  early  made  a  profession  of 
religion.  As  he  advanced  in  years,  he  had 
serene  anticipations  of  the  future,  com- 
mingled with  grateful  recollectionb  of  the 
past  His  was  not  a  querulous  old  age. 
With  deep  emotion,  as  he  approached  the 
grave,  he  reviewed  and  acknowledged  the 
divine  goodness  to  himself  and  his  family, 
and  then  sunk  to  rest  with  the  hope  Of 
awaking  to  the  ineffiible  glories  of  heaven. 
—Chritt.  tpeetator,  v.  985,  SS6. 

CHECKLEY,John,episcopal  minister 
atProvideace,  was  born  in  Boston  about 
1680.  His  parents  came  from  England. 
At  the  supreme  court,  held  in  Boston 
Nov.  'Vl,  1734  Le  was  fined  bOl.  for  pub- 
liiitiing  a  libel ;  this  was  a  reprint  in  1733 
of  Leslie's  "Short  and  easy  method  with 
the  deists,"  with  the  addition,  written 
by  himself,  of  a  "Discourse  concerning 
episcopacy,  in  defence  of  Christianity  and 
the  church  of  England  against  the  deists 
and  dissenters,  London,  j?';.'^."  In  this 
hen:(!''ly  'u  ;kcd  '.ha  clergy  and  people 
of  New  V.  ^gi«nd,  with  b^me  -inloyal  allu- 
sionr  .he  family  on  the  ih  one.  In 
172'  lie  went  to  England  for  orders,  in- 
tending to  settle  at  Marblehead  ;  but  the 
bishop  of  London  refused  to  ordain  him 
in  consequence  of ';i3tters  from  Mr.Bamiard 
and  Mr.  H^''yoke,  descHbing  him   as 


without  a  liberal  educatk)n,  a  non-juror, 
and  a  bitter  enemy  to  christians  of  other 
persuasions.  ,    Bishop  Gibson  said,  he 
would  never  ordain  an  uncatholic,  unloy- 
al  man,  so  obnoxious  to  the  people  of 
New  England.      Afterwards  the  bishop 
of  t^xeter  ordained  him  and  sent  him  to 
Narragansett.     He  went  to  Providence 
in  1739  and  preached '  also  onoe  a  month 
at   Warwick  and  Attleborough.      He 
died  in  1753,  aged  73.     He  was  a  wit,  a 
classical  scholar,  skilful  also  in  Hebrew 
and  Narragansett  Indian  ;   but  he  was 
more  remarkable  for  the  eccentricities  of 
his  temper  and  conduct,  than  for  piety 
and  learning.    He  published  Choice  dia- 
togues  about  predestination,  1715;  this 
was  answered  by  Tho.  Walter,  who  de- 
fended the  calvinistic  doctrine  ;  it  was  re- 
published, "with  an  answer  by  a  strip- 
ling," 1720.  Th»  Modest  proof  of  the  or-  " 
der  of  the  churches,  17'i7,  which  introdu- 
ced the  episcopal  controversy  in  Mass., 
and  which  was  answered  by  Wigglea- 
worth  and  Martin  Mar  Prelate,  is  suppo- 
sed to  have  been  written  by  him.      He 
published  his  Speech  upop  his  trial  &c., 
3d.  edit.  1738,  and  the  same  in 'London, 
1738,  probably  to  propaote  his  views  as 
to  ordination. — Hist,  eol.  viii.  77;  BSiot. 
CHECKLEY,  Samuel,    minister    in 
Boston,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1715.     He  was  ordained'the  first 
minister  of  the    new  south  .  church  in 
Summer  street  Nov.  33,  1719,  and  died 
Deo.  1,  1769,  in  the  fifty  first  year  of  his 
ministry,  aged  73.      His  colleague,  Mr. 
Bowen,  who  was  settled  in  1766,  survi- 
ved him;  but  was  dismissed  in  1773.     In 
the  following  year,  Mr.  Howe  was  ordai- 
ned his  successor.      Mr.  Checkley's  son, 
Samuel,  was  minister  of  the  old  north 
church  from  1747  tol768.— In  his  preach- 
ing he  was  plain  and  evangelical.      The 
great  subject  of  his  discourses  was  Jesus 
Christ,  as  a  divine  person,  and  as  the  end 
of  tb«  law  for  righteousness  to  nil.  that 
b  'ieve.      He  frequently  dwelt  upon  ihe 
fail  of  man,  the  necessity  of  tiie  infjuencea 
of  the  Spirit  of  God,  the  freeness  and 
richness  of  divine  grace,  the  necessity  of 
regeneration,  justification  by  faith,&  faith 


t 


154       CHEESHAHTEAUMUCK. 

u  the  gill  of  God.  He  was  c^~"'<\il  also 
to  Insist  upon  the  importance  oi>' (he  chris- 
tian virtues.  Theise  he  exhihited  in  his 
own  life.  Discountenancing  all  parade  in 
religion,itgavo  him  pleasure  to  encourage 
the  humble  and  diffident.  As  he  did  not 
consider  it  of  little  importance, whst  prin- 
ciples were  embraced,  he  was  tenacious  of 
his  sentiments.  During  his  last  sickness 
he  enjoyed  the  supports  of  religion,  and 
anticipated  the  blessedness  of  dwelling 
with  his  Savior,and  with  his  pious  friends, 
who  had  been  called  before  him  into  eter- 
nity. Renouncing  his  own  righteous- 
ness, he  trusted  only  in  the  merits  of 
Christ.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  king  George  I,  1737*,  of  Rev. 
Wm.Waldron,  1727;  of  Lydia  Hutchin- 
son,  1748;  at  the  election,  1755. — Bow- 
en'tfun.  serm.;  Collect,  hiat.  toe.  in. 
861. 

CHEESHAHTEAUMUCK,  Caleb, 
the  only  Indian,  who  ever  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  rer^pived  his  degree  in 
1665  and  died  at  Charlestown  in  1666, 
aged  30. 

CHEETH4M,  James,  editor  of  the 
American  citizen  at  New  York,died  Sept. 
19,  1810,  aged  87.  He  published  \  Re- 
ply to  Aristides,  1804;  the  life  of  Thomas 
Paine,  1809. 

CHEEVER,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  in- 
structer  was  born  in  London  Jan.  25, 
1615,  and  came  to  this  country  in  June 
1687  for  the  sake  of  the  peaceable  enjoy- 
ment of  christian  worship  in  its  purity. 
He  was  first  employed  as  a  schoolmaster 
at  New  Haven  for  12  years;  then  at 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  11  years;  and  afterwards 
at  Charlestown  9  years.  He  removed  to 
Boston  Jan.  6,  1671,  where  he  continued 
his  labors  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  He  died  Aug.  21,1708,  aged  93. 
Most  of  the  principal  gentlemen  in  Bos- 
ton at  that  time  had  been  his  pupils,  and 
took  pleasure  in  acknowledging  their  ob- 
ligations and  honoring  their  old  master. 
He  was  not  only  an  excellent  teacher,  but 
a  pious  christian.  He  constantly  prayed 
with  his  pupils  every  day,  and  catechised 
them  every  week.  He  a '  o  took  frequent 
occasions  to  address  the  :  upon  religious 


»''.m'> 


CHESTER. 


%ii 


subjects.  Being  well  acquainted  wiih  di> 
vinity,  he  was  an  able  defender  of  the 
faith  and  order  of  the  gonpel.  In  hi#  old 
age  his  intellectual  powers  were  very  lit- 
tle impaired.  The  following  extracts 
frotn  an  elegy  upon  him  by  Cotton  Math- 
er, one  of  his  pupils,will  show  the  esteem, 
in  which  he  was  held,  and  may  serve  also 
as  a  specimen  of  the  poetry  of  the  age. 

"A  mighty  tribe  of  well  imtructeH  youth 
Tell  what'theyowe  to  bim,  andlell  with  truth. 
All  the  eight  partaofitpeech,  be  taught  to  them, 
They  now  employ  to  trumpet  hii  e«teem.— 
Magiiter  pleatM  them  well  booauie  'twaa  he ; 
They  say,  that  bonui  did  with  it  i\gree. 
While  they  laid  amo,  they  the  hint  improve 
Him  for  to  make  the  object  of  their  love. 
No  concord  lo  inviolate  they  knew, 
Alto  pay  honors  to  ibeir  master  due. 
With  interjections  li.ey  break  otTat  last, 
But,  ah  is  all  they  use,  wo,  and  alas!" 

He  published  an  essay  on  the  millen- 
nium and  a  Latin  accidence,which  passed 
through  20  editions. — Mather's  fun. 
term,  and  elegy;  Hutehimon,  ii.  175; 
Hilt,  eol.  Tin.  66. 

CHEEVER,  Samuel,the  first  minister 
of  Marblehead,  was  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, &  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1 659.  In  Nov.  1668  he  first  visited  the 
town,  in  which  he  was  afterwards  settled, 
when  the  people  were  few.  He  continued 
preaching  with  them  16  years  before  his 
ordination.  Higginson,  Hubbard,  and 
Hale  a88iste4  in  ordaining,  him,  Aug.  13, 
1684.  He  received  Mr.  Barnard  as  his 
colleague  in  1716.  He  died  in  1724,  when 
he  was  85  years  of  age.  He  possessed 
good  abilities,  and  was  a  constant  and 
zealous  preacher,  a  man  of  peace  and 
of  a  catholic  mind.  Never  was  he  sick. 
For  fifty  years  he  was  not  taken  off  from 
his  labors  one  sabbath.  When  he  died, 
the  lamp  of  life  fairly  burned  out.  He 
felt  DO  pain  in  his  expiring  moments. — 
He  published  the  election  nermon,  1712. 
—Coll.  hilt.  Soe.  VIII.  65,  66;  x.  168. 

CHESTER,  John,  colonel,  an  officer 
in  the  army  of  the  revolution,  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college  in  1766.  He  was 
among  the  brave  m**;.,  vho  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Bunkei*  hill  in  IT?-  ^n  August 
1801,  after  the  accession  ot   •.      >fferson 


CHEW,  --i  i»!  ^ 


CHILDS. 


to  the  pretideney,  he  wm  removed  ftom 
the  office  of  Supervisor  of  Connecticut. 
He  died,  deeply  lamented,  at  Wethers- 
field,  Con.,  the  residence  of  his  ances- 
tors, Nov.4, 1 809,  aged  60.  His  son,  John 
Chester,  d.  o.,  minister  in  Albany,  died, 
full  of  faith  and  hope,  at  Philadelphia  Jan. 
13,  1829,  aged  4S. 

CHEW,  Samuel,  chief  justice  of  New- 
castle, lie.  in  Penns.,  was  a  Quaker  and 
a  physician,  and  died  June  16,  1744.  Of 
great  influence  over  the  quakers,  his  death 
was  deemed  an  essential  loss  to  the 
province.  His  speech  to  the  grand  ju- 
ry of  Newcastle  on  the  lawfulness  of  de- 
fence against  an  armed  enemy  was  pub- 
lished in  1741,  and  republished  in  1775. 
For  this  he  was  reproached  in  a  Philadel- 
phia paper  as  au  apostate  and  a  time-serv- 
er, and  as  having  been  "hired  by  Balak 
to  curse  Israel."  He  replied  with  be- 
coming dignity  and  spiriL 

CHEW,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of 
Penns,.  was  tho  son  of  the  preceding  and 
born  in  Maryland  Nov.  39,  1733.  He 
studied  law  with  Andrew  Hamilton  ;  also 
in  London.  On  his  return  he  settled  on 
the  Delaware,  and  in  1754  removed  to 
Philadelphia.  Of  this  city  he  was  recor- 
der from  1755  to  1772  ;  also  register  of 
wills.  The  office  of  attorney  general  he 
resigned  in  1766.  In  1774  he  succeeded 
William  Allen  as  chief  justice ;  but,  be- 
ing opposed  to  the  revolution,  he  retired 
fVom  public  life  in  1776.  Appointed  in 
1790  president  of  the  high  court  of  errors 
and  appeals,  he  continued  in  that  station 
till  the  abolition  of  the  court  in  1 806.  He 
died  Jan.  30,  1910,  aged  87.  His  first 
wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of  Samuel  Gal- 
loway of  Maryland ;  his  second  was  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Oswald  ;  she  died  about 
1809,  aged  85.  One  of  his  dst'.ghters 
married  in  1768  Alexander  Wilcox. — 
Jenniaon. 

CH'LP  iHobert,  a  phyAfcian,  was  edu- 
cated at  Padua,  and  came  to  Massachu- 
setts as  early  as  -  644.  His  object  waii  i 
explore  the  ">  u  f  this  country.  i\ 
1646  he  anc  >  '<'  cansed  disturba;ice  ii 
the  colony  by  j  petrion,  supposed  to 
have  originate]  with  W^'lliam  Vassall,  in 


which  he  complained,  that  the  fundamen- 
tal laws  of  England  were  disregarded,  and 
that  free-born  Englishmen,  if  not  mem- 
bers of  one  of  the  churches,  were  denied 
civil^  privileges,  and  debarred  from.  chri»> 
tian  ordinances.  He  prayed  for  redress, 
and  threatened  to  apply  to  parliament. 
He  was  summoned  before  the  court  ac- 
cused of  "false  and  scandalous  passages" 
&c,  and  fined  50  pounds.  His  trial  is  re- 
lated by  Winthrop.  When  he  was  about 
to  proceed  to  England  with  his  com- 
plaints, he  was  apprehended,  and  suffered 
a  long  imprisonment.  His  brother,  maj. 
J/ohn-Child  of  England,  in  his  indignation 
published  a  pamphlet,  entitled,  New  Eng- 
land's Jonas  cast  up  at  London,,  contain- 
ing Child's  petition  to  the  court  &c,  1647. 
This,  which  is  reprinted  in  3  Hist.  col. 
IV.,  was  answered  by  Winslow  in  the 
"Salamander," alluding  to  Vassell,"aman 
never  at  rest,  but  When  he  was  in  the  fire 
pf  contention."  The  reason  of  the  title  of 
"Jonas"  was  this,  as  we  lei>.rn  from  the 
paper ;  when  the  ship,  in  which  VaSsall 
proceeded  to  Eng'indin  1646,  was  r  xut 
to  sail.  Cotton  in  his  Thursday  leci.re 
said,  th  .'.  writings,  carried  to  Englanii 
against  this  country,  would  be  aa  Jonas 
in  the  ship,  and  advised  Uie  ship-master, 
in  case  of",  storm,  to  search  the  chests  and 
throw  over  any  such  Jonas.  There  was 
astotm  I  a  good  woman  at  midnight  fen- 
treated  Tho.  Fowie,  if  he  had  a  petition, 
to  give  it  to  her.  Me  according  gave  iier, 
not  the  petition  to  parliament,  but  a  ropy 
of  the  petition  to  the  general  court.  This 
was  thrown  o.  erboard ;  yet  a  copy  of  the 
same  nad  a  petition  to  parliament  were 
safely  cast  up  at  London. —  Winthrop  j  '^ 
Hist.  eol.  IV.  107-130. 

CHILDS,  Timothy,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  was  born  at  Deerfield  in 
Feb.  .1748,  and  passed  several  years  at 
Harvard  co.Uege.  Having  studied  phy- 
sic under  Dr.  Williams,  he  commenced  , 
the  practice  at  Pittsfield  in  1771,  In 
the  political  controversy  with  Great  Bri- 
tain he  engaged  with  zeal.  In  1774  he 
was  chi>irman  of  a  co'nmittee  of  the  town 
to  petition    the  justice  of   the    court 


CHiPMAN. 


CHITTENDEN. 


of  oommon  pleu  to  lUy  all  prooeed- 
ingi  till  certain  oppreMive  acta  of  (wrlia- 
Bwnt  ahould  be  repealed.  When  the 
newa  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  was 
reoeived,  he  inarehe<^  t<  'oii^ti  with  a 
company  of  minut'  .  <^.  v  ,i  newaa 
enrolled  in  thf  "e^eJing  yi.'ni.  Biing 
aoon  appointed  iiur)$eunofcol.  Patterson's 
regiment,  he  n'companied  the  army  to 
New  York  aad  thence  to  Montreal.  In 
17T7  he  returned  to  his  practice  in  Pitts- 
field,  in  which  he  continued  till  his  death. 
For  several  years  he  was  a  repreaenta'ivf 
in  tho  general  court,  and  also  a  senator. 
In  hib'  politics  he  warmly  supported  the 
republican  party,  which  came  into  power 
w  <'h  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the 
p  .  idencyin  1801.  He  died,  Feb.  35, 
lP!/l,aged73.  Till  within  a  few  days 
of  his  death  he  attended  to  the  active  du- 
ties of  his  profession,  in  which  he  was 
eminent.  Great  and  general  confidence 
was  reposed  in  his  skill.  He'  had  alway» 
been  the  ipporter  of  religious  institu- 
tions, thougli  not  a  professor  of  religion : 
in  his  last  sickness  he  earnestly  besoug  it 
the  divine  mercy,  and  spoke  of  the  blood 
and  righteousness  of  Christ  as  the  only 
h(^ofa  sinner. —  Thaeher'$  med.  biog.-; 
Hilt.  Berkshire,  880. 

CHI?MAN,  John,colonel,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  was  an  officer  in  the  regi- 
ment of  col.  Seth  Warner,  was  engaged 
in  the  battles  of  Bennington  and  H^'hbard- 
ton,'and  subsequently  comroaaded  fort 
George,  which  he  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render to  a  supei 'c.  iorce  of  Tories,  Tm- 
dians,  and  British.  He  felled  the  first 
tree  in  Middlebury,  Vermont,  in  \i%l  ; 
and  there  he  died  in  Se^^t.  1839,  aged's?. 

CHIPMAN;  Waid,  judge  of  the  sr 
preme  <;ourt  of  New  Br un3wick,and  pres- 
ident of  the  province,  was  a  native  of 
Massa.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  ''oilege 
in  1770.  He  died  at  Frederickto  Feb. 
9,  1834.  Mrs.  Gray  of  Boston  >  his 
sistter.  His  son,  Ward  Chipnw.i,  is  a 
distinguished  citizen  of  New  Bnumwick. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  first  gov- 
ernor of  Vermont,  was  born  af  East 
Guilford,  Conn.,  in  1730.  His  mother 
was  sister  of  Rev.  Dr.  Johnson.     He 


received  a  conmon  aohool  education, 
which  at  thatperiod  contributed  but  little 
to  the  improvement  of  the  mind.  Agree- 
ably to  the  custom  of  New  England  he 
married  early  in  life,  when  in  his  30th 
year,  and  soon  removed  to  Salisbury. 
Here  he  commanded  a  regiment.  He 
many  years  representetl  the  town  in  the 
general  assembly,  and  thus  acquired  that 
knowledge  of  public  business,  which  after- 
ward rendered  him  eminently  useibl  in 
Vermont.  The  office  of  a  justice  of 
^r  the  'bounty  of  Litehfieki  made 
him  acquainted  wiih  the  laws  of  the 
state  and  the  manner  of  carrying  them 
into  effect.  Though  destitute  of  learn- 
ing, his  good  sense,  affability,  kindness, 
and  integrity  gained  him  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow  citizens ;  and  the  highest 
honors,  which  a  retired  town  could  be- 
stow, were  given  him.  His  attention  was 
principally  directed  to  agriculture,  and 
he  labi  red  personally  in  the  field.  With 
a  numerous  and  growing  fkmily,  a  mind 
formed  for  adventures,  and  a  firmness, 
which  nothing  could  subdue,  he  deter- 
mined to  lay  a  foundatiori  '•'  the  future 
prosperity  of  his  children  by  emigrating 
to  the  New  Hampshire  grants,  as  Ver- 
mont was  then  called.  He  accordingly 
in  1774  removed  to  Williston  on  Onion 
river.  An  almost  trackless  wiklerness 
now  separated  him  from  his  former  resi- 
dence. Here  he  settled  on  fine  land(«, 
which  opened  a  wide  field  for  industry, 
and  encouraged  many  new  settlers.  In 
the  year  1776  the  troubles,  occasioned  by 
the  war,  rendering  it  necessary  for  him 
to  remove,  he  purchased  an  estate  in  Ar- 
lington, and  continued  in  that  town  until 
1787,  when  ha  returned  to  Willipton.  In 
the  controversy  with  N.  Yo'k,  he  was  a 
fitjthful  adviser  and  a  strong  supporter  of 
the  feeble  settlers.  During  the  war  of 
the  revolution,  while  Warner,  Allen,  and 
many  others  were  in  the  field,  he  was  as- 
siduously engaged  in  the  council  at  home, 
where  he  rendered  essential  service  to  his 
country.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention, which  January  16  1777  declared 
Vermont  an  independent  state,  and  was 
appointed  one  of  the  committee  to  com- 


( 


CHRISTMAS. 


municate  to  congreM  the  proceeding!  oC 
the  inhabitiiiits,  and  to  solicit  for  their 
district  an  adnuaaion  into  the  union  of  the 
American  atates.  When  the  powers  of 
government  were  assumed  by  this  state, 
and  a  constitution  waa  established  in 
1778,  the  eyes  of  the  freemen  were  im- 
mediately fixed  on  him  as  their  gover- 
nor; and  in  that  arduous  and  difficult  office 
he  continued,  one  year  only  excepted, 
until  his  death.  From  the  year  1780 
till  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  during  a 
period,  in  which  the  situation  of  Vermont 
was  peculiarly  perplexing,  he  displayed  a 
consummate  policy.  The  state  was  not 
acknowledged  by  the  congress,  and  they 
were  contending  on  the  one  hand  for  in- 
dependence, and  on  the  other  hand  they 
were  threatened  by  the  British  forces 
from  Canada.  A  little  management  was 
necessary  to  promote  the  interests  of 
this  district.  A  correspondence  was  open- 
ed with  the  enemy,  who  were  flattered 
for  several  years  with  the  belief,  that  the 
people  of  Vermont  were  about  to  subject 
themselves  to  the  king  of  England  ;  and 
thus  a  meditated  invasion  of  the  territory 
WPS  averied,  and  the  prisoners  were  re- 
stored. At  the  same  time,  the  possibility 
that  Vern^ont  would  desert  the  cause  of 
America  was  hekl  up  to  congress,  and  by 
i.lii)'  meaiis  probably  the  settlers  were  not 
required  to  submit  to  the  claims  of  New 
York.  '  ich  was  the  politic  course, 
which  he  thought  it  necessary  to  pursue. 
— He  enjoyed  very  good  health  until 
about  a  year  before  his  death.  In  Oct. 
1796  he  took  an  aflecting  leave  of  hia 
compatriots  in  the  general  assembly,  im- 
ploring the  benediction  of  heaven  on 
them  and  their  constituents.  He  died 
Aug.  34,  1797,  aged  87  years. 

Governor  Chittenden,  though  an  illit- 
erate man,  possessed  great  talents.  His 
discernment  was  keen,  and  no  person 
knew  better  how  to  effect  great  designs, 
than  himself.  Though  his  open  frank- 
ness was  sonutimes  abused,  yet  when 
secrecy  was  required  in  order  to  accom- 
plish his  purposes,  no  misplaced  confi- 
dence made  them  liable  to  be  defeated. 
His  negotiations  during  the  war  were 
33 


master  strokes  of  polio,  .  He  posaesaed  a 
peculiar  talent  in  reconciling  thejurrimg 
interests  among  the  people.  The  impor- 
tant services,  which  he  rendered  to  hi« 
country,  and  especial!  v  to  Vermont,  make 
hia  name  worthy  of  honorable  remem- 
brance. He  lived  to  see  astonishing 
changes  in  the  district,  which  was  almost 
a  wilderness,  when  he  first  removed  to  it. 
Instead  of  a  httle  band  of  assiviites  he 
could  enumerate  100,000  persoiis,  whose 
interests  were  intrusted  to  his  care.  Ho 
saw  them  rising  superior  to  oppression, 
braving  the  horrorF>  of  a  foreign  war,  and 
finally  obtaining  a  recognition  of  their  in- 
dependence, and  an  admission  into  the 
United  States  of  America. — He  waa  con- 
spicuous for  iiis  private  virtues.  In  timet 
of  scarcity  and  distress,  which  are  not' 
unfrequent  in  new  settlements,  he  dis- 
played a  noble  liberality  of  spirit.  Hi* 
granary  was  open  to  all  the  needy.  He 
was  a  professor  of  religion,  a  worshipper 
of  God,  believing  in  the  Son  to  the  gloiy 
of  the  Father.  Several  ci  his  letters  to 
congress  and  to  general  Washington 
were  published. — Monthly  anthology,  i. 
490-492;  Willianu'  rermonf,  383-377 ; 
Oraham'i  sketch  of  Vermont,  135-137. 
CHRISTMAS,  Joseph  S.,  minister  at 
Montreal,  when  he  was  in  college  had  a 
passion  for  painting,  to  which  art  he  in- 
tended to  devote  his  life ;  but  becominf 
religious,  he  resolved  to  be  occupied  in 
more  important  and  useful  toils.  Hia  fa- 
ther was  very  solicitou8,that  he  ahouU  b« 
a  physician,  &  made  all  the  arrangementa 
for  his  entering  upon  the  study  of  physic: 
the  son  was  constrained  by  r,  'sunse  (^re- 
ligious duty  to  disappoint  tho  p.«temai 
hopes.  He  studied  theol>^y  at  Prince- 
ton. In  1834  he  went  to  Canad;^  and  was 
ordained  as  the  firstminister  of  the  Amer- 
ican presbyterian  society  in  Montreal. 
Here  he  labored  amidst  many  difficulties, 
with  considerable  success  for  upwards  of' 
3  years,  when  his  ill  health  compelled  hini 
in  1838  to  ask  a  dismission.  In  thllA 
year  he  addressed  to  his  people  a  iViwueUi 
letter,  affectionate,  faithful,  and  aMB,,da-^ 
ted  at  Danbury,  Con.  In  183ft  h^  wack 
called  to  drink  deep  in  the  cup  of  &iIUctk)ak 


m 


CHURCH. 


r>r  Aral  ho  lont  both  hit  child  rrn,  and 
then,  Aug.  9th,  hit  wife,  Louiu  .lonet, 
■bo  died,  leaving  him  •ingularly  deaolate 
in  retpect  to  the  world,  yet  joyful  in  God, 
his  Savior.  He  had  the  consolation  of 
knowing,  that  his  wift,  though  through 
mueh  tribulation,  as  is  usually  the  lot  of 
the  righteous,  departed  in  christian  peiwie. 
"  Oh  I  beware  of  the  worM  5"  was  her 
counsel.  "  How  deeply  am  I  convinced, 
that  the  worldly  intercourse  ofproi^ing 
Christians  id  utterly  wrong  I  Itcnts  out 
the  very  heart  of  pioty. — Soelt  not  the 
things,  which  ore  your  own,  bnt  tNngf , 
which  are  Jeaus  Christ*!).'^  This  bereave- 
ment was  perhaps  the  means  of  preparing 
him  for  heavenly  bliss.  Oct  14, 1930  he 
was  installed  the  pastor  of  Bowery  church 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  Bnt  here  he 
was  allowed  to  toil  in  the  cause  of  his 
Master  only  a  few  months  \  for,  after  an 
illness  of  only  8  or  4  days,  he  died  March 
14,  1*830,  aged  97.  He  was  a  faithful 
and  able  ]>reBcher  of  the  gosnel.  Two 
revfvals  of  religion  occurred  during  his 
ministry  at  Montreal..  His  vigorous  in- 
tellect and  cultivated  taste  were  eonferoll- 
ed  and'  directed  by  ardent  piety..  While 
rising  high  in  the  (Hihlie- esteem,  he  was 
snatched  away  fi'ora  his  toils.  Of  his 
wife  afv  interesting  sketch  appeared  in 
the  N.  Y.  Observer.  Hie  own  life  was 
written  by  Eleazer  Lordi  He  published 
Valedictory  admonitiomi,  or  a  farewell  let- 
ter to  his  society  in  Montreal,  1838. — 
Bo$t.  Retorder,  SepL  M,  1839. 

CHURCH,  Benjamiiv,  distinguished 
by  his  exploits  in  the  Indikn  wars  of  New 
England,  was  born  at  Duxbwy,  Mass. 
in  16S9.  He  was  the  first  Englishman, 
who  commenced  the  settlement  at  Saco- 
net  or  Sekonit,  sinee  called  Little  Comp- 
ton.  His  life,  which  was  frequently  ex- 
posed to  the  greateel  dangers,  was  by 
divine  providence  remarkably  preserved. 
In  the  year  1678,  when  in  pursuit  of  king 
Philip,he  vms  engaged  with  the  Indians  in 
a  swamp.  With  two  men  by  his  side, 
who  were  his  guard,  he  met  three  of  the 
enemy.  EUich  of  bis  men  took  a  prison- 
er, but  the  other  Indian,  who  was  a  stout 
fellow  with  his   two  locks  tied  up  with 


red  and  a  great  rattle  snake's  skin  hang- 
ing from  his  hair  behind,  ran  into  the 
swamp.  Church  pursued,  and  as  h« 
approached  him  presented  his  gun,  but  it 
missed  fire.  The  Indian,  being  equally 
unsucceosAil  in  his  attempt  to  discharge 
his  gun,  turned  himself  to  continue  his 
flight,  but  his  foot  was  caught  in  a  small 
grape  vine  It  he  fell  on  his  face.  Church 
instantly  atruck  him  with  the  muxzle  of  his 
gun  li  despatched  him.  Looking  about  he 
saw  another  Indian  rushing  towards  him 
with  ineipressible  Airy  ;  but  the  fire  of 
his  guards  preserved  him  from  the  dan- 
ger. After  the  skirmish  his  party  found 
they  had  killed  and  taken  178  men.  At 
night  they  drove  their  prisoners  into 
Bridgewater  pound,  where,  having  a 
plenty  of  provisions,  they  passed  a  merry 
night.  Col.Church  commanded  the  party^ 
which  killed  Philip  in  August,  1676. 
When  it  was  known,  that  the  savage 
monarch  was  shot,  the  whole  company 
gave  three  loud  huzzas.  Church  ordered 
him  to  be  beheaded  and  quartered,  and 
gave  one  of  his  hands  to  the  friendly  In- 
dian, who  shot  him.  The  government 
of  Plymouth  paid  SQ  Shillings  a  head  for 
the  enemies  killed  or  taken  aad  Philip's 
head  went  at  the  same  price. 

In-  Sept.  1689: he  was  commiosibned  bf 
Hinkley,  president  of  the  Plymouth  colo- 
ny, as  eommander  in  chief  of  an<  expedi- 
tion against  the  Eastern  lodians ;.  and 
commissioned  alsoby  Danforth,  president 
of  tiie  province  of  Maine,  and  bj^  Brad- 
street,  governor  of' Massachusetts.  He 
soon  embarked  and  proceeded  to  Oasso 
with  350  men,  partly  Soconet  and  Cape 
Indians.  He  arrived  at  a  critical  moment, 
for  several  hundred  French  and  Indians 
were  then  on  an  island,  having  oomein 
80  canoes.  The  next  day  he  repubed 
their  attack  on  the  town,  with  the  loss  of 
10  or  13  men.  He  afterwards  visited 
all  the  garrisons  (it  Black  Point,  Spur- 
wink,  and  Blue  point,  and  went  up  the 
Kennebec.  On  the  approach  of  winter 
he  returned  to  Boston.  In  May  folktwing 
Casoofell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
100  persons  being  captured.  The  whole 
country  was  desolated. 


'4>'(li>UIJ    t\ 


CHUIICH. 


tj>  A  *m9t*\am 


m-» 


SM 


He  proo«edail  on  a  MCondMiMditioii  in 
8«pt.l690,  and,  landing  at  Maquoit,went 
to  PegyiMcot  fort,  in  firunawicli,  and 
thence  up  the  river  40  or  50  'miles  to 
Ameraaoogrn  fort,  near  the  great  iklla, 
where  he  took  a  few  priaonen,  and  det- 
troyed  much  corn.  He  put  to  death  aeT- 
eral  of  the  prisonem,  women  and  chil- 
dren, atrange  as  it  may  aeem  in  the  prev- 
ent age,  "for  an  example!"  The  wives 
of  Hakina  of  Pennacook  and  of  Worumbo 
were  spared. — He  returned  to  Winter 
Harbor,  and  thence  went  again  to  Pegyp- 
acot  plain  to  obtain  a  quantity  of  beaver, 
hid  there.  At  Perpodack  he  had  an  en- 
gagement with  the  Indians.— In  his  third 
expedition  in  1693  he  accompanied 
Phipps  to  Pemaquid.  He  also  went  up 
the  Kennebec  and  destroyed  the  Indian 
fort  and  the  corn  at  Taconoc.  In  his 
fourth,  in  1696,  he  went  to  the  Penob- 
scot end  to  Passamaquoddy.  The  French 
houses  at  Chignecto  were  burnt;  for 
which  he  was  blamed.  He  was  soon 
superseded  by  col.  Hawthorne  of  Salem. 
His  fifth  and  lost  expedition  was  ear- 
ly in  1704.  The  burning  of  Deerfield  in 
Feb.  awakened  the  spirit  of  this  veteran 
warrior;  and  he  took  his  horse  and  rode 
70  miles  to  offer  his  services  to  gov. 
Dudley  in  belialf  of  his  country.  He  did 
much  damage,  in  this  expedition,  to 
the  French  and  Indians  at  Penobscot  and 
Passamaquoddy. — After  Philip's  war  he 
lived  first  at  Bristol;  and  then  at  Fall  riv- 
er, now  Troy;  and  lastly  at  Saconet.  In 
his  okl  age  he  was  corpulent.  A  fall 
from  his  horse  was  the  cause  of  his  death. 
He  died  Jan.  17,  1718,  aged  77,  and  was 
buried  with  military  honors.  He  was  a 
man  of  integrity  and  piety.  At  the 
gathering  of  the  church  in  Bristol  by 
Mr.  Lee  he  was  a  member,  and  his  life 
was  exemplary.  He  had  5  sons;  and  of 
his  descendants  some  now  live  in  Little 
Compton  and  Boston.  His  son,  Thomas 
Church,  compiled  from  his  minutes  and 
under  his  direction  a  history  of  Philip's 
war,  which  was  published  in  1716;  a  sec- 
ond edition,  1772;a  4th,with  notes,  by.S. 
G.Orake,  1 837.— CAurcA'«  narrative;  Ae- 
eounl  0/  Church  annexed  to  it;  Holmes. 


CHURCH,  Benjamin,  a  physician  in 
Boston,  regarded  as  a  traitor  to  his  eoun- 
try,  WBs'graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1754,  and  having  atudied  with  Dr.  Pyn- 
chon,  rose  to  consklerable  eminence  u  a 
physician  and  particularly  as  a  surgeon. 
He  had  talents,  genius,  and  a  poetic  fan- 
cy. About  the  year  1768  he  built  him  an 
elegant  house  at  Raynham,  on.  the  sM«  of 
Nippahonsit.  pond,  allured  perhaps  by  the 
pleasures  of  fishing.  Perhaps  it  was  thus, 
that  he  created  a  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ment, which  led  to  his  defection  from  the 
cause  of  his  country.  In  the  earnest  dis- 
cussions, which  preceded  the  war  of  the 
revolution  he  was  a  zealous  whig,  and 
the  associate  of  the  principal  whigsin  Bos- 
ton. In  1774  he  was  a  member  of  the 
provincial  congress  ;  and  is  suspected  of 
communicating  intelligence  to  gov.  Gage 
and  of  receiving  a  reward  of  his  treachery. 
One  of  his  students,  who  kept  his  books, 
and  knew  his  embarrassment,  could  not 
otherwise  account  for  his  sudden  acqui- 
sition of  some  hundreds  of'new  British 
guineas."  In  Boston  he  was  in  frequent 
intercourse  with'capt.  Price,  a  half  pay 
British  officer^  and  with  Robinson,  one  of 
the  commissioners.  A  few  days  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington  in  Apr.  1775,  when 
he  was  at  Cambridge  with  the  commit- 
tee of  safety,  he  suddenly  declared  his 
resolution  to  go  into  Boston  the  next  day : 
he  went  to  the  house  of  gen  Gage.  At 
length  his  treachery  was  detected.  A 
letter,  written  in  cypher,  to  his  brother  in 
Boston,  was  intrusted  by  him  to  a  young 
woman,  with  whom  he  was  living  in 
crime.  The  mysterious  letter  was  found 
upon  her ;  but,  the  doctor  having  oppor- 
tunity to  speak  to  her,  it  was  only  by  the 
force  of  threats,  that  the  name  of  the  wri- 
ter was  extorted  from  her.  When  gen. 
Washington  charged  him  with  his  Ixisc- 
ness,  he  never  attempted  to  vindicate 
himseIC  He  was  convicted  by  court  mar- 
tiol  Oct.  S,  of  which  Washington  was 
president,  "of  holding  a  criminal  corres- 
pondence with  the  enemy."  He  was  im- 
prisoned at  Cambridge.  Oct.  27  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  of  the  house  ol  representa- 
tives and  examined.    His  defence  was  ve- 


fflO 


CHURCHMAN. 


\  \'V4^i..k.M  t 


CLAIBORNE. 


ry  ingfeniouB  and  able ;  that  the  letter  was 
dcwgncd  for  hi8brother,but  th8t,not  being 
•Mt,  he  had  communicated  no  intelli- 
genee;  that  there  was  nothing  in  the  letter 
but  notorious  facts;  that  his  exaggerations 
of  the  American  force  could  only  be  de- 
signed to  favor  the  causa  of  his  country ; 
and  that  his  object  was  purely  patriotic. 
He  added— "the  warmest  bosom  here 
does  not  fl&me  with  a  brighter  zeal  for  the 
security,  happiness,  audjliberties  of  Amer- 
ica, than  mine."  His  eloquent  professioas 
did  not  avail  him.  He  was  expelled  from  the 
house  ;  and  congress  afterwards  resolved, 
that  he  should  be  confined  in  jail  in  Con- 
necticut &  "debarred  the  use  of  pen,  ink, 
and  paper."  In  1776  he  was  released  and 
albaM  to  sail  for  the  West  Indies ;  but 
the  vessel  was  never  again  heard  of.  His 
own  well  wiv.ten  account  of  his  examina- 
tion and  defence  is  in  the  first  vol.  of  the 
hist,  collections.  It  ih  very  possible,  that 
his  sole  motive  was  the  supply  of  his  pe- 
cuniary wants,  occasioned  by  his  extrava- 
gance, and  that  he  communicated  nothing 
very  injurious  to  his  country  ;  but  that 
he  held  correspondence  with  the  enemy 
there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt.  Nor  is  the 
patriotism  of  any  man  to  be  trusted,  who 
lives  in  the  flagrant  violation  of  the .  ules 
of  morality. 

He  wac  the  best  of  the  poetic  contribu- 
tors to  the"  Pietaaet  GratulatioCantabrig- 
iensis  apud  Novanglos,"  on  the  accession 
of  George  in,  4to,  106  pages.  Among 
the  other  writers  were  Sam.Cooper,  judge 
Lowell,  and  Stephen  SeWall.  He  pub- 
lished also  an  Eiegy  on  the  times,  1765 ; 
elegy  on  Dr.  Mayhew,  1766 ;  elegy  on 
the  death  of  Whitefield,  1770 ;  oration  on 
the  5th  March  in$.—'Oordon,  ii.  134  ; 
Hitt.  eol.  I.  84 ;  v.  106  ;  £/to(;  Thaeh- 
er't  med.  Hog. 

CHURCHMAN,  John,aquaker  and 
fi  native  ofMaryland,  published  a  magnetic 
atlas,  and  explanation,  Phil.,  1790  ;  also, 
at  London,  Magnetic  atlas,  or  variation 
charts  of  the  globe.  He  died  at  sea  July 
84, 1805.— Lord' L«»;». 

CILLEY,  Joseph,  general,  an  officer 
ofthe  revolution,  was  born  at  Notting- 
ham, N.  H.  in  1735,  of  which  place  his 


father,  capt.  Joseph  C,  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  in  1737.     With  but  little 
education,  he  became  a  self  taught  law- 
yer in  consequence  of  living   amongst 
a  litigious  people.    Elarly  in  1775,  before 
the  war,  he  with  other  patriots  disman- 
tled the  fort  at  Portsmouth  and  removed 
the  cannon.    Immediately  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Lexington  he  marched  at  the  head 
of  100  volunteers.    Congress  nominated 
him  a  major  in  the  army  in  May  1775,and 
afterwards  colonel.    At  Ticonderoga  he , 
commanded  a  regiment  in  July  1777. 
He   fougiit  at  the  storming  of  Stony 
Point  under  Wayne,  and  at  Monmouth. 
After  the  war  he  was  appdinted  first  ma- 
jor general  of  the  militia,  June  33,  1786, 
and  he  served  the  state  in  various  de- 
partments of  the  government.      From 
this  time  he  advised  the  people  to  com- 
promise their  law  suits.    He  died  of  the 
colic  in  Aug.  1799,  aged  64.    He  was  a 
man  of  temperance,  economy,  and  great 
industry.     His   judgment    was  sound. 
With  strong  passions  he   was  yet  frank 
and  humane.    In  politics  he  was  a  deci- 
ded republican,  a  supporter  ofthe  admin- 
istration of  Mr.  Jefferson. — BeUi.  i.  370. 
CLAIBORNE,  WiUiam  C.  C,  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  was 
bom  in  Virginia  in  1773  and  was  proba- 
bly a  descendant  of  Wm.  C,  an  early 
settler  in  Virginia  and  distinguished  in 
the  history  of  that  colony  from   about 
1630  to  1651. — Being  bred  a  lawyer,  he 
settled  in  Tennessee,  of  which  state  he 
assisted  in  forming  the  constitution  in 
1796,  and  was  afterwards  a  member  of 
congress.    His  appointment  of  governor 
of  the  Mississippi  territory   he  received 
from  Mr.  Jefferson  in  1803,  in  the  place 
of  Sargent.    After  the  purchase  of  Lou- 
isiana he  was  appointed  in  1804  its  gov- 
ernor; and  to  that  office  under  the  con- 
stitution he  was  also  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple from  1813  to  1816.     James  Villere 
succeeded   him. — Elected  a  Senator  of 
the  U.  S.,  he  did  not  live  to  take  his 
^eat.    He  died  at  New  Orleans  Nov.  33, 
1817.    As  chief  magistrate  he  was  up- 
right and  populor,  and  esteemed  in  pri- 
vate life.— iSa/em  reg.;  horde's  Letnpr. 


CLAIR. 


^ 


1^ 


I  one  of  the 
th  but  little 
taught  Jaw- 
ng   amongst 
1775,  before 
iots  disman- 
ind  removed 
ifter  the  bat- 
[  at  the  head 
88  nominated 
Slay  1775,and 
iconderoga  he 
I  July  1777. 
ing  of  Stony 
I  Monmouth, 
nted  first  ma- 
imed, 1786, 
n  various  de- 
ment.    From 
eople  to  com- 
le  died  of  the 
4.    He  was  a 
my,  and  great 
t    was  sound, 
was  yet  frank 
he  was  a  deci- 
r  of  the  adroin- 
—Belk.  I.  »70. 
m  C.  C,  gov- 
Louisiana,  was 
id  was  proba- 
.  C.,  an  early 
istinguished  in 
ly  from   about 
I  a  lawyer,  he 
hich  state  he 
ionstitution  in 
a  member  of 
it  of  governor 
y  he  received 
2,  in  the  place 
rchase  of  Lou- 
1804  Its  gov- 
nder  the  con- 
n  by  the  peo- 
Jaraes  Villere 
a  Senator  of 
e  to  take  his 
ins  Nov.  2S, 
he  was  up- 
[eemed  in  pri- 
trd'a  Lempr. 


CLAIR,  Arthur  St.,  gen.,  was  born  at 
Edinburgh,  and  came  to  this  country 
with  admiral  Boscawen  in  1755.  He 
served  as  a  lieutenant  under  Wolfe.  Af- 
ter the  peace  he  was  ?.ntrwsted  with  the 
command  of  fort  Ligonier  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. Here  he  settled  as  «  citizen.  In 
the  revolutionary  war  he  espoused  the 
American  cause.  In  1776  he  accompa- 
nied the  troops  to  Canada;  and  afterwards 
was  in  the  battle  of  Trenton.  He  was 
appointed  by  congress  brigadier  general 
in  Aug.  1776,  and  major  genera!  Feb.  19, 
1777.  Commanding  at  Ticonderoga, 
when  Burgoyne  approached,  he  evacua- 
ted that  post  July  6,  1777.  A  court  of 
inquiry  honorably  acquitted  him  of  char- 
ges of  cowardice  and  treachery.  He  had 
not  troops  enough  to  man  the  lined.  Had 
he  listened  to  the  counsels  of  rash  he- 
roes, his  army  would  have  been  sacrificed. 
He  afterwards  joined  the  army  of  Greene 
at  the  south.  On  the  occurrence  of  peace 
he  returned  to  Pennsylvania,  from  which 
state  he  was  sent  a  delegate  to  congress 
in  1784.  In  1787  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  Congress.  Of  the  territory 
northwest  of  the  Ohio  he  was  appointed 
governor  in  Oct.  1789,  and  held  the  place 
till  1803.  In  1791  he  was  appointed 
commander  in  chief  of  the  forces, .  to  be 
employed  against  the  Indians.  He  pro- 
ceeiied  to  the  neighborhood  )f  the  Miami 
villages  and  encamped  Nov.  3,  with  1400 
men.  The  next  morning,  soon  after  the 
men  were  dismissed  from  the  parade,  the 
Indians  commenced  the  attack,  and  in- 
stantly put  to  flight  the  militia,  who  were 
encamped  a  little  in  advance.  The  reg- 
ular troops  fought  bravely  several  hours, 
repeatedly  charging  with  the  bayonet; 
l)Ut  the  Indians  still  poured  in  a  deadly 
Ire.  Several  officers  had  fallen,  among 
vhom  was  gen. Butler  and  maj. Ferguson; 
lalf  the  army  had  been  killed  or  wounded ; 
nd  the  terror  became  so  great,  that  St. 
:iair  found  it  nece&sary  to  retreat.  They 
^ere  pursued  only  4  miles,  when  the 
ndians  returned  to  plunder  the  camp;  but 
le  troops  fled  precipitately  30  miles,  and 
len  continued  the  retreat  to  fort  Wash- 
igton.  The  loss  was  38  officers  killed  and 


593  men,31  ofiicers  wounded  k  343  men. 
The  Indian  force  was  supposed  to  be 
from.lOOO  to  1500.  The  Indians  said,they 
had  4000^men  and  lost  56.  There  was 
no  ground  of  censure  on  St.  Clair  for  this 
defeat  He  was  ready  for  the  attack. 
Eight  balls  passed  through  his  clothes. 
The  next  year  he  resigned  his  military 
commission,  and  gen.  Wayne  succeeded 
him. 

Ohio  was  erected  into  an  independent 
state  in  1803.  As  the  election  of  gover- 
nor approached,  in  an  address  to  the  peo- 
ple, Dec.  9, 1803,  St.  Clairdeclined  being- 
a  candidate  for  governor.  He  says,  that 
for  14  years,  since  the  first  institution  of 
the  territorial  government,  in  which  liv- 
ed only  30  men,  he  had  endeavored  to  ex- 
tend the  liberty  and  promote  the  happi- 
ness of  the  people,  neglecting  his  -own 
private  afiairs.  He  reprobated  the  act  of 
congress,  imposing  certain  conditions,  as 
allowing  but  one  member  of  congress,  &c, 
&  called  upon  the  people  to  make  a  consti- 
tution in  their  own  way,  and  to  imitaii» 
the  spirit  of  Vermont.  This  address  was 
probably  ofiensive  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  who 
removed  him  from  his  ofllce  of  territorial 
goveriior.  He  died  at  Laurel  Hill,  Penn- 
sylvaula,  in  Aug.  31,  1818,  aged  84 
years. 

By  a  statement  made  in  1 835,  it  appears 
that  St.  Clair  advanced  in  Oct.  1776  to 
maj.  Wm.  Butler  of  the  Pennsylvania 
troops  1800  dollars  to  aid  in  the  re-enlist- 
ment of  soldiers.  This  claim  was  barred ' 
by  the  statute  ;  but  it  was  adjusted  in 
1817  by  the  payment  :  nly  of  3000  dollars, 
on  condition  of  releasing  congress  from 
all  claims.  The  pennyless '  general  sub- 
mitted. There  was  granted  him  also  the 
half  pay  of  a  maj.  general,  or  60  dollars 
per  month,  which  he  enjoyed  but  a  short 
time,  being  then  83  years  old.  It  would 
seem,  that  if  he  left  children,  they  have 
claims  on  congress,  for  as  Edward  Ever- 
ett has  remarked  in  the  house  of  represen- 
tives,  there  is  no  way  to  settle  a  just 
claim,  except  by  the  honest  payn^ent  of  it. 
The  annuity  of  2500  dollars  for  life  to  ba- 
ron Steuben,  and  the  payments  to  the 
daughters  of  ccunt  de  Grasse  and  to  lady 


363 


.I* 


CLAP. 


Stirlinsf  w«re  honond>le  to  congresa.— 
N.  Y.  Speet.  Jan.  36,  1803;  Lord'i 
L«mpr. 

CLAP,  Roger,one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Dorchester,  Mass.  was  born  in  England 
April  6,  1609,  and  came  to  this  country 
with  Warham  and  Maverick  in  1630. 
At  this  time  there  were  only  a  few  settlers 
at  Plymouth,  Salem,  and  Charlestown. 
Mr.  Clap  with  others  of  the  company  be- 
gan a  plantation  at  Dorchester.  The 
hardships  endured  at  first  were  very  con- 
siderable, as  there  was  a  great  want  of 
the  necessaries  of  life  ;  the  Indians,  how- 
ever, who  brought  baskets  of  corn  for 
traffic,  afibrded  great  assistance.  The 
people  were  glad  to  procure  clams,  and 
muscles,  and  fish ;  and  often  they  had 
nothing  but  samp,  or  hominy.  Mr. 
Clap  sustained  several  civil  and  military 
ofiices.  He  was  a  representative  of  the 
town,  and  in  Aug.  1665  he  was  appointed 
by  the  general  court  the  captain  of  castle 
William.  This  trust  he  discharged  with 
great  fidelity,  and  contmued  in  command 
till  1686,  when  he  resigned.  During  his 
residence  at  the  castle  he  officiated  as 
chaplain,  always  calling  in  the  soldiers  to 
family  prayer.  He  constantly  attended 
the  lectures  in  Boston.  While  he  was 
remarkably  pious,  very  meek  and  humble, 
and  of  a  quiet  and  peaceable  spirit,  there 
was  a  dignity  in  his  deportment,  which 
commanded  respect.  He  possessed  also  a 
pleasant  and  cheerful  disposition.  In  1686 
he  removed  from  the  castle  into  Bos- 
ton, where  he  died  Feb.  3,  1691,  aged 
81.  Among  his  sons  are  the  namds  of 
Preserved,  Hopestill,  and  Desire,  and  one 
of  his  daughters  was  named  Wait.  Mr. 
Preserved  Clap  was  one  of  ihe  early  set- 
tlers of  Northampton,  and  died  Sept.  30, 
1730,  aged  about  77  years.  Gapt.  Clap 
wrote  memoirs  of  himself,  in  which  he 
gives  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  New 
England,  and  leaves  some  excellent  advice 
to  his  descendants.  These  memoirs 
were  published  in  a  small  pamphlet  by 
Mr.  Prince  in  1731,  and  they  were  re- 
published in  1807,  with  an  appendix  by 
James  Blake. — Clap's  memoirs;  Collect, 
hiit.soe.  IX,  149,  150,       , 


CLAP,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  New 
port,  Rhode  Island,  was  the  son  of  Na- 
thaniel Clap  and   grandson  of  deacon 
Nicholas  C,  a  settler  of  Dorcitcster  in 
1636.      He  was  born  Jan.  1668  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1890. 
In  1695  he  begun  to  preach  at  Newport, 
and  he  continued  his  labors  under  many 
discouragements  till  a  church  was  formed, 
of  which  he  was  ordained  pastor  Nov.  3, 
1730.   In  a  few  years,  however,  apopular 
young  man,  whom  he  disapproved,  drew 
away  a  majority  of  bis  people  ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  a  new  church  was  form- 
eid,  of  which  Mr.  Clap  was  the.  pastor  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life.    He  preached  in 
Newport    nearly  50    years.      In   1740, 
when  Mr.  Whitefield  arrived  at  Newport 
from  Charleston,  he    called  upon    Mr. 
Clap,  and  he  speaks  of  him  as  the  most 
venerable  man,  he  ever  saw.    "He  looked 
like  a  good  old  puritan,  and  gave  me  an 
idea  of  what  stamp  those  men  were,  who 
first  settled  New  England.      His  counte- 
nance was  very  heavenly,  and  he  prayed 
most  afiectionately  for  a  blessing  on  my 
coming  to  Rhode  Island.     I  could  not 
but  think,  that  I  was  sitting  with  one  of 
the  patriarchs.    He  is  full  of  days,  a  bach- 
elor, and  has  been  a  minister  of  a  congre- 
gation in  Rhode  Island  upwards  of  40 
years,"  Dean  Berkley,who  esteemed  him 
highly  for  his  good  deeds,  said,  "before  I 
saw  father  Clap,  I  thought  the  bishop  of 
Rome  had  the  gravest  aspect  of  any  man 
I  ever  saw;  but  really  the  minister  of  New- 
port has  the  most  venerable  appearance." 
Mr.  Clap  died  Oct,  SO,  1745,  aged  77, 
His    colleague,  Jonathan   Helyer,  who 
was    ordained  June    30,    1744,    died  a 
few  months  before  him.  May  37,  1745. 

Mr.  Clap  was  eminent  for  sanctity,  pi- 
ety, and  an'ardent  desire  to  promote  iruo 
godliness  in  others.  The  powers  of  hiu 
mind  and  his  learning  were  above  tlio 
common  level,  but  he  made  no  attempt 
to  display  himself  and  attract  attention. 
Though  he  had  some  eingularities  ;  yet 
i .is  zeal  to  promote  the  knowledge  of  Je- 
sus Christ  and  the  interests  of  his  gospel 
spread  a  lustre  over  all  his  character.  He 
was  zealously  attached  to  what  he  consid- 


^ 


CLAP. 


f.'UM 


f      im 


ered  the  true  doctrinea  of  grace,  and  to 
the  forms  of  worship,  which  he  believ- 
ed to  be  of  divine  institution;   but  his 
charity  embraced  good  men  of  aU  denom- 
inations.   He  had  little  value  for  merely 
speculative,  local,  nominal  Christianity, 
and  a  form  of  godliness  without  its  power. 
He  insisted  chiefly  upon  that  faith,  by 
which  we  are  justified  and  have  peace 
with  God  through  our  Lord  JesuSj  and 
that  repentance  toward   God  and  new 
obedience,  which  are  the  necessary  effect 
and  evidence  of  regeneration,  and  the 
proper  exercise  of  chrisiianity.    In  his 
preaching  he  dwelt  much  upon  the  evil 
of  sin  and  the  worth  of  the  soul,  the 
influence  of  the  divine  Spirit  in  restoring 
us  to  the  image  of  God,  and  the  necessity 
of  constant  piety  and  devotion.      He  ad- 
dressed his  brethren  with  the  affectionate 
earnestness,  which  a  regard  to  their  wel- 
fare and  a  full  conviction  of  the  great 
truths  of  the  gospel  could  not  but  inspire. 
He  abounded  in  acts  of  charity,  being 
the  father  and  guardian  of  the  poor  and 
necessitous,  and  giving  away  all  his  liv- 
ing.   He  scattered  many  Uttle  books  of 
piety  and  virtue,  and  put  himself  to  very 
considerable  expense,  that  he  might  in 
this  way  awaken  the  careless,  instruct  the 
ignorant,encourage  the  servants  of  Christ, 
and  save  the  sinner  from  death.    He  was 
remarkable  for  his  care  with  regard  to  the 
education  of  children,  and  his  concern  for 
the  instruction  of  servants.     He  knew 
by  experience  the  advantages  of  a  pious 
education  and  fully  aware  of  the  conse- 
quences of  suffering  the  youthful  mind  to 
be  undirected  to  what  is  good,  he  gave 
much  of  liis  attention  to  the  lambs  of 
his  flock.    His  benevolent  labors  also  en- 
tended  to  the    humble   and  numerous 
class  of  slaves,  to  whom  he  endeavored 
with  unwearied  care  to  impart  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  gospel.    Thus  evincing  the 
reality  of  hid  .religion  by  the  purity  and 
benevolence  of  his  iif;,  he  was  an  honor 
to  the  cause  of  the  Redeemer,  in  which 
he  was  engaged.    He  departed  this  life  in 
peace,  without   those   raptures,    which 
some  express,  but  with  perfect  resigna- 
tion to  the  will  of  God  &  with  confidence 


in  Jesus  Christ,  who  was  the  sum  of  hii 
doctrine  and  the  end  of  his  conversation. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  Lord'a 
vpice  crying  to  the  people  in  some  extra- 
ordinary dispen8ations,1715.-Ca//end«r>« 
fun.  term.;  Hut.  eol.  ix.  182,  183; 
BaekuB'  abridg.  157,  168;  Wkit<ifield>$ 
jour.  0/1749;  89,-45;  Eliot. 

CLAP,   Thomas,  president   of  Yale 
college/  was  born  at    Scituate,  Mass., 
June  36,  170.1,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1733.     He  was  the 
descendant  of  Thomas  Clap»  the  brother 
of  Nicholas  Clap,  of  Do'cbester,  who 
died  at  Scituate  in  1 684.     Th  9  e<>rly  im- 
pressions, made  upon  his  mind  uy  divine 
grace,  inclined  him  to  the  study  of  divini- 
ty.    He  wi^i  settled  in    the   ministry 
at  Windham,  Con.   Aug.  3,  1736,  the 
successor  of  Samuel  Whiting.     From 
this  place  he  was  removed  in  1739  to  the 
presidentship  of  Yale  college,  as  successor 
of  £.  Williams.    This  olflce  he  resigned 
Sep.  10,1766;  and  hediedat  Scituate  Jan, 
7,  1767,  aged  63.     He  was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Daggett. — In  his  last  years  a  clamor 
was  raised  against  him :  it  was  represented 
that  he  was  attached   to  antiquated  no- 
tions and  averse  to  improvements  in  edu- 
cation.   Men,  less  evangelical  than  he  in 
their  religious  views,  were  his  enemies. 
He  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind,  a 
clear  perception,    and   solid   judgment. 
Though  not  very  eminent  for  classical 
learning,he  had  a  competent  knowledge  of 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.    In  the  high- 
er branches  of  mathematicsjin  astronomy, 
and  in  the  vlKous  departments^f  natural 
philosophy  he  had  probably  iio  equal  in 
America,  excepting  professor  Wintbrc^p 
of  Cambridge.    He  appears  to  he  vo  been 
extensively  and   profoundly    acquainted 
with  history,  theology,  moral  philosophy, 
the  canon  and  civil  law,  and  with  most  of 
the  objects  of  study  in  his  time.    The  la- 
bors of  his  office  left  a  most  contemplative 
mind  only  a  few  hours  for  reading;   but 
he  employed  what  time  he  could  devote 
to  study  in  a  most  advantageous  method. 
He  ai  vays  pursued  his  researches  system- 
atically, with  an  arrangement,  whish  had 
respect  to  some  whole.     A  large  library 


■'» 


3^ 


f  CLAP.f 


before  h>.m  he  treated  as  a  collection  of 
reporta,  bookn  delivering  the  knowledge 
and  reasonings  ofthe  learned  world  on  all 
subjects  of  literature.  He  seldom  read 
a  volume  through  in  course.  Having 
previously  settled  in  his  mind  the  particu- 
lar Hubjecta  to  be  exaiAined,  he  had  re- 
course directly  to  the  book>  or  the  parts 
of  a  book,  .which  would  give  him  the  de- 
sired information,  generally  passing  by 
wh(!t  did  not  relate  to  the  object  of  his 
inquiry,  however  attracting  and  interes- 
ting. He  thus  amassed  and  digested  a 
valuable  treasure  of  erudition,  having  in- 
vestigated almost  all  the  principal  subjects 
in  the  whole  circle  of  literature.  He  was 
indefatigable  in  labors  both  secular  and 
and  scientific  for  the  institution  over 
which  he  presided.  He  was  the  means 
of  building  a  college  edifice  and  chapel; 
and  he  gave  frequent  public  dissertations 
in  the  various  departments  of  learning. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  solid,  grave,  and 
powerful;  not  so  much  delighting  by  a 
florid  manner,  as  impressing  by  the 
weight  of  his  matter.  His  religious  sen- 
timents accorded  with  the  Calvinism  of 
the  Westminster  assembly.  He  had 
thoroughly  studied  the  scriptures,  and  had 
read  the  most  eminent  divines  of  the  last 
200  years. — Though  in  his  person  he  was 
not  tall,  he  yet  appeared  rather  bulky. 
n.H  aspect  was  light,  placid  and  contem- 
plative ;  and  he  was  a  calm  and  judicious 
man,  who  had  the  entire  command  of  his 
passions.  Intent  on  being  useful,  he  was 
economical  and  lived  by  rule  and  was  a 
rare  pattern  of  industry.  He  had  no 
fondness  for  parade.  As  he  was  exem- 
plary for  piety  in  life,  so  he  was  resigned 
and  peaceful  at  the  hour  of  death. 
When  some  one  in  his  last  illness  observed 
t )  him,  that  he  was  dangerously  sick,  he 
replied,  that  a  person  was  not  in  a  dan- 
gerous situation  who  was  approaching 
the  end  of  his  toils. — Ey  some  means  he 
acquired  a  prejudice  against  Mr.  White- 
field.  He  was  apprehensive,  that  it  was 
the  design  of  that  eloquent  preacher  to 
break  down  our  churches,  and  to  intro- 
duce ministers  IVom  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
He  therefore  opposed  him,  though  it  is 


CLARK. 

believed,  that  they  did  not  differ  much  in 
rheir  religious  sentiments.  He  had  a  con- 
troversy with  Mr,  Edwards  of  North- 
ampton respecting  a  conversation,  which 
pissed  between  them  in  reference  to  Mr. 
Whitefield.  He  seems  to  have  misap- 
prehended Mr.  Edwards.  Mr.  Clap 
constructed  the  first  orrery,  or  planetari- 
um, made  in  America.  His  manuscripts 
were  plundered  in  the  expedition  against 
New  Haven  under  general  Tryon.  He 
hat!  made  collections  of  materiala  for  a  his- 
tory of  Connecticut.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Ephraim 
Little,  Colchester,  Sept.  20,  1732:  let- 
ter to  Mr.  Edwards,  respecting  Mr. 
Whitefield's  design,  1745;  the  religious 
constitation  of  colleges)  1754;  a  brief  his- 
tory and  vindication  of  the  doctrines,  re- 
ceived and  established  in  the  churches  of 
New  England,  with  a  specimen  of  the 
new  scheme  of  religion,  beginning  to  pre- 
vail, 1755;  this  scheme  he  collects  from 
the  writings  of  Chubb,  Taylor,  Foster, 
Hutcheson,  Campbell,  and  Ramsay;  and 
in  opposing  it  he  vindicates  the  use  of 
creeds,  and  contends  for  the  doctrines  of 
the  divinity  and  satisfaction  of  Christ, 
original  sin,  the  necessity  of  special  grace 
in  regeneration,  and  justification  by  faith. 
He  published  also  an  essay  on  the  nature 
and  foundation  of  moral  virtue,  and  obli- 
gation, 1765;  a  history  of  Yale  college, 
1766;  and  conjectures  upon  the  minre 
and  motion  of  meteors,  which  are  above 
the  ftmosphere,  1781. — Holmes*  life  of 
«tt/t>,  263,  393-896;  annals,  u.  151; 
Miller,  ii,  360;  DaggetVt  fun.  aerm.; 
Hist.  Y.  Coll. 

CLARK,  John,  a  physician  in  Boston, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  John  C,  a  physi- 
cian, who  died  in  1690,  and  the  grardson 
of  John  C,  also  a  physician,  who  arriv- 
ed in  this  country  about  1650.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1687. 
For  several  years  he  was.  the  speaker  of 
the  house  cf  representatives,  and  «  mem- 
ber of  tne  council.  In  the  controversy 
with  Shute  he  was  a  strong  opponent. 
He  died  Dec.  6,  1728,  aged  59.  His 
third  wife,  Sari^h  Le-  erett,  8ur\-ived  him 
and  married  Dr.  Coiman. — His  son,  John 


# 


CLARK, 


^Wb  < 


iffer  much  in 
[e  had  a  con- 
8  of  North- 
latio!!,  which 
rence  to  Mr. 
have  misap- 
Mr.   Clap 
or  planetari- 
I  manuscripts 
iition  against 
Tryon.     He 
•riala  for  a  his- 
s  puhlished  a 
of  Ephraim 
JO,  1732:    let- 
sspecting   Mr. 
;  the  religious 
54;  abrief  his- 
B  doctrines,  re- 
the  churches  of 
jecimon  oi"  the 
ginning  to  pre  - 
e  collects  from 
Taylor,  Foster, 
r  Ramsay;   and 
ates  the  use  of 
the  doctrines  of 
ption  of  Christ, 
of  special  grace 
ication  by  faith. 
y  on  the  natiue 
'irtue,  and  obli- 
af  Yale  cottege, 
pon  the  BMure 
yhich  are  above 
lolmet*  life  of 
|nnai5,  ii.    151; 
g  fun.  term.; 

lician  in  Boston, 
[n  C,  a  physi- 
nd  the  grardson 
bian,  who  arriv- 
(l650.    He  was 
pUege  in  1687. 
I  the  speaker  of 
I'es,  and  •  mem- 
Ihe  controversy 
Irong  opponent, 
iged  69.     His 
I,  survived  him 
-Hi*  son,  John 


a  physician  in  Boston,  died  April  6, 1768, 
aged  G9,  being  the  father  of  Elizabeth, 
tlie  wife  of  Dr.  Mayhew,  and  the  father 
of  John  Clark,  a  physician,  and  the  grand- 
father of  John,  blao  a  physician,  who  died 
in  1788.  This  last  was  the  father  of 
John,  B  physician,  who  died  at  Weston, 
April  1805,  aged  27,  leaving  no  male  is- 
sue.— Thaeher'i  mtd.  biog. 

CLARK,  Peter,  minister  of  Danvers, 
Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  i712,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Salem  village,  now  Dan- 
vers, June  7,  1717.  Here  he  continued 
more  than  half  a  century.  He  died  June 
1768,  aged  75.  He  was  highly  respected 
as  a  'niniater  of  the  gospel,  and  there 
were  few,  who  were  more  universally 
venerated.  Ha  was  very  plain  and  faith- 
ful in  his  admonitions,  and  he  applied 
himself  diligently  to  sacred  studies.  Pos- 
sessing an  inquisitive  genius,  he  read  all 
the  modern  books  of  any  note,  which 
came  in  his  way.  By  conversing  much 
with  some  of  the  best  and  moat  celebrated , 
he  had  formed  a  style  somewhat  superior 
to  that  of  most  of  his  contemporaries.  He 
was  warmly  attachea  to  the  sentiments, 
generally  embraced  in  the  New  England 
churciies.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  W.  Jen  lison,  Salem,  1728  ; 
two  letters  on  baptism,  1732  ;  the  neces- 
sity and  efficacy  of  the  grace  of  God  in 
the  conversion  of  the  sinner,  17  34;  at  the 
artillery  election,  1736;  at  the  election, 
1789;  at  a  fast,  occasioned  by  the  war, 
Feb.  26,  1741;  before  the  annual  conven- 
tion of  minister?,  1745;  a  defence  of  the 
divine  right  of  infant  baptism,  8vo,  1752, 
spiritual  fortitude  recOkTimended  to  young 
men,  1757;  the  scripture  doctrine  of  orig- 
inal sin  stated  and  defended  in  a  summer 
morning  a  conversation,  1758; — this  was 
in  answer  to  the  "winter  evening's  con 
versation;"  a  defence  of  the  principles  of 
the  summer  morning'a  conversation, 
176C;  a  Dudleian  lecture,  1768. — £«.-- 
nard't  fkiti.  term, 

CLARK,  Abraham, «  patriot  of  the 

revolution,  was  bom  February  6, 1736  at 

EliKabethtown,   New  Jersey,  and    was 

bred  a  farmer,  but  g  .ve  hlE  chief  atteri- 

34 


tion  to  surveying,  conveyancing,  and  the 
imparting  of  gratuitous  legal  advice  to 
his  neighbors.  Being  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  he  vot>.*d  for  the  .dec- 
laration of  independence  and  afRxed  his 
name  to  that  instrument.  Afler  the  adop- 
tion of  the  constitution  ha  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  second  congress.  He  died 
in  consequence  of  a  stroke  of  the  sun,  in 
Sept.  1794,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  at 
Rah  way.  During  the  War  several  of  his 
sons,  officers  in  the  army,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy,  and  were  shut  up  in 
the  memorable  prison  shij),  Jersey.  The 
sufferings  of  one  of  them  were  such,  that 
congress  ordered  a  retaliation, — Good- 
rich's lives;  Biog.  Signert. 

CLARK,  Jonas.minister  of  Lexington, 
Mass.,  was  bom  at  Newton,  Dec.  25, 
1780,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1752,  and  ordained  as  successor  of  Mr, 
Hancock  Nov.5, 1755.  Hating  through 
the  course  of  half  a  century  approved 
himself  an  able  and  faithful  minister  of  the 
gospel,  he  died  in  much  peace  Nov.  15» 
1805,  aged  74.  His  daughter,  Lydia, 
wife  of  Benjamin  Greene  of  Berwick,died 
in  1830,  He  was  wholly  devoted  to  the 
duties  of  his  sacred  calling.  His  public 
discourses  consisted  not  of  learned  discus- 
sions on  speculative  or  metaphysical  sub- 
jects, nor  yet  of  dry  lectures  on  heathen 
morality ;  but  of  the  most  interesting 
truths  of  the  gospel,  delivered  with  un- 
common energy  and  zeal.  In  the  times 
preceding  the  American  revolution  he 
was  not  behind  any  of  his  brethren  in 
giving  his  influence  on  the  side  of  his 
country,  in  opposition  to  its  oppressors. 
It  was  but  a  few  iods  from  his  own  door, 
that  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the 
war.  On  the  morning  of  April  19, 1775, 
he  saw  his  parishioners  most  wantonly 
murdered.  During  the  struggle,  which 
then  commenced,  the  anniversary  of  this 
outrage  was  religiously  observed  by  him 
and  his  people.  He  published  a  sermon 
and  narrative  on  Lexington  be*  le  1776. 
This  was  the  first  anniverse  i  y .  Succea- 
sivo  preachers  on  the  occasion  .w/iose  ser- 
j  mons  were  published,  were  S.  Cooke,  J. 
ICushing,  S.  ■V/oo<lwar(l,  J.  Monill,  H. 


$ 


99i 


CLARKE. 


M 


Cunnings,  P.  Payson  and  Z.  Adams.  He 
published  also  a  sermon  at  the  artillery 
election,  1768;  ait  the  election,  1781. — 
Panopl.  I.  S24;  Co/,  cent.  Dee.  dl,  1805. 
CLARKE,  John,  one  of  the  first 
fbunders  of  Rhode  Island,  was  a  physi- 
cian in  London,  before  he  came  to  this 
country.  Soon  aAer  the  first  settlement 
of  Mass.,  he  was  driven  from  that  colony 
with  a  number  of  others;  &.Mar.  7,  1638 
they  formed  themselves  into  ,a  body  po- 
litic &  purchased  Aquetneck  of  the  Indian 
sachems,  calling  it  the  Isle  of  Rhodes,  or 
Rhode  Island.  The  settlement  commen- 
ced at  Pocasset,  or  Portsmouth.  The 
Indiait  deed  is  dated  March  34,  1638. 
Mr.  Clarke  was  soon  employed  as  a 
preacher,  and  in  1644  h<.  formed  a  church 
at  Newport  and  became  its  pastor.  This 
was  the  second  baptist  church,  which 
was  established  in  America.  In  1649  he 
was  an  assistant  and  treasurer  of  Rhode 
Island  cobny.  In  1651  he  went  to  visit 
one  of  his  brethren  at  Lynn,near  Boston, 
and  he  preached  on  Sunday  July  30;  but, 
before  he  had  completed  the  services  of 
\  0.  the  forenoon,  he  was  seized  with  his 
^  ^'  friends  by  an  officer  of  the  government.  In 
the  afternoon  he  was  compelled  to  attend 
the  parish  meeting,  at  the  close  of  which 
he  spoke  a  few  words.  July  31 ,  he  was 
tried  before  the  court  of  assistanta  and 
fined  twenty  pounds,  In  case  of  failure  in 
the  payment  of  which  sum  he  was  to  be 
whipped.  In  passing  the  sentence  judge 
Endicot  observed,  "you  secretly  insinu- 
ate things  into  those,  who  are  weak, 
which  you  cannot  maintain  before  our  min- 
isters; you  may  try  &  dispute  with  them." 
Mr.Clarke  accordingly  wrote  from  prison, 
proposing  a  dispute  upon  the  principles, 
which  he  professed.  He  represented  his 
principles  to  be,  that  Jesus  Christ  had  the 
sole  right  of  prescribing  any  laws  respec- 
ting the  wurahip  of  God,  which  it  was 
necessary  to  obey ;  that  baptism,  or  dip- 
ping in  water,  was  an  ordinance  to  be 
administered  only  to  those,  who  gave 
some  evidence  of  repentance  towards  God 
and  faith  in  Jesus  Christ;  that  such  visible 
believers  only  constituted  the  church;  that 
each  of  them  had  a  right  to  speak  in  the 


congregation,  according  as  the  Lord  had 
given  him  talents,  either  to  make  inquiries 
for  his  own  instruction,  or  to  prophesy 
for  the  edification  of  others,  and  that  at  all 
times  and  in  all  places  they  ought  to  re- 
prove folly  and  open  their  lips  to  justify 
wisdom  ;  and  that  no  servant  of  Jesus 
Christ  had  any  authority  to  restrain  any 
fellow  servant  in  his  worship,  where  in- 
jury was  not  offered  to  others.  No  dis- 
pute, however,  occurred,  and  Mr.  Clarke, 
after  paying  his  fine,  was  soon  released 
from  prison,  and  directed  to  leave  the 
colony.  His  companion, Obadiah  Holmes, 
shar^  a  severer  fate;  for  on  declining  to 
pay  his  fine  if  thirty  pounds,  which  his 
friends  offered  to  do  for  him,  he  was  pub- 
licly whipped  in  Boston. 

In  1651  Mr.  Clarke  ^vas  sent  to  Eng- 
land with  Mr,  Williams  (o  promote  the 
interests  of  Rhode  Island,  and  particular- 
ly to  procure  a  revocation  of  Mr.  Cod- 
dington's  commission  as  governor.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  he  published  a  book,giving 
an  account  of  the  persecutions  in  N.Eng- 
land.  In  Oct.  1 652  the  commission  of  M  r. 
Coddington  was  annulled.  After  the  re- 
turn of  Mr.  Williams,  Mr.  Clarke  was 
left  behind,  and  continued  in  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony,  till  he  obtained  the 
second  charter  July  8,  1663,  to  procure 
which  he  mortgaged  his  estate  in  New- 
port. He  returned  in  1 664,  and  continu- 
ed the  pastor  of  his  church  till  his  death. 
Some  years  passed  before  he  obtained 
from  the  assembly  a  repayment  of  his  ex- 
penses during  his  absence,  though  a  con- 
siderable reward  was  voted  him.  -The 
Quakers  about  this  time  occasioned  iiiuch 
trouble  in  New  England,  and  Mr.  Clarke 
and  his  church  were  obliged  in  Oct.  1673 
to  exclude  five  persons  from  their  com- 
munion for  asserting,  "that  the  man 
Christ  Jesus  was  not  now  in  heaven,  nor 
on  earth,  nor  any  wht^re  else  ;  but  that  his 
body  was  entirely  lost."  Mr.  Clarke 
died  at  Newport  April  30,  1676,  aged 
about  56  years,  resigning  his  soul  to  his 
merciful  Redeemer,  through  faith  in 
whoso  name  he  enjoyed  the  hope  of  a 
resurrection  to  eternal  life. 
His  life  was  so  pure,  that  he  was  never 


^ 


■r 


CLARKE. 


,  he  was  never 


accused  of  any  vice,  which  has  left  a  blot 
on  his  memory.  His  sentiments  respec- 
ting; religious  toleration  did  not  indeed  ac- 
cord with  the  8entimt>:ts  of  the  age,  in 
which  he  lived,  and  exposed  him  to  some 
trouble ;  but  at  the  present  time  they  are 
almost  universally  embraced.  His  exer- 
tio.'^s  to  promote  the  civil  prosperity  of 
Rhode  Island  must  endear  his  name  to 
those,  who  are  now  enjoying  the  fruits 
of  his  labors.  He  possessed  the  singular 
honor  of  contributing  much  towards  es- 
tablishing the  first  government  upon  the 
earth,  which  gave  equal  liberty,  civi!  and 
religious,  to  all  men  living  under  it.  In 
Maryland,  too,  during  the  administration 
of  Charles  Calvert,  appointed  governor  in 
1663,  an  act  was  passed,  allowing  all 
Christians  to  settle  in  the  province. 

He  left  behind  him  a  writing,  which 
expressed  his  religious  opinions.  He  be- 
lieved, that  all  things,  with  their  causes, 
effects,  circumstances,  and  manner  of 
being,  are  decreed  by  God  ;  that  this 
decree  is  the  determination  from  eternity 
of  what  shall  come  to  pass  in  time ;  that 
it  is  most  wise,  just,  necessary,  and  un- 
changeable, the  cause  of  all  good,  but  not 
of  any  sin  ;  that  election  is  the  decree  of 
God,  choosing,  of  his  free  love,  grace, 
and  mercy,  some  men  to  faith,  holiness, 
and  eternal  life ;  that  sin  is  the  effect  of 
man's  free  will,  and  condemnation  r.n 
effect  of  justice,  inflicted  upon  man  for  sin 
and  disobedience.  It  wcs  not  in  these 
opinions,  but  in  his  sentiments  respecting 
baptism,  that  he  differed  from  the  minis- 
ters of  Maasachusetts. 

In  his  last  will  he  left  his  farm  in  New- 
port to  charitable  purjjOies  ;  the  income 
of  it  to  be  given  to  the  poor  and  to  be  em- 
ployed for  the  support  of  learning  and  re- 
ligion. It  has  produced  about  300  dollars 
a  year,  and  has  thus  been  promoting 
tlie  public  interests  ever  since  his  death. 

The  title  of  the  book,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1653,  is,  III  news 
from  New  England,  or  a  narrative  of 
New  England's  persecution  ;  wherein  it 
is  declared,  that  while  Old  England  is 
becoming  NeWj  New  Enq;land  is  becom- 
ing Old)  also  four  proposals  to  parliament 


and  four  conclusions,  touching  the  faith 
and  order  of  the  gospel  of  Christ  out  of 
his  last  will  and  testament,  4to,  pp.  76. 
This  work  was  answered  by  Thomas 
Cobbett  of  Lynn.— Backtu^  church  hitt. 
q/N.  E.  III.  227,  228;  JBo<!A:««'  abridg. 
»4, 86, 109-116. 

CLARKE,  Richard,  an  elegant  classi- 
cal scholar,  came  to  this  country  from 
England  before  the  middle  of  the  last 
century.  He  was  for  some  time  rector 
of  St.  Philip's  church  in  Charleston. 
He  returned  to  England  in  the  year  1759, 
and  in  1768  was  curate  of  Cheshunt  in 
Hertfordshire.  He  published  several 
pieces  on  the  prophecies,  and  on  univer- 
sal redemption.  The  following  are  the 
titles  of  them ;— An  et^ay  on  the  number 
7,  wherein  the  duration  of  the  church  of 
Rome  and  of  the  Mahometan  imposture, 
the  time  of  the  conversion  of  the  Jews, 
and  the  year  of  the  world  for  the  millenni- 
um, and  for  the  first  resurrection  are  at- 
tempted to  be  settled,  1769 ;  a  warning  to 
the  world,  or  the  prophetical  numbers  df 
Daniel  and  John  calculated;  a  second  ,war- ' 
ning  to  the  world, 1762;  ,<Tlad  tidings  to 
the  Jews  and  Gentiles,  17C3  ;  the  gospel 
of  the  daily  service  of  the  law  preached  to 
the  Jew  and  gentile,  1768.  He  seems  to- 
have  been  tinctured  with  t'.ie  mystical  doc- 
trines of  William  Law  and  Jacob  Beh- 
men. — Miller's  retrospect,  41,  365;  Bam- 
say's  hist.  S.  C.  n.  453-454. 

CLARKE,  George  Rogers,  general, 
a  revolutionary  officer,  resided  on  the 
western  border  of  Virginia,  and  had  all 
the  hardihood  and  energy  necessary  for 
a  soldier.  After  the  massacre  at  Wyom- 
ing in  1778  he  tdok  the  command  of  a 
body  of  troops,  designed  to  operate 
against  the  Indians,  for  the  protection  of 
the  frontiers.  He  descended  the  Monon- 
gahela  with  between  2  and  300  mien  for 
the  purpose  of  capturing  the  British  post 
at  Kaskaskias,  on  the  Mississippi,  whith- 
er the  Inr'.ians  were  accustomed  to  resort 
for  the  reward  of  their  barbarities.  iSo 
secret  was  the  approach  of  Clarke,  that 
the  fort  and  town  were  taken  without  the 
escape  of  a  man  to  spread  the  alarm.  In 
this  expedition  his  scanty  provisions  were 


■te' 


« 


88S 


CLARKE. 


¥ 

EHHri 


eoniumed,  and  his  men  for  one  or  two 
dayi  ■ubsiited  on   roots,  found  in  the 
wood*.    He  now  mounted  a  detachment 
on  honea,  and  reduced  three  other  towns 
higher  up  the  river,  and  sent  the  princi- 
pal agent  of  the  enemy  a  prisoner  to  Vir- 
ginia.      At  tliis  period  the  county   of 
Illinois  was  organized  ;  and, new  troops 
ordered  to  be  raised  for  the  protection  of 
the  west.     In  the  mean    time  colonel 
Clarice  was  informed,  that  Hamilton,  the 
governor  of  Detroit,  was  abou:.  t  >  attack 
bim  in  the  spring  of  1779  and  to  lay  waste 
the  sotClements  of  Kentucky.    He  resolv- 
ed therefore  to  anticipate  this  movement 
and  to  surprise  the  British  commander. 
Ilaving  garrisoned  Ka8kaskias,he  proceed- 
ed across  the  country  with   150  brave 
eompanions.    When  within  a  few  miles 
of  the  enemy,  he  was  5  days  in  wading, 
frequently  breast-high  in  water,  through 
the.drowned  lands  of  the  Wabash.     Feb. 
88d  he  camein  sight  of  Vincennes.  The 
attack  was  commenced  in  the  evening  and 
"    the  next  day  Clarke  was  in  possession  of 
'    the  fort,  with  Hamilton  and  the  garrison 
^i||||k»riaoners.    He  also  intercepted  a  convoy 
^Wof  good*  and  provisions,    coming  from 
^      Detroit,  valued  at  10,000/.  and  took  40 
priaoners  at  the  same  time.      Hamilton 
and  his  officers  were  sent  to  Williamsburg. 
In  this  year  he  built  fort  Jefferson  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Mississippi,   below 
the  Ohio.    An  expedition  against  De- 
troit was   projected,  but  not  executed. 
When  Arnold  invaded  Virginia  in  1780, 
col.   Clarke,  then  at  Richmond,  joined 
baron  Steuben  in  an  expedition  against 
the  traitor.     Being  detached  with  340 
men,  he  drew  a  party  of  the  enemy  into 
an  ambuscade,  killing  and  wounding  30 
men.    In  1781  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general.     Being  com- 
mander of  the  post  at  Kaskaskias,  he  was 
restrained  to  defensive  measures,  and  was 
obliged  to  abandon  the   long  meditated 
project  of  capturing  Detroit.    In  Aug. 
1783  he  was  in  command  at  the  Falls  of 
Ohio.    After  the  war  he  settled  in  Ken- 
tucky with  a  small  band  of  associates,  and 
was  regarded  by  his  fellow  citizens  as  the 
protector  and  father  of  the  western  coun- 


try. John  Randolph  called  him  the 
American  Hanuiba!,  who  by  the  reduction 
of  Vincennes  obuined  the  lakes  for  the 
northern  boundary  at  the  peace  of  Paris. 
He  died  at  Locust  grove,  near  Louisville, 
Feb.  1^,  1808,  aged  66.  Another  ac- 
count says,  that  he  died  in  1917.  It  is 
related  in  the  Notei  of  an  old  officer,  that 
at  the  treaty  of  fort  Washington,  where 
the  troops  were  only  70  men,  all  the  Indi- 
ans in  council  appeared  peaceable,  excep- 
ting 300  Shawahanees,  whose  chief 
made  a  boisterous  speech  and  then  placed 
on  the  table  his  belt  of  black  and  white 
wampum,  to  intimate,  that  he  was  pre- 
pared for  either  peace  or  war,  while  his 
300  savages  applauded  him  by  a  whoop. 
At  the  table  sat  commissary-general  Clarke 
and  gen.  Richard  Butler.  Olarke  with 
his  cane  coolly  pushed  th»»  wampum  from 
the  table  ^  then  rising,  as  the  savages 
muttered  their  indignation,  he  trampled 
on  the  belt,  and  with  a  voice  of  authority 
bid  them  instantly  quit  the  hall.  The 
next  day  they  sued  for  peace.— JUara/jaH, 
III.  565  ;  Jenniton  ;  Ene.  Amer. 

CLARKE,  John,  d.d.,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, was  born  at  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  April  13,  1756.  While  a 
member  of  Harvard  college,  at  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1774,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished by  his  improvements  in  lit- 
erature and  science,  by  a  strict  obedience 
to  the  laws,  and  by  irreproachable  morals. 
He  aiterwards  engaged  in  the  instruction 
of  youth  ;  but  in  his  leisure  hours  he  pur- 
sued with  assiduity  his  theological  studies. 
In  the  office  of  preceptor  he  was  gentle 
and  persuasive,  betoved  by  hia  pupils, 
and  esteemed  by  their  friends.  He  -was 
ordained  pristor  of  the  first  church  in 
Boston,  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Chauncy, 
July  8,  1778.  With  him  he  Kved  in  the 
most  intimate  and  respectful  friendship 
about  nine  years,  and  afterwards  labored 
alone  in  the  service  of  the  church,  until 
April  1,  1798,  when,  as  he  was  addressing 
his  bearers,  he  was  seized  by  apoplexy 
and  fell  down  in  his  pulpit.  He  expired 
the  next  morning,  Apr.3,  aged  43 years,  & 
was  succeeded  by  W.  Emerson.  He  was 
of  a  mild  and  cheerful  temper,  easy  and 


4CLARKS0N. 


i,  f  i  /«?: , 


CLAYTON. 


869 


led  him  the 
the  reduction 
lakca  for  the 
ace  of  Paris, 
ar  Louisville, 
Another  ac- 
1917.      Ilia 
Id  officer,  that 
ngton,  where 
1,  all  the  Indi- 
ceuble,  excep- 
■whose    chief 
ud  then  placed 
ick  and  white 
t  he  was  pre- 
rar,  while  his 
n  by  a  w^oop. 
-general  Clarke 
Clarke  with 
wampum  from 
3  the  savages 
i_,  he  trampled 
c«  of  authority 
ihe  hall.     The 
ce.-^Marshall, 
.  ^mer. 

minister  in  Bos- 

tsmouth.  New 

56.    While   a 

;e,  at  which  he 

he   was  dis- 

ements  in  lit- 

jtrict  obedience 

lachable  morals. 

the  instruction 

[e  hours  he  pur- 

tlogical  studies. 

he  was  gentle 


Ibv  hi:i 


pupils, 


bnds.  He  was 
Brst  church  in 
j  Dr.  Chauncy, 
1  he  Kved  in  the 
jjtful  friendship 
erwards  labored 
Le  church,  until 
]  was  addressing 
by  apoplexy 
It.  He  expired 
|ged  42  years,  & 
erson.  He  was 
nper,  easy  and 


pollUj  in  his  manners,  and  endeared  to  all 
his  acquaintance.  Though  fond  of  lite- 
rary and  philosophical  researches,  he  yet 
considered  theology  as  the irope.-  science 
of  a  minis  dr  of  the  goi  .  To  this  ob- 
ject he  principally  devoicj  i  '^  time  and 
studies,  and  was  earnestly  ue^irous  nf  in- 
vestigating  evt  ry  branch  of  it,  not  merely 
to  gratify  curidsity,  hut  that  he  might  be 
able  to  impart  instruction.  He  was  ha- 
bitually a  close  student.  His  public  dis- 
courses bore  the  marks  of  penetration, 
judgment,  perspicuity ,  and  elegance.  In 
the  private  offices  of  pastoral  friendship 
he  was  truly  exemplary  and  engaging. 
In  the  various  relations  of  life  his  depn-t- 
ment  was  mari'ed  with  carefulness,  hael- 
ity,  and  '  Tectiun.  He  published  the  fol- 
lowing i>.  mons  ;  on  the  death  of  S.  Coop- 
er, 178*  ,  ofC.  Chauncj',  1787  ;ofN. 
W.  Appleton,  1796  ;  before  the  humane 
society,  1793 ;  also  an  answer  to  the  ques- 
tion, why  are  you  a  christian?  8vo.  1795, 
and  several  other  editions  ;  letters  to  a 
student  at  college,  13mo.  1796.  After 
his  death  a  vol.  of  sermons  was  publish- 
ed, 1799  ;  and  discourses  to  young  per- 
sons, 1804. —  Thacher^afun.  ser.  ;  Hi»t. 
eol.  VI.  i-ix. 

CLAKKSON,  GerarduB,  m.  d.,  an 
eminent  physician  of  Philadelphia  was  the 
son  of  Matthew  C,  a  merchant  of  New 
York,  who  died  in  1770,and  a  descendant 
of  David  C,  an  English  nonconforming 
minister  of  distinction,  who  died  in  1686. 
— Dr.  Clarkson  was  a  practitioner  as  early 
as  1774,  and  he  died  Sept.  19, 1790,  aged 
53.  Rev.  Dr.  Finley  married  his  sister 
in  1761.  John  Swanwick  wrote  a  poem 
on  his  death. 

CLARKSON,  Matthew,  general,a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  was  distinguished 
in  the  war  of  independence  for  his  cour- 
age, talents,  and  integrity.  He  acted  as 
aid  de  camp  to  gen.  Gates  in  the  battle  of 
Stillwater,  in  which,  as  he  was  carrying 
an  order  to  the  officer  of  the  left  wing  by 
passing  in  front  of  the  American  line, 
when  engaged,  he  received  a  severe 
wound  in  his  neck.  In  his  last  years  he 
was  'nee  president  of  the  American  Bible 
society,  and  much  of  his  time  was  devoted 


to  the  meetings  of  the  managers.  He 
died  at  New  York,  aAer  an  illness  of  6 
days,  April  33,  1835,  aged  66  years.  A- 
miable  frank,  afTectiv  iate,  pure  and  ben- 
efice t,  his  character  t/as  crowned  by  an 
exalted  piety. 

CLAVIGERO,  Abbe,  was  the  author 
of  a  history  of  Mexico,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  3  vols.  4to.  London,  1787. 

CLAY,  Joseph,  a  judge  and  aminister, 
was  born  at  Savannah  in  1764  and  grad- 
v^tcl  «*  ^'rincetonin  1784.  His  father, 
Jose^th  (.  ay,  a  revolutionary  patriot  and 
soldier,  judge  of  the  county  court,  and 
au  exem].'ary  christian,  died  at  Savannah 
K)»c.  1804,  aged  68.— He  was  appointed 
the  judge  of  the  district  court  of  Georgia 
in  17  S  and  resigned  the  office  in  1801. 
Becoming  in  1803  a  member  of  the  bap- 
tist church  in  Savannah,  he  was  ordained 
the  next  year  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Hol- 
combe,  the  pastor.  Having  visited  New 
England ,  he  was  invited  to  settle  as  col- 
league with  Dr.  Stillman,  a  baptist  min- 
ister in  Boston,  and  was  installed  Aug. 
19, 1807.  In  Nov.  1808  he  visited  Sa- 
vannah, and  finding  his  health  declininipi! 
he  asLe<ia  dismission  from  his  people. 
B  u  i  anxious  to  be  in  the  bosom  of  his  fiim- 
ily  he  returned  in  1810  to  Boston,  where 
he  died  Jan.  11,  1811.  >  His  daughter 
marriec  ^VilUam  R.  Gray  of  Boston. 
Mr.  CI'. ,  was  highly  respected  for  his 
learninpr,  tr.I  r.ts,  piety,  and  bcinevolence. 
In  colle';.;  he  was  the  most  distinguished 
of  his  class.  With  an  ample  fortune  he 
yet  determined  to  live  a  life  of  toil  in  the 
best  of  causes.  The  circumstance  of  his 
relinquifihing  the  oftice  of  a  judge  for  that 
of  a  m  lister  probably  diow  after  him 
some  hearers  of  the  legal  proiession.  Af- 
ter hearii.v  'nm  at  Providence  Mr.  Bur- 
rill,  a  l&wyer,  exclaimed  to  a  friend,  "see, 
what  a  lawyer  can  do."  The  reply  was, 
"see  what  the  grace  of  God  can  do  with  a 
lawyer."  "-  T  3  published  his  inauguration 
sermon,  1807. — Benedict,  i.  408. 

CLAYTON,  John,  an  eminent  botan- 
ist and  phy&ician  of  Virginia,  was  bom  at 
Fulham,  in  Great  F;itaita,  and  came  to 
VirKiniawithhis  father  in  1706,  aged  a- 
hout  "^O  years.    His  father  was  an  emi- 


•4 


^i\ 


#: 


w       ^^ 


l&l 


B70 


CLAYTON. 


'flF* 


nent  If ";/yer,  and  wns  appointed  attorney 
general  of  Virgiuiu  ^' .  'x:^  Clayton  wns 
put  into  the  office  o:  I  etdr  Beverly,  who 
wai  clerk  or  proth'  'Notary  for  Gloucester 
county,  aii(l,8ucceeaing  him  in  thia  office, 
filled  it  fifty  one  years.  He  died  Dec.  1 5, 
1778,  aged  87.  During  the  year  prece- 
ding his  decease,  such  was  the  vigor  of 
his  constitution  even  at  this  advanced  pe- 
riod, and  such  his  zeal  in  botanical  re- 
searches, that  he  made  a  botanical  tour 
through  Orange  county;  and  it  is  believed, 
that  he  had  visited  most  of  the  settled 
parts  of  Virginia.  His  residence  was  a- 
bout.30  miles  fl'om  the  city  of  Williams- 
burg. His  character  stands  high  as  a 
man  of  integrity,  aud  as  a  citizen.  He 
was  a  strict,  though  not  ostentatious  ob- 
server of  the  practice  of  the  church  of 
England,  and  he  seemed  constantly  pious- 
ly disposed.  He  was  heard  to  say  while 
examining  a  flower,  that  he  could  not 
look  into  one,  without  seeir.  g  the  display 
of  infinite  power  and  contrivance,    and 

^  that  he  thought  it  impossible  for  a  botan- 
ist to  be  an  atheist.    He  was  >:  member  of 

^•ome  of  the  mrtnt  learned  literary  scsie- 
ties  of  Fuvuj!',.',  >;nd  corresponded  with 
Oronoviu!%  ^^iutia-'js,  &  other  ablebotan- 
ists.  As  »  jiKCtic-.l  botanist  he  was  per- 
hhifjs  inffci  ior  to  i/<>  botanist  of  his  time. 

He  left  bei  'Ui't  him  two  volumes  of 
manuscript8,neatly  prepared  for  the  press, 
and  a  hortus  siccus  of  folio  size,  with 
marginal  notes  and  directions  for  the  en- 
graver in  preparing  the  plates  .  for  his 
proposed  work.  This  work,  which  was 
in  the  possession  of  his  son,  When  the 
revolutionary  war  commenced,  was  sent 
to  William  Clayton,  clerk  of  New  Kent, 
as  to  a  place  of  security  from  the  invading 
enemy.  It  was  lodged  in  the  office  with 
the  records  of  the  county.  An  incendiary 
put  a  torch  to  the  building;  and  thus  per- 
ished not  only  the  records  of  the  county 
but  the  labors  of  Clayton. 

Several  of  his  communications,  treat- 
ing of  the  culture  and  difierent  species  of 
tobacco,  were  published  in  numbers  201 , 
204  305,  and  206  of  the  philosophical 
transactions;  and  in  number  454  is  an 
ample  account  of  medicinal  plants,  which 


CLEAVELAND. 

he  had  discovered,  growing  in  Virginia. 
He  is  chiefly  known  to  the  learned,  espe- 
cially in  i!iUrope,  by  h'm  Flora  Virginica, 
a  work  published  by  i :  i  <  >noviu8  at  Ley- 
den  in  8vo,  1739 — ( V  i!(,  and  again  in  4to, 
in  1702.  This  is  frequently  referred  to 
\lf  Linnfieus,  and  by  all  the  succeeding 
botanists,  who  have  had  occasion  to  treat 
of  the  plants  of  North  America.  It  is  to 
be  regretted,  however,  that  they  so  fre- 
quently refer  to  the  flora  aa  the  work  of 
Gronovius,  though  its  greatest  value  is 
derived  iVom  the  masterly  descriptions, 
communicated  to  the  Leyden  professor 
by  Mr.  Clayton. — Bartor^i  tned.  and 
phyi.jourtutl  II.  139 — 145;  Reei'  eye/. 
^mer.  edit.;  Miller,  i.  142;  ii.  368. 

CLAYTON  Joshua,  a  physician,  was 
tlie  president  of  Delaware  from  1789  to 
1793  and  governor  under  the  present  con- 
stitution from  1793  to  1796,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  G.  Bedford.  In  1798  he 
was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  U.  S. 
He  died  in  1799.  During  the  war,  when 
the  Peruvian  bark  was  scarce,  he  sub- 
stituted for  it  successfully  in  his  practice 
the  poplar,  Liriodendron  tulipifera,  com- 
bined with  nearly  an  equal  quantity  of 
the  bark  of  the  root  of  the  dogwood,  Cor- 
nus  florida,  and  half  the  quantity  of  the 
inside  bark  of  the  white  oak  tree. — 
Thacher'i  med.  biog. 

CLEAVELAND,  John,  minister  of 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  was  born  iti  Canterbury, 
Con.,  April  22,  1722.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1745,  and  while  a 
member  of  that  institution  he  exhibited 
that  independence  and  courage  in  the 
cause  of  truth,  for  which  he  was  ever 
distinguished.  While  at  home  during 
a  vacation  in  1744  he  attended  a  separate 
meeting,  for  which,  on  his  return  to  col- 
lege,he  was  required  to  make  a  confession. 
Hejustified  himself  on  the  ground,  that 
he  was  a  member  of  the  church  and  atten- 
ded the  meeting  with  his  father  and  a  ma- 
jority of  the  church.  The  same  defence 
was  made  by  Ebenezer  Cleaveland,  also 
of  Canterbury,  who  was  involved  in  the 
same  difficulty.  They  were  both  expell- 
ed from  college.  This  act  of  persecution, 
especially  as  episcopalians  were  tolerated 


%^ 


* 


CLEAVELAND.  .H*>miKl  » 


CLINTON. 


971 


in  their  own  woraliip,  awakened  the  pub- 
Uo  indignation.  John  obtained  his  de- 
gree afterwards,  and  the  catalogue  dates 
it  1745,  with  his  class.  Ebenezer  re- 
ceived his  degree  in  1749,  and  died  the 
minister  of  Oloueester  July  4,  1805,  a.  79. 

John  Cleayeland,  after  being  a  preachw 
about  two  years,  was  ordained  atChebac- 
co  in  Ipswich  in  1747.  Here  ho  'un- 
tinued  more  than  half  a  century,  and  dur- 
ing his  ministry  two  separate  churches 
and  congregations  were  formed  into  one. 
He  died  April  23,  1799,  aged  77  years. 
His,  son,  John  Cleaveland,  a  soldier  du- 
ring the  war,  was  settled  ad  the  minister 
of  Stoneham  about  1788,  and  after  being 
dismissed  was  settled  again  in  1798  at 
Wrentham,  where  he  died  Feb.  1, 1815, 
aged  65. — His  daughter  married  Mr. 
Proctor. — He  wrote  his  name  Cleveland  ; 
hia  descendants  prefer  the  form  Cleave- 
land. He  was  an  active  and  enterprising 
man.  During  four  years  he  was  chaplain 
in  the  army,  and  was  called  to  lake 
Champlain,  cape  Breton,  Cambridge,  and 
the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  As  a  minister 
he  was  laborious  and  successful.  At.  one 
period,  in  the  space  of  about  six  months, 
100  persons  were  added  to  his  church. 
He  zealously  contended  lor  the  faith  once 
delivered  to  the  saints.  Though  for  a 
great  part  of  his  life  he  was  frequently 
engaged  ■;<.  religious  controversy,  yet  his 
tem^ier  was  not  soured.  Being  unfeigned- 
lyfpiou.i,  while  he  constantly  held  inter- 
C'jurw  uith  heaven,  he  consecrated  par- 
.iouiardiyc  to  private  fasting  and  prayer. 
He  died  at  last  in  much  peace,  relying  se- 
curely upon  the  merits  of  his  Redeemer, 

Uo  published  a  narrative  of  the  work 
of  God  atChebaccoin  1763  and  1764; 
an  essay  to  defend  some  of  tlie  most  im- 
portant principles  in  the  protestant  refor- 
med system  of  Christianity  more  espe- 
cially Christ's  sacrifice  and  atonement, 
against  the  injurious  aspersions  cast  on 
the  same  by  Dr.  Mayhew  in  a  thanks-gi- 
vinf;  sermon,  1763 ;  a  reply  to  Dr.  May- 
hew 's  letter  of  reproof,  1765;  a  treatise 
on  infant  baptism,  1784. — Parish's  fun. 


ser. 


Mass. 


miss.    mag.   ii.    129-133; 


JBttckw,iu.  241;  Pan.xii.49. 


CLEAVELAND,  Parker,  a  phyaieian 
and  |)atriot  of  the  revolution,  the  son  oi 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  Ipswich  in 
1651  and  settled  as  a  |)hysician  at  BySeld, 
a  parish  of  Rowley,  at  the  age  of  19. 
During  the  first  year  of  the  war  he  was 
the  surgeon  of  a  regiment.  He  was  fre> 
quentiy  a  representative  of  Rowley  in  the 
legi^l  re.  He  died  Feb.  1826,  aged  74. 
Ah  Hician  ho  was  intelligent  ^nd 

ski.iL,  the  glory,  of  his  character 

waa  I       clig    n.    He  read  much  in  the- 
o|(  ter  much  hivestigation  he  em- 

bn    e(:  lestly  supported  the  ortho- 

du.     '  and    he  exhibited  abo 

"the  I  n,  ctions  and  graces  of  the 

Christian  ciiaracter.  He  was  benevolent, 
bumble,  and  devout.  Emphatically  might 
he  be  called  a  man  of  prayer."  At  dif- 
ferent periods  of  revivals  of  religion  he 
exarted  a  pious  and  useful  influence.  In 
affliction  and  adverse  oirumstances  he  was 
resigned  and  cheerful ;  and  from  every 
earthly  care  he  found  a  relksf  in  the  love 
of  his  Redeemer. — Bost.  record.  Marek  * 
3,  1826. 

CLEEVES,  Georere,  an  early  settlefi# 
and  distinguished  magistrate  of  Maine,  f  j 
lived  at  Spurwink,  cape  Elisabeth,  in 
1630,  associated  in  business  with  Rich- 
ard Tucker.  In  1632  they  commenced 
the  settlemerit  at  Casco  and  erected  the 
first  house  on  the  Neck,  called  Machi- 
gonne  by  the  Indians,  then  Cleeves'  Neck 
and  Munjoy's  Neck,  now  Portland.  In 
1643  he  was  appointed  by  Rigby  his  de- 
puty in  the  government  of  Ligonia,  and 
was  a  large  land-owner  under  grants  from 
Gorges  and  Rigby.  He  died  at  Portland 
between  Nov.  1666  and  Jan.  1671,  at  an 
advanced  age,  probably  more  than  90. 
The  Bracketts  are  his  descendants.  An 
ample  aceount  of  him  is  given  in  Willis* 
history  of  Portland. — Maine  hist.  col.  i. 
124. 

CLIFTON,  William,  a  poet,  the  son 
of  a  rich  mechanic  in  Philadelphia,  was 
born  in  1772,  and  was  educated  as  a  qua« 
ker,  but  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
threw  oS  the  quaker  dress  and  manners. 
He  died  of  the  consumption  in  Dec.  1 799, 
aged  26.    He  published  an  epistle  to  Mr. 


1  ■  f    ■  -- 


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^^w 


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tm>i^ 


CLINTON.     M'^-iriS':^  t.^ 


Oifibid,  in  «n  edition  of  GUMl'a  poems, 
evincing  much  poetical  poww.  He  atoo 
commenced,  but  did  not  finish,  a  poem, 
called,  the  Chimeriad,  in  which  under  the 
character  of  the  witch,  Chimeria,  the 
genius  of  iaise  philosophy  is  portrayed. 
His  poems  were  printed  at  N  York,  19- 
mo.,  1800.  Much  of  his'poetry  is  of  a 
satirical,  political  cast,cobtaining  ntuperao 
tions  of  the  French  revolutionists  and  of 
the  party,  io  which  he  was  opposed.— 
Em.  Jmer;  Knapp*i  leet,'  179;  Spec. 
>Bm.p.  II.  SS-^ 

CLINTON,  George,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New  York  before  the  revolution, 
was  die  youngest  son  of  Francis  Clinton, 
the  earl  of  Lincoln.  He  was  appointed 
governor  in  1749. — His  Administration  of 
10  years  was  turbulent.  He  was  enga- 
ged in  a  violent  controversy  With  the  gen- 
eral assembly,  instigated  by  chief  justice 
James  Delancey,  the  ruling  demagogue 
of  that  period.  Mr.  Horsemander  wrote 
against  the  governor  ;  Mr.  Colden  in  his 
favor.  The  go>^efnor  was  the  friend  of 
sir  William  Johnson.  Mr.  Clinton  wut 
flueoeededin  Oct.  176Sby  sir  D.  Osborne, 
who  in  two  days,  in  consequence  Of  politi- 
cal troubles,  committed  suicide.  He  was 
afterwards  governor  of  Greenwich  hospi'- 
tal. — Hiat.  eol:  vii.  79;  Letnpr. 

CLINTON,  Charies,  the  ancestor  of 
the  family  of  Cliatons  in  New  York,  was 
a  descendant  of  Wm.  C,  who,  after  being 
an  adherent  of  Charles  I.,  took  refuge  in 
the  north  of  Ireland.  James,  the  son  of 
Wm.,  married  Elis.  Smith,  the  daughter 
of  a  captain  in  Cromwell's  army,  and  was 
the  father  of  Charles,  who  was  born  in  the 
county  of  Longford,  Ireland,  in  1690. 
Having  induced  a  number  of  his  friends 
to  join  him  in  the  project  of  emigrating 
to  America,  he  chartered  a  ship  for  Phila- 
delphia in  1 739  and  sailed  May  30th.  On 
the  passage  it  was  ascertained,  that  the 
captain  had  formed'  the  design  to  starve 
the  passengers  in  order  to  seize  their  pro- 
perty. Among  those,  who  died>  were  a 
son  and  daughter  of  Mn  Clinton.  It  Was 
now  proposed  to  wrest  the  command  from 
the  captain ;  but  there  was  not  energy 
enough  in  the  passengers  to  make  the 


attempt.  At  length  they  were  landed  at 
cape  Cod,  Oct.  4th.  It  was  notiill  the 
spring  of  1731,  that  they  removed  and 
formed  a  settlement  in  the  county  of  Ul- 
ster, state  of  New  York,  about  60  miles 
from  the' city  and-S  miles  west  of  the 
iHwr.  Mr.  Clinton  was  a  fiirmer  and  labd 
surveyor.  His  house  was  surrounded  by 
a  palisade,  against  the  Indians.  Hewas 
made  judge  of  the  county  court ;  and  in 
1756  was  appointed  lieut.  colonel  under 
coL  Oli^'''?T  Delancey.  He  served  under 
Br^dstreet  at  the  capture  of  fort  Fronte- 
nae.  He  died  in  Ulster,  now  Orange 
county,  Nov.  19, 1778,  aged  83.  Of  his 
4  sons  in  America,  Alexander,  a  graduate 
in  the  third  class  at  Princeton,  in  1750) 
was  a  physician ;  Charles  was  a  surgeon 
in  the  army,  which  took  Havana  in  176% 
and  died  in  April  1791 ;  James  was  miyor 
general ;  and  George  vice  president  of 
the  United  States. — With  an  uncommon 
genius  and  a  fund  of  useful  knowledge  he 
was  affable  and  interesting  in  conversa- 
tion. He  was  tall,  graceful,  and  dignified. 
The  duties  of  the  various  relations  of 
private  Ufe  were 'regarded  by  him;  and 
he  was  a  patriot  and  a  sincere  christian, 
—r-Lord^t  Lempr.;  Roger**  biog.  diet.} 
N.  Y.  Statem.  Jh^.  89, 1838. 

CLINTON,  James,  brigadier  general, 
the  fourth  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  9,  17S6. 
He  received  a  good  education^  In  1756 
he  was  a  captain  under  Bradstreet  at  fort 
Frontenae,and  captured  a  French  sloop  of 
war  on  Lake  Ontario.  In  1763  |ie  was 
appointed  captain  Commandant  of  4 
companies,  raised  for  the  defence  of 
Ulster  and  Orange,  whose  Wdstern  fron- 
tiers were  exposed  to  the  inroads  of  the 
savages.  In  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war  he  was  appointed  cotonel 
June  SO,  1775,  and  accompanied  Mont- 
gomery to  Camida.  He  was  made  briga- 
dier general  Aug.  9, 1776.  In  Oct.  1777 
hecbmmanded,  under  gov. Clinton,  at  fort 
Clinton,  which  with  fort  Mon^omeiy, 
separated  flrom  each  other  by  a  creek, 
defended  the  Hudson  against  the  ascent 
of  the  enemy,  below  West  Point.  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  in  order  to  favor  the  de- 

M    * 


U.  ^  -.-^i^i^iift.,  iifb,\ 


"fV 


% 


■J" 


CLINTON. 


ITS 


•igns  of  Burgoyne,  attacked  these  forta 
Oct.  6th  with  8,000  men  and  carried 
them  by  storm,  as  they  were  defended  by 
only  about  600  militia.  A  brave  resis- 
tance was  made  from  four  o'clotik  until  it 
was  dark.  When  the  garrison  were  over- 
powered. Gen.  piinion  was  severely 
wounded  by  a  bayonet,  but'escaped.  Af- 
ter riding  a  little  distance  he  dismounted, 
that  he  might  escape  the  pursuing  enemy, 
and  taking  the  bridle  from  his  horse  slid 
down  a  precipice  100  feet  to  the  creek, 
which  separated  the  forts.  Thus  he 
reached  the  mountain  at  a  secure  distance. 
In  the  morning  he  found  a  horse,  which 
conveyed  him  about  16' miles  from  the 
fort  to  his  house,  covered  with  blood. 

In  1779  hejoined  with  1600  mengene> 
ral  Sullivftn  in  his  expedition  against  the 
Indians.    Proceeding  up  the  Mohawk  in 
batteaux  about  54  miles  above  Schenecta- 
dy ,he  conveyed  them  from  Canojoharie  to 
the  head  of  the  Otsego  lake,  one  of  the 
sources    of   the   Susqnehannah,    down 
which  he  was  to  join  Sullivan.      Aa  the 
water  in  the  outlet  of  the  lake  was  too 
low  to  float  his  batteaux,  he  constructed 
a  dam  across  it,  and  thus  accumulated  the 
water  in  the  lake.     By  letting  out  this 
water  his  boats  and  troops  were  rapidly 
conveyed  to  Tioga,  where  he  joined  Sul- 
Kvan,  who  had  ascended  the  Suaquehan- 
nah.    During  most  of  the  war  general 
Clinton  was  stationed  in  command  of  the 
northern  department  at  Albany.    But  he 
was  afterwards  present  at  the  capture  of 
Cornwallis.     On  the  «vaeuation  of  New 
York,  bidding  the  commander  in  chief  an 
affectionate  farewell,  he  retired  to  his  es- 
tate.   Yet  was  he  afterwards  called  by  his 
fellow  citizens  to  various  public  services, 
being  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  bounr 
dary  line  with  Pennsylvania,  representa- 
tive, delegate  to  the  convention  of  1801 
for    adnetiding     the    constitution,   and 
senator;  add  in  all  his  labors  maoiiRMting 
integrity  and  ability.     0e  di«d  Dee:  33, 
1813,  aged  75,,  and  was  buried  at  Little 
Britain,  in  Orange  county.     His  tem- 
per was  affectionate  and  mild,  but  capable 
of  being  roused  to  vehemence  by  injuries 
and  insults.    His  wife,  Mary  De  Witt, 
35 


was  of  a  itaUIy,  which  emigrated  firom 
Holland.— if ogeri'  biog.  diet.i  Em. 
Jlmer. ;  Lord*»  Lempr. 

CLINI'ON,  Oeprge,  governor  of 
New  York  and  vice  president  of  the  U. 
S.,  was  named  after  the  colonial  governor, 
a  friend  of  his  father.  He  was  the  young- 
est son  of  col.  Charles  Clinton,  and  was 
born  in  Ulster  county,  now  Orange, July, 
26,1799.  In  his  edurcation  his  father 
,was  assisted  by  Daniel  Thain,  a  minister 
from  Scotland.  In  early  life  he  evinced 
the  enterprise,  which  distinguished  him 
afterwards.  He  once  left  his  father's 
house  and  sailed  in  a  privateer.  On  his 
return  he  accompanied  as  a  lieutenant  his 
brother,  James,  in  the  expedition  against 
fort  Frontenac,  now  Kingston.  He  aP> 
terwardo  studied  law  under  Wm.  Smith 
aud  rose  to  some  distinction  in  his  mrtive 
country.  A^  a  member  of  the  cok>nial 
assembly  in  1775  and  afterwards,  he  was 
a  zealous  whig:  May  15, 1775  he  took 
his  seat  as  a  member  of  congress.  He 
voted  for  the  declaration  of  independence, 
July  4,1776;  but,  being  called  away  by  his 
appointment  as  brigadier  general  before 
the  instrument  was  ready  for  the  signa- 
ture of  the  members,  his  name  is  not  at- 
tached to  it.  March  35, 1777  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier  general  of  the  U.  S. — 
At  the  first  election  under  the  constitdtioa 
of  New  York,  he  was  chosen,  April  80, 
1777,  both  governor  and  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor. Accepting  the  former  office,  the 
latter  was  filled  by  Mr.  Van  Coirtiandt. 
He  was  thus  bltfetei  chief  magfatrate  «ht 
successive  periods  or  fbr  18  years,  till 
1795,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Jay.  Being  at  the  head  of  a  powerful 
state  and  in  the  command  of  the  militia, 
his  patriotic  services  were  of  the  highest 
importance  to  his  country;  On  the  ad- 
vance of  the  enemy  up  the  Hudson  ia 
Oct.  1177  he  prorogued  the  assembly 
and  proceeded  to  take  command  of 
fort  Montgomery,  where  he  and  hit 
brother,  James,  made  a  most  gallant  de- 
fence Oct.  6th.  He  escaped  Under  'cover 
of  the  night.  The  next  rfay  f  .rts  Imk- 
pendence  and  Constitu<i'Mi  were  evacua- 
ted.     Hp   pn'sidf'l   in  fh*^  "onv  intioiiAt 


ir^.-. 


"■9 


4 


# 


fl« 


CLINTON. 


^^ 


Poughkeepaie,  June  17, 1788,  for  delib* 
enting  on  the  federal  constitution,  which 
he  deemed  not  sufficiently  guarded  in  fa- 
vor of  the  sovereignty  of  e*eh  State. 
After  being  6  years  in  private  life  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislature.  Again  in 
1801  was  he  chosen  governor ;  but  in 
1804  waa  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lewis.  In 
that  year  he  was  elevated  to  the  vice 
presidency  of  the  United  States,  in  which 
station  he  continued  till  hia  death.  It  was 
by  his  casting  vote,  that  the  bill  for  re- 
newing the  bank  charter  was  negatived. 
He  died  at  Washington  April  80,  1819, 
aged  73.  In  private  life  he  was  frank, 
amiable,  and  warm  in  friendship.  By 
his  wife,  Cornelia  Tappan  of  Kingston, 
be  had  one  son  and  5  daughters,.of  whom 
but  one.daughter  is  still  living.  His  daugh-. 
ter,  Maria,  wife  of  Dr.  S.  D.  Beekman, 
died  in  Apriri839;.hi8  secdnd  daughter, 
Cornelia,  wife  of  E.  C.  Genet,  died 
March  1810,  aged  85;  his  third  daughter, 
Eliisabeth,  widow  of  Matthias  Talmadge, 
died  Apr.  1835,  aged  45.  Another  daugh- 
ter married  coL  Van  Cortlandt,  and  died 
in  1811.— An  oration  on  his  death  was 
delivered  by  Gouvernetir  Morris. 

Of  his  energy  and  decision  the  follow- 
ing are  instances.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  when  a  British  officer  was  placed 
on  a' cart  in  the  city  of  New  Tork,  to  be 
tarred  and  leathered,  he  rushed  in  among 
themob  with  a  drawn  sword  and  rescued 
thesuffisrer.  During  the  raging  of  what 
waa  called  the  doctor's  mob,  when  in 
eonaequence  of  the  disinterment  of  some 
bodies, for  dissection,  the  houses  of  the 
physicians  were  in  danger  ofbeiog  pulled 
down,  he  called  out  the  militia  and  quelled 
the  turbulence.  The  following  is  an  in- 
stance of  the  skill,with  which  he  diverted 
attention  ftom  his  growing  infirmities. 
On.  a  visit  to  Pittsfield,  as  Jie  was  rising 
from  a  dinner  table  in  Ids  old  age,  he  fell, 
but  waa  caught  by  a  lady  sitting  next  to 
hi^  "Thus,"  said  he,  "should  I  ever 
wish  to  fall;— into  the  hands  of  the 
ladies."— For  many  years  he  suffered 
much  by  the  rheumatism.— De2q>l<wn«>« 
r^otitory;  Eneyelopedia  Jimerieanai 
Lord^B  Lempriere}  Sogen;  ManhaU, 


V.  806;  jUmon'M  remem&r«i«er,  1780. 

160 

CLINTON,  Henry,  sir,  an  EOgliah 
general,  son  of  the  colpnial  gov.C.,wa8  the 
grandsonofthe  earl  of  Lincoln.  After 
distinguishing  himself  in  the  battle  of 
'  Bunker  hill  in  I776,he  waa  sent  unsuccesa* 
iViUy  against  New  York  and  Charleston. 
He  afterwards,  in  Sept  1776,occttpied  the 
city  of  New  York.  Oct.  6, 1777  he  as- 
saulted and  took  forts  Clinton  and  Mont- 
gomery, lu  1778  he  succeeded  Howe  in 
the  command  at  Philadelphia,  whence 
Washington  oompelled  him  to  retire. 
In  May  1730  he  took  Charleston^  It  was 
he,  who  negotiated  widi  Arnold  in  Jus 
treason.  He  returned  to  England  in 
1782  and  died  Dec.  S3,  1705.  A  few 
months  before,  he  had  been  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  He  published  a 
narrative  of  his  conduct  in  America,  1783; 
observations  on  Comwallis'  answer,178S; 
observations  on  Stedman,  1784. 

CLINTON,  DeWitt,  LL.D.,governor 
of  New  York,  was  the  son  of  gen.  James 
Clinton,  and  was  bom  at  Little  Britain, 
in  Orange  county,  March  3,  1780.  He 
was  graduated  at  Columbia  college, 
with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class,  in 
1788.  Although  he  studied  law  under 
Samuel  Jones,  he  waa  never  much  en- 
gaged in  the  practice.  After  having  been 
private  secretary  of  his  .  governor 

George  Clinton,  he  wa  ,ed  to  the 

Senate  of  New  York  in  U>t9.  He  was 
two  years  before  in  the  house.  It  was  a 
time  of  violent  party  excitement;  he  cin- 
teredinto  the  struggle  with  all  his  energy 
and  was  0.1  ^  of  the  champions  of  democ- 
racy. At  this  period,  as  afterwards,  he 
was  the  friend  of  education,  the  sciences, 
tL  the  arts,  and  advocated  liberal  grants  to 
Union  college  and'the  common  schools. 
He  exerted  himself  also  to  procure  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  New  York.  As 
a  member  of  the  council  of  appointment, 
he  claimed  a  co-ordinate  right  of  nomina- 
tion, in  which  claim  he  and  a  majority  of 
the  council  were  resisted  by  gov.  Jay. 
By  reason  of  this  coi^troTersy  all  the  offi- 
cers of  the  state  held  over  for  one  year. 
In  1801  the  constitution  was  amended, 


r^fi^ 


CLINTON. 


tffi 


«er,  1780. 

in  BAglwh 
,C.,wuthe 
In.     After 
I  btttle  of 
lumueoeM' 
CharlMton. 
tceupied  the 
1777  he  M- 
1  «nd  Montr 
ed  Howe  in 
Ilia,  whence 
1  to  retire, 
toik    Itwae 
rnold  in  his 
England  in 
95.    A  few 
in .  appointed 
I  published  s 
merica,l782', 
»n8wer,l788i 

784. 

,.D.,governor 
)f  gen.  James 
little  Britain, 
3,1769.    He 
tbia    college, 
[  his  class,  in 
id  law  under 
ver  much  en- 
T  having  been 
governor 
^  to  the 
rf9.    He  was 
It  was  a 
nent;  he  dn- 
aU  his  energy 
ns  of  democ- 
irwards,  he 
the  sciences, 
iral  grants  to 
tn  schools, 
procure  the 
York.     As 
tppointment, 
itofnomina- 
majority  of 
gov.  Jay. 
ly  all  the  offi- 
|for  one  year, 
amended, 


allowing  the  oo-ordinate  nomination.  In 
July  1803  he  betrayed  a  want  of  moral 
and  religious  principle  by  fighting  a  duel 
with  John  Swartwout,  arising  ftom  polit- 
ieal  controverqr  eoneeming  Mr.  Burr.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  appointed  a  senator 
of  the  United  States,  in  which  station  he 
voted  for  the  treaty  with  the  Creek  Indi- 
ans, guarantying  to  them  the  peaceful 
possession  of  their  own  territory  in  Geor- 
gia. In  thedifficiilty  with  Spain  concern- 
ing the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  he 
successfully,  in  a  powerful  speech,  resisted 
the  attempt  of  the  federal  party  to  plunge 
the  country  into  a  war.  His  last  vote  in  the 
Senate  was  to  confirm  the  treaty  for  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana.  He  was  chosen 
mayor  of  New  York,  an  oflice  of  great 
emolument  and  patronage,  in  1803,  and 
annually ,>^kcepting  in  1807, and  1810, 
—until  1816,  exertingihimself  to  promote 
in  every  way  the  prosperity  of  the  city. 
Under  his  auspices  the  historical  society 
and  the  academy  of  arts  were  incorponi' 
ted;  the  city  hall  was  founded;  the  or- 
phan asylum  established  ;  and  the 
city  fortified.  While  he  was  mayor, 
he  was  slao,  during  several  years,  a  sen- 
ator and  the  lieutenant  governor,  eng^ge- 
ing  with  zeal  and  with  strong  ambition  in 
the  political  movements  of  the  day.  ■  He 
could  not  be  content  without  being  a  pro- 
minent leader.  In  respect  to  the  war  of 
j813,  he  was  opposed  to  its  declaration 
as  inexpedient  ^nd  injurious ;  yet  ailer  it 
was  commenced,  he  made  every  efibrt  to 
call  forth  the  energies  of  the  country 
against theenemy.  In  1813  heconsented 
to  become  the  candidate  of  the  peace  par- 
ty for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States, 
and  reived  89  votes,  Mr.  Madison  c^ 
taining  138  and  being  re-elected.  By 
thus  arraying  himself  against  Madison 
Clinton  alienated  from  himself  many  of 
his  former  friends. 

In  1815  he  became  a  private  citizen. 
In  1816  he  was  appointed  a  canal  com- 
missioner and  president  of  the  board:  he 
had  been  a  member  ofthe  first  board, 
with  Gouverneur  Morris,  Stephen  Van 
Rensselaer,  and  othen,  in  ISIO,  but 
nothing  was  efiected  until  April  1817, 


when  in  consequence  ofthe  exerttons  of 
Mr.  Clinton  a  law  was  passed,  authoric- 
ing  the  Erie  canal,  868  miles  in  length,  at 
an  estimated  expense  of  5  million&i  of  dol- 
lars. Being  in  the  next  month  elected 
governor,  in  his  able  mesitage  to  the  leg- 
islature he  called  their  attention,  among 
other  subjects,  to  the  great  interests  of 
education  and  of  internal  improvement, 
particularly  to  tlte  proposed  most  impor- 
tant canal.  During  his  administratiea 
of  three  years  a  strong  party  was  arrayed 
against  him.  He  was  however  re-elected 
in  1830  against  Mr.  Tompkins.  But  his 
opponents  obtained  majorities  in  both 
branches  ofthe  legislature,  so  that,  when 
under  the  amended  constitution,  limiting 
the  term  of  ofiice  to  two  3^«ar8,  a  new 
election  came  on  in  1833,  Mr.  Clinton,  in 
order  to  avoid  certain  defeat,  withdrew 
from  the  contest.  Yet  the  various  meas- 
ures of  his  administiation  had  all  been 
Wisely  directed  to  promote  the  public 
welfare.  In  regard  to  education  he  re- 
marked to  the  legislatttre,"it  cannot  be  too 
forcibly  inculcated,  nor  too  generally  un- 
derstood, that  in  promoting  the  great  in- 
terests of  moral  and  intellectual  cultivation 
there  can  be  no  prodigality  in  the  appli- 
r«tion  ofthe  public  treasure." 

He  acted  as  president  of  the  board  of 
canal  commissioners  in  1838  and  1834  ; 
but  in  this  last  year  the  legislature,  with- 
out accusation,  removed  him  from  this 
place.  This  flagrant  act  of  injustice  to- 
wards the  father  of  the  grtet  system  of  in- 
ternal improvement  ro)ised  the  indign»> 
tion  ofthe  people.  Ke  was  immediately 
nominated  ibr  governor,  and  was  elected 
by  a  majority  of  16,000  Totesever  his 
antagonist.  During  his  administration 
the  Erie  canal  was  in  1835  finished,  and 
the  completion  of  the  work  was  celebra- 
ted throughout  the  state.  Re-elected  in 
1836,  he  in  that  year  declined  the  embas- 
sy to  England,  which  Mr.  Adams  offered 
him.  At  this  period  the  most  important 
measure,  whieh  he  recommended,  was  an 
amendment  of  the  constitution,  making 
the  right  of  sufirage  univerauL  The 
change  was  made  by  the  people  ;  but 
thereisvere  those,  who  regarded  the  re- 


tTO 


CLINTON. 


CLYMER. 


eommendation  u  •risingr  from  the  desire 
of  gaining  popularity.  He  died,  8ud>- 
denly  at  Albany  Feb.  11, 1828,  aged  59 
yean,rroin  a  disease  of  the  heart  in  conse- 
quence of  a  catarrhal  affection  of  tlie  throat 
•nd  ^hest.  His  first  wife  was  Maria  Frank- 
Kn^the  daughter  of  an  etninent  merchant  of 
New  York,  by  whom  he  had  7  sons  and 
S  daughters,  of  whom  4  sons  and  3  daugh- 
ters survived  him.  His  second  wife  was 
Catharine  Jones,  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Thomaq  Jones. 

-  Mr.  Clinton  was  a  member  and  the 
president  of  various  learned  societies,  be- 
fore which  he  was  frequently  invited  to 
deliver  discourses,  in  all  which,  as  well  as 
in  his  official  communications,  he  display- 
ed the  energies  of  an  enlightened  and 
comprehensive  intellect.  His  title  as  the 
head  of  the  free  masons  was  sufficiently 
ridiculdus;— "Most  Excellent  General 
Grand  High  Priest  of  the  Gbneral  Grand 
Royal-  Arch  .Chapter  of  the  United 
States!"  In  his  person  he  was  tall  «nd 
of  a  commanding  aspect.  His  manners 
were  distant  and  reserved;  yet  was  he 
cheerful,  and  lund,  and  sincere  in  friend- 
ship. He^ioae  early  and  foiled  incessant-' 
ly  for  the  enlargement  of  his  knowledge. 
There  is  no  doubt,  that  he  was  ambitious, 
•nd  that  he  was  looking  higher,  than  the 
ftk»  of  governor.  Biit  his  political 
nwaaures  deserve  to  be  commended  as 
Miiiiervient  to  the  prosperity  and  honor 
of  the  state.  His  failure  to  reach  the 
height,  to  vhieh  he  aimed  in  the  national 
government,  and  his  sudden  removal 
iVom  the  world  preo^snt  a  now  and  striking 
instance  of  the  vanity  of  earthly  pursuits. 
Theyj  who  fix  their  aim  uptm  any  object 
beneath  the  sky,will  be  dis^>pointed ;  even 
the  man  of  ambition,  who  gains  the  de> 
sirad  and  giddy  eminence,  will  not  there 
b«  iMppy.  In  Hosack's  life  of  Clinton 
ther»  is  published  a  letter,  aildressed  to 
him  by  oaeof  the  ministers  of  New  York, 
deploring  his  neglect  of  an  important 
religious  d«ty,  «nd  pointing  out  a  path, 
vhieh  leads  to  the  unwithering  honors  of 
a  AMure  life.  He  published  a  discourse 
before  the  N.  V.  hist,  society,  1811;  dis- 
coursa  bsTore  the  lit.  and  phil.  society  of 


N.  Y.  1816  ;  and  in  tht^  trans,  of  tliat  so- 
ciety remarks  on  the  fishes  of  the  western 
waters  of  N.  Y.^  discourse  before  the 
Amer.  academy  of  the  arts,  1816.;  a  dis- 
course before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society, 
1838 ;  address  before  the  Amer.  Bible  so- 
ciety,: 1833  and  1835;  address  to  the 
freemasons  on  resigning  a  high  office, 
1835.^— HotacA's  numoiri  ;  Amer.  aim. 
rug.  1837-9.  p.  151-168;  ProudfiVt 
term. 

CLYMER,  George,  a  patriot  of  the  re- 
volution, was  born  in  PhHadelpbia  in  17S9. 
He  received  a  good  education  and  acquir- 
ed a  taste  for  books ;  but  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits.  He  early  espoused  the 
cause  of  his  country.  In  177S  he  resolute- 
ly opposed  the  sale  of  tea,  sent  out  by  the 
British  government.  Not  a  pound  was 
sold  in  Philadelphia.  In  1775  he  was  one 
of  the  first  continental  treasurers.  '  As  n 
member  of  congress,  he  the  next  year 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
In  1774  the  furniture  of  his  house  in 
Chester  county,  35  miles  from  Philadel- 
phia, was  destroyed  by  the  enemy.  -In 
this  year  he  was  a  commissioner  to  the 
Indians  to  preserve  peace  and  enlist  war- 
riors from  the  Shawanese  and  Delaware 
tribes.  In  this  capacity  he  resided  for  a 
while  at  Pittsburg;  In  1 780  he  co-opera- 
ted with  Robert  Morris  in  the  establish- 
ment of  a  bank  for  the  relief  of  the  coun- 
try. Again  was  he  a  member  of  congress 
in  1780 ;  but  in  1783  he  removed  to 
Princeton  for  the  education  of  his'  chil- 
dren. After  the  adoption  of  the  constitu- 
tion he  was  again  a  member  of  congress. 
On  the  passage  of  the  bill  for  imposing  a 
duty  on  distilled  spirits  in  1791,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  excise  depart- 
ment in  Pennsy I  vania.  The  insurrection 
made  his  duties  sufliciently  disagreeable ; 
and  he  resigned  the  office.  In  1796  he 
was  sent  to  Georgia,  to  negotiate,  togeth- 
er with  Hawkins  and  Pickens,  a  treaty 
with  the  Cherokee  and  Creek  Indians.  He 
was  afterwards  president  of  the  Philadel- 
phia bank  and  of  the  Academy  of  fine  arts. 
He  died  at  Morrisville,  Bucks  county, 
Jan.  SS,  181S,  aged  73. — His  wife  was 
the  doughtet-  of  Mr.  Meredith.    Joseph 


COBB. 


.vi 


!:.-:* 


COBBETT. 


117 


Hopkituon  pronofinced  an  eulogy  upon 
his  character.  In  hia  varioua  itations  he 
waa  remarkable  for  the  punctual  and  con- 
soientioui  discharge  of  daty.  He  had  a 
delicacy  of  taste  and  was  attached  to  the 
refined  pursuits  of  a  cultivated  genius. 
The  improvement  of  his  country  awaken- 
ed his  constant  solicitude.— (JoodrtcA'f 

COBB,  Ebenezer,  remarkable  for  lon- 
gevity, was  born  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 
March.  33, 1694,  and  was  ten  years  con- 
temporary with  Peregrine  White  of 
Marshfield,  the  first  sonof  New  England, 
who  was  born  on  board  the  Mayflower 
in  cape  Cod  harbor  in  Nov.  1630.  Mr. 
Cobb  died  at  Kingston,  Dec.  8,  1801, 
aged  107  years.  His  days  Vere  passed 
in  cultivating  the  earth.  His  mode  of 
living  was  simple.  Only  twice  in  his  Ufe, 
and  then  it  was  to  gratify  his  brethren  on 
a  jury,  did  he  substitute  an  enervating 
cup  of  tea  in  place  of  the  invigorating 
bowl  of  broth,  or  the  nutritive  porringer 
of  milk.  He  never  used  glasses  ;  but  for 
several  years  could  not  see  to  read.  He 
was  of  a  moderate  stature,  stooping  in  at- 
titude, having  an  expanded  chest,  and  of 
a  fair  and  florid  countenance.  He  enjoy- 
ed Ufe  in  his  old  age,  and  in  his  lost  year 
declared,  that  he  had  the  same  attach- 
ment to  life  aS'  evei*.  He  was  a  professed 
christian.  As  he  approached  the  close  of 
his  daysj  he  shrewdly  replied  to  some  one, 
who  made  a  remark  upon  his  expected  dis- 
solution, "it  id  very  rare,  that  persons  of 
my  age  die."  His  posterity,  were  not  nu- 
iherpus,  being  only  185. — Co/um&.  cent-. 
Dee.  16, 1801;  N.  Y.  Speet.  Dee.  33. 

COBBETT,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
minister  and  writer,  was  born  at  Newbu- 
ry in  England  in  1608.  He  entered  the 
nniversity  of  Oxford  and  was  for  some 
time  a  student  there ,  but  in  the  time  of 
theplague  he  was  induced  to  remove  and 
to  become  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Twiss  of  Newbury.  In  consequence  of 
his  nonconformity  to  the  established 
church  he  experienced  a  storm  ot  persecu- 
tion, which,  drove  him  to  this  country  in 
1637.  He  came  in  the  same  vessel  with 
Mr.  Davenport.    He  was  soon  chosen  as 


a  colleague  to  his  old  friend,  Mr.  Whiting 
of  Lynn,  with  whom  he  labored  in  hia 
benevolent  work  near  30  years.  In  the 
year,  in  which  their  salary  was  reduced 
to  SOI,  each,  the  town  sufiered  a  loss  by 
disease  among  the  cattle  of  300/.,  which 
may  be  regarded,  in  the  opinion  of  Cotton 
Mather,  as  a  punishment  of  their  parsi- 
mony. After  the  removal  of  Mr.  Norton 
of  Ipswich  to  Boston  and  the  death  of 
Mr.  Rogers,  he  became  the  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Ipswich.  During  his  min- 
istry thereVas  a  powerful  and  extensive 
revival  of  religion  in  the  town.  Here  he 
continued  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  the  sacred  office,  till  his  death 
Nov.  5,  168S,  aged  77.  From  the  re- 
cords of  the  town  it  appears,  that  the  eX" 
penses  of  the  funeral  were  about  18/.,  in- 
cluding 33  gals,  of  wine  at  4«.,  63lbs.  of 
sugar,  cid^r  and  ginger,  and  some  dozen 
.pairs  of  gloves.  His  predecessors  were 
Ward,  Norton,  and  Rogers ;  his  succes- 
sors Hubbard,  Dennison,  J.  Rogers, 
Fitch,  N.  Rogers,  Frisbie,  find  Kimball. 
Mr.  Cobbett  was  remarkable  not  only 
fur  a  constant  spirit  of  devotion  and  for 
the  frequency  of  his  addresses  to  heaven, 
but  for  a  particular  faith,  or  assurance 
in  pr^er.  During  the  wars  with  the 
Indians  one  of  his  sons  was  tak^n  prison- 
er by  the  savages.  The  aged  parent  cal- 
led together  a  number  of  his  neighbors, 
and  they  mingled  their  pmyersfor  the  de- 
liverance of  the  captive.  He  was  impres- 
sed with  the  belief,  that  the  Father  of 
mercies  had  heard  the  supplications,  ad- 
dressed to  him,  and  his  heart  was  no  more 
sad.  In  a  few  days  his  son,  who  had 
been  redeemed  of  a  sachem  at  Penobscot 
forared  coat,  actually  returned.  He  pub- 
lished a  work  on  inrant  baptism,  1648, 
which  is  much  commended  by  Cotton, 
and  described  by  Mather  as  "a  large,  ner- 
vous, golden  discourse";  the  civil  magis- 
trate's power  in  matters  of  religion  mod- 
estly debated,  &c.  with  an  answer  to  a 
pamphlet,  called,  ill  news  from  England, 
by  John  Clarke  of  R.  I.,  1653;  a  practi- 
cal discourse  of  prayer,  8vo,  1654  ;  on 
the  honor  due  from  chiMren  to  their  pa- 
rents,   1656.-^.^agirM/ta,  tii.  165-167. 


t» 


COCHRAN. 


CObDINOTON. 


COCHRAN,  John,  m.  d.,  k  phyiioian, 
born  in  17S0  in  Chester  county, 
Penni.  Hit  father,  a  ikrmer,  came  from 
the  north  of  Ireland.  He  studied  pbjraio 
with  Dr.  Thompson  of  Lancaster.  In 
the  French  war,  which  began  in  1765, 
be  aerved^  aurgeon's  mate  in  th(|  hoapi- 
tal  department.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
be  settled  in  Albany,  and  married  Ger- 
trude Schuyler,  the  only  sister  of  gen. 
Schuyler.  But  he  soon  removed  to  New 
Brunswick.  April  10,  1777,  on  the  re- 
eommendatlon  of  Washington,  he  was 
appointed  physieisn  and  aurgeon  general 
in  the  middle  department ;  and  in  Oct. 
1781  director  general  of  the  hosintals  of 
the  U.  S.  AfVer  the  peace  be  removed  to 
New  York,. where  Washington  nomina- 
ted him  the  commissioner  of  k)ana.  He 
died  at  Palatine,  Montgomery  county, 
April  6, 1807,  aged  76.  The  impressions 
in  early  life  derived  iVom  a  religious  fa- 
ther were  never  obliterated. —  Tktieker'$ 
mud.  Uog. 

CODDINOTON,  William,  the  father 
of  Rhode  Island,  was  a  native  ofLiocpln- 
ahire,- England.  He  came  to  this  coun- 
try aa  an  assistant,  or  one  of  the  magis- 
trates (^Mass.,  and  arrived  at  Salem  in 
theArbellaJunelS,  j680.  Hewaasev. 
<«ral  times  rechosen  to  that  office;  but  in 
1687,  when  governor  Vane,  to  whose  in- 
terests he  was  attached,  was  superseded 
by  Mr.  Winihrop,  he  also  was  left  out  of 
themagiatraey.  The  freemen  of  Boston, 
however,  the  next  day  chose  him  and  Mr. 
Vane  Aeir  deputies  to  the  court.  Mr. 
Coddington  expressed  his  dissatisfaction 
in  losing  the  office,  which  he  had  sustain- 
ed, by  aitting  with  the  deacons  at  public 
worship,  instead  of  placing  himself  as 
usual  in  the  magistrates'  seat,  and  by  go- 
ing to  mount  Wollaston  on  the  day  of  the 
general  fkst  to  hear  Mr.  Wheelright. 
When  the  religious  contentions  ran  high 
in  1687,  he  defended  Mrs.  Hutchinson  at 
her  trial  in  opposition  to  governor  Win- 
throp  and  the  ministers;  he  opposed  the 
proceedings  of  the  court  against  Mr. 
Wheelwright  and  others;  and  when  he 
found,  that  hia  exertions  were  unayailing, 
he  relinquished  his  advantageous  situa- 


tion as  a  merehant  at  Boston,  and  hit 
hirge  property  and  improvementa  in 
Braintree,and  accompanied  the  emigrants, 
who  at  that  time  lefl  the  colony.  He  r»> 
moved  to  Rhode  lahind  April  S6, 1688, 
and  waa  the  principal  instrument  in  efieot* 
ing  the  original  settlement  of  that  phoe. 
His  name  atanda  first  on  the  covenant, 
signed  by  eighteen  persons  at  Aquetneek, 
or  Rhode  Island,  March  7, 1688,  forming 
themselves  into  a  body  politic,  to  be  gov- 
erned by  the  lawa  of  the  Lord  Jfeaus 
Christ,  the  King  of  kings.  It  was  soon 
found  necessary  to  have  something  more 
definite.  Mr.  Coddington  wai  appointed 
judge,  and  three  elders  were  johied  with 
him.  These  were  directed  by  a  vote  of 
the  freemen,'Jan.  8, 1689,  to  be  governed 
by  the  general  rulea  of  the  i^ord  of  God, 
when  no  particular  rule  was  known.  But 
this  plan  was  changed  March  18, 1640, 
when  a  governor,  lieutenant  govemort 
and  four  assistants  were  appointed. 

Mr.  Coddington  waa  chosen  governor 
seven  years  successively,  until  the  char- 
ter was  obtained,  and  the  island  was  in- 
corporated with  Providence  plantations. 
In  1647  he  assisted  in  formipg  the  body 
of  hkws,  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the 
government  (^  Rhode  Isbmd  ever  since. 
The  next  year,  May  16, 1648,  he  waa 
elected  governor;  but  he  declined  the  of^ 
ficeon  account  of  a  controversy,  in  which 
he  wss  engaged,  respecting  some  knds. 
In  dept  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  procure  the  reception  of  Rhode  Island 
into  the  confederacy  of  the  united  colo- 
nies. In  1651  he  went  to  Englsnd  and 
was  commissioned  governor  of  Aquetneek 
island,  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  cot- 
ony;  but  as  the  people  were  jeak)us,  lest 
his  commission  should  afiect  tbeir  laws 
and  liberties,  -  he'  resigned  it.  He  now 
retired  from  public  business;  but  toward* 
the  close  of  bis  life  he  was  prevailed  on 
to  accept  the  chief  magistracy.  He  was 
governor  in  the  years  1 674  and  1 675..  He 
died  Nov.  1,1678,  aged  77. 

He  appeara  to  have  been  prudent  in  his 
administration,  and  active  in  promoting 
theweUareof  the  little  commonwealth, 
which  he  had  assisted  in  founding.  VIHule 


tnd  his 
BDti  in 
lifnnti, 

«,1688, 

in«fieetf 
It  pl«oe. 
ovenant, 

,  forming 
(be  fOT- 
rd  J|«ra* 
ffu  loon 
ing  more 
appointed 
liued  with 
a  vote  of 
governed 
rdofGod, 
own.  But 
13. 1640, 
governor, 
ited. 

I  governor 
I  the  char- 
id  WM  in- 
tlantatiom. 
the  body 
isia  of  the 
iver  aince. 
|8,  be  was 
the  of- 
',  in  which 
tme  lands, 
ful  attempt 
lode  Island 
itod  oolo- 
gland  and 
kquetneelc 
If  the  col^ 
)us,  lest 
leir  laws 
He  now 
it  towards 
ivailed  on 
He  wss 
1676.   He 

lent  in  his 

Ipromoting 

mwealth, 

Bg.  While 


CODMAN.  ^ 

he  Uvsd  in  Rhode  island,  hs 
ths  sentiments  of  ths  qnskers.  He  was 
■  wsrm  sdvoests  for  liberty  of  eon- 
seience.  A  letter,  which  he  wrote  in 
1674  to  the  governor  of  New  Englsnd, 
is  prsserved  in  Bssse's  suArings  of  the 
quaken,  ii.  fl6ft— 170.— D«(He.  (t/*  0«^ 
Undtr>$M$t.diH.jUolm$i  Winthrop: 
HuteMiuoH,  i,  16. 

CODMAN,  John,  s  member  of  the 
senate  of  Mass.,  died  in  Boston  May  17, 
1608,  aged  48.  He  filled  the  public  sta- 
tions, in  which  he  wasplseed,  with  in- 
tegrity and  honor.  Asa  merchant,  he 
sustained  a  character  of  the  first  respec- 
tability. Endeared  to  his  Mends  by  a 
natural  disposition,  which  rendered  him 
wsrm  in  his  attachments,  he  also  pos- 
sessed, by  the  gift  oT  divine  grace,  a  prin- 
ciple of  benevolence,  which  drew  upon 
him  the  blessings  of  tlie  poor.  In  his  last 
moments,  more  spzious  for  the  ssfety  of 
others  than  for  his  own,  he  resigned  him- 
self to  denth  with  the  fortitude,  calmness, 
and  triumph,  becoming  the  religion  which 
he  professed.— JV.  Y.  herald,  Mty  36, 
1608.     . 

COFFIN,   Nathaniel,  ii.D.,a  physi- 
cian in  Portland,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Na- 
thaniel Coffin,  who  came  from  Newbu- 
ryport  to  Portland  in  1788  and  died  of  the 
palsy  in  Jsn.  1766,  sged  60,  snd  a  descen- 
dant of  Tristram  Coflin,  who  came  to  this 
country  in  1646  snd  sfter  living  at  New- 
bury died  at  Nantucket  in  1 681 .    He  was 
bom  May  8, 1744.    His  medical  studies 
were  completed  in  the  hospitals  of  Lon- 
don.   His  k>ng  life  of  professions!  servi- 
ces was  spent  in  Portland,  where  he  died 
Oct.  18, 16S6,  aged  63.    By  his  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Issac  Foster  of  Ghariestown, 
hehadUchiklren.  He  was  the  first  pres* 
ident  of  the  Maine  medieal  society.    As  a 
surgeon  he  wss  psrtkmlarly  sIdlAil  and 
eminent.    As  to  his  religion,  he  united 
40  years  befofie  his  death  in  the  unitarian 
lUth  of  Dr.  Freeman  of  Boston,  and  was 
allerwards  a  member  of  the  church  of  the 
first  parish  in  Portland.— Thaeher'i  med. 
Mof. 

COFFIN,   John  Ootfaam,    u.  v.,  a 
physisian  in  Boston,  died  at  Brookfleld  in 


COGSWELL. 


Jan.  1836,  aged  69.      He  published  a 
treatise  on  oold  and  warm  bathing,  ISmov^ 
1618;  on  medical  education,  1833. 

COFFIN,  Robert  9.,  a  poet,  was  the 
son   of '  Ebenezer    Coffin,  minister   of 
Brunswick,  Msihe,  and  born  about  the 
year  1797.      As  his  ftther  soon  removed 
to  Newburyport,  he  was  there  appren- 
ticed to  a  printer.     He  began  to  indite 
poetry  at  an  early  age.     In  the  late  war 
he  was  a  sailor,  and  found  himself  ■ 
prisoner  on  board  a  British  flrigate.     AA 
ter  the  war  he  pursued  his  business  as  a 
printer  at  Boston,  New  York,  and  Phila- 
delphia, sending  forth  also  dccaaional  pie- 
ces of  poetry  under  the  name  of  "the 
Boston  Bard."     In  March  1836  he  was 
in  New  York,  in  sickneas  and  poverty, 
and  with  the  wretchedness  of  self  re- 
proach for  his  misconduct.    He  had  been 
in  habits  of  intemperance.    Some  benev* 
olent  ladies  and  others  assisted  him  to  re- 
turn tb  his  destitute,widowed  mother  snd 
sister  in  Massachusetts.    In  Boston  some 
sympathy  was  awakened  by  bis  distresses. 
After  many  months*  of  extreme  sufiericg 
he  died  at  Rowley  May  7,   1837,  aged 
about  80,  and  was  buried  at  Newbury 
Old  Town,as  the  place  is  eontradictiously 
called  by  the  inhabitants.     He  was  bu- 
ried by  the  side  of  his  father,  whose  ex- 
ample unhappily  was  of  no  benefit  to  the 
son.    His  poetical  pieces  were  collected 
and  published  in  a  volume  in  1836.     His 
last  productran  breathed  the  wisl.  '..K't 
he  might  die  the  death  of  the  righteous.-  - 
8pee.  timer.  Poet.  ii.  159. 

COGOESHALL,  John,  first  pmi- 
dent  of  Rhode  Island,was  a  representative 
of  Bnston  in  the  first  court  in  May  1684, 
It  in  various  courts  afterwards.  His  name 
was  written  Coxeall.  Being  exiled  ftata 
Mass.  in  March  1688  be  joined  his  com- 
panions in  persecution  at  Rhode  Island, 
and  was  chosen  governor  in  1647.  Jer. 
Clarke  succeeded  him  the  next  year. 
His  descendants  remain  to  the  present 
day.— rSovt^e'*  WitUhr<^,  1.  180. 

COGSWELL,  James,  d.d.,  minister 
of  Windham,Con.,wasbornin  Saybrook, 
Jan.  6, 1730.  In  his  chiklhood  his  pa- 
rents removed  to  Lebanon,  where  they 


380 


COGSWELL. 


COKE. 


rtmained,  till  in  their  old  age,  he  with 

<lial  ifiisction  took  them  to  hia  own  houae. 
[e  waa  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
174S,  and  while  a  member  of  that  inatitu- 
tion  at  the  time  of  the  general  revival  of 
religion  through  America,  he  became  ex- 
perimentally acquainted  with  the  truth  aa 
it  ia  in  Jeaua.  Forming  the  reaolution 
to  devote  hia  life  to  the  aervice  xtf  the 
Redeemer,  he  waa  ordained  in  1744  pastor 
of  the  flrat  churph  in  Canterbury.  In 
1771  he  waa  removed  from  thia  charge. 
But  early  in  the  following  year  he  waa  in- 
atalled  miniater  of  Jcotland ,  a  parish  in 
the  town  of  Windham,  where  he  contin- 
ued until  Dec.  1804.  The  infirmitiea  of 
age  now  rendering  him  incapable  of 
public  aervice,  he  found  a  retreat  for 
the  remainder  of  hia  life  in  the 
family  of  bis  aon.  Dr.  Mason  Fitch 
Cogswell  of  Hartford.  His  own  filial  pie- 
ty waa  now  repaid  him.  He  died  Jan.  3, 
1807,  aged  .87  years.  He  waa  in  early 
life  distinguished  for  hia  learning,  and  he 
retained  it  m  his  old  age.  His  temper 
was  cheerful  and  social,  and  benevolence 
ahoae  in  his  countenance.  Under  heavy 
afflictiona  he  waa  aubmissive,  adoring  the 
sovereignty  of  Opd.  His  preaching  was 
generally  plain  and  practical,  addressed  to 
the  understandings  and  consciences  of  bis 
henrers.  On  the  great  doctrinea  of  the  gos- 
pel, which  he  inculcated,  he  built  his  own 
hope  of  a  blessed  immortality.  He  pub- 
lished a  sermon  preached  at  the  funeral  of 
Solomon Williams,1776,  secedit.  1806.— 
Panopliit,  II.  581-583 ;  Piteataqua 
evang.mag.  iii.  196. 

COGSWELL,  Mason  Filch,  m.  d., 
•  physician,  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1780,  and,  alter  studying  physic, 
settled  at  Hartford.  In  1813  he  was  chosen 
preaident  of  the  Connecticut  medical  soci- 
ety, and  held  the  office  ten  years.  He  died 
Dec.  18S0,  aged  69.  As  a  physician  he 
waa  distinguished,  and  as  a  surgeon  he 
had  few  equals.  Dr.Cogswell  first  formed 
the  design  of  an  establishment  for  the  edu- 
cation of  the  deaf  &  dumb  in  thia  country. 
His  sympathy  for  them  had  been  awa- 
kened by  the  unfortunate  condition  of  his 
own  daughter.      The  Asylum  for  the 


demand  imnh,  at  Hartford,  commenced 
by  Mr.  Gallaudet,  is  to  be  ascribed  in  a 
conaiderable  degree  to  the  exertions  of 
Dr.  Cogswell.  It  ia  remarkable,  that  hia 
own  deaf  and  dumb  daughter  aurvived 
her  Ather  only  a  few  weeks,  her  heart  be- 
ing broken  by  the  event  of  his  removal. 
Mrs.Sigoumey,in  a  piece  upon  her  death, 
supposea  Alice  Cogswell  to  say  to  some 
of  her  relatives, 

"Siitvn !  there*!  miwlo  here; 

From  countleM  harpe  It  flowe 

Throughout  thii  wide,  celeitial  tpbere,    '  • 

^or  paiite  nor  diieord  knowi. 

The  mnS  it  melted  from  my  ear 

By  love  divine; 

And  what  through  life  I  pinnd  to  hear 

!•  mine! — limine! 

The  warbling  of  an  ever  tuneful  choir 

And  the  full  deep  reiponie  of  David'i  goldea 

lyre. 
Did  the  kind  earth  hide  from  me 
Her  broken  hnrmony,  , 
That  thus  the  melodiei  of  Heaven  might  roN 
And  whelm  in  deeper  tidee  of  bliu  my  won> 

dering  muII" 

COKE,  Thomas,  ll.d,  a  methodist 
bishop  in  the  U.  S.,  was  born  in  Wales  in 
1747,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  At  the 
university  he  was  a  deist.  He  afterwards 
was  a  curate  in  Someraetshire.  By  read- 
ing Witherspoon  on  regeneration  be  waa 
convinced,  that  he  needed  a  new  heart. 
His  first  interview  with  Mr.  Wesley  was 
in  1776;  he  became  his  assistant  in  1780. 
In  Sept.  1784  he  sailed  for  New  York, 
and  communicated  in  America  the  new 
plan  of  government  and  discipline,  which 
Mr.  W.  had  drawn,  and  which  still  binds 
the  great  body  of  Methodists.  In  1786 
he  established  missions  in  the  West  In- 
dies. In  the  subsequent  year  he  repeatedly 
visited  the  U.  S.;  for  the  last  time  in 
I  i04.  He  sailed  for  Ceylon  with  six 
preachers  Dec.  SI,  1818,  but  died  sudden- 
ly on  his  passsge  May  9, 1814,  aged  66 
,year8,being  in  the  morning  found  dead  in 
his  cabin.  On'  his  passage  he  wrote 
several  sermons  in  Portuguese,  that  bis 
usefulness  might  be  increased  in  Asia. 
His  pious  zeal  may  well  shame  the  sloth- 
fulness  of  christians,  if  such  they  can  be 
called,  who  do  nothing  for  the  diffusion 


'-fj^*'  V»  t 


COLDEN. 


#4«'^ 


ofthe  gnpel  in  th«  iiorld.  H«  publMicd 
■  hut.  ofthe  Wait  Indiei;  a  oomnwatary 
on  the  nripturaa.— OAr.  FitiUmt. 

COLDKN,  Cwlwmlliider,  ■  phyikiu, 
botanist,  and' astronomer,'  was  the  son  of 
Rev.  Alex.  Golden  of  Dunsein  Scotland, 
and  was  bom  Feb.  17, 108^.  After  hav- 
inf  receitsda  liberal  education  under  the 
Immediate  inqieetion  of  his  father ,he  went 
to  the  university  of  Edipburgh,  where,  in 
1706,  he  completed  his  course  of  acadcmi- 
ealstndica.  He  then  applied  himself  to 
medicine  and-mathematiee,  and  was  emi* 
nently  distinguished  by  his  profldeney  in 
both.  Allured  by  the  flune  of  William 
Penn's  colony,  he  came  over  to  this  eoun^ 
try  abottt  the  year  .lt08j  and,  hjiving 
practised  physic  for  some  years  with  .c6n« 
siderable  reputation,  he  returned' to  Eng<>' 
land,which  he  found  greatly  distracted  in 
oonaequenee  of  the  troubles  of  1715.. 
While  inLondon  he  was-introduted  to  Dr. 
Halley,  who  was  ad  well  pleased  with  a 
paper  on  inimal  se^retiona,  written  in 
that  early  part  of  Mr.  Cblden's  life,  that 
he  read  it  before  the  royal  society,  the  ho- 
tiee  of  which  it  greatly  attracted.  At 
this  time  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
aomeof  the  most  distinguishMl  literary 
characters  of  Englaj^,  with  whom  he  af- 
teritards  cormpoiidedi  giving  them  cu* 
riooB  and  usefuHntelligence  respecting  a 
part  of  the  world;  then  but  little  known. 
Governor  Hunter  of  New  York  con> 
ceived  ao  ibVorable  an  opinion  of  Mr. 
Golden  after  a  short  acquaintance^  that  he 
became  his  warm  ftiend,  and  oflbred  his 
patronage,  if  he  woukl  rtaooveto  New 
York.  In  1719  he  therefore  settled  in 
that  city.  He  was  the  first,  who.  fiHed 
the  oflke  of  surveyor  general  in  the  colo-' 
ny.  He  rtaeived  alao  the  appointment  of 
master  in  chancery.  In  I7t0,  on  .the  arri>: 
val  of  governor  Burnet,  be>wiM  hbnored 
with  a  seat  in  the  king*a  councH  of  the 
ph)vince.  Heafterwaidaroiptothehead 
of  this  board,  and  in  that  station  succeed^ 
ed  to  the  administration  of  tht  govefiK 
roent  hi  1700^  He  had  prisvioiiisly  ob-. 
tained  a  patent  for  a  tract  of  land  about  ^ 
nine  miMa  firom  Newtrargh  oa  Hud- 
son's river:  and  to  this  placb,  which 
36 


in  his  patent  is  called  GoUinghMn,  or 
Coldenham,  heratired  with  his  Amity 
about  the  year  I755i  Than  he  undeiw 
took  to  clearand  eultivfte  a  snatl  part  of 
(he  tract  aa«  ftrm,  and  hiaattention  waa 
divided  between  agrtenkural  and  phikv 
aophlcal  punuita,  and  the  datics  of  hia 
olHce  of  >|urveyor  general.  Tbeapbt, 
which  be  had  selected  for  hia  retiraaaeiil, 
waa  entirely  inland,  and  the  groundi 
were  rough.  'At  the  time,  he  chose 
it  for  a  residence,  it  wai  solitary,  uneuiti* 
vated,  and  the  ooubtiy  arouiid'  it  abao- 
Ittteiy  a  wilderneai,  wlthont  roads,  or 
with  auoh  only,  as  were  'ahbost  iihpusa> 
ble.  It  was  besides  a  (Vontier  to  the.  In- 
diana,  who  committed  ftequent  barbari- 
ties. Yet- no  entreatiea  of  hia  ftienda, 
when  they  thought  him  In  dinger  ftom 
hie  savage  neighbora,  ifouki  entice  hia 
ftom  hia  ikvorite  home.  He  choea  ratber 
to  guard  and  fortify  his  hooae;  a«d  amidat 
dangera,  whksU  would  have  disturbed  the 
minda  of  moat  meri,  he  <n>ean  td  hava 
been  occupied,  tfiihont  .any  Interruption 
in  the  punnit  of  knowledge.- 

In  1761  he 'was  appointed  lieutenant 
governor  of  New  York,  and  he  held  ihia 
eommieaioh  during  the  remainder  of  Ma 
liib,  being  repeatedly  at  the  head  oftba 
goveriimentin  con^oanbe  Ofthe  ^eath 
or  sAiaenea  of  several  -  jpyanora.  Hia 
political  character  was  readMtid  veiyeoii- 
spieuonaby  the:fintioesa  of  hia  coaductiM 
tlia  violeBt  oomiootioniu  which  preeeded< 
the  Iat»  revolution.  He  possessed  thai 
sapteme  antbority,  when  the  pupm,  td>bia 
iimtrlbated'in  New  York  under  thi  Briii 
iih  etanipaet,  arrived}  and  Itavia  put  un- 
der hia  care  in  tbe  fbrtificationi  caUed  fort 
Oeorg«,  which  wa#theii  atandhig  on  bat* 
tery  point,  llie  attempt  Of  the  BrHbh 
parliament  to  raise  a  reveMie  by  taxing 
th»eoloniea.  had,  ih  evaiy  stage*  excited 
a  spirit  of  intfgnatloB.  and  resentaoent, 
which  bad  kMg  beibre  tMa  risen  above 
the  oontreAvoC  government.  At  length  a 
nfiiltituda,  oonaiating  of  several  thonsnd 
people^  asaemUed  under  leadera,  who 
were  afterwards  conspicuous  revotationa- 
ry  characters,  and  (tetermined  to  make 
the  lieutenant  gdveraor  deliver  up  tbe 


COLDKN. 


•Ump  fwptr  to  be  dactrojed.  Mr.  Golden 
hmk  received  intimtion  of  their  deeign, 
and  prepend  to  defend  with  fidelity  the 
trust,  whiek  had  devolved  upon  him. 
The  fort  waa  aurrounded,  on  the  eve- 
aiof  of  Feb.  1 5, 1 766,  by  a  vait  conooune 
of  people,  who  threatened  to  maieaere 
him  and  his  adherent!,. if  the  paper  was 
not  delivered  to  them;  and  though  theen- 
giaeers  within  asaured  him  that  the  plaee 
was  untenable,  and  a  terrified  ftmily  im- 
plored him  to  regard  his  safety,  he  yet 
preeerved  a  firmnesa  of  mind,  and  aue- 
oseded  finally  in  securing  the  papers  on 
board  a  British  man  of  war,  then  in  the 
port.  The  populace,  in  the  mean  time, 
unwilling  to  proceed  to  extremities,  grat- 
iAsd  their  resentment  by  burning  his  effi- 
gy, and.  destroying  his  carriages  under 
hk  View.  His  sdministratioii  is  rendered 
ntemorable,  amongst  other  things,hy  sev- 
eral ehartere  df  incorporation  for  >iseAil 
and  benevolent  purposes.  The  corpora- 
tion for  the  relief  of  distressed  seamen, 
called  the  marine  soeirty;  'that  of  the 
chamber  of  commerce ;  and  one  for  the 
relief  of  widows  and  ohildren  of  clergymen 
will  tauHQiit  his  name  with  honor  tQ  poa- 
toiity.  Afterlhe  return  of  Mr.  Tryon, 
tlw  governor,  in  1776,  he  WM  relieved 
fhHn  the  carea  of  government  He  then 
letired  to  a  seat  on  Long  Island,  where  a 
reedlleotion  of  his  former  studies  and  a 
Ibw  select  IHeodf,  ever  welcomed  by  a 
■oeial  and  hospitable  disposition,  cheered 
hida  in  his  last  days.  He  died  Sept;  38, 
1776,  aged  88,  a  'few  hours  before  New 
Toric  was  wrapped  in  flames,  which  laid 
near  one  fourth  per^  of.the  city  in  ashes. 
•He  complained  neither  of  pain  of  body  nor 
•ngoiah  of  mind,  except  on.accoaqt  of  the 
poBtieal  troidilei,  which  he  had  lonjg  pr»> 
dieted,  ,aod  which  he  then  saw  over- , 
whdming  the  eoantiy;  His  wife,  Alice 
Christie, .  daughter  of  the  minister  of 
Kelso  in  Scotlaivlt  died  in  176S.  Hie 
■oUi  Alexander,  ^who  stieeeeded  him  as 
aunrayor  general  and  was  also  postmaster, 
died  Dec.1774,  i^  58.  iHis  son,  David,^ 
abo  surveyor  general,  a  physician  aiid 
man  of  letters,  died  in  Engjand  July 
1784,  aged  51.     His  grandson,  Thbmaa 


Golden,  died  at  Goldenham,  March,  1896, 
aged7S. 

Mr.  Golden  early  began  to  notice  the 
pUnta  in  America,  ckusing  and  distin- 
guishing them  according  to  the  custom 
of  botany,  then  in  use.  He  was  attentive 
to  the  cUmate,  and  left  a  long  coarse  of 
diurnal  observations  on  the  thermometer, 
barometer ,and  winds.  He  cultivated  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  nativeaof  theeoun- 
try,li  often  entertained  his  correspondents 
with  observations  on  their  customs  and 
manners.  He  wrqte  also  a  hiatory  of 
the  prevalent  diseases  of  the  elimste ; 
and  if  he  was  not  the  firat  to  recommend 
the  cooling  regimen  in  the  cure  of  fevers, 
he  was  one  of  its  earliest  and  warm- 
est advocates,  and  he  oppoaed  with 
great  earnestness  the  shutting  up  in  Warm 
and  confined  rooms  of  patienta  in  the 
small  pox.  Though  he  quitted  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  at  an  early  day;  yet  he 
never  lost  sight  of  hia  lavorite  study, being 
ever  Teady  to  give  his  assistance  to  hia 
neighborhood,  and  to  thoae,  who,  fVqm 
hia  reputation  for  knowledge  and  expe- 
rience, applied  to  him  from  more  distant 
quarters.  .  Hia  principal  attention,  after 
the  year  1760,  was  directed  ftom  philo- 
s(^hical  to  political  matters;  yet  he  main- 
tained with  great  p,unctuality  his  literary 
correspondence,  particularly  with  Linnae- 
us, Gronoviusof  Leyden,  Dr.  Pottersfleld 
and  Dr.  Whittle  of  Edinburgh,  and  Mr. 
Peter  CollinSon,  who  was  a  most  useful 
and  afiectionate  friend,  and  to  whom  Mr. 
Golden,  though  he  never  saw  him,  owed 
an  introduction  to  many  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished literary  characters  of  Eun^. 
He  was  the  correspondent  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, and  they  regularly  communicated  to 
etxh-  other  their  pbikMopbical  b,  physical 
discoveries,  particularly  on  electricity, 
which  at  tint  time  began  to  excite  the  at- 
tention of  phikMophers.  In  their  letters 
are  to  be  observed  the  first  dawnings  of 
many  of  those;  discoveries,  which  Dr. 
Franklin  has  oonununicated  to  the  world, 
and  which  have  excited  so  much  astonish- 
ment, and  contributed  so  much  to  human 
happiness.  Of  the  American  phikMophi- 
cal  society  hefirbt  suggested  the  plan.    It 


* 


GOLDEN. 


^fr'ti^W^  *" 


COLE. 


areh,1896, 

notiee  the 
ind    distin- 
Ihe  ewtom 
uattentire 
|eonne  of 
•rmbmeter, 
ivttfldanve- 
jflhecoun- 
mpondenta 
tuUmii  and 
\  history  of 
Ite  climate ; 
recommend 
reofftven, 
and  warm- 
ipoaed    with 
J  up  in  trarm 
ienta  in  the 
led  the  prac- 
day,  yet  he 
B  study  ,heing 
tance  to  his 
e,  who,  ftqm 
[e  and  expe- 
more  distant 
tention,  after 
1  from  philo- 
yet  he  main- 
y  his  literary 
with  Linme- 
Pottersfield 
rgh,  and  Mr. 
most  useful 
0  whom  Mr. 
him,  owed 
the  most  dis- 
of  Eun^. 
Dr.  Frahk- 
nuuioated  to 
fc  physical 
electricity, 
Bxcitetheat- 
their  letters 
dawnings  of 
which  Dr. 
_  the  world, 
ichastoniah- 
sh  to  human 
t  phiiotophi- 
theplan.    It 


. 


was  established  at  Philadelphia  on  ae- 
eoantoTthe  central  and  convenient  situs' 
tiOB  ofthat  city. 

About  the  year  iy48amaUgQaat  ferer, 
then  called  the  yellow  Aver,  had  raged 
Ibr  two  summers  in  the  city  of  New  York} 
and  it  appears' to  have  been  in  all  respects 
similir  to  that  disorder,  which  of  late 
years  has  proved  so  very  fhtal.'  He  com- 
municated his  thought!  to  the  public  on 
the  most  prdbable  cure  of  the  cahmity  in 
•  little  treatise,  in  which  he  enlarged  on 
the  bad  eflfeeta  of  stagnating  waters,moiat 
air,'damp  cellars,  filthy  stores,  and  dirty 
stMets;  showed  how  much  these  nuisan- 
ces prevailed  in  many  parta  of  the  city; 
and  pointed  out  the  remedies.  The  cor- 
poration of  the  city  gave  him  their  thanks, 
and  established  a  plan  for  draining  and 
cleaning  the  city,  which  was  attended 
with  the  most  happy  efliBcts.  H^also 
wrote  and  published  a  treatise  on  the  cure 
of  the  cancer.  Another  essay  of  his  on 
the  virtues  of  the  bort^niee,  or  great  wa- 
ter dock,  a  species  of  rumex,  introduced 
him  to  an  acquaintance  with  Linheeus. 
Inl76She  published  some  observations  on 
epidemical  sore  throat,  which  appeared 
first  at  Kingston,  Mass.  in  1785,  and  had 
spread  over  a  great  part  of  North  Ameri- 
ca. These  observations  are  republished 
in  the  American  museum. 

When  he  became  acquainted  with 
Linneus*  system  of  botany,  he  applied 
himself  with  new  delight  to  that  study. 
His  description  of  between  8  and  400  A- 
merioan  plants  was  published  in  the  acta 
Upsaliensia.  He  also  published  the  his- 
tory of  the  five  Indian  nations,  tt  dedica- 
ted ittogov.Burnet,who  had  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  wisdom  and  success  in 
the  management  of  the  Indians.  The 
book  was  printed  at  London  in  1747, 
witK  the  original  dedication,  intended 
for  gov.  Burnet,  directed  to  gen.  Ogle- 
thorpe. Mr.  Golden  justly  complained 
of  this  as  an  unpardot\abIe  abaurdiiy  of 
the  printer,  who  took  the  further  liberty 
ofaddiiig  several  Indian  treaties,  without 
his  knowledge  or  approbation.  But  the 
subject.,  whksh  drew  Mr.  Golden  at  one 
time  of  his  life  ilrom  every  other  pumuit, 


was  whst  he  first  published  under  the  ti- 
tle of  the  cause  of  gravitalion;  which, 
being  much  rnhrged,  appeared  in  1761 
under  the  title  of  the  principles  of  action 
in  matter,  to  whiivh  is  sdded  a  treatise  oa 
fluxions.-,  He  died  in  the  firm  persuasion, 
that;  however  he  might  have  erred  in  the 
deductions,  the  grand,  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  his  system  Were  truo;  and  that 
they  would  at  length  be  received  as  such 
In  the  work).  This  book  cost  Um  many 
years  of  ck)Se and  severe  study. ■  H|»  pte- 
pared  anew  edition  of  it  with  elucidations 
ofsuch  partSi  as  had.been  subjected  to 
objections,  and  with  large  additions.  At 
the  time  it  was  prepared  for  the  press,  he 
WM  so  far  advanieed  in  years,  tbst  he  d»< 
spaired  of  living  to  s^  it  published.  He 
therefore  transmitted  the  manuseripts  to 
Dr.  Whittle,  professor  of  medicine  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.'  The  flite  of 
the  work  since  that  timtf  is  not  known. 
Of  his  other  manuaoripts  many,  through 
the  variety  of  hands,  into  which  they 
have  ikilen,  have  become  mutilated,  and 
a  great  part  of  some  of  them  is  entirely 
lost.  Among  these  arq  an  inquiry  into 
the  operation  of  intellect  in  animals,  a 
piece  of  great  originality,  another  on  tiie 
essential  properties  of  light,  intursper^ 
with'observatwns  on  electricity ,1ieat,mat- 
ter,  kc;  an  ihtroduction  to  the  study 
of  physic,  in  the  form  of  instruetiona  to 
one  of  his  grandsons,  and  dated  in  the 
eighty  first  year  of  his  age;  ^a  inquiry  in- 
to the  causes,  producing  the  phenomenon 
of  metal  medley,  swimming  in  water;  an 
essay  on  vital  motion;  and,  l^tly,  obaer- 
vations  on  Mr.  Smith's  histoiry  of  New 
York,  eomprehending  -memoirs  at  fhe 
public  transactions*  in  which  hq  was  con- 
versant He  compkkins  of  the  partiality 
of  Mr.  Smith,  and  supposes,  that  he  is 
incorrect  in  nuny  particulars.— 'Xees ; 
•flmer.  mtiMiim,  in.  53-^69. 

COLE,  JameisL.,  a  poet,  died  at  Ca- 
nandaigua.  New  York,  in  Feb.  ISSftaged 
34.  His  repugnance  to  mercantile  busi- 
ness induced  him  to  engsge  in  the' study 
of.thekiw,in  the  practice  of,  which  lite 
Mt^li^hed  himself  at  D^roit  in  iSSl.  A 
jputattonary  action  inducod  himtoietttm 


^ 


COLEMAN. 


to  his  Ather*s  roof.  About  8  yeanbefore 
hu  d«^th  be  made  a  public  prOfsMion 
of  his  attachment  to  the  Savior  of  the 
world.  For  sev«r8l  of  his  last  years  he 
devoted  much  time  to  poetical  cpmpoai- 
^n.  His  .productions  appeared  in  tl^e 
Ne\v  YorkStatesmahaQd  in  the  Oatario 
depository  with  the  signature  of " Ad> 
risn."  .  He  had  ftney,  genius,  and  taste, 
and  waa  virtuous  and  pious,  though  he 
had  occasion  to  laipent  the  predominance 
of  bis  imagination  and  his  propensity  to 
satire.       - 

COLEMAN,  William,  editor  of  the 
New  York  Evefning  Post,  died  July ,  1 8, 
1899,  aged  68.  He  wasibr  many  years 
the  able  editor  of  a  paper,  first  in  Hamp- 
sliim  county,  Massa.  and  then  iii  New 
York.  In  his  politics  he  was  a  zealous 
federalist  of  the  school  of  Hamiltoix  and 
Tioleotin  his  warfare.  His  only  son, 
Wjjllialn  Henry,  died  at  New  Yorli  July 
ISSQ^aged  88. 

>  COLLAMORE,  John,  died  in  Ken- 
sington, N.  H.,Dec.  89, 18S^,  aged  110 
/ears  and  4  months-.  He  was  a  native  of 
Ireland.  His  hair,  which  had  been  siU 
very  white,  became  before  his  death  near- 
llybiacig 

9OLLETON,  James,  gov.  of  South 
Cai)OUnafi'Qm  1886  to^  1690,  came  from 
Barbadoes  and  was  proprietary  and  land- 
grave. :  He  built.  )^  fine  house  on  Cooper 
river.  His  govfjrnment  was  very  unpopu- 
lar. There  were  disputes  concerning 
Oenuresof  land  and  quit-rmts.  In  1687 
be  called  a  parliament  and  procured  alter- 
atioDs  in  the  fundameatal  laws.  He  of- 
fend^ the  high  church  party,  who  wer6 
inflaned  with  zeal  against  the  purkiane. 
fo  the  end  he  was  driven  from  the  gov- 
•rnment  and  the  proyinee.— '  Univ.  hiit, 
XL.  436.      . 

COLLINS,  John,  gov.  of  &hode  Isl- 
and'ftom  1788  to  1T89,  svceeaded  Wa. 
Gr^ae  and  was  snoceededby  A-  Feaner. 
He  wM  «  pa^triotof  the  revolution  j «  4ii\i- 
egata  to  eongress  in  1789.  He  di^d  at 
Newport  in  March  1796,  aged  79.  Dr, 
John  Warren'  of  Boston  married  hit 
4ingbtar.    . 

jCOLMAN,  Bei\iMi>'D>»fint  ii>UM>t«r  of 


COLMAN. 

the  church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  was 
born  in  that  town  Oct.  19,  1678.  He 
was  distinguished  by  early  piety  and  zeal 
in  literary  punuits,«nd  in  1698  was  grad- 
uited  at  Harvard  college.  Begintiing  to 
presfcb  soon  afterwards,  his  benevolent 
labors  were  enjoyed  for  half  a  year  by  the 
town  of  Medford.  In  ^luly  169.6  he  ear 
barked  for  London.  During  the  voyage 
the  ship,  in  which  he  sailed,  was  attacked 
by  «  French  privateer,  and  Mr.  Colman, 
though  he  had  none  of  the  presumptuous 
fearl«isness  of  some  of  his  companions, 
yet  remained  upon  t°he  quartw  deck,  and 
fought  bravely  with  the  rest.  Being  tak- 
en prisoner,  he  was  dressed  in  rags,  and 
put  into  the  hold  among  the  sailors. 
When  he  arrived  in  France,  by  means  of 
a  little  money,  which  he  had  preserved, 
he  was  enabled  to  make  some  improve- 
ment in  his  appearance.  In  a  few  weeks 
he  was  exchanged,  and  he  soon  reached 
London.  Among  the  eminent  ministers, 
with  whom  he  here  became  acquainted, 
were  Howe,  Cal^my,  and  Burkitt  Be- 
ing called  to  preach  in  different  places,  he 
supplied  a  small  congregation  at  Cam- 
bridge for  a  few  weeks,  and  was  succeeded 
by  the  iesrned  James  Pierce,  who  by  his 
mathematical  knowledge  attracted  the 
notice  of  Mr.  Whiston,  and,  becoming  his 
friend,  imbibed  his  Arian  sentiments.  He 
afterwards  preached  about  two  years  at 
Bath,  where  he  became  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  Mrs.  Rowe,  then  Miss 
Singer,  and  admired  her  sublime  devotion 
as  well  ss  ingenuity  and  wit,  and  sfter- 
*wards  corresponded  with  her. 

A  new  society  having  been  formed  in 
Brattle  street,  Boston,  the  principal  gen- 
tlemen, who  composed  it,  sent  him  an  in- 
vitation to  returh  to  his  native  coun- 
try, and  to  be  their  minister.  The  pecu- 
liar constitution  of  this  church,  differing 
from  that  of  the  other  churches  in  New 
England,  rendered  the  founders  desirous, 
that  he  'Should  be  ordained  in  London. 
They  approved  of  the  confession  of  faith, 
composed  by  the  Westminster  assembly; 
bvt  they  were  averse  to  the  public  rela- 
tion of  experiencea,  then  practised  pi«vi- 
Qusly  to  sdmission  into  the  churches,  and 


COLMAN.H 


«S 


tiiey  wished  the  scriptures  to  be  read 
on  thesftbbath  tod  the  Lord's  prsyerto  be 
used.  These  innovations,  the  founders 
believed,  would  excite  alarm,  and  to  avoid 
difficulty  Mr.  Colman  was  ordained  by 
(tome  dissenting  ministers  in  London  Aug. 
4,  16S0.  He  arrived  at  Boston  Nov.  1, 
and  Pec.  S4th  the  new  house  of  worship 
was  opened  and  Mr.  Colman  preached  in 
It  for  the  first  time.  From  the.year  1701 
he  had  for  bis  Vwiatant  about  two  years 
and  a  half  Eliphalet  Adams,  ailerwards 
minister  of  New  London.  William 
Cooper  was  ordained  his  eollelgtM  May 
!tS,  1716,  and  after  his  death'in  1748  his 
son,  Dr.  Cooper,  was  settled  in  his  place. 
Dr.  Colpian  died  Aug.  39,  1747,  aged  78. 
His  8  wives  were  Jane  Clark,  widow 
Sarah  Clark,  and  widow  Mary  Frost, 
sister  of  sir  Wm.  Pepperell.  He  left  no 
son.  Onedaughter  married  Mr.  TureU, 
another  Mr.  Dennie. 

He  was  an  eminently  useful  and  good 
man,  and  was  universally  respected  for 
his  learning  and  talents.    He  was  distin- 
guished as  a  preacher.    Tall  and  erect 
in  stature,  of  a  benign  aspect,  presenting 
in  his  whole  appciarance  something  amia- 
ble and  venenble,  and  having  a  peculiar 
expression  in  his  eye ;  he  was  enabled  to 
interest  his  hearers.     His  voice  was  har^ 
moniouti,  und  his  action  inimitable.    He 
was  ranked  among  the  first  ministers  of 
New   England.     Jesus  Christ  was  the 
great  subject  of  his  preaching.    He  dwelt 
upon  the  Redeemer  in  his  person,  natures, 
offices,  &  benefits;  in  his  eternal  Godhead; 
in  the   covenants  of  redemption  and  of 
grace ;  and  upon  the  duties  of  natural  re-, 
ligion  as  performed  only  by  strength  de- 
rived from  the  Savior  and  as  acceptable 
only  for  his  sake.    He  had  a  happy  way 
of  introducing  large  paragraphs  of  scrip- 
ture to  enrich  his  discourses,  and  he  fre- 
quently iembellished  them  byallusions  to 
the  historical  parts  of  the  sacred  volume. 
He  could  delight  by  the  gracefulness  of 
his  manner,  and  never  by  boisterous  and 
violence  transgressed  the  decorum  of  the 
pulpit ;  yet  he  knew  how  to  preach  with 
pungency,  and  could  array  the  terrors  of 
the  Loid  before  the  chiUren  of  iniqui- 


ty. It  may  excite  surprise  at  the  present 
day,  that  the  practice  of  reading  the 
scripture  and  repeating,  the  Lord's  prayer, 
as  a  part  of  the  services  of  the  sablwth, 
'should  have  excited  oppoidtion ;  but  many 
were  ofiended,  though  it  was  not  k>ng 
before  a  number  of  other  churches  fol- 
lowed hi  the  steps  of  Brattle  street.  The 
ground  of  opposition  to  this  new  chnreh 
was  the  strong  features  of  episcopacy, 
which  it  was  imagined,  were  to  be  dis- 
cerned in  it. 

'  In  the  various  duties  of  the  pastoral  office 
Dr.  Colman  was  diligent  and  faithful. 
He  catechised  the  children  cff  his  congpre- 
gation,  addressed  them  upon  the  ooneemB 
of  their  souls,  and  as  they  advanced  in 
yeara  was  urgent  in  his  penuasions  to  in- 
duce them  to  approach  the  table  of  the 
Loi'i.  His  church  had  intrusted  him 
with  authority  to  judgfe  of  the  qualifica- 
tions of  communicants,  and  it  was  thought 
by  many,  that  he  was  too  free  in  his  ad- 
missions to  the  supper.  But  he  was  far 
from  thhiking,  that  a  competent  knowl- 
edge of  Christianity  and  amoral  life  were 
sufficient  qualifications.  He  thought,  that 
there  phould  be  a  profession  of  repentanee 
&  faith,with  the  purpose  (cpromise  of  obe- 
dience through  the  influence  of'  the  divine 
Spfrit ;  and  believed,  that  the  piurity  ot 
the  churches  wouldihecorrupted,  if  there 
was  an  indiscriminate  and  general  Admis- 
sion to  the  sacfament.  While  he  entertain- 
ed the  highest  veneration  for  the  fathen  of 
New  England,  and  was  very  iViendty  to 
confessions  of  faith,  and  to  the  publi- 
cation ofthem  on  particular  occasions,  he 
used  to  say,  that  the  bible  was  his  plat- 
form. In  his  sentiments  upon  church 
government  he  inclined  towards  thepres- 
byterians.  He  was  opposed  to  the  prac- 
tice, adopted  by  the  churches,  of  sending 
for  counsel  wherever  they  pleased,  be- 
lieving the  neighboring  churches  to  be 
the  proper  counsellors.  As  be  conceived, 
that  all  baptized  penons,who  made  a  cred- 
ible profession  of  the  religion  of  Christ, 
were  the  membera  of  the  church,  he 
though  that  they  should  not  be  prohibited 
fVom  voting  in  the  choice  of  a  minister.  At 
the  same  time,  he  considered  them  M  very 


9N 


COLMAN. 


reprehensible,  if  they  neglected  to  ap- 
proach the  table  of  the  Lord. 

Such  waa  the  estimation,  in  which 
Dr.  Colman  was  held,  that  after  the 
death  of  Mn  Leveiett  in  1734,  he  was 
chosen  his  successor  as  president  of  Har-, 
vard  college ;  bHit  hedeclined  the  appoint 
ment  Qe  however  rendered  great  Ser- 
vice to  the  institution.  Heprocured  bene- 
faetiona  for  it,  and  took  indefatigable  pains 
in  forming'  rules  and  orders  relating  to 
the  settlement  of  the  Mollis  prbfisssor 
of  divinity  in  Cambridge.  His  care  also 
extended  to  Yale  College,  for  whi^  he 
procured  many  valuable  bo^ks.  In- 1738 
he  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  Adams  of 
New  London,  one  of  its  trustees,  desiiv 
ing  him  to  vindicate  that  college  from  the 
charge  of  Arminianism.  By  his  acquain- 
tance in  Erigkmd  Ids  useAilness  was  much 
incmsed.  ■  He  received  from  Samuel 
HoUen  of  Loqdoh  thirty  nine  sets  of  the 
practical  works  of  Mr.  Baxter  in  four 
massy  volumes,  folio,  to  distribute  amgng 
our  churches.  He  procu^ed\alao  benefac- 
tions for-  the  Indiana  at  Houssatonnoc, 
and  engaged  with'  earn^t^ess  in  promo- 
ting the  (^jectd  of  that  mission,  which  was- 
intrusted  to  the  care  of  Mr.' Sergeant. 
But  his  labors  were  not  confined  to  what 
particular^  related  to  his  profession.  '  He 
was  employed,  in  his  younger  as  well  as 
in  his  latter-years,  on  weighty  afibirs  by 
the  general  court.  No  minister  has  since 
possessed  so  great  influence.  His  atten- 
tion to  civil  concerns  drew  upon  him  cen- 
sure and  at  times  insult ;  but  he  thought 
himself  justified  in  embracing  every  op> 
portunity  for  doing  good.  He  knew  the 
interest  of  his  country  and  was  able  to 
promote  it ;  and  he  could  not  adn^t,  that 
the  circumstance  of  his  being  a  minis- 
ter ought  to  prevent  his,  exertions. 
Still  there  were  fewmen,  more  zealous  and 
unwearied  in  the  labors  of  his  sacred 
office. '  His  character  was  singularly  ex- 
cellent Having  imbibed  the  true  spirit 
of  the  gospel,  he  was  catholic,  moderate, 
benevolent,  ever  anxious  to  promote  the 
gospel  of  salvation.  He  was  willing-  to 
sacrifice  every  thing,  but  truth,  to  peace. 
Once  a  seventh  day  baptist  from  Rhode 


Island  visited  him  to  dispute  eoneeming 
the  sabbath.  Having  heard  his  argu- 
ments patiently  and  answered  him  mildly, 
and  preceiving,  that  the  diaputatioui  hu- 
mor of  his  oppo'taent  was  in  no  degree 
softened,, he  declined  a  continuance  of 
the  controversy  by  offering  to  direct  him 
to  a  person,  who  would  ht  a  proper  an- 
tiigonist  in  his  own  vtray.  After  a  life  con- 
spicuous tot'  sanctity  and  usefuliiess,  he 
met  the  king  of  terrors  without  fear.  In 
the  early  part  of  his  life  his  health  Waa 
very  infirm ;  sickness  frequently  reminded 
him  of  his  mortality  ;■  and  he  made  it  his 
constant  cam  to  live  in  readiness  for  death, 
and  ever  kept  his  will  made,  that  he 
might  not  be  obliged  to  attend  to  world- 
ly concerns  on  his  dying  bed.  With  a 
feeble  constitution,  he  yet  was  able  to 
preach  on  the  very  sabbath  before  he  died. 
His  life  was  written  by  Mr.  Turell,  who 
married  his  daughter,  and  published  i|k 
3vo,  in  1749. 

He  published  an  artillery  seftnon  in 
1703 ;  the  government  and  improvement 
of  mirth  in  three  sermons,  1707;  impre- 
cation against  the  enemies  of  Clod  lawful^ 
practical  discourses  on  the  parable  of  the 
ten  virgins,  8vo,  1707  ;  a  poem  on  the 
death  of  Mr:  Willard ;  the  ruler's  piety 
and  duty ;  a  sermon  on  the  union  of  Engo 
land  and  Scotland,  1706 ;  on  seeking  God 
early,  .1713;  the  heinous  nature  of  the 
sin  of  murder ;  on  the  incomprehens&le- 
hessofGod,  in  four  sermons,  l7l<^>  the 
precious  giftd  of  the  asteended  Savior ; 
theblessing  and  honor  of  fruitful  moth- 
ers ;  divine  compassions  magnified ;  fu- 
neral sermons  on  Abigail  Foster,  1711 ; 
Elizabeth  Wainwright,  1714  ;  Isaac 
Addington,  and  Thomas  Bridge,  1714; 
Elizabeth  First,  1716;  Messrs.  Brattle 
and  Pemberton,  And  Orove  Hirst,  1717  ; 
governor  Dudley,  1720 ;  William  Harris, 
1731 ;  madam  Stfiel,.  David  Stoddard, 
and  Increase  Mather,  1733;  president 
Leverett,  1734 ;  Cotton  Mather,  1738 ; 
Solomon  Stoddard  and  William  Welsted, 
1739 ;  Simeop  Stoddard,  1780 ;  Thomas 
Mollis,  1731 ;  on  his  eldest  daughter,  1736; 
Thomas  Steel,  1736;  Peter  Thacher, 
1739  ;  Samud  Hoklen,  1740 ;  WUliam 


coLMAN.       ^mrnmrnmy    columbus. 


Cooper,  1743;  Fnn^it  S?(  ioy,  1746; 
the  wanting!  of  God  unto  yourg  people, 
1716 ;  a  aermon  for  the  reformation  of 
manners ;  our  fathers' sins  confeaaed  with 
our  Own ;  a  thanks-giving ^mon  for  the 
auppreanon  of  the  rebellion  in  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  at  the  ordinatian  of  William  Cooper, 
1717 ;  the'rending  of  the  vail  of  thetem- 
ple ;  Ave  sermons  on  the  strong  man 
armed  ;  the  pleasure  of  religous  worship 
in  our  public  assemblies  ;  an  election  ser> 
mon,1718;  the  blessing  of  Zebulun  and- 
Issachar  ;  reason  for  a  market  in  Boston, 
1719;  early  piety  inculcated,  1730;  early 
piety.towarcto  men,  1731  ;  some  observa- 
tions on  inoculation  j  Jacob's  vow,  1733  ; 
Moses  a  witness  to  Christ,  a  sermon  at 
the  baptism  of  Mr.  Monis,  1733 ;  an  elec- 
tion sermon,  1733 ;  God  deals  with  us 
as'  rational  creatures ;  the  duty  of  parents 
to  pray  for  their  chiMren  ;  the  doctrine 
and  law  of  the  holy  sabbath,  1735  ;  a  ser- 
mon to  pirates,  1736  '^  a  sacramental  dis- 
course, 1737  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Mr. 
Pembertbn  of  New  York  ;  on  the  acces- 
sion of  king  George  II ;  five  sermons  on 
the  great  earthquake ;  twenty  sacramen- 
tal sermons  on  the  glories  of  Christ  8vt), 
1738  ;  the  du'ty  of, young  people  to  give 
their  hearts  to  God,  four  sermons ;  death 
and  the  grave  without  any  order;  a 
treatise  on  family  worship ;  on  governor 
Belcher's  accession,  1730  ;  the  gnuie  giv- 
en us  in  the  preached  gospel,  1733 ;  God 
is  a  great  king,  1738 ;  .the  fast,  which 
God  hath  chosen,  1734;  a  dissertation 
on  the  three  first  chapters  of  Grenesis, 
1735 ;  a  dissertation  on  the  image  of  God, 
wherein  man  was  created,  1736;  mer- 
chandise and  hire  iiolines^  to  the  Lord  ; 
righteousness  and  compassion  the  ruler's 
duty  and  character ;  the  divine  compas- 
sions new  every  morning,  1797 ;  waiting 
on  God  in  our  straits  and  difficulties,  1737 ; 
at  the  artillery  election,  1738 ;  the  un- 
speakable gift,  4739 ;  the  withered  hand 
restored  ;  pleasant  to  see  souls  flying  to 
Christ,  1740 ;  on  governor  Shirley's  ac- 
cession, 1741  ;  the  word  of  God  magni- 
fied by  him  1743;  the  glory  of  God's 
power  in  the  firmament ;  satan's  fiery 
darts  in  hellish  8ugge8tions,in  several  ser- 


mons, 1744  ;  at  the  onlination  of  Samuel 
Cooper,  1746.— THr«n'«  life  and  ehmr. 
ofColnan;  Thaeher'i  eenf.  ter^',  Htp- 
kitu*  hitt.  of  Hou$$atotmoe  Indimu. 

COLUMBUS,  Christopher,  the  first 
discoverer  of  the  new  world,  was  born  in 
Genoa,  about  the  yefir  1436.  -  llis  fkth- 
er,  Domenicb  Colombo,  was  a  manufae- 
(urer  of  woollen  stuffiiu-Genoa,  and  rath- 
er poor.  Whetir  the  «on  went  to  resklB 
in  Spain  he  ehang^  the  name  of  Co- 
lumbo  to  Colon,  as  more  conforma- 
ble to  ,the  Spanish-  idiom,  writing  his 
name  Cristoval  CQk>n.  .  He  was  ed- 
ucated in  the  sciences  of  geometry 
and  astronomyi  which  form  the  basis  of 
navigation,  and  was  well  versed  in  cos- 
mography, history,  &  phikMophy,  Iwving 
studied  sbme  time  at  Pavia.  To  equip 
himself  more  completely  for  making  dis- 
coveriei^  he  learned  to  draw.  He  dntered 
upon  a  seafaring  lifis  at  the  age.  of  14. 
During  one  of  his  voyages  the  ship,  in 
which  he  sailed,  took  fire  in  an  engage- 
ment with  a  Venetian  galley,  and  by  the 
help  of  an  oar  he  swain  two  leagues  to 
the  coast  of  Portugal  near  Lisbon. 

He  married  at  Lisbon  Doha  Felipa 
Monis  de  IHkleBtrelk),  the  daughter  of  an 
old  Italian  seaman,  from  whose  journals  & 
charts  he  received  the  highest  entertain- 
ment. The  Portuguese  were  at  this  time 
endeavoring  to  find  a  "way  to  India  around 
Africa ;  they  had  been  pursuing  this  ob- 
ject for  half  a  century  without  attaining 
it,  and.  had  advanced  no  farther  along  the 
coa^t  of  AfVica  than  just  to  cross  the  equa- 
tor, when  Columbus  conceived  his  great 
design  of  finding  India  in  the  west.  He 
knew  from  observing  lunar  eclipses,  that 
the  earth  was  a  sphere,  and  concluded, 
that  it  might  be  travelled  over  iVom  east 
to  west,  or  from  west  to  east.  He  also 
hoped,  that  between  Spain  and  India  some 
islands  would  be  found,  which  would  be 
resting  places  in  his  voyage.  Some  learn- 
ed writeirs  had  asserted,  that  it  was  pO»- 
sible  to  efTect  what  he  was  now  resolved  to 
accomplish.  So  early  as  the  year  147.4  he 
had  communicated  his  ideas  in  writing  to 
Paul  Foscanelli,  a  learned  phyaicjan  of 
Florence,  who  encouraged  his   design, 


COLUMBUS. 


MBdiar  him  •  ehirt,  in  whieh  he  had 
hid  down  the  aui^MMi  capital  of  Chiaa. 
but  little  more,  thtti  two  thouaaod  leagnea 
wectwaird  flrom  Liahon.  The  atoiriea  of 
marinen,  ^t  carved  wood,  a  covered 
eanoe,  and  human  bodiea  of  «  aingular 
4xmiplexion  had  be^  fyat4  the}  weat- 
«riy  wiBda,  alto  contributed  to  settle  hia 
jod^rnMnt.  Having  eatabliihed  hia  theoi^ 
and  Ibrmed  hia  design,  he.ndw  began  to 
ihhSi  of  the  metaa  of  carrying  It  iotd  ex- 
oeutidn.  Deeming  the  iJnterpnse  •  too 
great  to  b«  undertahen  by  any  but  a  90v- 
•reign  state',  he  applied  first,  aceordingto 
Hbrrera,  to  the  republic'  of  Genoa,  by 
whom  hia  prqjcetwal' treated  as  viaio'na- 
ly.  Ferdinando-Columbns  in  his  life  of 
his  (kthef  cays  npthiiig  of  .this  application, 
hnt  represents,  that  the  plan  war  first 
propoaed  to  John  II,  king  of  Portugal, 
Iteeaufc  hia  father  Pived  under  hun.  This 
king  had  OneOiintered  such  vast  exp6na6 
in  fruitless  attempts  to  find  a  way  to  India 
aiouod  the  ^Afriean  continent,  that  he 
waa  entirely  indispoLfed  to  gfVe  to  Coloib- 
bua  the  encouragement,  whieh  he  wished 
to  obtain.'  °By  the  advice  'howeiver.  of  a 
ftvorite«ourtier  he  privately  gave  orders 
to  a  ship,  bound  to  the  island  of  ^pe  de 
Yeid,  to  attempt  a  diaodyery  in  the  urest ; 
but  die  navigators,  through  ignorance 
and  want  of  enterprise,  eflected  ndthing, 
and  on  reaching  their  defined  port  turned 
the  project  of  Cokirobus  into  ridicule. 
When  he  became  acquainted  with'  thn 
di^nonble  conduct  of  the  king,  he- 
quitted  Portugal  in  diaguftt,  and  repaired 
to  Ferdinand,  king  of  Spain.  He  h«d 
previously  seat  his  brother  j&irtholdmew, 
to  England  to  solicit  the  patronage  of 
Henry  V II,  but  oq  hia  passage  he  was  ta- 
ken by  pirates,  and  he  was  detained  a 
number  of  years  in'captivity.  The  pro- 
posal of  Columbus  was  referred  to'  the 
eonaideration  of  the  moat  learned  men  in 
Spain,  whd  rejected  it  for  various  reaaons, 
one  of  wfaush  waa,  that  if  a  abip  abaukl 
sail  westward  on  a  gkibe,  Ae  would  necel- 
aarily  go  down  dn  the  opposite-  aide,  and 
then  it  would  be  impossible  to  retub,  for 
it  would  be  like  climbing  up  a  hill,  which 
no  ship  could  do  with  the  strongest  wind. 


But  by  the  iaAuenee  of  JnanPereijilB^jHl* 
ish  priest)  ai«d  Lewis  Santangd,  in  efletfr 
of  tb/6  king's  household,  queen  babeda 
waS'perBuaded  to  listen  to'bis  request,and, 
after  he  had  been  twice  repulaed,Teeal|ed 
him  to  eoutt.  She  ofibred  to  pawn  her 
jewels  tedeflay  the  expense  of  the  equip> 
■nient,  amounting  to  more  'than  1,800 
erowny ;  but  the  money  was  advaincod  by 
Sastangel.  Thua  after  seven  years' 
painAil  selicitation  he  obtained  ths  pat- 
ronage, which  he  thought  of  the  highest 
importance  in  executing  his  plan.' 
By  an  agreement  with  their  catholic  maj- 
eatieaof  Apr.  17,  I49!t,hewa8tobe  viee^ 
roy  and  admiral  of  all  the  countries,  which 
he  should  discover,  airi  iHn  to  reteeiye 
one-  tenth  part  of  the  profits!  accrtteing 
Xrom  their  productions  and  commerce, 
be  aail^  ftom  Pakw  in  Spain  Erklay, 
Aug.  8i  1493,  with  three  vessels,  two  «i 
which  were  called  caravels,  being  small 
veasds,  without  decks,  except  perhapa'at 
the  amda-,  having  on  board  in  the  whole 
90  men.  He  might  have  dtemed  small 
vessels  better  fitted  for  the  purposes  of 
navigation  in  unknown  seas.  He  him- 
self commanded  the  largest  vessel,  called 
Santa  Maria.  HetefttheCanariieaSepf. 
,6,  and  when  he  was  about  two  hundred 
leigues  to  .the  west,'  the  magnetic  nee- 
dle'vras  observed,  Sept.  14th.  to  vary 
fVom  the  polestac.  This  phenomenon 
filled  the  seamen  with  terror,  but  hi^  fer- 
tile genius  by  suggesting  a  plaiiaible  rea^ 
son  in  some  degree  quieted  their  appre- 
hensions. After  being  twenty  days  at 
sea  without  the  sight  Of  land,  some  of 
them  talked  of  throwing  their  commander 
intd  the  ocean.  All  his  talentawere  re- 
quired to  stimulate  their  hopes.  At  length, 
when  he  was  klmost  reduced  to  the  ne- 
oenity  of  abandoning  the  etiterprise,  at 
teno'ckwk  in  the  night  of  Oct  lltH,  be 
saw  a  light,  which  was  auppoeed  to  be  on 
shore,  and  early  the  next  morning,  Fri- 
day Oct.  I'Sth,  hmd  was  distinctly  seen, 
whicb  proved  to  be  Guanahana,  one  of 
the  Bahama  islindtf.  Thus  he  efieeted 
an  object,  whieh  he  had  been  tO  years  in 
projecting  and  executing.  At  sanriae 
the  hosts  were  manned  and  the  adven- 


*-#^ 


COLUMBUS. 


turen  rowed  towards  the  shore  with  mu- 
lie  and  in  martial  pomp.    The  coast  was 
covered  with  people,  who  were  over- 
whelmed with  astonishment    Columbus 
went  first  on  shore,  and  was  followed 
by  his  men.     They  all,  kneeling  down, 
kissed  the  ground  with  tears  of  joy  and 
returned  thanks  for  their  successful  voy- 
age.    This  island,  which  is  in  north  lat- 
itude 35",  and  is  sometimes  called  Cat 
island,  was  named  by  Columbus  San  Sal- 
vador.    Having  discovered  a  number  of 
other  islands,  aiul  among  them  Cuba,  Oct. 
37th  and  Hispaniola  Dec.  6th,  he  began 
to  think  of  returning.      His  large  ship 
having  been  wrecked  on  the  shoals  of 
Hispaniola,  he  built  a  fort  with  her  tim- 
ber, and  leill  behind  him  a  colony  of  S9 
men  at  the  port,  which  he  called  Nav- 
idad,  the  nativity,  because  he  entered  it 
on  Christmas  day.    From  this  place  he 
sailed  Jan.  4, 1403.    During  his  passage, 
when  threatened  with  destruction  by  a 
violent  storm,  he  wrote  an  account  of  his 
discoveries    on   parchment,    which    he 
wrapped  in  a  piece  of  oiled  cloth  and  en- 
closed in  a  cake  of  wax.    This  he  put  in- 
to a  tight  cask  and  threw  it  into  the  sea 
with  the  hope,  that  it  might  be  driven 
ashore,  and  that  bis  discoveries  might  not 
be  lost,  if  the  vessel  should  sink.    But  he 
was  providentially  saved  ^rom  destruction 
and  arrived  safe  at  Lisbon  March  4th.  On 
the  fifteenth  he  reached  Palos,  and  was 
received  with  the  highest  tokens  of  hon- 
or by    the  king   and  queen,  who  now 
made  him  admiral  of  Spain. 

He  sailed  on  his  second  voyage  to  the 
new  world  Sept.  35, 1-49S,  having  a  fleet 
ofthreeshipsof  war,  and  fourteen  cara- 
vels, and  about  1,500  people,  some  of 
whom  were  of  the  first  families  in  Spain. 
The  pope  had  granted,  by  bull,  dated 
May  3, 1493,  in  full  right  to  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  all  the  countries  from  pole  to 
pole  beyond  a  line  drawn  one  hundred 
leagues  west  of  the  Azores ;  and  their 
catholic  majesties  had  confirmed  to  Co- 
lumbus his  privileges,  making  the  office 
of  viceroy  and  governor  of  the  Indies 
hereditary  in  his  family.  On  the  Lord's 
day,  Nov.  3,  he  discovered  an  Island^ 
37 


which  in  honor  c^  the  day  he  called  Do- 
minica.   After  discovering  Marigalante, 
so  called  in  honor  of  his  ship,  Guadatoupe, 
Montserrat,  Antigua,  and  other  islands, 
he  entered  the  port  of  Navidad,  on  the 
north  skie  of  Hispaniola,  where  he  had 
left  his  colony ;  but  not  a  Spaniard  was  to 
be  seen,  and  the  fort  was  entirely  demo- 
lished.   The  men,  whom  he  had  left  in 
this.place,  had  seized  the  provisions  of  the 
natives  and  thoir  women,  and  exhibited 
such  rapacity,  as  to  excite  the  indigna- 
*:ion  of  the  Indians,  who  had  in  conse- 
quence burned  the  fort  and  cut  them  ofi". 
Dec.  8th,  he  landed  at  another  part  of 
the  same  island  near  a  rock,  which  was  a 
convenient  situation  for  a  fort ;  and  beta 
he  built  a  town,  which  he  called  Isabella, 
and  which  was  the  fii^t  town,  founded 
by  Europeans  in  the  new  world.    He  di8> 
covered  Jamaica  May  5, 1494,  whene  he 
found  water  and  other  refreshments  ibr 
his  men,  of  which  they  were  in  the  great* 
est  want.    On  his  return  to  Hispaniola 
Sept.39,  he  met  his  brother,  Bartholomew, 
from  whom  he  had  been  separated  thirteen 
years,  and  whom  he  supposed  to  be  dead. 
His  brother  had  brought  supplies  from 
Spain  in  three  ships,  which  he  comman- 
ded, and  arrived  at  a  time,  when  his  pru- 
dence, experiencej  and  bravery  were  pe- 
culiarly needed;   for  Columbus  on  his 
return  found  the  colony  in  the  utmcnt 
eonfusion.    Their  licentiousness  had  pro- 
voked the  natives,  who  had  united  against 
their  invaders,  and  had  actually  killed  a 
number  of  the  Spaniards.    He  collected 
his  people,  and  prevented  the  destruo- 
tion,  whkh  threatened  them.     In  the 
spring  of  1495  he  carried  on  a  war  against 
the  natives,  and  with  two  hundred  men, 
twenty  horses  and  as  many  dogs,  he  de- 
feated an  army  of  Indians,  which  has  been 
estimikted  at  one  hundred  thousand.    In 
about  a  year  he  reduced  the  natives  to 
submission.     But  while  Columbus  was 
faithfully  emptying  his  talents  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  his  sovereign,  hiet 
enemies  were  endeavoring  to  ruin  hia 
character.    He  was  a  foreigner,  and  ih« 
proud  Spaniards  could  not  patiently  see 
him  elevated  to  such  honors.    He  d^  not 


COLUMBUS. 


Nqaire  so  enorAiOua  «  tribifte  of  the  In- 
diuwt  M  some  of  his  rapacious  fellow  ad- 
ventures would  impose,  and  complaints 
■gainst  him  were  entered  with  the  kitigVi 
ministers.  The  discipline,  which  he 
maintained^  was  represented  as  severity, 
and  the  punishments,  which  he  inflicted, 
as  cruelty ;  and  it  was  suggested,  that  he 
was  aiming  to  make  himself  independent 
These  whispers  excited  suspicion  in  the 
JMdout  mind  of  Ferdinand,  and  Columbus 
WM  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  returning 
to  the  Spanish  court,  that  he  might  vindi- 
cate himself  fVom  these  false  charges. 
After  placing  the  aflbirs  of  the  colony  in 
the  best  possible  condition,  and  leaving 
the  supreme  power  in  the  hands  of  his 
brother,  Bartholomew,  he  sailed  fVom  Isa- 
bdh  March  10,  1496,  having  with  him 
thirty  Indians.  He  first  visited 'several 
islands^  and,ieaving  theWest  Indies  April 
to,  he  arrived  at  Cadiz,  after  a  dangerous 
and  tedious  voyage,  June  1 1  th.  His  pre- 
sence at  court,  witit  the  influence  of  the 
gold,  and  other  valttable  arti<;lss,  which  be 
carried  with  him,  removed  in  some  degree 
the  suspicions,  which  had  been  gathering 
in  the  mind  of  the  king»  But  his  enemies, 
though  silent,  were  not  klle.  They  threw 
such  obstructions  in  his  way,  that  it  was 
near  two  years,hefore  he  could  again  set 
sail  to  continue  his  discoveries.  Fonseca, 
bishop  of  Badajos,  who  in  Sept.  14&7 
was  reinstated  in  the  direction  oflndian 
affiiin,  was  his  principal  enemy.  It  was 
he,  wiio  patronised  Amerigo. 

May  SO,  1498  he  sailed  ftom  Spain  on 
hiaihLrd  voyage  with  six  ships.  At  the 
Canary  islands  he  despatched  three  of 
his  ships  with  previsions  to  Hispaniola, 
and  with  the  other  three  he  kept  a  course 
more  to  the  south.  He  discovered  Trin- 
idad July  91,  and  the  continent  at  Terra 
Firma  on  the  first  of  August.  Having 
made  many  other  discoveries  he  entered 
the  port  of  St.  Domingo  in  Hispaniola 
Aug.  SO.  By  the  direction  of  Columbus 
his  brother  had  begilna  settlement  in  this 
place,  and  it  wtt  now  made  the  capital. 
Its  name  was  given  to  it  in  honor  of  Do- 
minie, the  father  of  Columbus.  He 
found  the  colony  in  a  state,  which  awak- 


ened his  most  serious  apprehemdons. 
Francis  Roldan,  whom  he  had  left  chief 
justice,  had  excited  a  considerable  num- 
ber  of  the  Spaniards  to  mutiny.  He  had 
attempted  to  seize  the  magazine  and  fort, 
but  failing  of  success,  retired  ta  a  distant 
part  of  the  island.  Cohmibiashad  not  a 
force  suflksient  to  subdue  him,  and  he 
dreaded  the  efiects  of  a  civil  war,  which 
might  put  it  in  the  power  of  the  Indiana 
to  destroy  the  whole  colony.  He  had  re- 
course therefore  to  address.  By  promi^ 
sing  pardon  tp  such  as  should  submit,  by 
ofiering  the  liberty  of  return  to  Spain, 
and  by  ofiering  to  re-establish  Roldan  in 
his  ofiice  hein  Nov.  dissolved  this  danger- 
ous combination.  Some  of  the  refractory 
were  tried  and  put  to  death. 

As  soon  as  his  afiaire  would  permit,  he 
sent  some  of  his  ships  to  Spain  with  a 
journal  of  his  voyage,  a  chart  of  the  coast 
which  he  had  discovered,  specimens  of 
the  gold  and  pearls,  and  an  account  of 
the  insurrection.  Roldan  at  the  same 
time  sent  home  his  accusations  against 
Columbus.  The  suspicions  of  Ferdinand 
were  revived,  and  they  were  fomented  by 
Fonseca  and  others.  It  was  resolved  to 
send  to  Hispaniola  a  judge,  who  should 
examine  facts  upon  the  spot.  Francis  de 
BovadiHa  was  appointed  for  this  purpose, 
with  full  powera  to  supersede  Columbus, 
if  he  found  him  guilty.  When  he  arrived 
at  St  Domingo,  all  dissentions  were  com- 
posed in  the  island,  effectual  provision  was 
made  for  working  the  mines,  &  the  author- 
ity of  Columbus  over  the  Spaniards  &  Inr- 
dians  was  well  established.  But  BovadiHa 
was  determined  to  treat  him  as  a  criminal. 
He  accordingly  took  possession  of  his 
house  and  seized  his  efiects,  and  assum- 
ing the  government  ordered  Columbus 
to  be  arrested  in  Oct,  1500,  and  k>aded 
with  irons.  He  was  thus  sent  home  as  a 
prisoner.  The  captain  of  the  vessel,  as 
soon  as  he  was  clear  of  the  bkind,  offered 
to  release  him  from  his  fatten.  "No,"  said 
Columbus,  "I  wear  these  irons  in  conse- 
quence of  an  Older  of  my  sovereigns,  and 
their  command  alone  shall  set  me  at  liber- 
ty." He  arrived  at  Cadiz  Nov.  5,  &  Dec. 
17,  was  set  at  liberty  by  the  command  of 


^<&:.. 


"JSE^'H*^'.' 


COLUMBUS. 


t91 


Ferdinand  and  invited  to  court    He  vin> 
dicated  hit  conduct  and  brought  the  moat 
aatiafying  prooft  of  the  malevolence  of 
hia  enemies.    But  though  his  Bovereigns 
promised  to  recal  BoVadilla,  they  did  not 
restore   Columbus  to  his  government. 
Their  jealouqr  was  not  yet  entirely  re- 
moved. '  In  the  beginning  of  1603  Ovando 
was  sent  out  governor  of  Hispaniola,  and 
thus  a  new  proof  was  given  of  the  sus- 
picion and  injusticeof  the  Spanish  king. 
Columbus,  still  intent  on  discoverin';  a 
passage  to  India,  sailed  on  his  fourth  voy- 
age iVom,  Cadiz  May  9, 1603  with  four 
small  vessels,  the  largest  of  which  was 
but  of  seventy  tons.     He  arrived  off  St 
Domingo,  June  30,  but  Ovando  refused 
him  admission  into  the  port.    A  fleet  of 
eighteen,  sail  was  at'  this  time  about  set- 
ting sail  for  Spain.     Columbus  advised 
Ovando  to. stop  them  for  a  few  days,  as 
he  perceived  the  prognostics  of  an  ap- 
proaching storm,  but  his  salutary  warn- 
ing was  disregarded.     The  fleet  sailed, 
and  of  the  18  vessels,  but  two  or  three  es- 
caped the  hurricane.  In  this  general  wreck 
perished  Bovadilla,  Roldan,  and  the  oth- 
er enemies  of  Columbus,  together  with 
the  immense  wealth,  which  they  had  un- 
justly acquired.    Columbus  under  the  lee 
of  the  shore  rode  out  the  tempest  with 
great  difficulty.  He  soon  left  Hispaniola, 
and  discovered  the  bay  of  Honduras. 
He  then  proceeded  to  cape  Gracias  a  Dios 
and  thence  along  the  coast  to  the  isthmus 
of  Darien,  where  he  hoped  but  in  vain  to 
find  a  passage  to  the  great  sea  beyond  the 
continent,  which  he  believed  would  con. 
duct  him  to  India.    Nov.  2  he  found  a 
harbor,  which  on  account  of  its  beauty 
he  called  Porto  Bello.      He  afterwards 
met  with  such  violent  storms,  as  threat- 
ened his  leaky  vessels  ¥^ith  destruction. 
One  of  them  he  lost  and  the  other  he  was 
obliged  to  abandon.    With  the  two  re- 
maining ships  he  with  the  utmost  difficul- 
ty reached  the  island  of  Jamaica  in  l608, 
being  obliged  to  run  them  aground  io  pre- 
vent them  from  sinking.    His  ships  were 
ruined  beyond  the  possibility  of  being 
repaired,  and  to  convey  an  account  of  his 
situation  to  Hispaniola  seemed  impracti- 


cable. But  his  fertile  g«nln«  diseoreicd 
the  only  expedient,  whtek  was  left  him. 
He  obtained  flrom  the  nktives  two  of  their 
canoes,  each  Ibnned  ofit  a  of  siAgle  tree.  In 
these  two  of  his  most  faith^il  flriends  of> 
feredtoset.outon  a  voyage  of  above  80 
leagues.  They  reached, Hispaniola  in 
ten  days,  but  they  solicited  relief  for  their 
companionseight  mopths  in  vain.  Ovan- 
do was  governed  by  a  mean  jealousy  of 
Columbus,  and  he  was  willing,  that  he 
should  perish.  In  the  mean  time  Colum- 
bus had  to,  struggle  with  the  greatest  diA 
Acuities.  His  seamen  threatened  his  lift 
for  bringing  them  into  such  trouble  ;  they 
mutinied,  seized  a  number  of  boats,  aiid 
went  to  a  distant  part  of  the  island  ;  the 
natives  murmured  at  the  long  restdence 
of  the  Spaniards  among  them  and  began 
to  bring  in  their  provisions  with  reluc- 
tance. But  the  ingenuity  and  foreaight 
of  Columbus  again  relieved  him  flrom 
his  difficulties.  He  knew  that  a  total 
eclipse  of  the  moon  waa  near.  On 
the  day  before  it  occurred  he  assembled 
the  principal  Indians,  and  told  them  that 
the  Great  Spirit  in  heaven  was  angry  witll 
them  for  withdrawing  their  assistance 
iVom  his  servants,  the  Spaniards;  that  he 
was  about  to  punish  them ;  and  that  as  a 
sign  of  his  wrath  the  moon  would  be  ob- 
scured that  very  night.  Aa  the  eclipse 
came  on,  they  ran  to  Columbus,  loaded 
with  provisions,  and  entreated  his  inter- 
cession with  the  great  Spirit  to  avert  the 
destruction,  which  threatened  them. 
From  this  time  the  natives  were  very 
ready  to  bring  their  provisions,  and  they 
treated  the  Spaniards  with  the  greatest 
respect. 

At  the  end  of  eight  months  Ovando 
sent  a  small  vessel  to  Jamaica  to  spy  out 
the  condition  of  Columbus,  hs  approach 
inspired  the  greatest  joy;  but  the  officer, 
after  delivering  a  cask  of  wine,  two  flitch- 
es of  bacon,  :^hd  a  letter  of  compliment, 
immediately  set  sail  on  hiS  return.  To 
quiet  the  murmurs,  which  were  rising, 
Columbus  told  his  companions,  that  he 
himself  had  refused  to  return  in  the  cara- 
vel, because  it  was  too  small  to  take  the 
whole  of  them;  but  that  another  vessel 


fM 


COLUMBUS. 


would  worn  irrlve  totefie  them  off.  The 
mntineera  from  adittent  part  of  the  ishind 
wera'approaohing  anditwaa  neceaiary 
to  oppoae  them  with  Toree.  Columbus, 
beinf -afflicted  with  the  gout,  tent  his 
brother,Bartholomew,  against  them,  who 
on  their  refusing  to  submit  atUioked  them, 
and  took  their  leader  prisoner.  At  length 
a  vessel,  which  was  purchased  by  one  of 
his  ftiends,  who  went  to  Hispaniohi  for 
his  relief,  came  to  Jamaics  and  released 
him  fW>m  his  unpleasant  situation.  On 
his  arrival  at  St  Domingo  Aug  18, 1504, 
OvMido  received  him  with  the  most 
studied  respect,  but  ak  he  sooo  gave  hew 
proofs  of  malevolence,Colnmbus  pirepared 
for  his  return  to  Spain.  In  Sept.  he  set 
sail,  accompanied  by  his  brother  and  son, 
and  after  •  long  vdyage,  in  which  he  en- 
countered violent  storms,  and  after  sail- 
ing seven  hundred  leagues  with  jury 
masts  he  reached  the  port  of  St  Lucar 
in  Dec.  He  ndw  was  informed  of  the 
death  of  his  patroness,  Isabella,  fle  «Don 
repaired  •  to  court,  and  at^r  spending 
about  a  year  in  fruitless  solicitation  for 
his  violated  rights,and  afler  calling  ia  vain 
upon  a  sovereign  to  respect  his  engage- 
ments, he  died  at  Valladolid  May  90, 
1506,  aged  about  70,  leaving  S  sons,  Don 
Diego  and  Ferdinand.  His  body  was 
de|XNiited  in  the  convent  of  St  .Francisco; 
and  in  1518  removed  to  the  monastery  of 
the  Carthusians  at  Seville,  and  thence  in 
1536  to  the  city  of  St.  Domingo  in  Hi»- 
p9niola,where  it  was  placed  in  the  chancel 
of  the  cathedral.  In  1795,  when  the 
Spanish  part  of  Hispaniola'was  ceded  to 
France,  the  bones  of  Cdumbua  were 
transported  to  the  Havana, -where  they 
now  lie.  At  this  city  a  eulogy  was  pro- 
nounced on  the  occasion  by  an  aged  priest, 
Jan.  17, 1796  in  the  presence  of  nearly  a 
hundred  thousand  people. 

In  the  cliaracter  of  Columbus  were  com- 
bined the  Qualities,  which  constitute 
greatness.  He  possessed  a  strong  and 
penetrating  mind.  He  knew  the  sciences, 
as  they  were  taught  at  the  period,  in 
which  he  lived. '  He  was  fond  of  great 
enterprises,  and  capable  of  prosMutihg 
them  with  the  ipoet  unwearied  patience. 


He  sarmoanted  difflculties,  whieh  woold 
have  entirely  discouraged  persoris  Qf  less 
firmneas  and  eoiistaney  of  spirit.  His  in- 
vention- extricated  him  from  many  per* 
plexities,  and  his  prudence  enabled  him  to 
conceal  or  subdue  his  own  infirmities, 
whilst  he  took  advantage  of  the  passkHM 
of  others,  adjusting  his  behavk>r  to  his 
circumstances,  temporiiing,  or  actinf^ 
with  vigor,  as  the  occasion  required.  He 
was  a  man  of  iindaunltid  courage  and 
high  thoughts. 

The  foltowing  instance  of  the  ingenuily 
ofCdunbas  in  vindieating  his  ebim  to 
respect  for  his  discoveries  is  related  by 
Peter  Martyr.  Not  long  befbre  his  death, 
at  a  public  diriner,  the  nobility  insinuated 
that  his  discoveries  -were  rather  the  resuU 
of  accideirt  than  of  well  concerted  meas- 
ures. Columbus  heard  them  decry  his 
services  fbr  some  time,  but  at  length  called 
for  an  egg,  and  asked  them  to  set  it  up- 
right on  its  smaller  end.  When  they 
confessed  it  to  be  impossible,  h6  flatted  its 
shell  by  striking  it  gently  upon  the  table 
till  it  st()od  upright  The  company  im- 
mediately exclaimed  with  a  sneerj  '*  any 
body  might  have  done  it"  "Yes,"  said 
Columbus,  "but  none  of  ycu  thought  of 
it  So  I  discovered  the  Indies,  and  now 
every  pilot  can  steer  the  same  course. 
Remember  the  scofb,which  were  thrown 
at  me  befbre  I  put  my  design  in  execution. 
Then  it  was  a  drkihm,  a  chimera,  a  delu- 
sion; now  it  is  whiit anybody  might  have 
done  as  Well  as  I."  The  signature  to  his 
will  is  as,  follows: 

■■■        ,   ■■<  S.  r;--    ■     ■*':•-  ;/   ._ 

9.  A.  t9.  /      . 

X.  M.  Y.  ? 

ELALMIRANTE. 

Instead  of  the  last  line,  The  Admiral, 
he  sometimes  put  the  words 
XPOFERENS. 

Or  Christo  Ferens.  The  other  letters 
have  not  been  explained.  They  are  sup- 
posed to  be  the  ciphers  of  a  pious  ejacula- 
tion io  Christ  and  Mary  and  Jose|rfius,  as 
Sancta  Maria, Salva me&c'  Mr.  Irving 
Ins  not  accounted  for  the  disposition  of 
the  letters  in  the  form  of  a.  pyramid.  It 
was  probably  with  reference  to  the  name 
Goilon,  Cok>nna  in  Italian,  a  column. 


CONANT. 

Oolttinbui  WM  tallof  sutaw,  larfv  •nd 
iBiMealar,  long  rkmttdt  ot  •  nwjMtie  m- 
pwt,  hie  noM  hoolMdi  Ms  qrw  gray,  ofa 
elMr  flompUxkni,  ui  toutrnhmi  mddy. 
H*  WM  wiUjr  tnd  alctsnt  Hii  eoavsr- 
Mtkm  WM  diterMtiWhieh  gtiMd  him  the 
•flbetioM  ofthow,  with  whom  he  had  to 
dMi,  and  hia  praNnee  attraeted  reapeet, 
haring  an  air  ct  aothority  and  (randenr. 
He  WM  always  ten^perate  in  eating 
and  drialiinf  and  modest  in  hia  dress. 
He  nndevstood  Latin  and  composed  ver- 
ses. In  religion  he  WM  a  reryflsaloua  and 
derout  eathoUe.  He  left  two  sons,  Die* 
go  and  Ferdinand.  The  latter  entered 
the  ehuroht  he  eoUeeted  the  riehMt  li- 
brary in  Spain,  eoMisting  of  1S,000  toU 
umM,  whieh  he  bequMthed  to  the  cathe- 
dral ehnreh  of  Serille,  where  he  resided. 
Diego  WM  for  a  time  admiral  and  gover- 
nor of  Hiqwniola. 

Colambns  wm  ever  ftithAil  to  his 
prince.  How  flir  the  artiflecs,  to  whieh 
he  hsd  reeourM  in  the  dangerous  eirenm- 
stanees,  iil  whieh  he  WM  placed,  can  be 
justified,  it  might  not  be  Msy  to  decide. 
He  is  represented  m  a  person,  who  al- 
ways entertained  a  reverence  for  the  Dei- 
ty, and  eonfldenM  in  his  protection.  His 
last  words  were,  'Hnto  thy  hands,  0 
Lord,  I  eonmend  my  spirit."  His  life 
WM  written  by  his  son  Ferdinand.  His 
personal  narrative,  translated  by  Samuel 
Kettell,WM  publisbsiint  Boston;  8vo. 
ISM;  his  lift  by  Irving/4  vols.lSmd.Paris, 
I889<— Jlofrerf«on'«  Mst.  Jimer,  hook  ii; 
Betktuip*$Hog.  I.  86-148;  HohusiHer- 
rertfi  Mit.  ifAmertea,  i;  Irting't  life 
i>fCotumiui. 

CONANT,  Roger,  an  early  settler  in 
MaM.,bomin  1691,  came  to  Plymouth 
in  1688,  and  removed  to  Nantuket  in 
16S6,  and  thence  in  the  autumn  to  cape 
Ann,  intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  plan- 
tation by  the  adventurers  in  England^ 
He  discovered  NaumkMk  or  Salem,  and 
proposed  that  m  a  better  place  of  settle- 
ment, and  built  the  first  house  there  in 
1686.  He  WM  representative  at  the  first 
court  in  1684,  and  died  at  Beverly  Nov. 
19, 1679,  aged  88.  Dr.  Holmes  errs  in 
the  date  1 680.    His  son*  Roger,  wm  the 


CONNICTICUT. 


^V9j^ 


first  white  child  born  in  Salem,  and  flrom 
that  etrcnmstnee  had  a  grant  of  SO  mim 
in  IM0.—Fmrmer'$  ^  E.  ragUter. 

CONNECTICUT, oneof  the  UnHed 
SUtee  of  America,  at  the  time  of  the  first 
arrival  of  the  Engliah  wM  poesesMd  by 
the  Peqiiot,  the  Mohegtn,  the  -Podnnk, 
and  many  ether  smaller  tribca  of  Indians. 
The  Pequots,  who  were  numerous  and 
warlike,  and  who  occupied  the  territoiy 
along  the  sea  coast  fh>m'  Paukatnck  to 
Connecticut  river,about  the  year  1 680  ex- 
tended their  conqueet  over  a  oonaiderable 
portion  of  Connecticut,  over  Long  Island, 
and  a  part  of  Nanagansett.  SaasaciMi 
WM  the  grand  aachem,  whose  seat  wm  at 
N^  London,  the  ancient  Indian  name  of 
which  WM  Pequot.  He  had  under  him 
36  petty  nehems. .  One  of  thew  wm  Un- 
CM,  chief  of  the  Mohegans,  whow  terri- 
tory comprehended  most  of  New  London 
county  ,aimost  the  wholecounty  of  Wind- 
liam,and  a  part  of  the  counties  of  Tol- 
land and  Hartford.  The  Podunks,  in- 
habited Eut  Hartford  and  the  circumja- 
cent country. 

The  first  grant  of  Connecticut  wm 
made  by  the  Plymouth  council  in  Eng- 
hmd  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  in  1680 ;  and 
in  the  following  year  he  assigned  this 
grant  to  lord  Say  and  Seal,  lord  Brook, 
and  others.  Attracted  by  the  trade  with 
the  Indians,  some  of  the^  settlers  of  Ply- 
mouth had  explored  Connecticut  river  in 
the  ymra  1681  and  16S3,.and'ftc«d  upon 
Windsor  aa  B^iitable  for  the  establishment 
of  a  trading  house.  Whether  the  Dutch 
of  New  Netherlands  or  New  York  had 
before  this  discovered  the  river  is  uncer- 
tain, though  it  is  probable,  that  theyliad. 
By  their  own  accounts  they  had  built  a 
fort  upon  it  M  early  M 1638.  Without  a 
question,  however,  the  first  settlement 
WM  made  by  them.  In  Opt,  1688  a  com- 
pany from  Plymouth,  with  materials  for 
a  house,  sailed  for  Connecticut  to  execute 
the  plan,  which  had  been  foraied  by  the 
traders.  Ota  their  arrival  at  the  place, 
where  Hartford  now  stands,  they  found 
a  light  fort,  which  had  just  been  built  by 
the  Dutch,  and  two  pieces  of  cannon 
planted.    They  were  ordered  to  strike 


CONNECTICUT. 


their  colon,  but  th«y  reaolutely  proceed- 
ed, tnd  landed  on  the  wwt  side  of  the 
river  eet  up  their  house  about  a  mile 
above  the  fortification  of  the  Dutch.  This 
waa  the  firat  houae  erected  in  Connecti- 
cut. The  Indian  trade  had  become  too 
important  to  be  neglected.  Otter  and 
beaver  akins  to  the  amount  in  value  of 
1000/.  had  been  aemt  in  a  single  ahip  to 
England,  and  the  Dutch  purchased  not 
lesa  than  10-,000  beavers  annually. 

In  the  aummer  of  16S6  some  of  the 
people  of  Maasachusetu  made  prepara- 
tk/DM  for  a  settlement  on  Connecticut  riv- 
er near  the  Plymouth  trading  house. 
October  iSthabout  60  men,  women,  and 
children  commenced  their  joumeythrough 
the  vrilderness,  and' in  14  days  arrived  at 
th<$  place  of  their  destination.  Mr.War- 
ham,  with  a  company  firom  Dorchester, 
settled  at  Mattaneaug,  which  they  called 
Windsor ;  several  people  firom  Wateiv 
town  commenced  aplantation  at  Pauqui- 
•ug,  which  they  called  Wethersfield  ;  and 
others' front  Newtown  established  them- 
selves at  Suckiaug,  or  Hartford.  Of 
these  emigrants,  those,  who  settled  at 
Windsor,  had  purchased  the  right  of  set- 
tling there  of  the  old  Plymouth  company 
in  England,  and  the  soil  of  the  ludians. 
About  the  same  time  lord  Say  and  Seal 
«nd  his  associates  sent  over  John  Win- 
ithrop,  son  of  the  governor  of  Mass.,  with 
a  commission  as  governor  of  Connecticut 
for  one  year,  with  instructions  to  erect  a 
fort  at  tfie  mouth  of  Connecticut  river. 
He  arrived  at  Boston  in  Oct.  1685  and 
the  next  month  sent  a  bark  with  twenty 
men  to  begin  the  fortification,  which  they 
called  SaybrOok  fort.  A  few  days  after 
their  arrival  a  Dutch  vessel,  sent  from 
New  Netherlands  to  take  possession  of 
ihe  country,  appeared  off  the  harbor  ;'but 
the  Engliah,  having  two  pieces  of  cannon 
mounted,  prevented  their  landing.  The 
eomndasion  of  Mr.  Winthrop  interfered 
with  the  planters  of  Massachusetts,  but 
tlw  latter  were  peroutted  quietly  to  en- 
joy their  possessions.  In  the  winter,  as 
the  vessels  with  provisions,  which  had 
been  expected,  had  pot  arrived)  a  severe 
famine  was  experienced.     Most  of  the 


emigrants  were  obliged  to  dcanend  the 
river,  and  set  sail  on  their  return  to  Bar- 
ton. Those,  who  lept  their  station,  sub- 
sisted on  acorns,  mplt,  and  grains ;  and 
many  of  their  cattle  perished.  The  plan- 
ters in  Connecticut  at  first  settled  under 
the  general  government  of  Massachusetts, 
but  the  administration  of  their  afiairs 
was  entirely  in  their  own  hands.  The 
first  court,  which  exercised  all  the  pow- 
era  of  government,  was  hekl  Ipril  36, 
1686  at  Hartford,  the  plantttion  bistween 
Windsor  and  Wethersfield.  It  consis- 
ted of  two  delegates  fVom  each  q(  three 
towns,  and  several  orders  were  passed 
for  the  benefit  of  the  infant  settlements. 
The  courts  were  afterwards  held. in  each 
town  in  rotation. 

.  In  the  year  1636  a  large  accession  was 
made  to  the  inhabitants  on  Connecticut 
river.  Messrs.  Hooker  and  Stone,  the 
ministers  of  Newtown  near  Boston,  with 
their  whole  church  and  congregation 
travelled  in  June  through  a  trackless 
wilderness,  driving  160  cattle  fbd 'subsis- 
ting during  the  journey  on  the  milk  of 
the  cows.  They  settled  at  Hartford,  hav- 
ing purchased  the  land  of  an  Indian  sa- 
chem. At  the  close  of  the  year  thwe 
were  about  800  persons  in  the  colony. 
The  year  1687  is  distinguished  by  the 
war  with  the  Pequots.  This  powerful 
tribe  had  kmked  with  jeak)usy  upon  the 
settlements,  made  in  their  neighborhood, 
and  had  murdered  a  number  of  the  Eng- 
lish. The  dangers,  which  threatened 
the  colony,  rendering  vigorous  measures 
necessary,  it  was  determined  to  invade 
the  Pequots,  and  carry  the  war  into  their 
territory.  A  body  of  troops  was  sent  out 
in  May  under  the  command  of  John  Ma- 
son, and  on  the  S6th  they  attacked  the 
enemy  in  one  of  their  forts  near  New 
London,  and  killed  5  or  600  of  the  Indians. 
Only  two  of  the  English  were  killed,  and 
sixteen  wounded.  The  Pequots  were 
entirely  subdued,  and  the  other  Indians 
of  New  England  were  inspired  with  such 
terror,  aa  restrained  them  from  open  hos- 
tilities for  near  forty  years.  The  aston- 
ishing success  of  this  war,  which  could 
be  attributed  only  to  the  providence  of 


CONNECTICUT. 


rod  the 
toBof 

M ;  and 
he  plan- 
d  under 
shuMtte, 
ir  tiSun 
I.     The 
thepow- 
April  36, 
between 
[t  coneie- 
pf  thiee 
e  ptHed 
ttlements. 
Id  in  each 

flflion  was 
}nnectieut 
}tone,  the 
•ton,  with 
ggregaUon 
tracklees 
(bd'subsis- 
he  milk  of 
Iford.hav- 
Indian  la- 
yeHT  there 
ho  colony* 
ed  by  the 
B  powerful 
r  upon  the 
[hborhood, 
f  the  Eng- 
[threatened 
measures 
to  invade 
|r  into  their 
Bent  out 
John  Ma- 
Itacked  the 
lear  New 
le  Indians, 
killed,  and 
[uota  were 
|er  Indians 
with  fiuch 
open  ho»- 
'he  aston- 
uch  could 
Ividence  of 


Ood,  called  forth  the  moat  devout  ae- 
knowledgmenta. 

Ib  1697  a  new  colony.  ^^^  commenced 
in  Connecticut.     John  Davenport,  ac- 
companied by  Theophilua  Eaton   and 
E;dward  Hopkins,  and  other  reapeetable 
persona  flrom  London,  arrived  in  the  sum- 
mer at  Boston,  seekingf.  the  unmolested 
enjoyment  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 
Not  finding  a  convenient  place  in  Mas- 
sachusettt,  and  being  informed  of  a   large 
bay  to  the  southwest  of  Connecticut  riv- 
er, commodious  for  trade,  they  applied  to 
their  iVienda  in  Connecticut  to  purchase 
for  them  of  the  native  proprietors  all  the 
landB,  lying  between  the  rivers  Connecti- 
cut and  Hudson.    Thia  purchaaewas  in 
part  efiiwted.    In  the  autumn  Mr.  Eaton 
and  aome  others  of  the  company  made  a 
journey  to  Connecticut  to  explore  the 
lands  and  harbora  on  the  sea.  coast,  and 
pitched  upon    Quinnipiack,   afterwards 
called  New  Haven,  for  the  place  of  their 
settlement.    Here  they  erected  a  hut  and 
remained  through  the  winter.     In  the 
next  spring,  March  SO,  16S8,  the  rest  of 
the  company  went  from  Boston,  and  ar- 
rived at  Quinnipiack  in  about  a  fortnight. 
April  18th  they  kept  the.  firat  sabbath  in 
the  place,  and  Mr.  Davenport  preached 
tothein   under  a  large,  spreading  oak. 
They  soon  after  entered  into  what  they 
called  a  plantation  covenant,  by  which 
they  solemnly  engaged  to  be   governed 
ia  their  civil  as  well  as  religious  concerns 
by  the  rules  of  scripture.    Nov.  34th  the 
lands  of  Quinnipiack  were  purchased  of 
the  sachem  of  that  part  of  the  country  by 
e  few  presents  and  an  engagement  to  pro- 
tect him  and  hid  Indians;  he  reserving  a 
sufficent  quantity  of  land  to  plant  on  the 
east  side  of  the  harbor.    In  Dec.  another 
purchase  was  made  for  thirteen  coats  of  a 
large  tract,  lying  principally  north.of  the 
other,  extending  eight  miles  east  of  the 
river  Quinnipiack  and  five  miles  west, 
and  being  ten  miles  in  breadth  from  the 
north  to  the  south.     Near   the  bay  of 
Quinnipiack  they  laid  out  their  town  in 
squares  on  the  plan  of  a  spacious  city,  and 
called  it  New  Haven. 
The  foundation  of  two  colonies  was 


now  laid,  which  were  called  the  eokmiei 
of  Conneeticat  and  New  Haven.     The 
original  oonatitution  of  tlie  former  waa 
established  by  a  convention  of  all  the  fVee 
pbmterB  of  Windsor,  Hartford,  li  Wetiv 
•rafield,  which  met  at  Hartford  Jan.  14^ 
1689.    It  was  ordained,  that  there  shoukl 
be  annually  two  general  courta,  or  ssarm 
blies,  in  April  and  Sept.  the  first  to  be  th« 
court  of  election ,  in  which  six  magiatratflB, 
at  least,  and  all  other  public  oflkera  wer« 
to  be  chosen;  that  a  governor  ahould  be 
elected  for  one  year,  and  until  another 
ahould  be  appointed ;  that  no  one  couU  be 
•hoeen  to  this  office,  unless  he  had  been 
a  magistrate,  and  waa  a  member  of  some 
church,  nor  more  than  once  in  two  years; 
that  the  choice  of  these  oflicers  shoukl  be 
made  by  balkit  and  by  the  whole  body  of 
freemen,  convened  in  general  election; 
every  man  to  be  considered  as  a  iVeeman, 
who  had  been  received  as  a  member  of  bp 
ny  of  the  towns,  and  who  liad  taken  the 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  commonwealth; 
that  each  of  the  three  towns  shoukl  Bend 
four  deputies  to  the-  general  court;  and 
that  when  there  was  an  equal  division^ 
the  governor  should  have  a  casting  vote. 
Agreeably  to  this  cooatitution  the   fVee- 
men  convened  at  Hartford  in  April  and 
established  their40fficeni  for  the  ensuing 
year.    John  Haynes  was  chosen  govern- 
or, and  the  general  assembly  proceeded 
gradually  to  enact  a  system  of  laws. 

The  planters  of  Quinnipiack  had  con- 
tinued more  than  a  year  without  any 
other  constitution  than  their  plantation 
covenant.  But  June  4,  1639  they  con- 
vened to  lay  the  foundation  of  their  civil 
and  religious  poVty.  It  was  resolved, 
that  the  scriptures  afford  a  perfect  rule 
for  the  discharge  of  all  duties,  and  that 
they  would  be  governed  by  them;  that 
church  members  only  should  be  free  bur- 
gesses, and  that  they  only  should  choose 
magistrates  among  themselves  to  manage 
their  offiurs;  and  that  twelve  men  should 
be  chosen,  who  should  elect  seven  to  be- 
gin the  church.  Seven  men  were  accor- 
dingly chosen  in  Aug.,  who  were  called 
the  seven  pillars.  They  met  in  court, 
Oct.  35,  and  admitted  into   titeir  body  all 


CONNECTICUT. 


thememben  ofthe  churohM.  To  thh 
•ucceeded  the  eleotion  ofofliMn.  Thc- 
opMlna  Eaton  wu  ohoMn  governor,  end 
with  him  were  joined  four  magietratec 
It  wee  at  the  aame  time  decreed,  that 
there  ahould  be  a  general  court  annually 
in  Oct,  at  which  ^11  the  oflieera  of  the 
colony  should  be  chosen,  and  that  the 
word  of  God  ahould  be  the  aole  rule  for 
regulating  the  aflUra  of  the  common- 
wealth. Aa  the  plantation  enlarged,  the 
general  court  rMeived  a  new  form,  and 
the  eiTil  polity  of  thia  juriidiction  grad- 
ually approached  to  a  near  reaemUance 
of  the  government  of  Connecticut  The 
greifteet  diaeimilarity  aubaiated  in  respect 
to  jnriea,  which  were  never  used  on  trials 
in  the  colony  of  New-  Haven. 

These  two  colonies  remained  distinct 
until  the  year  1665,  when  they  were  uni- 
ted into  one;  but  though  distinct  in  gov- 
ernnent,  yet  a  union,  rendered  neoeasaty 
liy  common  danger,'  subsisted  between 
then.  The  apprehension  of  hostilities 
ttam  the  Indians,  and  the  aetualencroach- 
raents  and  viblence  oftlie  Dutch  induced 
4he  coloniea  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
Jiaasachusetts,  and  Plymouth  to  adopt 
•rticles  of  confederation,  which  were 
signed  at  Boaton  May  19,  1648.  By 
these  articles  it  was  agreed,  that  two 
commissioners  from  each  of  the  united 
colonies  of  New  England  should  meet  an- 
nually ;  that  they  should  be  vested  with 
full  powers  for  making  war  and  peace,  & 
establishing  laws  of  a  general  concern,  the 
agreement  of  six,  however,  being  always 
necessary  to  render  any  measure  binding 
upon  ihe  whole ;  and  that  fugitives  flrom 
juiitice,  and  servants,  who  escaped  from 
their  masters,  should  on  proper  evidence 
of  their  character  be  delivered  up  to  the 
«olony,  which  they  had  left.  This  union 
was  of  the  highest  importance  to  the  col- 
onies, particularly  to  Connecticut  and 
New  Haveur  which  were  peculiarly  ex- 
posed to  hostilities  from  the  Dutch.  It 
subsi.  U?**  iiore  than  forty  years  until  the 
abrogation  ^  the  clisrters  of  the  New 
EnglardcoN.  «  ly  king  James  II.  In 
the  yesr  l^i"*  •  -v^  «Ji,"ected  in  the  cokn 
ny  of  Ni?w  RavA .,,  tli  aeach  tovn  fhould 


choose  their  own  judges,  whose  powers 
were  restricted,  and  a  court  of  magia- 
trates  wm  appointed,  which  waa  to  meet 
twice  annually  at  New  Haven,  and  to  be 
composed  of  all  the  magistrates  in  the 
jurisdiction.  To  this  court  appeals  were 
niade  fVom  the  plantatkm  courts,  and 
here  the  decision  was  final.  It  was  de- 
creed also,  that  there  should  be  two  gen- 
eral courts,  or  assemblies,  consisting  of 
the  governor,  deputy  governor,  magis- 
trates, and  two  deputiea  IVom  each  town, 
and  that  the  election  of  offioen  ahouU  be 
annual. 

In  consideration  of  the  success  and  in- 
crease of  the  New  England  cobnies  the 
English  parliament  granted  them,  March 
10,  1Q48,  an  exemption  IVom  all  customs, 
subsidies  &  other  duties  untilfurther  or- 
den.  In.  1644  the  Connecticut  adventur- 
en  purchased  of  the  agent  of  lord  Say  and 
Seal,  and  lotd  Brook  their  right  to  the 
colony  of  Connecticut  for  I  WM.  In  1 647 
an  unhappy  oontroveray  commenced  be- 
tween Massachusetts  and  Connecticut 
respecting  an  impost  of  two  pence 
per  bushel  for  com,  and  one  penny 
on  the  pound  for  beaver,  or  30  shillings 
upon  every  hogshead,  to  be  paid  by  the 
Kiaobitants  of  Springfield  at  the  mouth  of 
Connecticut  river,  for  the  support  of  the 
fort  lit  Sajbrook.  The  subject  waa  refer- 
red to  the  commissionen  of  the  united 
colonies,  and  when  tliey  had  decided  in 
favoi'  (^it  In  1649,  Massachusette  imme- 
diately in  retaliation  imposed  a  duty  upon 
all  goods,  belonging  to  any  of  the  inhabi- 
tento  of  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  or  New 
Haven,  imported  within  the  castle,  or 
exported  from  any  part  of  the  bay.  A 
aingular  law  was  about  this  time  made  in 
Connecticut  respecting  t'  ,<e  *  tohvo- 
cc.  All  persons,  not  aoouitoir^nc^  •'.<<  trVt 
it,  and  all  persons  under  •  y  s  ?>.  :i' 
age  were  prohibited  iVota  a^u^  it,  unless 
they  procured  a  certificate  from  a  physt- 
cian,  tliat  it  woukl  be  useful,  and  obtain- 
ed a  license  from  the  court.  All  others, 
'addicted  to  the  use  of  it,  were  prohibited 
fW>m  taking  it  in  any  ccmipany,  oral  their 
labors,  or  in  travelling  unless  too  miles 
ftom  any  company ;  and  not  more  than 


5li|<H>t>  CONNKLi  ICUT.r»>l1tn*Ty<fOO      %  'tm 


powen 
r  nMfia- 

tomaet 
kOdto  bo 
■  in  the 
»\t  went 
irti,  tnd 

iwo  gen- 
•Mting  of 

r,  mH**" 
leh  town, 
•hottUba 

•■and  in- 
loniM  the 
nn,  Mtrch 
U  eustoDM, 
urther  or- 
t  adventHr- 
jrdS»y»nd 
ght  to  ili« 
I/.    In  1047 
neneed  be- 
Bonnecticut 
two    pence 
one    penny 
30  shiUings 
paid  by  the 
he  mouth  of 
pportofthe 
BtwM  refer- 
the  united 
decided  in 
ittt  imme- 
[a  duty  upon 
|f  the  inhftbi- 
;ut,  or  New 
castle,  or 
ihe  bay.     A 
Imeniade  in 
nc    >  toh"0- 
li ./;.,:;  .,    i->e 
I-  \?»r.'  ol' 
.g  it,  unless 
pm  a  phya>- 
and(^tain- 
AU  others, 
prdiibited 
',  orat  their 
ten  miles 
more  than 


OROe  in  a  day  under  the  penalty  of  a  fine 
oTaiz  pence  Ibr  every  oflenee.  The  colo- 
nies of  New  Haven  aad  Conneetieut  con- 
tinued to  increase,  and  new  towns,  pur- 
chased of  the  Indians,  wer*  constantly 
aetticd.  In  IMI  major  John  Mason,  as 
ageni  for  Connecticut,  buught  of  the  ila- 
tives  all  lands,  which  had  not  before  been 
purchased  by  particular  towns,  ll  made  a 
public  aurrender  of  them  to  the  colony  ita 
the  prasen'*d  or  rhe  gcnerat  assembly.  A 
petition  .  r  iow  prepared  to  liing 
Char'  K  .  '  r(  '  «rter,  and  John  Win- 
Vi  JO,  ivi  <>  it^L  leAn  ehosrn  governor  of 
C('unefti«*ut',was  employed  to  present  it. 
H.^  m.j  "/  issued  his  letters  under  the 
great  seai,  April  98,  1663,  ordaining  that 
ihere  should  be  annually  two  general  M- 
semblies,  consisting  of  the  governor,  the 
deputy  governor,  and  twelve  assistants, 
with  two  deputies  from  every  town  or 
city.  Tliis  charter  remained  the  bssis  of 
the  government  of  Connecticut  until 
1S18,  It  included  the  colony  of  New 
Haven  ;  but  that  colony  did  not  accept 
it.  The  boundaries  were  fixed,  and  on 
the  west  it  extended  across  the  continent 
to  the  south  sea,  or  Pacific  ocean.  In  the 
year  166S,  when  apprehensions  were  en- 
tertained respecting  the  New  England 
charters,  the  union  of  ;Connecticut  and 
New  Haven  was  completed,  and  thfey 
have  remained  under  one  government 
ever  since.  At  the  time  of  the  union 
they  consisted  of  nineteen  towns.  This 
event  had  been  delayed  bya  diflbrence  of 
views  respecting  the  propositions  of  the 
synod  of  Cambridge  in  1663.  It  was  re- 
commended, that  the  children  of  parents, 
not  in  fuU  communion  in  the  churches, 
should  be  baptised.  To  this  measure 
New  H^'^^n  was  utterly  op))Osed ;  and  as 
.1  this  colony  no  person  could  be  a  free- 
man, unless  he  was  a  member  of  the 
church,  which  was  not  a  requisite  quali- 
fication in  Connecticut,  it  was  ftarrd  thst 
a  union  would  corrupt  the  purity  of  the 
ecclesiastical  body  and  have  no  good  efiect 
upon  their  eivil  affiurs.  At  the  general 
assembly  in  May  1665  coutMies  were  first 
made  and  county  cour'  <  were  first  institu- 
ted by  that  name,  tn  1670  an  altera- 
38 


tion  was  made  in  the  mode  of  sbstioa, 
wirh  had  hitiiertn  heen  by  the  whole 
body  oi  fVeemen.  The  IrtTinen  had  now 
become  so  nii<  -rnui  that  they  were  al> 
l>  f4  to  complete  (li^  election  of  civil 
officers  at  Hartford  by  proxy,  and  »  law 
was  enacted  regulating  elefitions.  I'lie 
number  of  men  in  Connecticut  in  1671, 
IVom  16  to  60  years  of  age,  was  3,060. 
In  1679  the  union  of  Connecticut.  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Plymouth  Woa  renewed  ,and 
the  first  code  Of  Connecticut  laws  wsa 
published.  The.  book  was  printed  ol 
Cambridge,  compiled  by  Roger  Ludlow. 
Every  (hmily  was  required  to  possess  one. 
The  Indian  wars  in  167ft  and  1676  ocoa- 
atoned  much  suflering  in  the  colony.  In 
1687,  when  Andros  was  governor  of  New 
Enghind,  an'  attempt  was  made  to  wrest 
the  charter  fl-om  Connecjlicut.-  A  quo 
warranto  against  the  governor  and  com- 
pany had  been  iuued  two  yeara  bears  be- 
fore, and  in  October  of  this  year,  whesi 
the  aasembly  was  sitting,  Andros  went  to 
Hartford  with  sixty  regular  troops,  de- 
manded the  charter,  and  declared  the  gov- 
ernment to  he  dissolved.  The  subject 
was  debated  in  the  assembly  until  evening, 
when  the  charter  was  brought  and  laid 
iipon  the  table;  but  the  lights  being  in- 
stantly extinguished,  captain  Wads- 
worth  of  Hartford  seLud  it,  and  seeretcd 
it  in  the  cavity  of  •  large  oak  trse  in  front 
of  the  house  of  Samuel  Wyllys.  This 
tree,  measuring  91  feet  in  dire^nf^rence, 
is  now  standing.  'Sir  Edmand  Androa 
assumed  the  government,  and  the  reeords 
of  the  colony  were  closed.  He  appointed 
all  oflieers,  civil  and  military.  Notwith- 
standing the  professions  Of  regard  to  the 
public  good,  made  by  the  tyrant,  he  soon 
began  to  infringe  the  rights  of  the  people. 
The  laws  for  the  support  of  the  clergy 
were  suspended.  Liberty,  property,  eve> 
ly  thing  dear  to  man  becoming  insecure, 
the  progtesa  ofunprovementwas  arres- 
ted, and,  as  authority  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  wicked,  thfc  people  mourned.  After 
the  seixnre  of  Andros  by  the  daring  flriehdi 
of  liberty  in  Massachusetts,  the  old  mag- 
istrates of  Connecticut  were  induced 
again  to  accept  the  government,  at  the 


CONNECTICUT.     i'^^W^W^^'^ 


COOKE. 


Ir^ 


nquestofthe  iVeemen,  May  9, 1689.  In 
1691  the  OU  charter  was  resumed,  being 
acknowledged  to  be  ralid,  as  no  judgment 
had  been  entered  against  it.  The  clergy 
were  exempted  from  taxation  in  1706, 
and  the  Saybrook  platform  was  adopted 
in  1708.  In  1711  a  superior  court,  to  be 
held  annually  in  the  several  counties,  was 
established.  The  college,  which  had 
been  incorporated  at  Saybrook  in  1701, 
was  in  Hi7  removed  to  New  Haven,  and 
in  thefolbwing  year  named  Yale  college. 
In  1760  the  laws  of  Connecticut  wer6 
again  revised  and  published  in  a'snull  folio 
volume.  ' 

The  charter  of  this  colony  being  sup- 
posed to  extend  the  western  boundary  to 
the  south  sea,  purchases  were  accordingly 
made  in  1764  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six 
Nations  by  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Connecticut,  called  the    Susquehannah 
and  Delaware  companies,  of  a  large  tract 
of  land  lying  west  of  the  Delaware  river, 
and  thence  spreading  over  the  east  and 
west  branches  of  Susquehannah  river,  on 
which    considerable    settlements    were 
shortly  after  made.     The  settlers  were 
incorporated  afterwards  by  the  general  as- 
sembly h  annexed  to  the  county  of  Litch- 
fieU.     As  the  charter  of  Pennsylvania 
covered  these  settlements,  a  dispute  arose, 
which  was  maintained  with  warmth  for 
aome  time,  and  was  at  length  submitted 
to  gentlemen,  chosen  for  the  purpose, 
whose  decision  was  in  favor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    At  the  close  of  the  revolution 
Conn,  ceded  all  her  charter  claims  west  of 
Penns.  to  congress,  reserving  only  a  tract 
of  the  width  of  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
and  120  miles  in  length,  bounded  north 
by  lake  Erie,  containing  near  four  mil- 
lions of  acres.    This  cession  was  accepted 
-  by  congress,  which  establishes  to  Connec- 
^cut  her  title  to  these  lands.    The  legis- 
lature of  this  state  in  1793,  granted  to  the 
sufferers  in  the  several  towns,  that  were 
burned  during  the  war,  a  tract  of  half  a 
million  of  acres  on  the  west  end  of  this 
reservation.     The  American  revolution, 
which  so  essentially  affected  the  govern- 
ments of  most  of  the  colonies,  produced 
no   very   perceptible  alteration  in    the 


government  of  Connecticut  While  un- 
der the  jurisdiction  of  Great  Britain 
they  elected  their  own  governors, 
and  all  suboMinate  civil  officers  in  the 
same  manner,  and  with  as  little  control, 
as  at  the  present  time.  Connecticut  has 
always '  been  a  republic,  and  perhaps  as 
perfect  and  as  happy  a,  republic  as  ever 
existed.  Its  system  of  laws,  digested  by 
Zephaniah  Swift  and  published  inl796, 
is  contained  in  an  8vo.volume.The  Con. 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1801 .  The  school  fund  of  Con. 
amounts  to  1,883,000  dollars,  yiekling  a 
revenue  of  upwards  of  80,000  dollars  an- 
nually. The  dividend  is  85  cents  to  each 
child  in  the  common  schools,  or  from  5  to 
13,000  dollars  to  each  of  the  8  counties. 

A  new  constitution  was  adopted-  in 
1818.  The  governor  cart,  reprieve  but 
not  pardon,  that  power  being  given  to 
the  legislature.  All  ilree  white  male  citi- 
zens, resident  for  six  months,  who  have 
paid  a  tax,are  electors,  and  themselves  eli- 
gible to  any  ofRee.  The  elections  are  an- 
nual, the  first  Wednesday  of  May.  The 
judges  are  chosen  by  the  legislature. 
The  senate  consists  of  IS.  There  is  no 
council.  There  is  no  religious  test  of  of- 
fice, and  entire  freedom  of  religion  is  se- 
enred.— Trum^tiU'*  hi$t.  of  Cm.; 
Mor$eU  geog. ;  H.  Jidamt*  KE.}  Mone 
and  ParUh'B  N.E,;  Beet*  eyel.;  Holmet; 
Oordon,  i. 

CONWAY,  Henry,  general,  a  hero  of 
the  revohitioh,  died  in  East  Tennessee  in 
Sept.  1813  of  the  sting  of  bees. 

CONWAY,  Thomas,  maj.  gen.,  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  came  from  France  in  1777 
on  the  recommendation  of  Silas  Deane. 
After  intriguing  against  Washington  and 
fighting  gen.  Cadwallader,  he  returned  to 
France  in  1778.  It  was  while  sufifering 
under  the  wound,  received  in  the  duel, 
that  he  repented  and  wrote  to  Washing- 
ton, "You  are  in  my  eyes  the  great  and 
good  man." 

CONWAY,  Robert,  general,  a  hero  of 

the  revolution,  died  at  Georgetown.South 

Carolina,  in  Dec.  183S,  aged  7a     He 

had  previously  lived  at  Charleston. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  a  physician  of  Bos- 


COOKE. 


.    While  nn- 
}fMt  Britain 
goveroon, 
fficera  in  the 
little  control, 
nneotieut  hu 
d  perhaps  as 
public  as  ever 
s,  digeated  by 
lished  in  1T9«, 
me.The  Con. 
wwasincorpo- 
tl  fund  of  Con. 
ars,  yielding  a 
,000  dollars  an- 
5  cents  to  each 
)!»,  or  iVom  5  to 
he  8  counties, 
ras  adopted  in 
iii,  reprieve  but 
being  given  to 
white  male  wti- 
ith8,who  have 
i  themselves  eli- 
electionsarean- 
^  of  May.    The 
the   legidature. 
\.    There  is  no 
igioustestofof- 
>f  religion  is  se- 
i,t.    of    Cm.; 

}eyel.;Holmei: 

eneral,  a  hero  of 
Bst  Tennessee  in 
of  bees, 
maj.  gen.,  a  na- 
i  France  in  1777 
of  Silas  Deane. 
WTashington  and 
r,  he  returned  to 
B  while  sufiering 
red  in  the  duel, 
ote  to  Washing- 
es  the  great  and 

;ener»l,aheroof 
orgetown.South 

aged  70.  He 
harleston. 

lysicianof  Bos- 


ton, the  son  of  Richard  C,  wu  bom 
Sept.  16,  16&7,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1«&7.  After  having 
been  an  assistant  under  the  old  govern- 
ment, he  was  sent  to  England  in  1689  as 
an  agent  of  Mass.  to  procure  the  restora- 
tion of  the  charter.  He  was.  deci- 
ded in  his  opinion,  that  if  the  old  char- 
ter could  not  be  obtained,  it  would  be 
better  to  meet  the  consequences,  than  to 
submit-to  a  charter,  which  abridged  the 
liberties  of  the  people.  .  When  the  new 
charter  was  procured  in  1691,  he  refused 
to  accept  it,  and  did  what  he  could  to 
prevent  its  acceptance.  Increase  Mather, 
who  was  ageht  at  the  eame  time,  pursued 
a  different  course,  thinking  it  wise  to 
submit,  to  a  necessary  evil.  Though  he 
was  not  placed  in  the  list  of  counsellors, 
nominated  by  Dr.  Mather  in  1693,  fh>m 
apprehensions  that  he  would  oppose  the 
new  charter;  yet  in  the  following  year  he 
was  elected  in  Massachusetts.  He  was, 
however,  rejected  by  gov.  Phips,  because 
he  opposed  his  appointment  in  England. 
In  1 694  he  was  reelected,and  continued  in 
the  council  till  1703,  when  gov.  Dudley 
negatived  his  eleetion,aa  hedidfor  a  num- 
ber of  years  successively.  He  died  Oct.  31, 
1715,aged  78  years.  Though  esteemed  sa 
a  phy8ician,be  was  most  rraoarkable  in  his 
political  character,  having  been  more  than 
40  yean  in  places  of  public  tru8t,and  being 
always  firm  and  steady  to  his  principles. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  gov.  Leverett. 
—HnUhituon,  i.  39S,  408;  ii.  70,  136, 
311. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  distinguished  in  the 
history  of  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1 697.  He  was  a  representative 
of  Boston  in  the  general  court  in  1713, 
and  was  in  favor  of  a  private  bank  rather 
than  of  the  public  bank,  the  plan  of  which 
was  adopted  to  remedy  the  evils  of  the 
bills  of  credit  He  was  elected  into .  the 
council  in  1717,  and  immediately  com- 
menced his  opposition  to  gov.  Shute^  en- 
gaging on  the  popular  side.  This  was 
the  commencement  of  the  dispute.  The 
different  parties  became  more  hostile; 
new  subjects  of  controversy  arose;  and 


Shute  WW  at  length  obliged  to  leave  the 
eok>iqr.  Mr.  Cooke  was  elected  a  coun- 
seUor  in  1718;  but  the  governor  in  a 
manner  not  very  civil  informed  him,  that 
his  attendance  at  the  board  would  be  ex- 
cused. In  1790  be  was  chosen  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives;  but  the 
governor  negatived  the  choice,  and  as  the 
house  refused  .to  make  a  new  election, 
contesting  his  right  to  control  them,  he 
dissolved  the  assembly.  At  the  next  ses- 
sion a  different  person  was  elected,  not 
because  the  pretension  of  Shute  was  ad^ 
mitted,  but  that  there  might  be  no  oib- 
stmciion  to  the  progress  of  the  regular 
business  of  the  court.  In  1733  he  was 
appointed  agent  for  Mass.,  and  sailed  for 
London  in  January.  Soon  after  his  re- 
turn he  wss  chosen  in  May  1736  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council.  On  the  aocesswn  of 
gov.  Belcher,  he  was  apipointed  in,1730 
a  justice  of  the  common  plea^  for  Suffolk. 
He  had  hitherto  retained  the  attachment 
of  the  people  by  endeavoring  to  support 
their  liberties,  but  being  desirous  of  se- 
curing his  interest  both  with  the  govern- 
or and  the  town  of  Boston,  a  jealouqr 
was  excited,  and  he  was  in  danger 
of  losing  the  regard  of  both  parties.  In 
1733  or  1734  he  was  elected  represen- 
tative by  a  majority  of  only  oae«r  two 
votes  in  six  or  seven  hundred.  He  died  in 
Aug.  1737,  worn  out  with  his  labors, 
haying  been  many  years  the  head  of  the 
popular  party..  He  published  political 
tracts.— KuiteAtfuon,  ii.  331,  33^,  303, 
348, 391;  Collect,  hitt.  toe.  in.  300. 

COOKE,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  the 
second  parish  in  Cambridge,  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1736,  and  or- 
dained Sept.  13,  1739.  Hb  died  June  4, 
1783,  aged  74,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Fiske.  He  was  a  man  of  science,  of  a 
social  disposition,  distinguished  by  his 
good  sense  and  prudence,  and  a  Ikithful 
servant  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  C.  Brown, 
1748;  of  W.  Sytpmes,  1759;  the  election 
sermon,  1770;  a  sermon  for  a  memorial 
of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  1777.— H««(. 
eoL  VII.  38. 

COOKE,  George  Frederic,  a  theatri- 


VMI 


COOPER. 


Ml  perfonit«r,  wu  born  in  Westminister, 
Apr.  17, 1756.  He  bequne  distinguished 
as  a  player  in  London  Tn  1800.  He  came 
to  America  in  Nov.  1810,  and  was  much 
admired.  He  was  intemperate  and  died 
at  N.  York  as  a  drunkard  Sept.  36, 1813. 
Mr.  Dunlap  published  his  memoirs,  3  vols. 
181S. 

COOPER,  William,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, was  a  native  of  that,  town,  and, 
being  early  impressed  by  the  truths  or 
religion  and  delighting  in  the  study  of 
the  seripturesi  passed  through  the  temp- 
tations of  youth  without  a  blemish  i^pon 
his  character.'  He  was  grave,  but  not 
gloomy  nor  austere ;  discreet,  but  not 
precise;  And  cheerful,  with  innocence. 
While  a  member  of  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in' 1713,  he  ar* 
dently  cultivated  those  branches  of  sci^ 
enee,whieh  weremostiiseful  fcimportant 
Every  literaiy  pursuit  was  sanctified  by 
prayer,  and  every  human  acquisition  ren- 
dered subservient  to  the  knowledge  of 
Odd  and  reHgioa.  Soon  after  he  began 
to  preach,  the  eminence  of  his  qualifica- 
tions as  a  minister  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  church  in  Bmttle  street,  Boston, 
and  he  was  invited  to  be  colleague  pas- 
tor with  Mu  Golman.  At  his  own  re- 
quest his  ordination  was  delayed  for  a 
yeai' until  May  SS,  1716,  when  he  was 
itaducted  into  the  sacred  office.  From 
this  period  to  that  of  his  death  his'minis- 
terial  gifts,  graces,  and  usefidness  seemed 
constantly  to  increase,  and  the  more  he 
was  known,  the  more  he  was  esteemed, 
loved,  and  honored.  In  the  year  17S7  he 
was  chosen  president  of  Harvard  college, 
but  he  declined  the  honorable  trust  He 
died  Dec.  IS',  1743,  aged  49. 

He  was  an  eminent  preacher,  being  an 
able  and  zealous  advocate'of  the  distin- 
gnishing  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  Jesus 
Christ  was  ever  the  prominent  object  in 
his  discourses.  He  insisted  much  on  the 
doctrines  of  grace  ,  considering  them  as 
not  only  constituting  the  sole  foundation 
ofa  sinner's  hope,but  as  exhibiting  the  ca- 
pital aids  k,  incentives  to  holiness  of  heart 
and  life.  Hence  his  preaching  was  prac- 
tical as  well  as  evangelical.    He  inculca- 


ted obedience  upon  christian  principles 
and  by  christian  arguments.  His  .ser- 
mons were  easy  and  natural  in  method , 
rich  in  important  trnth }  plain,  but  not 
grovelling  in  style ;  solid  and  argumMta^ 
tive,  yet  animated  with  the  spirit  of  de- 
votion ;  calculated  at  once  to  enlighten 
the  mind,  to  impress  the  conscience,  and 
to  warm  the  heart.  In  explaining  the 
profound  and  sublime  truths  of  the  gospel 
he  had  the  singular  felicity  to  be  intelligi- 
ble to  the  ignorant,  instructive  to  the 
welljnformedj  and  edifying  to  the  serioiu< 
In  prayer  he  rennrkably.  excelled.  He 
had  a  voice  at  once  strong  and  pleasant. 
Ml  elocutkin  grave  and  dignified  }  while  a 
deep  impression  of  God,  whose  merfiy  he 
impbred,  and  whose  messages  he  deliver- 
ed, was  visible  in  his  countenance  fc  de- 
meanor, &  added  an  indescribable  solemni- 
ty totJl'his  performances^  His  benevolent 
tabors  were  not  in  vaiit.  Hq  wks  an  emi- 
nentinstrument&promoter  of  the  great  re- 
vival of  religion,  which  peeurred  toward 
the  close  of  his  life.  With  a  heart  over- 
flowing with  joy  he  declared,  that  "since 
the  year  1740  more  people  had  sometimes 
come  to  him  in  concern  about  their  souls 
in  one  week,  than  in  the  preceding  34 
yean  of  his  ministry,"  To  these  appli- 
cants he  was  a  most  judicious  and  afitSc- 
tionate  counsellor  and  guide.  Though 
the  general  attention  to  the  things  of 
another  world  was  pronounced  by  many 
to  be  enthusiasm  and  fanaticism,  yet  Mr. 
Cooper,  while  he  withstood  the  irregular- 
ties,  which  prevailed,  was  persuaded, 
that  there  was  a  reniarkable  work  of  di- 
vine grace.  The  numerous  instances  in 
his  own  parish  of  persons,  affected  either 
with  pungent  and  distressing  convictions 
of  sin,  with  deep  humiliation  and  self  ab- 
horrence, with  ardent  love  to  God  and 
man,  or  with  inexpressible  consolation  in 
religion,  perfectly  satisfied  him,  that  the 
powei*  of  the  divine  Reprover,  Sanctifier, 
and  Comforter  was  among  them.  In  the 
private  walks'ofiife  he  displayed  the  com- 
bined excellencies  of  the  gentleman  and 
christian.  He  had  but  little  warning  of 
the  approach  of  death,  but  in  the  lucid 
intervals  of  his  disease  he  was  enabled 


# 


# 


COOPER. 


M^ 


SOI 


to  declare,  that  he  rejoiced  in  God  hit 
Savior. 

He  pubUshed.  a  Bermon  on  the  incom- 
preheiuibleness  of  God,  1714 ;  how  and 
Tvhy  young  people  should  cleanae  their 
way,  1716  ;  a  sermon  to  young  people, 
1733 ;  a  funeral  sermon  on  J.  Corey, 
1736;  on  the  eartil^uake,  1737;  a  dis- 
course on  early  piety,  1738 ;  a  discourse 
on  the  reality,  extremity,  and  absolute 
certainty  of  hell  torments,  1733;  on  the 
death  of  lieut  gor.  Tailer,  1733 ;  at  the 
ordination  of  R.  Breok,  1736 ;  concio 
hyemalii,  or  a  winter  sermon,  1737  ;  -on 
the  death  of  P.  Thacher,  1739  ;  thedoo- 
trine  of  predestination  unto  life  explained 
and  viiMlicated  in  four  sermons,  1740 ; 
which  were  republished  in  1804;  election 
sermon,  1740 ;  a  preface  to  Edward's  ser- 
mon on  the  trial  of  the  spirits,  1741 ;  two 
sermons  preached  at  Portsmouth  in  the 
time  of  the  revival,  1741. — Coltnan'sfuu. 
ser. ;  PanopUit,  tu  537-540;  Cotteetr. 
hist.  toe.  X.  1 57. 

G00PER,Samuel,D.D.,mini8terin  Bos- 
ton, son  of  the  preceding,W8s  born  March 
38, 1735.    He  exhibited  early  marks  of  a 
masterly  genius.    As  his  mind  was  deep- 
ly impressed  by  religious  truth,  soon  after 
he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in 
1743,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
divinity,  preferring  the  office  of  a  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel  to  the  temporal,  advan- 
tages, which  his  talents  might  have  pro- 
cured him.    When  he  first  appeared  in 
the  pulpit,  his  performances  were  so  ac- 
ceptable, and  raised  such  expectations, 
that  at  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  was 
invited  by  the  congregation  in  Brattle 
street,  Boston,  to  succeed  his  father  as 
colleague  with    Dr.  Cohnan.     In  this 
ofRce  he  was  ordained  May  31,  1746,  SO 
years  alter  the  ordination  of  his  father. 
He  did  not  disappoint  the  hopes  of  his 
friends.    His  reputation  increased,  and  he 
soon  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
preachers  in  the  country.    After  a  minis- 
try of  37  years,  he  died  of  the  apoplexy 
Dec.  39,  1783,  aged  58. 

Dr.  Cooper  was  very  distinguished  in 
the  sacred  office,  which  he  sustained. 
His  sermons  were  evangelical  and  per- 


spieuoua,  and  unequalled  in  America  for 
elegance  and  taste.      Delivering  them 
with  energy  andVpathos,  his  ek)quenee 
arrested  attention  and  warmed  the  heart. 
In  his  prayers,  which  were  uttered  with 
humility  and   reverence,   there   was  • 
grateful  variety ;  and,  as 'they  were  per- 
tinent, scriptural,  and  animated  with  the 
spirit  of  devotion,  they  were  admirably 
calculated  to  raise  the  souls  of  his  follow 
worshippers  to  God.     His  preeenee  in 
the  chambers  of  the  sick  was  peeuHarly 
acceptable,  for  he  knew  how  to  addrqu 
the  conscience  without  offimce,  to  impart 
instruction,   to  sooth,  and  to   comfort. 
Hisattention  was  not  confined  to  theok)gy ; 
but  he  made  himself  acquainted  with  oth- 
er branches  of  science,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  finished  classical  scholars  of  hisday. 
His  friendship  to  literatura  induced  him, 
after  the  destruction  of  the  library  of 
Harvard  college  by  fire,  to  exert  himself 
to  procure  subscriptions  to  repaiir  the  loss. 
In  1767  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
corporation,  in  which  cIIBm  he  continued 
until  his  death.   He  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  society  for  pn^gating  the 
gospel  among  the  aboriginin  of  America. 
To  his  other  acquisitions  he  added  a  just 
knowledge  of  the  nature  and  design  of 
government,  and  the  rights  of  mankind. 
Most  sincerely  attached  to  the  cause  of 
ciyil  and  religious  liberty,  he  was  among 
the  first  of  those  patriots,  who  took  a  de- 
cided part  in  opposition  to  thearlntrary  ex- 
actions of  Great  Britain.     In   his  inter- 
course with   his  fellow  citixens  and  by 
his  pen  he  endeavored  to  arouse  and 
strengthen  the  spirit  of  resistance.    Such 
were  his  abilities  and  firmness,  that  he 
was  esteemed  and  consulted  by  some  of 
the  principal  men,who  were  the  meand  of 
efiecting  our  revolution.    He  did  much 
towards  procuring  foreign  alliances.    His 
letters  were  Tead  with  great  satisfaction 
in  the  court  of  Versailles,  while  men  of 
the  most  distinguished  characters  in  Eu- 
rope liticame  his  correspondents.    The 
friendship,  which   he  maintained   with 
Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Adams,  was  the 
means  of  introducing  to  his  acquaintance 
many  gentlemen  from  France,  to  whom 


sot 


COOPER. 


%r- 


he  randered  himelf  peculiarly  agreMbi» 
by  his  liteniy  attainimnta,  by  an  engag- 
ing addreas,  and  by  thie  ease  and  polite* 
nesa  ofhia  manners.   Receiving  from  Dr. 
Fnnklinthe  letters  of  Hutchinson,  pro- 
oured  by  Mr.  Williamson,  with  a  strict 
injunction  not  to  allow  them,  to  be  pub> 
lished,   he  put  them  into  the  hands  of  a 
gentleman   under  the  same  injunction  ; 
but  his  confidence  was  misplaced.    When 
his  country  hod  asserted  her  right  to,  in- 
dependence, believing  that  knowledge  is 
n^eeasary  to  the  support  of  a  free  govern- 
ment,  he  was  anxious  to  render  our  liber- 
ties perpetual  by  promoting  literary  estab- 
lishments.    He  was  therefore  one  of  the 
foi)emoat  in  laying  the  foundation  of  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  scieno^ 
and  was  chosen  its  first  vice  president  in 
the  year  1780.    In  his  last  illness  he  ex- 
pressed his  greet  satisfaction  in  seeing  his 
country  in  peace,  and  in  possession  of 
freedom  atod  independence,  and  his  hopes, 
that  the  virtut.  and  the  public  spirit  of  his 
countrymen  would  proye  to  the  world, 
that  they  were  not  lOtworthy  of  these  in- 
«gt«able  blessings.    In  the  intervals  of 
nason,  he  informed  his  friends,  that  he 
was  peirfiMitly  resigned  to  the  wiH  of  heav- 
en ;    (hat  his  hopes   and    consolations 
«prang  ftom  a  firm  belief  of  those  truths, 
which  he  had  preached  to  others ;  and 
that  he  wished  not  to  be  detained  any 
longer  ft<pmthat  state  of  perfection  and 
fehcity,' which  the  gospel  had  opened  to 
his  viev^. 

Besides  his  political  writings,  which 
appeared  in^the  journals  <^  the  dayj  he 
published  the  following  discourtos;  on 
the  artillery  election,  1751 ;  (before  the 
society  for  encouraging  industry,  1753 ; 
at  the  general  election,  1756 ;  on  the  re- 
duction of  Quebec,  1759 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  J.  Jackson,  1760 ;  onthe  death  of 
George  II,  1761 ;  at  the  Dudleian  lec- 
ture, 177S ;  on  the  commencement  of  the 
new  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  Oct. 
35, 1780.  This  last  discourse,  with  oth- 
ers of  his  productions,  have  been  publish- 
ed in  MvemI  languages,  and,being  written 
in  a  polished  and  elegant  manner,  were 
well  calculated  for  the  lips  ofah  eloquent 


speaker,  such  as  he  himself  was.  He 
was  also  one  orihe  poetic  eontributors  to 
the  "Pietas  et  Gratulatio,"  with  Dr. 
Church  and  others,  neO.—Chtrke'if)$n. 
ter.  ;  Amer.  herald,  Jan.  10,  1784; 
CmUin.  jourtial,  Jan.  Si ;  Holmet ; 
Thacher*a  eent.diie. 

COOPER,  Myle#,B.  d.,  president  of 
King's  college,  New  York,  was  educated 
in  the  university  of  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1760. 
He  arrived  at  New  York  in  the  autumn 
of  1763,  being  recommended  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  Cantert>ury  aa  a  person  well 
qualified  to  assist  in  the  management  of 
the  college,  and  to  succeed  the  president. 
He  Was  received  by  Dr.  Johnson  with 
the  afiection  of  a  father,  and  was  immedi- 
ately appointed  professor  of  moral  philos- 
ophy^ After  the  resignation  of  Dr.  John- 
son in  Feb.  176S,  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent.previously  to  the  commencement  in 
May.  It  was  not  long  before  Dr.  Clos- 
sey,  a  gentleman,  who  had  been  educated 
in  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  had  taken 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic,^  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  philosophy. 
A  grammar  school  was  also  established 
and  connected  with  the  college,  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Cushing  from  Boston.  The 
classes  were  now  taught  by  Mr.  Cooper, 
Mr.  Harper,  and  Dr.  Clossey ;  and  under 
such  able  instructers  they  had  peculiar 
advantages.  In  the  year  1775  Dr.  Coop- 
er, as  his  politics  leaned  towards  the  Brit- 
ish, was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  with- 
drawing from  the  college  and  returning 
to  England.  He  was  afterwards  one  of 
the  ministers  of  the  episcopal  chapel  of 
Edinburgh,  in  which  city  he  died  May  1, 
1785,  aged  about  fifty  years.  After  the 
revolution  William  ^muel  Johnson,  son 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  was  president  of  the 
college. 

Dr.  Cooper,  though  he  had  long  expec- 
ted death,  waiting  patiently  for  its  ap- 
proach, yet  died  in  rather  a  sudden  man- 
ner. The  following  epitaph  was  written 
by   himself.  ,     ' 

"Here  lies  •  print  of  Engliili  blood, 
Who,  living,  lik'd  whate'er  wai  good  ; 
Good  company,  good  wine,  good  name. 


•#■ 


m 


» 


GOPLEY. 


r-^MjiKi 


:h 


CORLET. 


^P 


SM 


1      Yet  Mfw  bunitd  after  fiiiee : 
Bat  M  the  fint  he  Mill  |Mllbrr'd, 
So  here  lie  diofe  tobeinterrM, 
And,  nnolMeur'di  from  crowdi  wil|idrew 
,  j^  To  rest  among  a  cimeen  few, 

In  humble  hope*,  diat  toTereign  lore 
Will  ralM  talm  to  be  bictt  above.'  * 
He  published  a  jjroiame  of  poems  in 
1768,  and  a  sermon  0^  civil  government, 
preached  before  the  university  of  Oxford 
on  a  last,  1777.  While  in  thu  country 
he  maintained  a  literary  character  of  con- 
siderable eminence.  He  wrote  on  the 
subject  on  an  American  episcopate,  and 
sometimes  used  hid  pen  oh  political  sub- 
jects. It  is  said,  he  narrowly  escaped  the 
fury  of  the  whigs. — ^eto  and  gen.  biog. 
diet.  ;  Miller,  11.  369  ;  Pemu.  packet, 
July  39, 1785  ;  Chandler**  life  ofJohnr 
eon,  \0% — 109. 

GOPLEY,  John  Sintrleton,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  born  in  1798  in  Bos.ton. 
He  had  a  natural  talent  for  pajnting,  and 
was  the  pupil  and  successor  of  Smibert. 
Many  full  length  portraits,  painted  by 
him,  remain  in  Massachusetts.  In  color- 
ing and  drapery  he  excelled ;  and  his 
likenesses  were  faithful.  He  went  to 
England  before  the  war.  In  1770  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  royal  academy 
of  painting  in  London.  He  was  patron- 
ised by  Mr.  West.  In  1774  he  went  to 
Italy ;  and  in  1776  returned  to  England, 
where  he  met  his  wife  and  children,whpm 
he  had  left  in  Boston.  He  now  devoted 
himself  to  portrait  painting.  His  first 
historical  picture  was  the  Youth,  rescued 
from  a  shark.  His  picture  of  the  Death 
of  lord  Chatham  established  his  fame. 
Afterwards  he  painted  the  siege  of  Gib- 
raltar ;  major  Pearson's  death  on  the  isl- 
and of  Jersey  ;  Charles  I.  in  the  house  of 
commons  ;  the  surrender  of  Oe  l\^inter 
to  Duncan ;  besides  many  portraits.  'He 
died  suddenly,  September  86, 1816.  His 
mother  ^as  Sarah  Winslow  of  the  Plym- 
outh family.  Col.  Henry  Bromfield  mar- 
ried his  sister.  His  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Rich.  Clarke,  a  merchant  in  Bos- 
ton, one  of  the  consignees  of  the  India 
company's  tea  ;  a  connexion,  which  may 
account  for  his  attachment  to  the  royal 
interest.    His  daughter  married  Gardi;ier 


Greene,  who  in  1818  prearatad  to  Hw> 
vard  college  a  collection  of  all  the  ptoof 
engravings  of  Copley's  historical  paint- 
ing8.>-XfM9p>«  i«et.  191;  Ene.  Amer. 

CORBITANT,  an  Indian  saeham, 
living  at  Mattapoiaet,  a  neck  of  hud  in 
Swanc^,  waaan  enemy  of  the  Plymouth 
plantation  at  the  firat  settlement.  He  was 
a  sachem  under  Maaaaasoit.  Indignant 
at  the  peace  made  with  the  English,  he 
in  1631  seized  Squanto  at  Namaaket,  or 
Middleborough,  and  put  hw  knife  to  the 
breast  of  Hbbbamoc,  another  Indian, 
flriendly  to  the  English,.who,  being  stout, 
broke  away«nd  fled  to  Plymouth.  Capt. 
Standish  and  ten  men  were  immedialaly 
sent  to  Namasketto  take  Corbitant  pria- 
oner ;  but  he  escaped.  Some  time  after 
Corbitant  through  the  mediation  of  Maa- 
sajMoit  made  peace,  knd  ventured  to  show 
himself  at  Plymouth.  In  March  169S  he 
was  visited  by  E.  Winslow  and  John 
Hampden,  celebratM  in  English  history, 
with  Hobbamoc  for  their  guide.  The 
Indian  "waft  a  notable  politician,  yet  full 
of  merry  jests  and  squibs,  and  never  bet- 
ter pleased,  than  when  the  like  wei«  re- 
turned again  upon  hun."  He  inquired, 
why  it  was,  that  when  he  viaited  the 
English,  the  guns  were  pointed  towards 
him.  And  on  being  toid^  it  was  o«t  of 
respect  and  honor,  he  said,  shiling  his 
head,  he"Ukod  not  attch  salutations.'* 
On  seeing  his  visitera  ask  a  blessing  on 
their  food,  he  inquired  the  meaning,  and 
on  being  toki  the  reason,  said  it  was  well ; 
he  .too  believed  in  an  almighty  power,  call- 
ed Kiehtan.-Hiet,  eol.  viii.  36S,  JIfottrC* 
relat.  in  3  Hiet.  eol.  ix.  64;  Belkn.  Hog. 
II.  339. 

CORLET,  Elijah,  an  eminent  inatmc- 
ter,  commenced  his  labon  at  Cambridge 
not  long  after  the  first  settlement  of  the 
town.  He  was  master  of  the  grammar 
school  between  forty  and  fifty  years,  and 
many  of  the  most  worthy  men  in  the 
country  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  instruc- 
tions previously  to  their  entraAce  into 
college.  The  society  for  proJMgating 
the  gospel  compensated  him  for  hia.  atten- 
tion to  the  Indian  scholan,  who  were 
designed  for  the  university.     He  died  in 


9H  CORNBURY. 


CORNELIUS. 


** 


ItSTjigedTd.  HewH  •  man  or  letm* 
ipg,  piety,  find  respectability.  N.Walter 
pidiJiahed  an  elegy  on  Ma  death  in  blank 
vene.  He  wrote  a  Latin  epitaph  on  Mr. 
Hooker,  which  ia  inserud  in  Mather's 
magnalia.— Hwf.  eol. '  i.  348 ;  vii.  33 ; 
Itfe  9f  WiUter;  Maih«r'»  magnolia  in. 
68. 

CORNBURY,  Edward  Hyde,  lord, 
governor  or  New  York,  was  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  being  one 
of  the  first  ofiieers,  who  deserted  the  army 
of  king  James,  king  William,  in  gratitude 
for  hii  services,  appointed'  him  to  an 
American  government.  Hunted  out  of 
England  by  a  host  of  hungry  creditors, 
bent  upon  accumulating  as  much  wealth, 
as  he  could  squeeze  from  the  purses  of  an 
impoverished  people,  and  animated  with 
unequalled  te^l  for  the  church,  he  com- 
menced his  admitaistration,  as  Huccessor 
of  lord  Bellamont,  May  3,  HOS.  His 
sense  of  justice  was  as  weak,  as  bis  bigot- 
ry was  uncontrollable.  The  following 
act  of  outrage  will  exhibit  hjfi  character. 
A  greit  sickness,  which  wm  probably  the 
yelk)w  fever,  prevailing  in  Ir^w  York  in 
I70fr,  lord  Cornbury  retired  to  Jamaica, 
on  Long  Island ;  and  as  Mr.  Hubbard, 
the  presbyterian  minister,  lived  in  the 
best  house  in  the  town,  his  lordship  re- 
questeiAhe  use  of  it  during  his  short  res- 
idence Hbvte.  Mr.  Hubbard  put  himself 
to  great  inconvenience  to  oblige  the  gov- 
ernor, and  the  governor  in  return  deliv- 
ered the  parsonage  house  into  the  hands 
of  the  episcopal  party,  and  seized  upon 
the  glebe.  In  the  year  1707  he  impris- 
oned witliout  law  two  presbyterian  min- 
isters for  presuming  to  preach  in  New 
York  without  his  license.  They  were 
aent  out  by  some  dissenters  in  London 
as  itinerart  preachers  for  the  benefit  of 
the  middle  and  southern  cotonies.  He 
had  a  conference  with  them,  and  made 
himself  conspicuous  as  a-sayage  bigot,  and 
as  an  ungentlemanly  tyrant.  The  cries 
of  the  oppressed  reaching  the  ears  of  the 
queen  in  1708,  she  appointed  lord  Love- 
lace governor  in  his  stead.  As  soon  as 
Cornbury  v^s  superseded,  bis  oreditotb 
threw  him  into  the  custody  of  the  sheriff 


of  New  York:  but  after  the  death  of  his 
father  he  wai  permitted  to  return  to 
England,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom 
of  Clarendon.    He  died  at  Chelsea  April 

I ,  1738.  Never  was  there  a  governor  of 
New  York  so  universally  detested,  or 
so  deserving  of  abhorrence.  His  beha- 
vior was  trifling,  meain,and  extravagant.  It 
was  not  uncommon  for  him  to  dress  him- 
self in  a  woman's  habit,  and  then  to  pat- 
rol the  fort,  in- which  hereaided.  By 
such  freaks  he  drew  upon  himself  univer- 
sal contempt ;  while  his  despotism,  bigo- 
try, injustice,  and  insatiable  avarice  arou- 
sed the  indigna'Jon  of  the  people. — 
Smith'! New  York,  101-116;  HtileA*n«on 

II.  133;  MmBhall,  i.  373. 
CORNELIUS,  E;iia8,  a  physieianand 

apatriot  of  the  revolution,  was  a  native 
of  Long  Island.  At  the  age^  of  1 9,  in  op- 
position to  the  advise  of  his  relatives,  who 
were  then  attached  to  the  British'  cause, 
he  repured  to  New  York  early  in  1777, 
and,  being  recommended  by  his  instruc- 
ter,  Dr.  Samuel  Lathan,  was  appointed 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  3d  R.  Island  reg., 
commanded  by  col.  Israel  Angell.  On  re- 
connOitering  near  the  lines  above  N.York, 
he  was  soon  taken  prisoner  and  carried 
to  the  "old  Provost"  jail  in  the  city, 
where  he  sufiered  incredible  hardships, 
till  with  great  courage  and  presence  of 
mind  he  made  his  escape  in  March  1778. 
He  immediately  rejoined  the  army  and 
continued  in  it  till  the  close  of  1781.  He 
died  at  Somers,  New  York,  June  13, 
1833,  aged  65.  He  left  a  widow,  3 
daughters,  and  a  son.  As  a  physician  he 
had  extensive  and  successful  practice.  It 
was  while  he  was  in  the  army,  that  be 
received  those  religious  impressions, 
iWhich  issued  in  an  established  christian 
hope.  A  warm  friend  to  charitable  insti- 
tutions,  he  left  100  dollars  to  each  of  the 
foltowing  societie8,->^the  Ameri^  Bible, 
Education,  Foreign  mission,  and  the 
United  foreign  mission. — Bottonreeord- 
«r,  July  5,  1838. 

CORNELIUS,  Elias,  d.  d.,  secretary 
of  the  American  Education  society,  son 
of  the  preceding,  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1813  ;  and,  afler  studying  theoio> 


tthofhii 
nturn  to 
I  earldom 
Iset  April 
tvernor  of 
«8ted,  or 
Sis  beha- 
vagant.  It 
Iress  him- 
en  to  pat- 
ided.    By 
elf  univer- 
;i8in,  bigo- 
irice  arou- 
people. — 

^sioian  and 
IS  a  native 
f  19,  inop- 
itives,  who 
itish' cause, 
ly  in  1777, 
lis  instruc- 
I  appointed 
Island  reg., 
ill.    On  re- 
ve  N.York, 
land  carried 
the  city, 
lardships, 
nesence  of 
arch  1778. 
army  and 
1781.    He 
June  13, 
widow,  3 
hysicianhe 
actice.    It 
,  that  he 
npressions, 
christian 
[table  insti- 
each  of  the 
i^n  Bible, 
and  the 
ton  record- 

secretary 
Dciety,  son 
,t  Yale  col- 
ing  theolo> 


'  CORNWALLIS. 

ft  J,  engaged  in  1816  as  an  agent  of  the 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  missions,  in  which  capacity  he 
was  for  one  or  two  yean  very  active  and 
successful.  In  Sept.  and  Oct.  1817  he 
visited  the  missions  in  the  Cherokee  na- 
tion. On  his  way  thence  to  the  Chicka- 
saw nation  he  met  a  party  of  Indians  from 
the  Arkansas^  and  redeemed  from  them  a 
little  Osage  orphan  captive,  6  years  of 
age,  and  sent  the  girl  to  the  iiission 
family.  The  subsequent  winter  he  spent 
at  New  Orleans,  in  the  employment  of 
the  Missionary  society  of  Connecticut. 
He  arrived  in  the  city  Dec.  SO,  1817,  and 
commenced  preaching  and  gathering  a 
congregation.  Jan.  33,  1818  he  was 
joined  by  Sylvester  Larned  and  they  la- 
bored together  till  the  congregation  was 
organized  and  Mr.  Larned  invited  to  be- 
come the  minister ;  after  which  he  turn- 
ed hi^  attention  to  the  poor  and  sick  and 
oth  .'la  of  thtf  destitute.  In  the  spring  he 
returned  to  Aiid(}ver;  and  July  31,  1819 
was  installed  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Wor- 
cester at  Salem.  In  Sept.  1336  he  was 
dismissed  by  the  advice  of  a  mutual  coun- 
cil, having  been  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  American  Education  society.  In  the 
service  of  this  institution  he  devised  the 
plan  of  permanent  scholarships  and  met 
with  unexampled  success  in  soliciting 
subscriptions.  '  He  established  also  the 
Quarterly  Register  and  Journal  of  the 
A.  Education  society,  which  he  conduc- 
ted for  some  years,  assisted  by  Mr.  B.  B. 
Edwards.  In  Oct.  1831  he  was  chosen 
Secretary  of  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Evarts  deceased.  But 
he  had  signified  his  acceptance  of  this 
office  only  a  few  weeks,  and  he  had  just 
entered  the  new  and  wide  field  of  toil  for 
the  (enlargement  of  the  kingdom  of  Jesus 
Christ,  when  he  was  removed  from  the 
world.  Exhausted  by  a  journey  from 
Boston,  he  was  taken  sick  at  Hartford, 
Con.,  Feb.  7,  and  died  in  that  city  of  a  fe- 
ver on  the  brain -Feb.  13,  1833,  aged  37. 
His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Asahel 
Hooker,  arrived  a  few  hours  ad^r  his  de- 
cease.— Dr.  Cornelius  was  enterprising, 
39 


CORTEZ. 


80» 


bold,  and  ek)quent ;  though  reMlute,  yet 
considerate  and  prudent.  Of  a  vigoroua 
frame  and  determined  spirit,  he  was  .capa- 
ble of  meeting  and  surmounting  great 
difficulties.  He  fell  in  the  fulness  of  his 
strength ;  and  the  American  churclies 
areagain  taught  not  to  trust  in  man.  Be- 
sides his  labors  in  the  Quarterly  Journ- 
al and  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Educa- 
tion society,  he  published  a  discourse  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  reprinted  as 
No,  185  of  the  Tract  society. 

CORNWALLIS,  Charles,  marquis, 
commamler  of  the  British  army  in  Amer- 
ica, surrendered  at  Yorktown  Oct.  19, 
1781, — an  event,  which  brought  the  war 
to  a  close.  In  1 790  he  waagovernor  gen- 
eral of  India  and  by  his  victories  in  the 
war  with  Tippoo  ■  Saib  acquired  high 
reputation.  Again  was  he  appointed  in 
1805  governor  of  India,  where  he  d(ed,  at 
Ghazepore,  Oct.  5.  He  married  in  1768 
Miss  Jones,  a  lady  of  large  fortune,  said 
to  have  died  of  a  broken  heart  in  conse- 
quence of  his  engaging  in  the  American 
war.  He  published  an  answer  to  the 
narrative  of  sir  Henry  Clinton,  1783. 

CORREA  De  Serra,  Joseph  Francis, 
minister  plenipotentiary  from  Portugal 
to  this  country,  was  born  in  1750,  and 
studied  at  Rome  and  Naples.  Botany 
early  engaged  his  attention.  Afler  the 
peace  of  Amiens  he  resided  11  ye^rs  in 
Paris.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1813 
in  order  to  prosecute  his  researches  in  nat- 
ural history;  and,  while  here,  received  his 
appointment  as  minister  from  Portugal. 
He  died  at  Lisbon  iu  Sept.  1883,  aged  74. 
He  was  an  eminent  botanist..  He  pub- 
lished dissertations  on  subjects  of  natural 
history  in  the  English  phil^  transactions  ; 
note  sur  la  valeur  du  p^risperme;  vues 
carpologiques;  colleccao  de  livros  ineditos 
de  historian  Portug.,  3  vol.,  1790;  soil  of 
Kentucky  in  Amer.  ph.  tr.  i.  n.  series. 

CORTEZ,  Hernando,  the  conqueror 
of  Mexico,  was  born  in  Estremtidure, 
in  Spain,  in  14S5.  At  the  ago  of  83  he  sai- 
led fVom  Cuba  Nov.  18, 1518,  with  11 
small  vessels,  617  men,  soldiers  and  sai- 
lors, 10  field  pieces,  and  only  13  firelocks. 
He  landed  at  Tabasco  and  captured  it. 


CORTLANDT. 


COTTON. 


At  Vera  Cruz  he  built  •  nnall  ibrt;  tlien, 
burning  hie  ehipe,'  he  edvaneed  against 
Mexico,  with  (KM)  men  and  16  horaee. 
The  emperor,  Montezuma,  received  him 
inio  the  city  with  great  pomp  ;  but  he 
waa  seised  aiid  confined  by  the  Spaniard. 
Inn  tumult  of  the  people  Montezuma 
was  brought  forward,  in  order  to  quell  it; 
but  in  the  attack  the  emperor  was  mortal- 
ly wounded  and  the  invaders  driven  from 
the  city.  But  Cortez,  after  obtaining  re- 
cruits, marched  again,  to  Mexico  in  Dec. 
1530  and  after  a  siege  of  three  months 
took  it,  and  seized  GuatAmozin.  The 
sovereign  was  placed  on  burning  coals,  in 
order  to  extort  iVom  him  a  confession  of 
the  place,  where  his  riches  were  conceal- 
ed. Thus  the  empire  was  subdued  by  a 
small  band  of  adventurers,  and  hundreds 
of  the  natives  for  refusing  to  become 
christians  were  cruelly  put  to  death  by 
men  of  less  religion,  than  they.  The 
name  of  Cortezia  made  memorable  on  the 
earth  for  bravery,  avarice,  and  cruelty. 
He  died  in  Spaip  Dec.  3, 1634,  aged  68. 
CORTLANDT,Pierreyan,lieutenant 
governor  of  New  York,  lihis  appointed  to 
that  office  4t  the  commencement  of  the 
new  government  in  1^77,  and  was  con- 
tinued in  it  18  yean  in  succession  till 
1706,  bis  friend  and  confidant,  Geo.  Clin- 
ton,being  during  the  same  period  govern- 
or. He  early  took  an  active  part  against- 
the  oppressive  acts  of  the  British  govern- 
ment. Of  the  firat  provincial  congress 
he  was  a  member;  also  of  the  convention, 
which  ftamed  the  constitution  of  New 
York.  His  residence  being  40  or  60 
miles  from  the  city,  during  the  war  his 
fiunily  was  driven  from  their  dwelling  in 
the  manor  of  Cortlandt ;  but  he  confided 
in  the  justice  of  the  American  cause,  and, 
patting  his  trust  in  God,  he  was  undis- 
mayed by  danger.  '  He  died  at  his  seat  at 
Croton  river  May  1, 1819,  aged  94.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Gilbert  Living- 
■ton.  Col.  Van  Cortlandt,  probably  his 
son,  married  a  daughter  of  gov.  Clinton. 
Augustus  Van  Cortlandt,  perhaps  his 
brother  ,died  in  Tonkera,N.Y.in  lSS3,aged 
96. — He  was  a  man  of  exemplary  virtues, 
upright,  bene/olent,the  friend  of  the  poor. 


•nd  died  •  sincere  christian,  with  full  as- 
surance of  salvation  by  the  redeeming 
k)ve  of  Jesus  Christ,  upon  whom  in  his 
last  moments  he  called  to  receive  him  to 
endless  life  and  glory. —  Weit  Che$Ur 

CORY,  Giles,  accused  of  witchcraft, 
was  brought  into  court  at  Salem  in  Sept. 
1 593;  but  observing  the  fate  of  those,wbo 
had  been  tried,  15  at  that  court  having 
been  convicted,  he  refused  to  plead,  «nd 
agreeably  to  law  he  had  judgment  for 
standing  mute  and  was  pressed  to  death. 
This  is  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  in 
the  history  of  this  country.  Eight  of  the 
15  were  executed  Sept.  33,  among  whom 
was  Martha  Cory. — H«(eA»n«oii,  ii.  60. 

COTTON,  John,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  early  ministen  of  New 
EnglandjWas  born  in  Derby,  Eng.,  Deo. 
4, 1585.  At  the  age  of  18  he  was  admits 
ted  a  member  of  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterwards  removed  to  Eman- 
uel college, where  he  obtained  a  feUowsbip. 
He  was  soon  chosen  the  head  lecturer  in 
the  college,  being  also  emptoyed  as  tutor 
to  many  scholan,  who  afterwards  became 
distinguished.  For  this  ofiice  he  was  pe- 
culiarly well  qualified,  as  his  knowledge 
was  extensive,  his  mannen  gentle  aiid 
accommodating,  and  he  possessed  an  un- 
common ease  and  facility  in  communica- 
ting his  ideas.  His  occasional  orations 
and  discourses  were  so  accurate  and  ele- 
gant, and  displayed  such  inventbn  and 
taste,  that  he  acquired  a  high  reputation 
in  the  vnivenity.  Hitherto  he  had 
been  seeking  the  gratification  of  a  literary 
taste,or  yielding  to  the  claims  of  ambition; 
but  at  length  a  complete  change  in  his 
character,  which  he  attributed  to  the 
grace  of  God,  indubed  him  to  engage  With 
earnestness  in  the  pursuit  of  new  and  more 
exalted  Objects.  While  a  member  of  the 
college  his  conscience  had  been  impressed 
by  the  faithful  preaching  of  William  Per- 
kins; but  he  resisted  his  convictions; 
and  such  was  his  enmity  to  the  truths, 
which  had  disturbed  his  peace,  that  when 
he  heard  the  bell  toll  for  the  funeral  of  that 
eminent  servant  of  God,  it  was  a  joyf\il 
sound  to  him.  It  announced  his  release  from 


COTTON. 


9M 


•  minktrjrihoittie  to  liU  Mtf>rif htcouaand 
unhombUd  npirU.  It  wm  not  long,  how- 
9VU,  bflflw*  he  wu  agtin  awakened  iVom 
hia  aeeurltjr  by  a  aennou  ofDr.Siba  on  the 
miaery  of  tbofWiwho  have  oorighteoue- 
ncM  except  the  moral  virtuea.  After  a 
dJatreialuf  anxiety  of  three  yeara  it  pleaa- 
edCkid  to  gire  him  Joy  ih  believing.  He 
wu  Boon  called  upon  to  preach  again  in 
hia  turn  before  the  univeraity,  and  more 
anxiouato  do  good  than  to  attract  ap- 
planae,  he  did  not  array  hia  diacourae  in 
the  omamenta  of  language,  but  preached 
with  plainneaa  and  pungency  upon  the  du- 
ty of  repentance.  The  vain  wiu  of  the 
univeraity,  disappointed  in  their  expecta- 
tions of  a  splendid  harangue^and  reproved 
by  the  fidelity  of  him,  who  waa  now  a 
ohriatian  minister,  did  not  hum  their  ap- 
phtuaea  ia  naual,  and  one  of  them,  Mr. 
Preston,  who  dlerwarda  became  famous 
in  the  reHfioua  world,  received  audi  deep 
impresatona  upon  hia  mhid  as  were  never 
effiiced.  Such  was  the  collegial  life  of 
Mr.  Cotton. 

About  the  year  1613, when  in  the  38th 
year  of  hia  age,  he  became  the  minister 
of  Boaton  in  Lincolnshire.  Soon  after 
hia  establiahment  in  thia  place,  the  zeal  of 

•  physicm  in  the  town  in  promoting  ar? 
mlnian  sentiments  induced  him  to  dwell 
much  and  prineipully  for  aome  time  upon 
what  he  believed  to  be  the  trutha  of  scrip- 
ture; upon  the  doctrine  of  God's  eternal 
eleeUon  before  all  foresight  of  good  or 
evil,  and  the  redemption  only  of  the  elect; 
upon  the  eibetual  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  in  the  conversion  of  the  sinner, 
without  any  regard  to  the  previous  exer- 
tbnsoffireewill;  It  upon  the  certain  per- 
aeverance  of  every  true,  believer.  Such 
WM  his  success,  that  he  soon  silenced  hia 
antagonist,  and  afterwards  the  doctrine 
of  predestination  was  not  brought  into 
controversy.  He  soon  entertained  doubts 
respecting  the  lawfulness  of  complying 
with  some  of  the  ceremonies  of  the 
church,  and  waa  subjected  to  inconven- 
iences on  this  account;  but  as  hia  people 
coincided  with  him  in  his  sentiments  he 
kept  his  place  fqr  twenty  yeara,  and  was 
during  this  time  remarkably  uaeful  not  on- 


ly by  theefiect  ofhisfaithAil  preachiffg,but 
as  an  instructer  of  young  men,  who  were 
designed  for  the  ministry,  aome  of  whom 
weta  ftom  Germany  and  Holland.  Hia  k- 
bors  were  immense,  for  in  addition  to  hia 
other  avocationa  he  generally  preached 
four  lectures  in  the  course  of  a  week. 
His  benevolent  exertions  were  not  in 
vain.  It  pleased  God,  that  a  general  re- 
formation should  take  place  in  the  town. 
The  voice  of  proianeneaa  was  no  tonger 
heard,  and  the  infinitely  important  trutha 
of  the>goapel  arrested  the  attention  of  al- 
motit'all  the  inhabitanta.  He  waa  much 
admiredj  and  much  applauded,  but  he 
ever  remained  humble.  At  length,  after 
the  government  of  the.  English  church 
fell  into  the  hands  of  bishop  Laud,  divis- 
ions arose  among  the  parishioners  of  Mr. 
Cotton;  a  dissolute  fellow,  who  had  been 
punished  for  his  immoralities,  informed 
against  the  magistrates  and  the  minister 
for  not  kneeling  at  the  sacrament ;  and 
Mr  Cotton,  being  cited  before  the  high 
eomminion  court,  was  obliged  to  flee. 
After  being  concealed  for  some  time  in 
London)  he  embarked  for  , this  country, 
anxious  to  secure  to  himself  the  peaceable 
enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  conscience, 
though  ip  a  wilderness.  -  He  sailed  in  the 
same  vessel  with  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr. 
Stone,  and  the  circumstance  of  their 
names  caused  the  people  to  say  on  their 
arrival,  Sept:  4,  169S,  that  their  three 
great  necesaities  would  now  be  supplied, 
for  they  had  Cotton  for  their  clothing, 
Hooker  for  their  fishing,  and  Stone  for 
their  building.  This  was  an  age  of'con- 
ceits.  During  the  voyage  three  sermons 
or  expositions  were  delivered  almost  eve- 
ry day,  and  Mr.  ,Cotton  was  blessed  jn 
the  birth  of  hia  eldest  son,  whom,  at  hia 
baptism  in  Boston,  he  called  Seaborn. — 
OctlO,16S9  he  was  established  the  teach- 
er of  the  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Wilfldn,  who  was  pastor.  He 
waa  set  apart  to  this  office,  on  a  day  of 
fastingjby  imposition  of  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Wilson,  and  his  two  elders.  .  He  remain- 
ed in  this  town,  connected  with  this 
church, more  than  19 years;  and  auch 
wa8>  his  influence  in  establishing  the  order 


COTTON. 


of  our  ehurthet,  ■ikl  to  extensive  wm 
hie  oaeAilneei,  that  he  Hh  been  called  the 
pstriaroh  of  New  England.  The  preva- 
lence of  tlioae  erroneoua  doctrines,which 
oocMioned  the  ay  nod  of  1687,  ao  much 
disturbsd  hia  peace,  that  he  waa  almoat 
induced  to  remove  to  New  Haven.  Mra. 
Hutchinaon  endeavored  to  promote  lier 
wild  aentimenta  by  ahielding  them  under 
the  name  of  Mr.  Cotton  ;  but  though  he 
waa  impoaed  upon  for  aome  time  by  the 
artificea  of  thoae  of  her  party,  yet  when 
he  diacovered  their  real  opiniona,  he  waa 
bold  and  decided  in  hia  oppoaition  to 
them.  Though  he  did  not  aign  the  re- 
ault  of  the  aynod  of  1697  on  account  of 
hia  iithnng  from  it  in  one  or  two  pointa; 
he  yet  approved  of  it  in  general,  and  hia 
peaceable  interconrae  with  his  brethren 
in  the  miniMry  waa  not  afterwards  inter- 
rupted on  account  of  his  supposed  errors. 
In  1643  hA  was  invited  to  England  with 
M r.Hoolier  and  Mr.Daveiiport  to  assist  in 
the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster, 
and  he  waa  in  favor  of  accepting  the  invi- 
tation, but  Mr.  Hooker  was  opposed  to  it, 
aa  he  waa  at  that  time  forming  a  system 
of  church  government  fdr  New  England. 
Hia  death,  which  waa  occasioned  by  an 
inflammation  of  thf  lungs,  brought  on  by 
exposore  in  crossing  the  ferry  to  Cam- 
bridge,where  he  went  to  preach,  occurred 
Dec.  S9,  1653,  when  he  waa  67  years  of 
age.  So  universidly  was  he  venerated, 
that  many  sermons  were  preached  on  his 
deceaae  in  difTerent  parts  of  the  country. 
Mr.  Cotton  sustained  a  high  reputation 
for  learning.  He  was  a  critic  in  Greek, 
and  with  Hebrew  he  was  so  well  acquain- 
ted, that  he  could  discourse  in  it.  He 
alao  wrote  Latin  with  elegance,  as  a  spe- 
cimen of  which  his  preface  to  Norton's 
anawer  to  the  inquiries  of  ApoUoniua  has 
often  been  mentiboed.  In  the  pulpit  he 
impresaed  hia  hearera  with  admiration. 
Uniting  to  conspicuous  talents  and  a  pro- 
found judgment  the  eaador  and  mtldnesa, 
enjoined  in  the  gospel,  and  the  warmth  of 
pious  feeling,  his  instructions  did  not 
meet  the  resistance,  which  s  often  expe>- 
rieneed,  but  fell  with  the  gentleness  of 
the  dew,  and  insinuated  themaelvea  in< 


perceptibly  into  the  mind.  His  Isbors, 
soon  af\er  be  came  to  Boston,  were  more 
eflectual,  than  those  of  any  of  the  minie- 
ters  in  the  country ;  he  waa  the  means  of 
exciting  great  attention  to  religioua  sab- 
jects ;  and  aome  of  the  most  profligate 
were  brought  to  renounce  their  iniqui- 
ties, and  to  engage  in  a  course  of  conduct 
more  honorable  and  more  sstisfkctory, 
and  which  would  terminate  iu  everlasting 
felicity.  His  discourses  were  generally 
written  vUh  the  greatest  attention, 
though  he  aometimes  preaclied  without 
any  preparation.  His  intimate  and  accu- 
rate knowledge  of  the  scriptures  and 
the  extent  of  bis  learning  ensbled  him  to 
do  this  without  difficulty.  His  written 
sermons,  which  he  had  composed  with 
care,  were  yet  remarkable  for  their  si  ^* 
plicity  and  plainness,  for  he  was  desiiK^uti, 
that  all  should  understand  him,  an«?  lew 
anxious  to  acquire  fame,  than  to  do  good. 
His  voice  was  not  loud,  but  it  was  lo  clear 
and  distinct,  that  it  was  heard  wi-h  ekae 
by  the  largest  auditory ;  and  his  utterance 
waa  acompanied  by  a  natural  and  beoom- 
ing  motion  of  his  right  hand.  The  Lord 
was  in  the  still,  small  voice.  He  preach- 
ed with  auch  life,  di^  ::*'.y,  and  majeaty, 
that  Mr.  Wilson  said,  one  almost  thinks, 
that  he  hears  the  very  prophet  speak,upon 
whose  works  he  is  dwelling.  His  library 
was  large,  and  he  had  well  studied  the  fa- 
thers and  schoolmen,  but  he  preferred 
Calvin  to  them  all.  Being,  asked  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  lite,  why  he  indulged  ;n 
nocturnal  studies,  he  answered,  that  he 
loved  to  sweeten  his  mouth  with  a  piece 
of  Calvin  before  he  went  to  sleep.  Twelve 
hours  in  a  day  were  generally  occupied 
by  his  studies,  and  such  was  hia  zeal  in 
theological  pursuits,  that  he  frequently 
lamented  the  useless  visits,  with  which 
he  was  oppressed,  though  he  was  incapa- 
ble of  incivility  to  peraons,  who  thus  ob- 
truded upon  him.  He  gave  himself 
chiefly  to  reading  and  preparation  for  the 
duties  of  public  instruction,,  depending 
much  on  the  ruling  elders  for  intelligence 
respecting  his  flock.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent caauiat,  and  beaides  resolving  many 
cosea,  which  were  brought  him,  he  was 


COTTON. 


^asjncape- 

I  thus  ob- 

jre  himself 

Ion  for  the 

lepending 

ktelligence 

Ian  excel- 

ing  many 

he  wu 


abo  deeply  though  not  violently  engaged 
ineontroversiee  respecting  church  govern- 
ment. In  his  controversy  with  M  r.  Wit- 
liams  he  found  an  anUgonist,  whose  wea- 
pons were  poweriVil  and  whose  cause  was 
good;  while  he  himself  unhappily  advo- 
cated a  cause,  which  he  had  once  oppo- 
sed, when  suffering  persecution  in  Eng- 
land. He  contended  for  the  interference 
of  the  civil  power  in  support  of  the  truth, 
and  to  the  objection  of  Mr.  Williams, 
that  this  waa  infVinging  the  rights  of 
conscience,  the  only  reply,  that  could  be 
made,  was,  that  when  a  person,  after  re- 
peated admonitions,  persisted  in  rejecting 
and  opposing  fundamental  points  of  doc- 
trine or  worship,  it  could  not  be  iVom 
conscience,  but  against  conscience,  and 
thereibre,  that  it  was  not  persecution  for 
cause  of  conscience  for  the  civil  power  to 
drive  such  persons  away,  but  it  was  a 
wise  regard  to  the  good  of  the  church  ; 
it  was  putting  away  evil  from  the  people. 
To  his  intellectual  powers  and  improve- 
ments he  added  the  virtues.  Which  ren- 
der the  christian  character  amiable  and 
interesting.  Even  Mr.  Williams,  his 
great  antagonist,  with  vefy  extraordinary 
candor  speaks  of  him  with  esteem  and  re- 
spect, commending  him  for  his  goodness 
and  for  his  attachment  to  so  many  of  the 
truths  of  the  gospel.  He  waa  modest, 
humble,  gentle,  peaceable,  patient,  and 
forbearing.  Sometimes  he  almost  lamen- 
ted, that  he  carried  his  meekness  to  such 
an  extent.  "Angry  men,"  said  he, 
"have  an  advantage  over  me  ;  the  peo- 
ple will  not  oppose  them,  for  they  will 
rage ;  but  some  are  encouraged  to  do  me 
injury,  because  they  know,  I  shall  not  be 
angry  with  them  again."  It  will  not  be 
questibned  however,  that  his  temper  con- 
tributed more  to  his  peace,  and  enjoy- 
ment, and  usefulnes,  than  a  diffisrent 
temper  would  have  done.  When  he  was 
once  told,  that  his  preaching  was  very 
dark  and  comfortless,  he  replied,  "let  me 
have  your  prayers,  brother,  that  it  may 
be  otherwise."  Having  observed  to  a 
person,  who  boasted  of  his  knowledge  of 
the  book  of  revelation,  that  he  wanted 
light  in  those  mysteries,  the  man  went 


home  and  sent  him  a  pound  of  candles ; 
which  insolence  only  excited  a  smile. 
"Mr.  Cotton,"  says  Dr.  Mather,  "woukl 
not  set  the  beacon  of  his  great  soul  on 
fire  St  the  landing  of  such  a  little  cock 
boat "  A  drbnken  follow,  to  make  merri- 
ment for  his  companions,  approached 
him  in  the  street,  and  whispered  in  his 
ear,  "thou  art  an  old  fool."  Mr.  Cotton 
replied,  "I  confess  I  tim  so ;  the  Lord 
make  both  me  and  thee  wiser  than  we  are , 
even  wise  to  salvation."  Though  he  as- 
serted the  right  of  the  civil  power  to  ban- 
ish heretics,  he  yet  had  ■  great  aversion 
to  engaging  in  any  civil  affiurs,  and  with 
reluctance  yielded  his  attention  to  any 
concern,  not  immediately  connected  with 
his  holy  calling.  In  his  Amily  he  was 
very  careful  to  impart  instructidn,  and 
wisely  and  calmly  to  exercise  his  authori- 
ty in  riestraining  vioft  He  read  a  chap- 
ter In  the  Bible,  with  an  exposition,  before 
and  after  which  he  made  a  prayer,  remenn 
bering  however  to  avoid  a  tedious  pro- 
lixity. He  observed  the  sabbath  iVom 
evening  to  evening,  and  by  him  this  prac- 
tice was  rendered  general  in  New  .Eng- 
land. On  Saturday  evening,  after  ex- 
pounding the  scriptures,  he  catechised 
his  chikiren  and  servants,  prayed  with 
them,  and  sung  a  psalm.  On  the  sabbath 
evening  the  sermons  of  the  day  were  re- 
peated, and  after  singing,  with  uplifted 
hands  and  eyes  he  uttered  the  doxology, 
"blessed  be  God  in  Christ  our  Savior." 
In  his  study  he  prayed  much.  He  would 
rarely  engage  in  any  theological  research, 
or  sit  ^own  to  prosecute  his  studies 
without  first  imploring  the  divine  bles- 
sing. He  kept  many  days  of  private  fks- 
ting  and  thankagiving.  While  he  was 
thus  distinguished  for  his  piety,  he  was 
also  kind  and  benevolent.  He  knew,  that 
the  efficacy  of  religious  principles  must 
be  evinced  by  good  works,  and  he  was 
therefore  hospitable  and  charitable,  The 
stranger  and  the  needy  were  ever  welcom- 
ed to  his  table.  Such  was  his  benefi- 
cence, that,  when  Mr.  White  was  driven 
with  his  church  from  Bermuda  into  the 
American  wilderness,  ha  collected  700/. 
for  their  relief,  towards  which  he  him- 


M 


COTTON. 


Mif  contributed  very  liberally.  Two 
handred  pounds  were  fiven  by  the  church 
in  Boeton. 

After  »  life  of  eminent  wnetity  and 
ofeAilneee,  he  wts  not  left  deatitute  of 
■npport  in  hie  dyinf  momdnti.  In  hia 
•iekneis  preaident  Dunster  went  tp  aee 
him,  and  with  tears  befged  hie  bleaaing, 
■aying,"  I  know  in  my  heart,  that  he, 
whom  you  blees,  ihall  be  bletsed."  He 
■ent  ibr  the  eldera  of  the  church,  and  ex- 
horted them  to  guard  againat  declenaions, 
eipreaaing  to  them  the  pleasure,  which 
he  had  found  in  the  service  or  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ.  After  he  had  addreased  his 
children,  he  desired  to  be  left  alone,  that 
his  thoughts  might  be  occupied  by  heav- 
enly things  without  interruption  ;  and 
thus  he  died  in  peace.  He  was  of  a  clear, 
Adr  complexion,  and  like  David  of  a  rud- 
dy countenance.  His  stature  was  rather 
short,  than  tall.  In  early  liTe  his  hair 
WM  brown,  but  in  his  latter  daya  it  was 
white  as  the  driven  snow.  In  his  coun- 
tenance there  was  an  inexpressible  majes- 
ty, which  commanded  reverence  from  ev- 
ery one,  not  hardened  against  good  im- 
pnssions,  who  approached  him.  In  an 
epitaph  on  Mr.  Cotton  by  Mr.  Wood- 
bridge  are  the  fbllowing  lines,  which 
probably  led  Dr.  Franklin  to  write  the  fa- 
mous epitaj|)h  on  himself. 

•*A  living,  brMthing  Bible;  tablet  where 
Both  covaMBti  at  burge  engrsTea  were  : 
OcapA  aod  law  in  *■  bean  bad  eacb  iti 
column, 
■  Hia  bead  an  index  to  the  lacred  Tolume ; 
HiaTery  name  a  tide  pnge;  and  next 
Bia  lifc  a  commeniary  on  the  text 
O ,  what  a  monument  of  glorioua  worth, 
~    When  in  a  new  edition  be  oomea  forth  1 
Without  cmta  may  we  think  he'll  be, 
In  Icafaa  and  eovera  of  eternity  !" 
He  left  two  sons,  who  were  ministers 
ofHampton  ft  of  Plymouth.   Hiayouug- 
Mt  daughter  married  Increase  Mather. 
Mr.  Cotton's  publications  were  numer- 
ous ;  the  most  celebrated  are  the  works, 
which  he  published  in  the  controveray 
with  Mr.  Williams,  and  his  power  of  the 
keys,  on  the  subject  of  church  govern- 
ment.   In  this  work  he  contends,  that  the 
constituent  members  of  a  church  are  el- 


dera and  brethren  ;  that  the  eldera  are 
intruated  with  government,  so  that  with- 
out them  there  can  be  no  elections,  ad- 
missions,  or  excommunicationa ;  that 
they  have  a  negative  upon  the  acta  of 
the  fraternity,  yet  that  the  brethren  have 
so  much  liberty,  that  nothing  of  common 
concernment  can  be  imposed  upon  them 
without  their  consent.  He  aaserts  the 
necessary  communion  of  churches  in  sy- 
nods, who  have  authority  to  enjoin  such 
things,  as  may  rectify  disordera,  dissen- 
sions, and  conAisions  of  congregations, 
and  upon  an  obstinate  reilisal  to  comply 
may  withdraw  communion.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  catalogue  of  his  writings: 
God's  promise  to  his  plantation,  an  elec- 
tion sermon,  1634 ;  a  letter  in  answer  to 
objections  made  against  the  New  England 
churches,  with  the  queations  proposed  to 
such,  as  are  admitted  to  church  fellow- 
Hhip,  1641  ;  the  way  of  life,  4to  ;  Go«l's 
mercy  mixed  with  his  justice  ;  an  abstract 
of  the  laws  of  New  England,  1641,  and 
a  aecond  editk>n  in  1656  ;  this  abstract  of 
such  laws  of  the  Jews,  as  were  supposed 
to  be  of  perpetual  obligation,  was  drawn 
up  in  16S6,  when  Vane  was  governor, 
though  it  was  never  accepted  ;  it  is  pre- 
served in  vol.v.  of  the  histor.  collections ; 
the  church's  resurrection,  on  the  fifth  and 
sixth  verses  of  revelation  xx,  164S;  a 
modest  and  clear  answer  to  Mr.  Ball's 
discourse  on  set  forms  of  prayer  ;  exposi- 
tion of  Revelation  xvi ;  the  true  consti- 
tution of  a  particular,  visible  church, 
1649  ;  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heav- 
en, and  power  thereof,  1644 ;  the  doctrine 
of  the  church,  to  which  is  committed 
the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven  ;  the 
covenant  of  God's  free  grace  most  sweet- 
ly unfolded,  to  which  is  added  a  profes- 
sion of  faith  by  Mr.  Davenport,  1646;  9d. 
ed.  1671  ;  the  way  of  the  churches  of 
Christ  ib  New  England,  or  the  way  of 
churches  walking  in  brotherly  equ&lity 
&c.  ;  this  was  published  iVom  an  imper- 
fect copy,  and  represents  Mr.  Cotton  as 
less  friendly  to  the  authority  of  the  el- 
ders, than  he  really  was ;  the  pouring  out 
of  the  seven  viah ;  the  controveray  con- 
cerning liberty  of  conscience  truly  stated. 


W^^'' 


COTTON. 


til 


IMC  ;  ■  Irettiae  ihewinff,  that  linging  or 
pMlms  is  a  goapel  ordinance,  lB47  ;  the 
groufida  k  ends  of  the  baptiun  ot  the  chil- 
dren of  the  TaithAil.  1647;  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Williamaj  the  bloody  tenet  washed  liinade 
white  in  the  blood  of  thelartb,  being  dia- 
cuaaed  It  diacharged  of  blot.dguiltineaaby 
just  defence,  in  answer  to  Mr.  Willianu, 
to  which  ia  added  a  reply  toMr.Williama' 
answer  to  Mr.  Cotton's  letter,  1647  ; 
queationa  propounded  to  him  by  the 
teaching  elders,  with  his  answer  to  each 
question;  the  way  of  congregational 
churches  cleared  in  two  treatises,  against 
Mr.  Baylieand  Mr.  Rutherford,  1648; 
of  the  holiness  of  church  members,  prov- 
ing, that  visible  saints  are  the  matter  of 
the  church,  1650 ;  Christ  the  fountain  of 
life,  1651  ;  a  brief  exposition  of  Edilesi- 
astes,  1654  ;  his  censure  upon  the  way  of 
Mr.  Henden  of  Kent,  1,656  ;  sermons  on 
the  first  epistle  of  John,  folio ;  a  discourse 
on  things  indiiTerent,  proving,  that  no 
church  governors  have  power  to  impose 
indifferent  things  upon  the  consciences  of 
men  ;  exposition  of  Canticles  ;  milk  for 
babes,  a  catechism  ;  Qieat  for  strong  men; 
a  discourse  about  civil  government  in  a 
plantation,  whose  design  is  religion,  1663. 
->-JVbr(on'<  md  JtfaiAer'i  life  of  CoUon; 
Mather't  magn.,  in.  14—91  ;  Neal'i  N. 
E.  I.  805— S07  ;  HuLeol.  v.  171;  ix.  41 
— 44;  Hutehituon,  i.  84,  55—75,  115 
179 ;  Wintkrt^,  52—153. 

COTTON,Seaborn,minister  of  Hamp- 
ton, N.  Hamp8hire,was  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, &  was  born  at  sea  in  Aug.  1633, 
while  his  parents  were  on  their  voyage 
to  New  England.  His  name  is  put  Ma- 
rigena  in  the  catalogue  of  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1651.  He 
was  ordained  ^t  Hampton  in  1660  as  suc- 
cessor of  Mr.  Wheelwright,  and  died 
Apr.  19, 1686,  aged  68  years.  His  first 
wife  was  Dorothy,  daughter  of  gov. 
Bradstreel.  His  son,  John,  his  succes- 
sor in  the  ministry  at  Hampton,  waa 
ordained  in  1696  and  died  March  27, 
1710,  aged  52  years.  During  governor 
Cranfield's  administration  Mr.  Moody 
was  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  adminis- 
ter the  sacrament  to  him  :  the  next  week 


the  governor  sent  word  to  Mr.  Cotton, 
that  "  when  he  had  prepared  his  soul,  ha 
would  come  and  demand  the  sacrament  of 
him,  as  he  had  done  at  Portsmouth." 
This  threat  induced  Mr.  Cotton  to  with- 
draw for  some  time  to  Boston.     He  wu 
esteemed  ■  thorough  scholar,  and  an  abia 
preacher.    The  heresies  of  his  name  saka 
Pelagius,  which  had  been  revived  in  tha 
world,  he  regarded  with  abhorrence.— 
Jtfagn.,111, 30, 81 ;  Farnur'B  Belkn^,  1. 
COTTON,  John,  minister  of  Fly- 
mouth,  Mass.,  and  of  Charleston  S.  C, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  the  son  of 
John  Cotton  of  Boston,  and  was  bom 
March  18, 1640.    He  was  graduated  at 
Harv.col.inl657.  From  1664  to  1667  ha 
preached  oq  Martha's  Vineyard  to  a  con- 
gregation of  white  people  and  also  to  tha 
Indians,  having  acquired  a  good  knowl- 
edge of  their  language  ;  and  thus  he  af- 
forded great  assistance  to  Thomas  May- 
hew,  who  was  laboring  to  make  the  hea- 
then acquainted  wHh  the  glad  tidings  of 
salvation.     In  Nov.  1667  he  removed  to 
Plymouth  on  the  invitation  of  the  people 
in  that  town,  but  was  not  ordained  until 
June  30,1669.    He  continued  here  about 
SO  years.      He  was  a  very  faithAil  minis- 
ter, and  his  exertions  were  extensively 
useful.    He  was  completely  occupied  in 
doing  good  by  visiting  the  families  in  his 
parish  with  the  ruling  elders,  catechiaing 
the  children,  and  attending  church  meet- 
ings, and  by  his  public  preaching  on  the 
sabbath.     Before  his  admission  of  any 
persdn  into  the  church  he  required  a  re- 
lation, either  public  or  private,  of  the  ex- 
perience of  a  work  of  divine  grace.     He 
usually  expounded  the  psalm,  which  waa 
sung,  and  the  psalms  were  sung  in  course. 
In  1681  the  practice  of  reading  the  psalm 
Hue  by  line  was  introduced  from  regard 
to  a  brother,  who  waa  unable  to  read. 
Some  difference  of  opinion  between  him 
and  his  church  respecting  the  settlement 
of  a  neighboring  minister  having  arisen, 
and  there  being  no  prospect  of  a  reconcili- 
ation, he  was  induced  to  ask  a  dismission, 
which  was  granted  Oct.  5,  1697;    Being 
soon  invited  to  South  Carolina,  he  set 
sail  for  Charleston  Nov.  15, 1698.    After 


SIS 


COTTON. 


his  arrival  he  gathered  a  church,  and  la- 
bored with  great  diligence  and  mucli  suc- 
cess till  his  death,  Sept.  18,  1699,  aged  59 
years.  In  the  short  space  of  time,  that 
he  lived  here,  twenty  five  were  added  to 
the  number,  of  which  the  church  consis- 
ted,when  it  was  first  organized;  and  many 
baptized.  His  church  erected  a  handsome 
monument  over  his  grave.  Among  his 
sons  were  the  following  ministers  ;  John 
of  Yarmouth,  Roland  of  Sandwich,  and 
Theophilus  of  Hampton  Falls. 

Mr.  Cottofn  was  eminent  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Indian  language. 
When  he  began  to  learn  it,  he  hired  an 
Indian  for  his  instructor  at  the  rate  of 
twelve  pence  a  day  for  fifty  days;  but  his 
knavish  tutor,  having  received  his  whole 
pay  in  advance,  ran  away  before  20  days 
had  expired.  Mr.  Cotton,  however,  found 
means  to  perfect  his  acquaintance  with  the 
barbarous  dialect.  While  at  Plymouth 
he  frequently  preached  to  the  Indians, 
who  lived  in  several  congregations  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  whole  care  of  re- 
vising and  correcting  Eliot's  Indian  Bible, 
which  was  printed  at  Cambridge  in  1685, 
fell  on  him.— ift«^  eol.  iv.  122—128, 
187;  Magnolia,  III.  194,  199,  200; 
Mayhew's  Indian  eonverti;  Holme$. 

COTTON,  Roland,  first  mimster  of 
Sandwich,  Massa.,  the  son  of  Rev.  John 
C.  of  Plymouth,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1685,  ordained  Nov.  28, 
1694,  and  died  March  29,  1722.  His 
successors  were  B,  Feasenden,  A.  Wil- 
liams, and  J.  Burr.  His  wife  was  the 
sister  of  gov.  Saltonstall,  and  widow  of 
Rev.  J.Denison  of  Ipswich.  One  daugh- 
ter married  Rev.  J.  Brown  of  Haverhill, 
and  another  married  Rev.  S.  Bourne  of 
Scituate.  He  is  worthy  of  honorable 
remembrance  for  his  benevolent  regard 
to  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  Indians  at 
Mashpee,  of  which  214  were  under  his 
care  in  1693,  while  500  of  other  tribes 
were  under  the  care  of  his  father.— Hist, 
eol  r.  201;  x.  ISS. 

COTTON,  Josiah,  judge,  a  preacher 
ix>  the  Indians,  the  son  of  Rev.  John  C. 
of  Plymouth,  was  born  Jan.  8,  1680,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1698. 


Sustaining  the  oflice  of  clerk  of  court, 
registerofdeeds,  and  judge  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  he  also  preached  to  the  In- 
dians at  Manomet  and  Herring  ponds, 
Plymouth,  and  Mattakeeset  pond,  Pem- 
broke, with  a  salary  of  SO/,  from  the  com- 
missioners for  propagating  the  gospel. 
His  engagement  closed  Nov.  15,  1744, 
having  preached  nearly  40  years  both  in 
Indian  and  English.  He  died  Aug.  19, 
1756,  aged  75.  He  had  4  brothers,  who 
were  ministers.  Of  his  14  children  his 
son,  John,  was  mibister  of  Halifax.  His 
daughter,  Mary,  was  the  mother  of  judge 
Wm.  Cushing.  He  compiled  a  copious 
English  and  Indian  vocabulary,  the  publi- 
cation of  which  is  promised  by  the  Mass. 
hist,  society. — 2  Hitt.  eol,  iv.  92. 

COTTON,  John,  minister  of  New- 
ton, Mass.  son  of  Rev.  Roland  C.  of 
Sandwich,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1710.  Having  been  ordained 
as  successor  of  Mr.  Hobart,  Nov.  S, 
1714,  he  continued  in  this  place  till  his 
death.  May  17,  1757,  in  the  sixty  fourth 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  faithful,  fervent, 
and  successful  in  his  labors,  and  was  par- 
ticularly happy  in  seeing  the  attention  of 
bis  people  to  religious  truths  in  1729  and 
1740.  He  published  a  sermon  after  the 
earthquakes,  1728 ;  on  the  death  of  Na- 
thaniel Cotton  of  Bristol,  1729;  at  the 
ordination  of  his  brother,  Ward  Cotton, 
1734;  four  sermons,  addressed  to  youth, 
1739 ;  at  the  election,  1753. — Homer's 
hist.  Nevoton;  Collect,  hist.  toe.  v.  273- 
276. 

COTTON,  John,  first  minister  of 
Halifax,  Mass.,  a  native  of  Plymouth, 
son  of  Josiah  C.,  was  graduated  at  Harv- 
ard college  in  1730  and  ordained  in  1735. 
The  failure  of  his  voice  induced  him  to 
resign  in  1756,  and  he  was  succeeded  by 
William  Patten,  afterwards  minister  of 
Hartford,  Con. — He  was  a  useful  citizen 
at  Plymouth,  county  treasurer,  and  reg- 
ister of  deeds,  and  died  in  1789,  aged  77. 
He  published  2  serm.  on  a  day  of  humili- 
ation for  the  drought  and  war,  1757 ; 
practice  of  the  churches  as  to  baptism 
vindicated ;  history  of  Plymouth  church. 
—3  Hitt.  eol  IV.  383. 


COUDRAY. 


CRAIK. 


818 


COUDRAY,  Du,  general,  wad  engag- 
ed by  the  American  commisfuonen  at 
Paris  to  enter  our  service  as  the  head  of 
the  American  artillery.  He  was  at  Bos- 
ton in  May  1777.  But  Sept.  16th  he 
was  drowned  in  the  Schuylkill.  He  rode 
into  a  ferry  boat,  and  was  unable  to  con- 
trol  his  horse,  who  plunged  into  the  riv- 
er. Had  he  lived,  probably  great  dissat- 
isfacticm  would  have  been  felt  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rank  assigned  him. — Heath, 
138. 

COVINGTON,  Leonard,  brigadier 
general,  was  the  son  of  Levin  €.  of  Ma- 
ryland. He  served  with  reputation  un- 
der Wayne  in  the  Indian  war.  At  fort 
Recovery  his  horse  was  shot  under  hini. 
He  participated  in  the  battle  on  the  Mi- 
ami. Returning  to  his  family,  he  settled 
as  a  planter.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  senate ;  ho  was 
also  elected  a  member  of  congress.  In 
1809  Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  lieut. 
col.  in  the  regiment  of  dragoons.  Ap- 
pointed Aug.  1,  1813  brigaidier  general, 
he  repaired  to  the  north.  At  the  battle 
of  Williamsburg  Nov.  1 1th,  when  Boyd 
commanded,  while  gallantly  leading  his 
brigade  to  the  charge,  he  was  mortally 
wounded,  and  died  on  the  13th,  aged  45, 
leaving  a  wife  and  six  children .  He  was 
buried  at  Fren&h  Mills,  now  called  Mount 
Covington. 

COXE,  Daniel,  an  author,  claimed  the 
territory  of  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Louis- 
iana under  his  father,  who  purchased  of 
sir  Robert  Heath,  to  whom  it  was  origin- 
ally granted  in  1630  ;  but  the  claim  was 
declared  void,  as  the  conditions  had  not 
been  fulfilled.  He  lived  14  years  in  this 
country ;  and  published  a  description  of 
the  English  province  of  Ciirolana,  by  the 
Spaniards  called  Florida,  &c.  8vo.  Lon- 
don, 1722  ;  thesame,  1741. 

COXE,  Tench,  a  writer  on  public 
economy,  died  at  Philadelphia  July  16, 
1824,  aged  68  years.  He  published  an 
address  on  American  manufactures  ;  an 
inquiry  on  the  principles  of  a  commercial 
system  for  the  U,  S.,  1787;  examination 
of  lord  Sheffield's  observations-,1792;  view 
of  the  U.S.,  1794;  thoughts  on  naval  pow- 
40 


er  k  the  encouragement  of  eommeree  and 
manufactures,  }806  ;  memoir  on  the  cul- 
tivation, trade,  and  manufacture  of  coV- 
ton,  1807  ;  memoir  on  a  navigation  act, 
1809  ;  statement  of  the  arts  and  manu- 
factures of  the  U.  S.,  1814. 

CRADOCK,  Matthew,  first  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  an  opulent  mer- 
chant in  London.  Of  the  London  compa- 
ny, which  in  1628  purchased  the  patent 
of  the  territory  of  Mass.,  he  was  chosen 
governor.  He  never  came  to  this  coijn- 
try;  but  Endicott  was  sent  out  to  make  a 
plantation.  He  proposed  the  important 
measure  of  transferring  the  government  to 
the  actual  settlers ;  accordingly  Winthrop 
waschosetn  governor. — Winthrop,  i.  3; 
2  Hist,  eol  v.  109. 

CRADOCK,  Thomas,  rector  of  St. 
Thomas,  Baltimore  county,  Maryland, 
died  in  1760.  He  delivered  a  sermon  in 
1753  before  the  governor  and  assembly  on 
the  irregularities  of  some  of  the  clergy. 
He  also  published  in  1756  a  version  of 
the  psalms  of  David  in  heroic  measure, 
which,  though  not  destitute  of  merit, 
will  hardly  attract  many  readers  at  the 
present  day.  .    .•'.',>; 

CRAFTS,  William,  a  poet,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.  C.  Jan.  24,  1787,  and 
having  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1805,  soon  settled  in  his  native  city  as  a 
lawyer  of  ability.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature,  and  for  some  time  the 
editor  of  the  Charleston  Courier.  He 
died  at  New  Lebanon  springs.  New 
York,  Sept.  23,  1836,  aged  39.  A  col- 
lection of  his  poems  and  prose  essays, 
with  a  memoir,  was  published  in  1838.^^ 
Spec.  Am.  poet,  lu  144. 

CRAIK,  James,  m.  d.,  a  physician,  a 
native  of  Scotland,  accompanied  Wash- 
ington in  the  expedition  against  the 
French  and  Indians  in  1754,  and  in  1755 
attended  Braddock  and  assisted  in  dres- 
sing his  wounds.  During  the  revolu- 
tionary war  he  served  in  the  medical  de- 
partment. As  director  general  of  the 
hospital  at  Yorktowti,  he  was  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  October  19, 
1781.  Afler  the  war,  at  the  request  of 
Washington,  he  settled  in  the  neighbor- 


S14 


CRANCH. 


CRAVEN. 


hood  or  Mount  Vernon.  He  died  in' seek  mercy  as  a  miserable  sinner ;  and  he 
Fairfax  county  Feb.  6,  1814,  aged  83. !  found  it.  From  this  time  he  felt  the 
He  was  estimable  in  the  various  relations  strongest  desires  for  the  conversion  of 
of  private  life.  Asa  physician  he  had  '  the  heathen.  By  conversing  with  bis 
great  skill  and  success.  Washington  de-  \  fellow  apprentices,  in  a  short  time  a  ma- 
signated  him  in  these  terms,  "  my  com- ,  jority  of  them  became  pious.  Determin- 
patriot   in  arms,  my  old  and  intimate  ed  to  become  a  missionary,  he,  while  y«t 


friend." — Thateher'i.  med.  biog. 

CRANCH,  Richard,  judge  of  the  com- 
mon pleas  for  Suffolk,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land of  puritan  parents  in  Oct.  1736.  He 
resided  for  a  while  in  Boston  and  became 
a  member  of  Dr.  Mayhew's  church.  In 
1750  he  removed  to  Braintree,  now  Quin- 
cy,  where  he  died  Oct.  16>  1811,  aged  85. 


an  apprentice,  attended  the  lectures  of 
Dr.  Mason,  and  was  directed  in  his  stud- 
ies by  Rev.  J.  M.  Matthews.  He  was 
ordained  in  April  1817.  In  a  few  days  he 
repaired  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  in 
Tuscarora  village,  where  he  Continued 
till  Sept.  182S,  when  he  was  appointed 
general  agent  of  the  United  Foreign  mis- 


ilis  wife,  Mary,  died  the  next  day,  aged  |  sion  society;  and  in  May  1835  secretary 
70.  They  had  lived  together  nearly  50  i  for  domestic  correspondence  as  successor 
years.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  to  Mr.  Lewis.  In  the  same  year  he  visr 
W.  Smith  and  the  sister  of  Mrs.  Adams. ;  ited  the  Indians  in  the  western  part  of 
— Judge  Cranch  had  3  children.  One ,  New  York  and  in  Ohio,  and  returned  with 
daughter  married  Rev.  Jacob  Norton  of,  impaired  health.  The  society  being 
Weymouth  and  died  Jan.  36, 1811 :  an- :  now  about  to  be  merged  in  another,  .he 
other  married  John  Greenleaf.  The  son  was  chosen  assistant  secretary  of  the 
is  Wm.  Cranch,  chief  justice  of  the  di^-  j  American  Bible  society.  He  died  Jan. 
trict  court  of  Columbia  and  reporter  of ,  13,  1836,  aged  S3.  He  lefl  a  wile  and  3 
the  supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  His '  chiUren  without  property.  His  anxiety 
grandson,  Richard,  of  the  topographical  I  for  the  Indians  was  strong  in  his  sickness, 
engineers,  was  drowned  in  lake  Erie  in  He  said — "0,  how  mysterious  the  provi- 


1 835.  Judge  C  ranch  was  very  much  res- 
pected for  his  intelligence  and  learning 
and  for  his  moral  and  religions  character. 
Theological  investigations  occupied  much 
of  his  time.  He  published  his  views  of 
the  prophecies,  concerning  antichrist. — 
Whitney^  fun.  term.;  Norton's  dis- 
eourie. 

CRANE,  James  C,  secretary  of  the 
United  Foreign  mission  society,  was  bom 
in  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Jan.  11,  1794. 
Hi«  parents  were  pious.  The  faithful 
instructions  of  his  mother  deeply  impres- 
sed him  at  the  age  of  6  years.  His  fath- 
er having  removed  in  1805  to  New  York, 
he  there  served  as  an  apprentice.  Amidst 
temptations  he  fell  into  vicious  habits; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  lessons  of  his 
deceased  mother  he  experienced  severe 
rebukes  of  conscience.  The  approach  of 
night  terrified  him,  and  compelled  him  to 
pray ;  but  the  return  of  morning  re-as- 
sured him  in  his  irreligious  life.  At  last 
in  1813  his  anguish  constrained  him  to 


dence?  The  fields  are  wliite,  the  laborers 
few.  I  have  done  Uttle— just  beginning 
—and  now  I  am  going.  The  Lord's 
will  be  done."— Ponop^  ^pr.  1836. 

CRANFIELD,  Edward,  president  of 
N.  H.,  succeeded  Waldron  in  1683  and 
was  succeeded  by  Barefoote  in  1 685.    He 
was  afterwards  collector  of  Barbadoes  and 
died  about  1700.     The  tyrannical  acts  of 
his  administration  are  narrated  by  Bel- 
knap.    In  his  displeasure  towards  Rev. 
Mr.  Moody  he  endeavored  to  enforce  the 
uniformity  act.     He  ventured  to  tax  the 
people  without  their  consent.     He  came 
to  this  country  to  make  his  fortune  :  his 
injustice  drove  him  away  in  dishonor.— 
Fmrtner*»  Belknapii.  113,  Hist,  col.x. 
44. 

CRAVEN,CharIes,  governor  of  South 
Carolina  from  1713  to  1716,  had  been  pre- 
viously secretary  to  the  proprietors. 
They  ordered  him  in  1713  to  sound  port 
Royal  river,  and  probably  he  built  Beau- 
fort soon  afterwards.  In  1 7 1 5,  on  the  oc- 


CROIX. 


CUMING. 


915 


currence  of  an  Indian  war,  he  displayed 
gteat  vigor  and  talents,  and  expelled  from 
the  province  the  invading  savages.-^ 
HolmeM,  1. 513. 

CROIX,  John  Baptist  de  la,  second 
bishop  of  Quebec,  was  of  a  noble  family 
in  Grenoble,  and  was  appointed  first  al- 
moner to  Louis  XIV.  He  came  to  Cana- 
da about  the-year  1685,  as  successor  to 
Laval,  the  first  bishop.  He  died  Dec. 
38,  1737,  aged  74,  having  been  43  years 
in  Quebec— Such  was  his  benevolence, 
that  he  founded  three  hospitals,  and  dis- 
tributed among  the  poor  more  than  a 
million  of  livres. —  Wynne' i  Brit.  emp.  in 
dSffler.,  II.  138-141. 

CROMWELL,  Thomas,  captain,was 
a  common  seaman  in  Mass.  about  1636. 
While  serving  under  captain  JacksOn  in 
a  man  of  war  in  the  West  Indies,  he  was 
intrusted  with  the  command  of  a  vessel, 
and  captured  4  or  5  Spanish  vessels. 
Doc.  4,  1646  he  arrived  at  Boston  with 
three  ships  and  80  men,  having  previously 
put  into  Plymouth.  To  the  governor 
he  presented  a  curious  sedan,  designed  by 
the  viceroy  of  Mexico  as  a  present  for  his 
sister.  He  and  his  men  had  much  money, 
plate,  and  jewels  of  great  value.  In  Pos- 
ton  he  lodged  with  a  poor  man,  in  a 
thatched  house,  because  "in  his  mean  es- 
tate that  poor  man  had  entertained  him, 
when  others  would  not.''  He  died  in 
Boston  1649.  His  widow  was  soon  mar- 
ried.—WintArop,  ii.  264. 

CROPPER,  John,  general,  an  oiRcer 
of  the  revolution,  entered  the  army  in 
1776  as  captain  in  a  Virginia  regiment  at 
the  age  of  19  or  20.  He  was  soon  pro- 
moted. He  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine,  when  the  regiment,  in  which  he 
was  a  major,  was  nearly  cut  to  pieces. 
His  colonel  and  lieut.  colonel  having  run 
off,  he  commanded  the  regiment  in  the 
retreat.  He  was  also  in  the  battles  of 
Germantown  and  Monmouth  court 
house.  He  died  at  Bowman's  folly  in 
Accomack  county,  Virginia,  Jan.  15, 
1831,  aged  65. 

CROSWELL,  Andrew,  minister  in 
Bo8ton,fwas  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1728.     After  having  been  settled 


in  Groton,  Con.  as  successor  of  Ebenezer 
Punderson  for  two  years,  he  was  installed 
over  a  society  in  Boston,  which  was 
fbrmed  by  persons  from  other  church- 
es, Oct.  6,  1738.  The  house  of 
meeting  was  formerly  possessed  by  Mr. 
Le  Mercier's  society,  and  after  Mr.  Cros- 
vfelfa  death  it  was  converted  into  a  Ro 
man  Cfttholic  chapel.  He  died  April  12, 
1785,  aged  76.  It  was  his  fate  to  be  en- 
gaged much  in  controversy.  He  published 
a  narrative  of  the  new  congregational 
church;  what  is  Christ  to  me  if  he  is  not 
muie,  or  a  seasonable  defence  of  the  old 
protestant  doctrine  of  justifying  faith, 
1746;  an  answer  to  Gile;'  Firmin's  eight 
arguments  in  relation  to  this  subject;  sev- 
eral sermons  against  Arminians  ;  contro- 
versial writings  with  Turell,  Cumming, 
and  others;  part  of  an  exposition  of 
Paul's  journey  to  Damascus,' shewing, 
that  giving  more  than  forty  stripes  is 
breaking  the  moral  law,l768 ;  remarks  on 
bishop  Wafburton's  sermon  before  the  so- 
ciety for  propagating  the  gospel,  1768  ; 
remarks  on  commencement  drollery,1771. 
— CoUeet.  hitt.  $oe.  iii.  264. 

CULPEPER,  Thomas,  lord,  govern- 
or of  Virginia  from  1680  to  1683.  On 
his  arrival  the  assembly  passed  an  act 
of  oblivion  in  reference  to  persons,  con- 
cerned in  the  rebellion  under  gov.  Berke- 
ley. They  also,  in  order  to  encourage 
emigration,  authorized  the  governor  to 
naturalize  any  person  by  instrument  un- 
der seal.  An  act  was  also  passed  to  pre- 
vent the  frequent  meetings  of  the  slaves. 
Of  his  associates  in  the  grant  of  the  terri- 
tory between  the  Potowmac  and  R'appa- 
hannoc  in  1649  hs  purchased  their  righto 
in  1669.  He  died  in  1719.  His  estate 
descended  to  his  daughter,  married  to 
lord  Fairfax.— H62m««,  i.  397  ;  Lord't 
Lempr. 

CUMING,  John,  a  physician,  was  the 
son  of  Rob.C.  a  Seotehman,  who  emigrat- 
ed after  the  rebellion  and  died  in  Concord, 
Mass.  In  the  French  war  of  1765  he 
was  a  lieutenant  and  was  token  pris- 
oner. He  afterwards  became  an  eminent 
physician  in  Concord,  and  died  July  8, 
1789,  aged  60.    He  was  a  ehristi8n,who 


918 


CUMINGS. 


CUMMINGS. 


«arly  devoted  himself  to  the  eervice  of 
his  Maker,  and  he  died  in  peace>  He  was 
a  friend  to  learning,  charitable  to  the 
poor  and  constantly  exerting  himself  to 
promote  the  good  of  society.  His  gener- 
ous donations  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor, 
for  the  maintenance  of  schools,  for  a  libra- 
ry in  Concord,  and  to  the  college  in  Cam- 
bridge towards  the  support  of  a  medical 
professor)  are  evidences  of  his  enlightened 
benevolence. — Independent  chr^niele  Jif 
ly  34,  1788. 

CUMINGS,  Henry,  d.  d.,  minister 
of  Billerica,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Hollis, 
N.  H.  Sept.  38,  1739,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1760.  He  was  or- 
dained Jan.  36,  1763.  After  toiling  51 
years  he  received  Nathaniel  Whitman  as 
his  colleague  Jan.  36,  1814.  He  died 
Sept.  5, 1833,  aged  nearly  84.  He  was 
frequently  called  to  preach  on  public  oc- 
casions. His  occasional  discourses  publish- 
ed are  fourteen,  of  which  are  the  follow- 
ing; at  the  election,  1733;  Dudleian  lec- 
ture, 1791;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1798;  be- 
fore a  charitable  society,  1803;  half  cen- 
tury diacourse,  1813. — Farmer''$  eoU.  ii. 
op.  86. 

CUMMING,  Alexander,  n^inister  in 
Boston,  was  the  son  of  Rob.  C,  a  na- 
tive of  Montrose,  Scotland,  a  merchant, 
highly  respected,  who  died  at  Freehold 
in  1769.  In  1750  he  was  chosen  a  col- 
league of  Mr.  Pemberton  of  New  York, 
but  was  dismissed  in  1758  on  accon  ntof 
his  ill  health.  Feb.  35,  1761  he  was  in- 
stalled as  colleague  with  Dr.  Sewall  at 
Boston.  He  died  Aug  35,  1763,  aged 
86.  Dr.  Macwhorier  married  hl^  sister. 
His  mind  readily  comprehended  points, 
which  to  others  were  intricate  and  ab- 
struse, and  his  public  discourses  were 
frequently  on  such  subjects.  He  was 
zealous  against  the  errors  of  the  day. 
The  sermon,  which  he  preached  at  his 
own  instalment,  was  published,  and  it  is 
a  specimen  of  his  talents,  and  of  his  re- 
gard to  the  truths  of  the  gospel.— iSetoa//'* 
fi/M.  germ. 

CUMMING,  John  Noble,  general,  a 
hero  of  the  revolution,  was  a  relative  of 
the  preceding,  probably  hissort.    He  ear- 


ly espoused  the  cause  of  his  country  and 
participated  in  some  of  the  battles  of  the 
wan  He  died  at  Newark.  N.  J.,  July  6, 
1831,  aged  70.  His  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  gen.  Forman.  His  son.  Hooper 
Cumming,  d.d.,  minister  of  Newark  for 
a  few  yeats,  died  at  Charleston,  Si  C,  in 
Dec.  1835.  Gen.  C.  was  a  man  of  in- 
tegrity and  honor,  a  patron  of  civil  or- 
der, and  a  supporter  of  religious  institu- 
tions. Though  hot  a  professor  of  reli- 
gion; yet  at  the  period  of  a  revival  of  re- 
ligion in  1817  his  mind  experienced  a 
great  change,  and  from  that  time  he  reg- 
ularly attended  family  prayer.  His  min- 
ister regarded  him  as  a  true  believer  in 
the  gospel. — Cfriffin^$  ternwn. 

CUMMING,  Robert,  general,  a  rev- 
olutionary hero,  died  at  his  residence  in 
Liberty  town,  in  Maryland,  Feb<  14, 
1836,  aged  71  years.  He  commanded  at 
the  time  of  his  death  the  second  division 
of  the  militia. 

CUMMINGS,  Abraham,  a  missiona- 
ry graduated  at  Providence  college  in 
1776,  and  died  at  Phipsburgh,  Maine, 
Aug.  31,  1837,  aged  72.  He  had  never 
any  pastoral  charge,  but  was  strictly  an 
itinerant  preacher  or  missionary.  He 
was  known  and  reelected  in  almost  all 
the  towns  along  the  coast  from  Rhode 
Island  to  Passamaquoddy,  especially  in 
the  islands,  which  had  no  settled  minis- 
ter. In  his  little  boat  he  often  traversed 
alone  the  wttters  along  the  whole  coast 
of  Maine,  and  preached  the  gospel  of 
Jesus  Christ  in  the  islands.  For  these 
toils  in  the  cause  of  benevolence  the  world 
will  not  honor  him,a8  it  honors  the  blood- 
stained hero;  but  such  toils  will  not  be 
unrewarded.  He  published  a  few  treatises. 

CUMMINGS,  Jacob  A.,  author  of 
several  elementary  works,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1801  and  after  be- 
ing a  useful  teacher  and  bookseller  in  Bos- 
ton died  Feb.  34,  1830,  aged  47.  His 
publications  for  schools  were  highly  es- 
teemed, and  hid  industry,  useful  labors, 
and  amiable  qualities  procured  him  much 
respect.  He  published  N.  Test,  ques- 
tions, 1817;  geography,  ancient  and 
modern,  1835. 


GUSHING. 


■i;;^m!»'r"f 


ijk 


CU8HIN6,  Thomas,  speaker  of  the 
house  of  representativea  of  Massa.,  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  C,  a  member  of  the 
council,  &  a  descendant  of  Matthew  C.  of 
Hingham.  He  was  born  in  Boston  Jan. 
80,  1694,  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1711,  and  died  Apr.  11,  1746,  aged 
62.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Bromfield.  He  left  one  son  and  2 
daughters.  He  was  distinguished  by  his 
Wealth,  his  abilities,  his  zeal  for  his  coun- 
try's service,  his  integrity,  and  in  a  pe- 
culiar manner  for  his  piety.  Mr.  Prince 
says  of  him,  "I  found,  that  in  a  dm&Il, 
relaxed,  and  feeble  body  there  dwelt  a 
great,  a  lively,  a  strong,  and  well  com- 
posed soul."  About  the  age-  of  20  his 
soul  was  renewed  by  the  Spirit  <of  God. 
He  daily  read  the  scriptures  and  prayed 
in  his  family;  And  he  died  in  joyful  hope. 
The  revival  of  religion  in  Boston  a  few 
years  before  his  death  gave  him  great  de- 
light. In  regard  to  public  men  in  days  of 
difficulty  he  said, — "men  may  be  a  long 
while  great  patriots  from  moral  or  politi- 
cal principles;  or  party  or  worldly  inter- 
ests; or  the  applause  or  esteem  of  others. 
But  there  is  nothing  like  the  special  grace 
of  Godj  a  believing  view  of  his  present 
eyeandfuturejudgment,  andan  interest 
and  conscience  wholly  subjected  to  him, 
to  keep  men  steady  to  the  public  interest 
in  times  of  trial." — Frtnce'»/tm.  serm. 

GUSHING,  Thomas,  i.  l.  d.  lieut. 
governor  of  Massa.,  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  bom  in  the  year  1725,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 744. 
In  early  life  he  was  called  to  respectable 
public  offices.  Having  been  chosen  rep- 
resentative of  Boston  in  the  general 
court,  his  patriotism  and  talents  soon  pro- 
cured him  the  appointment  of  speaker . 
While  in  the  chair,  it  was  resolved  in  the 
controversy  with  England  to  make  an 
appeal  to  armn,  and  he  bent  all  his  exer- 
tions to  promote  the  cause  of  his  country. 
He  was  a  judicious  and  active  member  of 
the  first  and  second  congress.  On  his  re- 
turn to  his  own  state  he  was  elected  into 
the  council,  which  then  constituted  the 
supreme  executive.  He  was  also  appoin- 
ted judge  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas 


and  of  prohate  in  Sufiblk,  which  stations 
he  held  till  the  adoption  of  the  state  con- 
stitution. Being  then  appointed  lieut. 
governor,  he  remained  in  that  office  till 
his  death.  He  died  Febr.  28,  1788,  aged 
62,  having  had  the  satisfaction,  a  few 
days  before,  of  seeing  the  new  iederal 
constitution  ratified  in  Massachusetts. One 
of  his  daughters  married  John  Avery^ 
secretary  of  8tate,who  died  June  1806y~~ 
He  was  from  youth  a  professor  of  reli- 
gion; the  motives  of  the  gospel  governed 
him  through  life;  and  at  the  hour  of  his 
departure  from  .the  world  its  sublime 
doctrines  and  its  promises  gave  him  sup- 
port. He  was  a  man  of  abilities;  a  dis- 
tinguished patriot;  a  friend  of  learning; 
charitable  to  the  poor;  and  amiable  in  all 
the  relations  of  life.  His  days  were  pass- 
ed in  constant  exertion  for  the  public 
good. — Jmeriean  mtu.  vii.  163,  164; 
Centmel,  March  1,  1788;  Prince's  fun. 
serm. 

GUSHING,  Jacob,  D.  d.,  minister  of 
Waltham,  Mass.  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Job  Gushing  of  Shrewsbury,  and  was 
born  Feb.  28,  1730.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1748,  and  ordained 
Nov.  22,  1752.  After  continuing  56 
years  in  the  ministry,  he  died  Jaii.  18, 
1809,  aged  78.  He  was  mild  and  be- 
nevolent in  his  temper,  a"l  in  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  the  astoral.  office 
was  conspicuous  fordiscrei  n  and  pru- 
dence. In  his  preaching  ii  )wever  he 
was  not  so  fond  of  dwelling  upon  those 
doctrines  of  the  sacred  volume,  which  are 
controverted,  as  upon  the  practical  views 
of  the  gospel.  He  published  the  follow- 
ing sermons  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Samue) 
WilUams,  1766;  of  Elijah  Brown,  1771 ; 
of  Jacob  Biglow,  1772;  of  N.  Under- 
wood, 1793  ;  a  sermon  at  Lexington 
April  20, 1778 ;  on  the  death  of  Joseph 
Jackson,  1196.— Colutnb.  cent.  Feb.  8, 
1809. 

GUSHING,  William,  ll.  d.  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
was  the  descendant  of  Matthew  G.,  who 
arrived  at  Boston  in  1638.  John  C.,  his 
grandfather,  the  grandson  of  Matthew, 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 


818 


GUSHING. 


CUTBUSH. 


court  in  1788  and  died  at  Scituate  Jan. 
19, 1787,  aged  75.  His  father,  John,  also 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  died  in 
1772.  He  was  born  in  Scituate  in  March 
17S3  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1751.  He  studied  law  with  Oridley. 
Appointed  ^udge  of  probate  for  the  coun- 
ty of  Lincob,  he  lived  in  1769  at  Pownal- 
bisrough,  or  Wiscasset.  In  1 773,  as  suc- 
cessor of  his  father,  he  received  a  commis- 
sion as  justice  of  the  superior  court,  and 
in  Nov.  1777  that  of  chief  Justice.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  among 
the  high  in  office  he  alone  supported  the 
rights  of  his  country.  At  the  organi- 
zation of  the  federal  government  he  was 
placed  by  Washington  in  1789  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  U. 
S.,  in  which  office  he  ^continued  till  his 
death,  although  for  some  time  by  reason 
of  ill  health  unable  to  attend  to  its  duties. 
He  died  at  Scituate  Sept.  13, 1810,  aged 
77.  He  united  patience  of  inquiry  with 
quieknesd  of  perception,  and  the  learning 
of  the  scholar  with  the  science  of  the 
lawyer.  Convinced  of  the  truth  of  Chris- 
tianity, he'was  careful  in  the  performance 
of  its  duties,  and  was  eminent  for  his  pub- 
lic and  private  virtues. 

GUSHING,  Thomas  H.,  brigadier 
general,  a  native  of  Mass.,  entered  the 
army  in  1776  and  served  during  the  war. 
He  was  appointed  a  captain  under  St. 
Clair  in  1790 ;  adjutant  general  in  181S ; 
and  brigadier  general  in  181S.  AAerthe 
war  he  was  appointed  in  1815  collector  of 
New  London  in  the  place  of  gen.  Hun- 
tington, and  died  Oct.  19, 1828,  aged  67. 
He  had  not  strength  of  moral  principle 
to  restrain  him  from  a  duel  with  Mr. 
Lewis,  member  of  congress  from  Virgin- 
ia. His  life  was  saved  by  his  watch, 
which  was  struck  by  his  adversary's  ball. 
Some  one  remarked,  it  must  be  a  good 
watch,  that  kept  timefrom  eternity.  An 
account  of  his  trial  before  a  court  martial 
was  published  in  1818. 

CUSHMAN,  Robert,  distinguished  in 
the  history  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  one 
of  those  worthies,  who  quitted  England 
fbr  the  sake  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and 
settled  at  Leyden.    In  1617  he  was  sent 


to  England  with  Mr.  Carver  to  procure 
a  grant  of  lands  in  America,  and  in  1619 
he  was  sent  again  with  Mr.  Bradford,  and 
obtained  a  patent.  He  set  sail  with  the 
first  company  in  1630,  but,  the  vessel 
proving  leaky,  he  was  obliged  to  relin- 
quish the  voyage.  He  did  not  arrive  at 
Plymouth  till  Nov.  10,  1631,  ^nd  tarried 
only  a  month,  being  under  the  necessity 
of  returning  to  give  an  account  of  the 
plantation  to  the  merchant  adventurers, 
by  whose  assistance  the  first  settlers  were 
transported.  While  preparing  to  rejoin 
his  friends  in  America,  he  was  removed 
to  another  and  better  country  in  1636. 
He  was  a  man  of  activity  and  enterprise  ; 
respectable  for  his  talents  and  virtues; 
well  acquainted  with  the  scriptures ;  and 
a  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ.  Af- 
ter his  death  his  family  came  to  New 
England,  and  his  son,  Thomas  Cushman, 
succeeded  Mr.  Brewster,  as  ruling  ekler 
of  the  church  of  Plymouth,  and  died  in 
1691,  aged  83.  Mr.  Cushman,  .during 
his  short  residence  at  Plymouth,  though 
not  a  minister,  delivered  a  discourse  on 
the  sin  and  danger  of  self  k)ve,  which  was 
printed  at  London  in  1633,  at  Boston  in 
1724,  and  at  Plymouth  in  1785,  with  an 
appendix  by  John  Davis,  containing  an 
account  of  Mr.  Cushman.  The  design 
of  the  discourse  was  to  repress  the  desire 
of  personal  property,  which  was  beginning 
to  exhibit  itself,  and  to  persuade  our  fa- 
thers to  continue  that  entire  community 
of  interests,  which  they  at  first  establish- 
ed. Extracts  from  this  valuable  and  cu- 
rious relic  of  antiquity  are  preserved  in 
Belknap. — Appendix  to  thit  di$eowie ; 
Belknap^a  American  biography,  it.  367- 
380. 

CUTBUSH,  James,professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  military  academy  at  West 
Point,  died  there  Dec.  15, 1833.  He  was 
profoundly  skilled  in  chemistry,  and  was 
also  a  man  of  great  independence  of  opin- 
ion, the  promoter  of  objects,  which  he 
deemed  conducive  to  the  happiness  and 
honor  of  his  country.  He  published  the 
useful  cabinet,  monthly,  1  vol.  1808  ; 
philosophy  of  experimental  chemistry,  3 
vols.  1813.    After  his  death  a  treatise. 


CUTLER. 

which  he  prepared  on  pyrotechny,  was 
published  by  his  widow. 

CUTLER,  John,  long  an  eminent 
physician  and  surgeon  in  Boston,  died 
Sept.  33,  1761,  aged  8$.  Dr.  Boylston 
was  his  pupil. 

CUTLER,  Timothy,  d.  d.,  president 
of  Yale  college,  was  the  son  of  major 
John  Cutler  of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1701. 
He  was  ordained  Jan.  11,  1709  minister 
of  Stratford,  Con.,  where  he  continued 
ten  years  in  high  esteem,  being  the  most 
celebrated  preacher  in  the  colony.  In 
1719  he  was  chosen  president  of  Yale  col- 
lege, and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the 
office  in  the  same  year.  His  predecessor 
was  Mr.  Fierson,  in  the  interval  between 
whose  death  and  his  accession  the  college 
had  been  removed  to  New  Haven.  The 
removal  was  in  17 1 6 ;  the  first  commence- 
ment at  New  Haven  was  in  1717.  The 
appointment  of  Mr.  Cutler  was  consider- 
ed as  an  auspicious  event  to  the  institu- 
tion, for  he  was  a  man  of  profound  and 
general  learning,  particularly  distinguish- 
ed for  his  acquaintance  with  oriental  lit- 
erature, and  he  presided  over  the  college 
with  dignity  and  reputation.  In  1723 
he  was  induced  in  consequence  of  reading 
the  works  of  a  number  of  late  writers  in 
England  to  renounce  the  communion  of 
the  congregational  churches,  and  the 
trustees  therefore  passed  a  vote  "excusing 
him  from  all  further  service,  as  rector  of 
Yale  college,"  and  requiriuj  of  future  rec- 
tors satisfactory  evidence  of  ^'tbe  sound- 
ness of  their  faith  in  opposition  to  Armi- 
nianand  prelatical  corruptions."  He  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Williams.  He  went 
to  Boston  in  Oct.,  where  a  new  church 
was  offered  to  him,  and  embarked  with 
Mr.  Johnson  for  England  Nov.  fifth.  In 
the  latter  end  of  March  1733  he  was  or- 
dained first  a  deacon  and  then  a  priest. 
From  Oxford  he  received  his  degree  of 
doctor  in  divinity.  He  set  sail  on  his  re- 
turn to  America  July  36th,  and  soon  after 
became  rector  of  Christ  church  in  Boston, 
where  he  continued  till  his  death  August 
17,  1765,  aged  83  years. 
He  was  a  man  of  strong  powers  of  mind. 


CUTT. 


SIS 


,  Dr.  Eliot  describes  him  as  haughty  and 
,  over-bearing  in  his  manners,  and  incapa« 
ble  of  winning  the  hearts  of  the  yonng. 
Mr.  Whitefield  gives  an  account  of  a  de- 
\  bate  with  him  on  presbyterian  ordination 
and  instantaneous  conversion. — He  spoke 
Latin  with  great  fluency  and  dignity,  and 
j  he  was  one  of  the  best  oriental  scholars, 
I  ever  educated  in  this  country.    President 
.  Stiles  represents  him,  as  having  more 
knowledge  of  the  Arabic  than  any  man  in 
New  England  before  him,  except  presi- 
dent Chauncy,   and   his   disciple,  Mr. 
Thacher.     He  was  also  well  skilled  in 
logic,  metaphysics,    moral   philosophy, 
theology,  and  ecclesiastical  history.    He 
published  a  sermon  delivered  before  the 
general  court  at  New  Haven,    1717  ; 
and   a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Thom- 
as Greaves,  1757.— Oaner'a/un.  serm.  ; 
Miller,  ii.  359  ;  Clap's  hi$t.  of  Yale  col- 
lege, 81 ;  Whit^ld'e  jour,  in  N.  E. 
1740,  48;  Chandler't  life  of  Johfuon, 
17,  37-39;  Holmes'  life  of  Stiles  387; 
an({  annab,  II.  143. 

CUTLER,  Mannasseh,  ll.  d.  a  bot- 
anist, minister  of  Hamilton,  Mass.,  grad- 
uated a  Yale  college  in  1766,  and  died 
July  38,  1833,  aged  80,  in  the  5td  year 
of  his  ministry.  He  was  a  member  of 
various  learned  societies,  and  was  one  of 
the  earliest  cultivators  in  New  England  of 
the  science  of  botany.  Besides  being  a 
minister,  he  was  also  elected  a  member  of 
congress  in  1800  and  1 803.  He  published 
a.century  discourse  1815 ;  and  an  account 
of  American  plants  in  Memoirs  of  Ameri  • 
can  academy,  vol.  1. 396-493. 

CUTT,  John,  president  of  the  prov- 
ince of  N.  H.,  came  from  Wales  before 
1646  and  was  a  distinguished  merchant, 
of  great  probity,  in  Portsmouth.  He 
was  appointed  president  in  1679,  and 
commenced  the  duties  of  his  office  in  1630. 
He  died  March  37,  leSl^and  was  succee- 
ded by  Rich.  Waldron.  He  left  sons, 
John  and  Samuel.  His  widow,  a  second 
wife,  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  His  bro- 
ther, John,  carried  on  the  fishery  at  the 
Isle  of  Shoals,  and  Robert  the  business  of 
ship  building  at  Kittery.  The  descen- 
dants write  the  name  Cutis.    Of  these, 


830 


CUTTER. 


DALLAS. 


EJwanl  died  at  Kiitery  in  Jan.  or  Feb. 
1818,  aged  89  ;  and  col.  Thomas  at  Saco 
Jan.  1821,  aged  87. — Atm.  of  Porttm. 
70;  Farmer. 

CUTTER,  Ammi  R.,  m.  d.,  aphyti- 
cian,wa8born  in  North  YaTmouth,Maine, 
in  1735,  the  son  of  Ammi  R.  C.,the  firat 
minigter  of  that  town.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1753.  In  1755  he 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  company  of 
rangers  under  Robert.  Rogers  in  a  very 
hazardous  expedition,  and  in  1758  in  the 
expedition  against  Louisbourg-.  He  set- 
tled at  Portsmouth.  Early  in  1777  he  was 
appointed  physician  general  of  the  eas* 
tern  department,  and  stationed  at  Fish- 
kill,  N.  J.  During  his  absence  his  el- 
dest son,  at  college,  died.  He  returned 
to  his  large  family  in  the  beginning  of 
1778.  After  being  in  practice  about  50 
years  he  received  his  son,  Wm.,  into 
partnership  and  soon  relinqaished  busi- 
ness. He  died  Dec.  8,  1815.  aged  81 — 
TAaeA«r'*  m«d.  biog ;  Ann.  ofPortnu. 

DAGGETT,  Naphtali,  d.  d.,  presi- 
dent of  Tale  college,  was  a  native  of  At- 
tleborough,  Massa.  He  was  in  1748 
graduated  at  the  institution,  which  was 
afterwards  intrusted  to  his  care.  In  the 
year  1751  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry 
at  Smith  Tov.n  on  Long  Island,  from 
whence  he  removed  in  1756  to  New  Ha- 
ven, and  accepted  the  appointment  of  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  college.  This  office 
h  i  filled  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Clap  in  1766  he 
officiated  as  president  till  April  1,  1777, 
when  he  resigned  the  chair.  Dr.Stiles  was 
appointed  his  successor.  In  July  1779 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery, 
when  the  British  attacked  New  Haven. 
He  died  Nor.  35, 1780,  and  was  succeed- 
ed in  his  profbssorship  by  Samuel  Wales. 
He  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  and  a 
learned  divine.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  the  death  of  pres.  Clap.  1767  ;  rt  the 
ordination  of  El.  Baldwin,  1770  j  of  J. 
Howe,  ma.— Holmes'  life  uf  SUlet, 
S93,  396;  Gen.  hiit.  of  Con.,  413. 

DALE,  Richard,  commodore  in  the 
navy,  was  born  in  Virginia  about  1757. 
In  the  war  of  the  revolution  he  served  in 


the  brig  Lexington  as  midshipman.  Cap- 
tured in  1776  by  a  British  fVigate,  he  and 
his  crew  retook  the  brig  in  the  following 
night  He  was  again  captured  Sept.  19, 
17T7  and  thrown  into  Mill  prison,  from 
which  he  made  his  escape  in  Feb.  1779, 
and  joined  Paul  Jones  in  the  Bon  Homme 
Richard  at -L' Orient.  In  the  aetion 
with  the  Serapis,  Sept.  33,  he  waa  badly 
wounded  in  the  leg.  On  board  the 
Trumbull  of  38  guns,  capt.  J.  Nicholson, 
he  was  again  captured  in  1781,  but  in 
Nov.  was  exchanged.  In  May  1798  he 
commanded  the  sloop  of  war,  Ganges. 
Apr.  38,  1801  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  American  squadron  in 
the  Mediterranean ;  but  resigned  his  com- 
mission Dec.  17,  1803.  His  residence 
was  at  Philidelphia,  where  in  the  midst 
of  an  amiable  family  and  respected  as  a 
citizen  and  a  christian  he  died  Feb.  34, 
1836,  aged  69.-'Lt/e  of  Jones,  136,861. 
DALLAS,  Alexander  James,  Secreta- 
ry of  the  treasury  of  the  U.  S.,  was  of 
Scotch  descent  and  was  bom  in  the  island 
of  Jamaica  in  1759.  His  fkther,  Robert 
D.,  was  an  eminent  physician.  AfUr  re- 
ceiving an  early  education  at  Edinburgh 
and  Westminster,  he  came  to  this  coun- 
try, after  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1783 
and  studied  law  at  Philadelphia.  He  also 
engaged  in  various  literary  enterprises, 
writing  much  for  the  periodicals  and  be- 
ing at  one  time  the  editor  of  the  Columb. 
magazine.  In  Jan.  1791  ho  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state,  and  again  in  1793  and 
1796.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  by  Jef- 
ferson attorney  of  the  U.  S.  for  the  eas- 
tern district  of  Pennsylvania,  About  this 
time  he  recovered  against  Fenno  3500 
doll,  for  a  libel.  In  Oct.  ISM  he  waa  ap« 
pointed  by  Mr.  Madison  secretary  of  the 
treasury  of  the  U.  S.  as  the  suooesssr  of 
G.  W.  Campbell ;  and  in  March  1815  he 
undertook  the  additional  trust  of  secreta- 
ry at  war,  and  performed  the  task,  ou  the 
return  of  peace,  of  reducing  the  army. 
He  resigned  his  honorable  oifice  and  re- 
turned to  thept-acticeof  the  law  at  Phila- 
delphia in  Nov.  18',6  ;  but  in  a  fevf  weeks 
his  earthly  career  was  closed.  While  at 
Trenton,  he  was  attacked  with  the  gout 


DANA. 


Ml 


in  the  •totiMch,  oC  which  he  died,aoon  tf- 
ter  he  reached  home,  Jan.  16,  1817,  aged 
(7.    Hi*  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1780, 
waa  orOevonahire,Rngland.  Mr.  Dallas 
had  great  decision  and  energy,  and  waa 
eminent  as  «  Jawyer.    He  excelled  in 
conversati(>D  and  his  manners  were  high- 
ly polished.    While  in  ofTice  he  promoted 
the  establishment  of  a  tariffand  of  the  na- 
tional bank.    He  piiblished  feature*  of 
Jayl    treaty,    179&;  speeches   on  the 
trial  of  Blount  and   the  impeachment 
of  the  judges}  the  laws  of  Pennsylva- 
nia with  notes ;  address  to  the  society 
ofeonstitut.  republitens,  1806 ;  reports 
of  cases  in  the  courts  of  the  U.  S.  and 
Penns.,  4  vols,,  1806-7  ;  treasury  reporto; 
exposition  of  the  causes  and  character  of 
the  late  war,  18I6<    Geo.  M.  Dallas  pro: 
posed  in  1817  to  publish  his  works  in's 
vol.    He  left  unGnished  sketches  of  a  his- 
tory of  PenM.—Nat.  Int.  Moreh  Ibth. 
■  DANA,Krancis,  v  l.d.,  chief  justice  of 
JMassa.,  was  a  descendant  of  Richard  Da- 
na, who  died  at  Cambridge  about  1666. 
His  (htlier  was  Richard  Dana,  an  eminent 
magistrate.  He  was  born  at  Charlestown 
in  Aug.  1743,  and,  aller  graduating  at 
Harvard  college  in  1703,  studied  law  with 
judge  Trowbrklge.    He  passed  the  year 
1775  in  England,  whiere  he  had  a  brother^ 
Edmund,   a  minister  at  Wroxeter,  who 
died  in  1838.    In  1770  he  was  appointed 
a  delegate  to  congress,  and  taking  his  seat 
in  Nov.  1777  continued  in  that  body  until 
in  Nov.  1770  he  accompanied  Mr.  Adams 
to  Paris  as  secretary  of  legation.     He 
was  elected  Dec.  19, 1780  as  minister  i, 
Russki,  where  he  remained,  though  not 
publkily  received,  fVom  Aug.  1781  till 
the  close  of  the  war,  returning  in  Dec. 
1788.    He  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress in  1784.    A  member  of  the  Massa. 
convention, he  advocated  the  constitution. 
The.oflkie   of  envoy  extraordinary  to 
France  inl797  he  declined,  and  Mr.  Gerry 
was  deputed  in  his  stead  with  Marshall 
and  Pinekney.  Appointed  chief  justice  of 
Mass.,  in  1793,hedwcharged  very  impar- 
tiaOy  and  ably  the  duties  of  that  office 
until  his  resignation  in  1 806.    He  died  at 
bis  seat  in  Cambridge  April  9&,  1811, 
41 


aged  68.  Judge  Dara  was  a  learned  law- 
yer end  presided  in  court  with  great  dig- 
nit'  Hiq  opinions  on  the  -bench  were 
remarkable  for  their  clearness  and 
perspicuity.  In  his  politics  during  the 
days  of  violent  excitement  he  wa9  strong- 
ly attached  to  the  federalists.  His  corre- 
spondence while  in  Europe  is  contained 
in  Sparks'  DiplomuUc  correspondence, 
vol.  8th. 

DANA,  James;  d.  d.,  minidter  6f  New 
Haven,  wau  a  native  of  Massa,  and  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1758.  3ome 
years  ikfteiwards  he  was  a  resident  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  ordained  as  the 
successor  of  SftmuelAVhittclseyat  Wal- 
iiugford.  Con.  Qct.  13,  1763.  The  his- 
tory of  the  difficulties,  occasioned  by  hia 
SQitlement,  occupies  4Q  or  60  pages  in 
TtumbulPs  history  of  Connecticut }  he 
was  accused  of  heterodoxy,  and  an  inter- 
esting question  also  arose  con<'erning  the 
construction  of  the  Saybrook  platform. 
The  writers,  called  forth  on  the  occa- 
sion, were  Eells,  Todd,  Hart,  and  Hol- 
art.  It  is  plain,  that  the  ordination  was 
a.departure  from  the  Saybrook  platform, 
because  the  ordaining  council  was  not 
limited  to  the  consociation;  it  amounted  to 
an  assertion  of  the  independence  of  the 
church,  in  disregard  of  the  platform. 
The  members  of  the  council  were  consid- 
ered as  inclining  to  Arminianism.  After 
remaining  at  Wallingford-80/years  Dr. 
Dana^w^  installed  the  pastor  of  the  first 
church  at  New  Haven  Apr.  39,  ll99  as 
the  Buocessoi  of  Chauncy  Whittelsey. 
In  the  autumn  bf  1805  he  was  dismisscxl, 
alYer  which  he  occasionally  preached  in 
the  pulpits  of  hisbrethreu'^n  the  viciuity. 
He  died  at  New  Haven  Aug^  18,  1813, 
aged  77.  Samuel  W.  Dana,  senator  of 
the  U.  S.,  was  his  only  surviving  child. 
— Dr.'Danapublished,  anonymously,  an 
Examination  oT  Edwards'  Inquiry  on  the 
Freedom  of  the  Will,  8vo.  Boston,  1770; 
and,  with  hia  hame,  the  J3xaroinat:on 
continued,  N.  Haven,1778  ;  in  all  more 
than  300  pages.  Some  of  his  views  are 
the  i'ollowing,/\Vhich  are  similar  to  those 
of  Samuel  West  of  New  Bedford,  pub- 
lished at  a  later  period.— For  the  actions 


893 


DANA. 


of  men  there  must  be  an  efficient  cause. 
Motives  are  not  that  cause;  abstract  no- 
tion8,and  such  are  all  reasons  and  motives, 
are  not  agents ;  and  if  they  were,  they 
must  themselves,  aceording  to  Edwards, 
be  determined  by  motives.     As  motives 
are  not  the  efficient  cause  of  the  actions  of 
men,  so  neither  is  God  that  cause  ;  for 
th«  scheme  of  Stephen  West  aC  Stock* 
bridge,  making  God  the  sole    efficient 
in  the  Universe,  is  iVaught  with  the  impi- 
ety of  making  God  the  author  of  sin,  and 
annihilatsB'the  responsibleness  orman,ren- 
dering  him  a  mere  machine,  or  binding 
upon  him  the  chainit  of  a  dreadful  iktal- 
itm.    Men  themselves,  then,  are  the  on- 
ly efficient  causes  of  their  own  volitions: 
nor  do  they  Always  determine  according 
to  the  igreatest  apparent  good;  theaflfec- 
tiona  do  not  follow  the  judgment ;  meh 
sin  against  light,  with  the  wiser  choice, 
the  greater   good    full    in    their   view. 
Through  the  impetuosity  ,of  their  pas- 
sioi^  they  determine  againtt  the  greatest 
apparent  good.      This  is  the  case  with 
every  sinnerj  who  resolves  to  delay  re- 
pentance to  a  future  time.   Self-determin- 
ation is  the  characteristic  of  every  moral 
agent.    Such '  was   the  opinion  of  I>r. 
Watts,  who  maintained,  that  every  intel- 
li^nt  spirit  is  the  cause  of  its  own  voli- 
tions.   £ven  a>..    ding  to  Edwards,  it  is 
evidently  improper  to  speak  of  the  mind 
as  being  determined  by  motives;  for  he 
expressly    allows,   tliat    "an  pppearing 
mott  agreeable  or  pleasing  to  the  mind, 
and  the  mind's  preferring  and   ehootit^; 
seem  hardly  to  be  properly  and  perfectly 
i2»<(tne(."    But  if  not  distinct ;  then  tlie 
choice  is  not  caiised  by  the  qippearance  of 
the  greatest  good.  Motive  is  not  the  deter- 
miner of  volition«nd  at  the  same  time  the 
act  of  volition.   And  if  the  highest  motive 
is  the  same  as  volition ;  then  to  say,  that  a 
man  chooses,  as  he  pleases,  is  to  say,  that 
he  chooses  as  he  chooses.    The  absence 
of  liberty  he  deemed  inconsistent  with 
moral  agency  ;  and  by  liberty  he  meant, 
not  mnrely  liberty  in  regard  to  the  exter- 
nal actioii,  but  liberty  of  volition ;  an  ex- 
emption from  all  circumstances  aifd  cau- 
ses having  a  cdntrollihg  influence  over  the 


will, — a  self  determining  power  of  man, 
as  a  real  agent,  in  respect  to  his  own 
volitions.  On  the  whole,  he  regard- 
ed the  scheme  of  Edwards  as  acquitting 
the  creature  of  blame,  and  impeaching  the 
truth  and  Justine  of  the  Creator. — He  pub- 
lished also  3  sermons  in  Amer.  preacher, 
vol.  I,  and  iii ;  on  death  of  John  Hall, 
l76S;of<7hauncy  Whittlesey,  1764;  % 
sermons  on  faith  and  inscrutable  provi- 
dence, 1767  ;  a  century  discourse  Apr.  9, 
1770  ;  on  prayer,  1774  ;  on  capital  pun- 
iahtnents,  1790  ;  on  African  slave  trade, 
1791  ;  at  the  installation  of  A.  Holmes, 
1793;  practical  atheism,  1794;  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Styles,  1795  ;  3  sermons  on 
new  year  and  completion  of  18th  cent. 
1801  ;  character  of  scoffers,  1806  ;  ser- 
n^ons  to  young  people,  1806. 

DANA,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Ipewish,  Massa.,  was  born  at  Pomfret, 
Con.  Nov.  13,  1743,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1760.  He  was  a  descen- 
dant of  Jacob  Dana  of  Pomfret,  the  son 
of  Richard  D.  of  Cambridge.  Hi^ving 
early  devoted  himself  to  God,  he  studied 
theology,  and  was  ordained  as  the  minis- 
ter of  the  south  society  in  Ipswich'  Nov. 
7,  1765.  On  the  60th  anniversary  of  his 
ordination,  at  the  age  of  83,  he  preached 
in  1835  a  discourse,  in  which  he  stated, 
that  all,  who  were  heads  of  families  at  the 
time  of  his  settlement,  were  deceased,  ex- 
cepting 5;^  that  he  had  folk)wed  about 
OOOof  his  parishioners  to  the  grave;  and 
had  received  into  the  church  the  small 
number  of  1 31 ,  being  the  average  of  3  in 
a  year.  Of  these  50  were  received  in  a 
revival  from  1798  to  1801.  He  died  Nov. 
16,  1337,  aged  85,  leaving  two  sons, 
Daniel  and  Samuel,  ministers  ofNewbu- 
ryport  and  Marblehead.  Dr.  Dana  was 
a  firm  believer  in  the  great  doctrines  of 
CalviAism;  a  faithful  preacher;  eminently 
a  liian  of  prayer;  and  deeply  interested  in 
all  the  events,  which  relate  to  the  king- 
dom of  Jesus  Christ.  He  was  a  diligent 
student  and  laborious  pastdr.  A  fort- 
night before  his  death  he  preached  a 
discourse,  recently  written.  An  unaffec- 
ted humility  marked  his  character  and  his 
end  was  peace.     He^  published    3  die- 


DANA. 


9ifyti«/ 


DANFORTH. 


Ml 


eouraet  on  Prov.  15: 8, 1783;  at  the  ordin- 
ation oi*  D.  Dana,  1796;  at  a  fast,  1799; 
a  diacourae  on  the  death  of  Waaliington, 
1800,;  at  the  convention,  1801;  observa- 
tiona  on  baptism,  1806;  on  integ;rity;  on 
the  worth  of  the  aoul,  1807;  3  diwoumes, 
1810;  on  the  death  of  J.  M'Kean,1818.— 
CrowfWafun.  ferm. 

DANA,  James  Freeman,  m.  d.,  the 
grandson  of  judge  Sanniel  Dana  and  the 
■on  of  Luther  Dana,  was  born  in  A|n- 
herst,  N.  H.  Sept.  33,  1793.  His  moth- 
er, Lucy  Oiddings,  was  a  descendant  in 
the  7th  generation  from  John  Robinson, 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1813, 
and  in  a  few  years  was  appointed  assis- 
tant to  Dr.  Oorham,  professor  of  chem- 
istry. In  1930  he  was  appointed  professor 
ofchemistryfc  mineralogy  at  Dartmouth 
college;  but  resigned  this  ofiice  in  1836 
on  being  chosen  professor  of  cltemistry  in 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons  at 
New  York.  In  Nov.  he  removed  to  that 
city.  He  soon  lost  his  only  child,  and  in 
April  1837,  afler  bi<  illness  offive  days,  he 
died  of  the  erisipeias  at  the  age  of  33. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  president 
Webber.  He  was  a  distinguished  chem- 
ist, and  highly  esteemed  by  his  acquaint- 
ance. He  published,  with  hia  brother, 
outlines  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy 
of  Boston,  with  a  map,  1818;  an  epitome 
of  chemical  philosophy  as  a  textbook, 
8vo.  1835.  He  wrote  also  for  various 
journals  many  communications,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  by  Dr.  Thacher.— 2'AacA- 
er'M  med.  biog,;  Col.  N.  H.  hiit.  tut.  ii. 
290. 

DANFORTH,  Thomas,  president  of 
the  district  of  Maine,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1633,  and  was  the  son  of  Nicho- 
las Danforth,  who  died  at  Cambridge  in 
1637.  He  had  great  influence  in  the  man- 
agement of  public  affairs  in  difficult  times. 
He  was  an  assistant  from  1059  to  1678.  In 
1679  he  was  elected  dep.governor.  In  the 
same  year  the  inhabitants  of  the  district 
of  Maine,  being  no  longer  attached  to 
Massachusetts  as  a  county^  elected  him 
president  of  the  province.  He  according- 
ly opened  his  court  at  York,  and  granted 
several   parcels   of  land.     He    contin- 


ued in  this  office,  and  in  that  of  depu- 
ty governcr  till  the  arrival  of  Androa 
at  the  end  of  the  year  1686,  and  during 
this  time  revided  chiefly  in  Cambridge. 
He  was  al«o  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
In  1681  he  united  with  Oookin,  Cooke, 
and  others  in  opposing  the  acta  of  trade, 
and  vindicating  tlie  chartered  righta  of 
his  country.  He  died  Nov.  5, 1699,aged 
77  years.  He  was  a  man  of  great  integ- 
rity and  wisdom.  In  the  time  of  the 
witchcraA  delusion  in  1693  lie  evinced 
the  correctness  of  hia  judgment  and  hia 
firmness  by  condemning  the  proceedings 
of  the  courU.— Htt/eAttwon,  1.  189,  S3S, 
339,  331,  880,  404;  SvUivan,  386,  386; 
Hiit.  eol.  V.  75. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of 
Roxbury,  Massa.,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  in  England  in  Sept. 
163Q,  and  came  to  this  country  witli  hia 
father  in  1634.  After  he  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1643  he  was 
a  tutor  and  fellow.  When  Mr.Welde 
returned  to  England,  he  was  invited  to 
become  the  colleague  of  Mr.Eliut  of 
Roxbury,  aiid  he  was  accordingly  or- 
dained Sept.  34,  1650.  He  died  Nov. 
19, 1674,  aged  48  years.  He  had  13 
children.  Two  of  his  sons  wipre  ministers. 
His  sermons  were  elaborate,  judicious  k, 
methodical;  he  wrote  them  twice  over  in 
a  fair,  large  hand,  and  in  eaijh  discourse 
usiuUy  quoted  forty  or  fifly  passages  of 
scripture.  Notwithstanding  this  care  and 
labor  he  was  so  affectionate  and  pathetic, 
that  he  rarely  finished  the  delivery  of  a 
sermon  without  weeping.  In  the  fore- 
noon he  usually,  expounded  the  old  tes- 
tament, and  in  the  jtfternoon  discoursed 
on  the  body  of  divinity.  His  wiff^,whom 
he  married  in  1651,  vita  the  daughter  of 
Mr. Wilson,  and,  when  he  was  Contrac- 
ted to  her,  before  his  marriage,  a  sermon 
was  preached  by  Mr.  Cotton,  according 
to  the  old  usage  of  New  England.  Sue]  •■ 
was  his  peace  in  his  last  moments,  that 
Mr.  Eliot  used  to  say,  "my  brother  Dan- 
forth made  the  most  glorious  end,  that 
I  ever  saw."  Mr.  Welde  wrote  a  poem 
on  his  death.  He  published  a  number  of 
almanacs,  and  an  astionomical  description 


8t4 


DANFORTH. 


oTthaoorMt,  which  tppeared  in  1664, 
with  ■  brief  theological  application,  He 
contendi,that  a  oomet  is  a  heavenly  body, 
moving  according  to  defined  laws,  arid 
that' its  appearance  is  portentous.  He 
published  also  the  cry  of  Sodom  inquired 
into,  or  a  testimony  against  the  ainof  un- 
cleanness;  and  the  election  sermon,  1670, 
entitled  a  recognition  of  New  England's 
errand  into  the  wilderness. — Mather'i 
magnalia,\v.  153 — 167. 

DANFORTH,  Jo'hn,  7th  minister  of 
Dorchesi'T,  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  born  Nov.  5,  1 660,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 677.  He 
was  ordained  as  succewtor  of  Mr.  Flint, 
June  38,  1683.  From  this  period  he 
continued  in  the  ministry  till  his  death. 
May  36, 1730,  aged  70  years.  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Danforth  of  Boston  was  his  grandson.' 
Jonathan  Bowman,  who  surviveil  him, 
was  ordained  hit  colleague  Nov.  5,1739. 
Mr.  Danforth  was  a  man  of  great  lear- 
ning. While  he  possessed  an  uncommon 
acquaintance  with  mathemBvics,he  had  al- 
8)  a  tastefor  poetry.  He  wroti  many  epi« 
tapha  upon  the  good  christians  of  his  flock. 
Ho  was  an  eminent  servant  of  Jesus 
Christ,  being  sound  in  his  principles, 
xealoiis  to  promote  the  salvation  of  his 
brethren,  upright,  holy,  dnd  devout. 
The  following  lines,  which  are  a  version 
of  Mr.  Eliot*s  hints  on  the  proper  method 
of  teaching  the  Indians  the  christian  reli- 
gion, may  serve  as  a  specimen  of  his  poe- 
try. 

**Till  agricallure  and  coliHbiution 
Com*  under  ftili  retlraint  and  regulation, 
Much  yon  woaM  do  you'll  6aA  impmcticable, 
And  much  you  do  will  prove  unprofitable. 
The  common  lHndf,that  lie  unrenc'd.you  know, 
Too  bMtbandraan  m  vain  doth  plough  and  «ow ; 
Wh  hope  in  vain  the  plant  of  grace  will  thrive 
In  foreati,  where  civility  can't  live.'' 

He  published  a  sermon  at  the  departure 
of  Mr.  Lord  and  his  church  for  Carolina, 
1697;  the  blackness  of  sinning  against  the 
light,  1710;  funeral  sermon  on  E.  Brom- 
field;  judgment  begun  at  the  house  of 
God,  1716;  two  sermons  on  the  earth- 
quake, to  which  is  added  a  poem  on  the 
death  of  P.  Thacher  of  Milton,  and  S. 


Danforth  of  Taunton,  1737;  a  ftst  ser- 
mon; a  poem  on  the  death  of  Ann  Eliot, 
aad  verses  to  the  memory  of  her  husband, 
John  Eliot. — Colleet.  kul.  $oe.  ix.  176, 
177  ;  N.  K  weekly  Jour.,  June  1,  1780. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister   of 
Taunton  Mass.,was  the  son  of  Mr.  Dan- 
forth of  Roxbury,  and  was  born  Dec.  18, 
1666.     Ha  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
eollega  in  1688,  and  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  J.  Allen  of  Boston.    He  died 
Nov.  14, 1737.    He  wasone  of  the  most 
learned  and  eminent  ministers  of  his  day. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1705  by 
means  of  his  benevolent  labors  a  deep  im- 
pression was  made  upon  the  minds  of  his 
people,  and  a  tnost  pleasing  reformation 
occurred.      The    youth,  who  formerly 
assembled  for  amusement  aiKl  folly,  now 
met  lor  the  exalted  purpose  of  improving 
in  christian  knowledge  and  virtue,  and  of 
becoming  fitted  for  the  joys  of  the  heav- 
enly and  eternal  world,  in  the  presence  of 
Jesus,  the  Savior.    Several  letters  of  Mr. 
Danforth,  giving  an  account  of  this  re- 
fonnation,  are  preserved  in  Mr.  Prince's 
christian  history.    He  published  an  eulo- 
gy on  Thomas  Leonard,  1713,  and  the 
election  sermon,  1714.      He  left  behind 
him  a  manuscript  Indian  dictionary,  a 
part  of  which  is  now  in  the  library  of  th6 
Massachusetts    historical   society.       It 
seems  to  have  been  formed  from  Eliot's 
Indian  Bible,  as  there  is  a  reference  under 

every  word  to  a  paiiisage  of  scripture 

Hitt.  eol.  III.   173;    ix.  176;   Ckri$Hm 
kitt.  I.  108. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  m.  d.,  a  phy- 
sician in  Boston. was  born  near  that  town 
in  1740,  and  was  the  son  of  Samuel  D., 
judge  of  probate  for  Middlesex,  and  the 
descendant  of  men  distinguitshed  in  N.  E. 
He  vfM  graduated  in  1758  and  studied 
with  Dr.  Rand.  At  this  period  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  a  German  physi- 
cian, probably  Dr.  Kast,  who  exerted  an 
unhappy  influence  on  his  religious  opin- 
ions. He  practised  first  at  Newport; 
then  settled  at  Boston.  Being  a  loyalist, 
he  remained  in  the  town,  while  it  was 
occupiedby  the  British;  fijr  which  hewas 
afterwards  treated  harshly.     From  1795 


DARBY. 


i  «^'y«?r*firf     DAVENPORT. 


MS 


to  17M  he  waa  president  or  the  medieal 
•ociety.  Neglecting  aurgery,  he  devoted 
hinueif  to  medicine,  and  had  full  practice 
till  he  was  nearly  80  yeara  old.  For 
about  4  year*  he  was  confined  to  hia  fami- 
ly.  He  died  of  a  paralytic  affection  Nov. 
16,  1S37,  aged  87.  He  was  tall,  thin, 
erect,  with  an  aquiline  noae  and  a  prum- 
ineot  chin,  and  a  countenance  expreaaive 
of  great  sagacity.  He  employed  only  a 
few  and  pqwerAil  rem^ies,  relying 
chiefly  on  calomel,  opium,  ipecacuanha, 
and  bark.  He  rarely  caused  a  patient  to 
be  bled. — Thaeher*$  med.  biog. 

DARBY,  William,  engineer  and  geog- 
rapher, died  in  Frederic  county,  Mary- 
land, in  Aug.  1837.  He  was  an  ofBcer 
under  gen.  Jackaon  in  Louisiana,  and  was 
one  of  the  surveyors  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  U.  S.  and  Canada.  He  pub- 
lished a  geographical  description  of  Lou- 
isiana 8vo.  1816 ;  a  map  of  the  same  ; 
plan  of  Pittsburg  and  adjac.  country, 
1817;  emigrant's  guide  to  the  western 
country,  8vo.,  1818;  tour  from  New 
York  to  Detroit,  1819  ;  memoir  on  the 
geog.  and  hiat.  of  Florida,  with  a  map, 
1831;  3d.  edit,  of  Brooke's  univ.  gazet- 
teer, 1833. 

DARKE,  William,  a  brave  ofRcer 
during  the  American  war,  was  born  , 
Philadelphia  county  in  1736,  and  w  u  a 
boy  accompanied  his  parents  f  o  Virginia. 
In  the  19thyf>3rof  his  age  he  jomt^  Ihe 
army  under  gen.  Braddock,  and  shaired  in 
the  dangers  of  his  defeat  in  1 7^5.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  war  with  Itreat  Britain 
he  accepted  a  captain's  commission,  and 
served  with  great  reputation  till  th6  close 
of  the  war,  at  which  time  he  held  the 
rank  of  major.  In  1791  he  received  from 
congress  the  command  of  a  regiment  in 
the  army  under  St.  Clair,  and  bore  a  dis- 
tinguished part  in  the  unfortunate  battle 
with  the  Indians  Nov.  4th.  In  this  bat- 
tle he  lost  a  favorite  son,  and  narrowly 
escaped  with  his  own  life.  In  his  retire- 
ment during  his  remaining  years  he  en- 
joyed the  confidence  of  the  state,  which 
had  adopted  him,  and  was  honored  with 
the  rank  of  major  general  of  the  militia. 
He  died  at  his  seat  in  Jefferson  county 


Nov.  86,  1801,  aged  66.— JV.  Y.  ipeet». 
lor.  Dee.  18, 1801. 

D'AULNAY  deChaniis^,or  D'Aunai, 
D'Aunay,  D'Aulney.as  his  name  is  vari- 
ously written,  governor  of  Acadia,  had  a 
fort  at  PenobMot  as  early  ta  Nov.  1 686  and 
claimed  as  far  as  P6maquid.  About  the 
year  1633  Acadia  was  divkled  into  three 
provinces,  and  the  propriety  and  govern- 
ment assigned  to  De  Razilly,  La  Tour, 
and  Denys.  The  first  had  the  territory 
from  Port  Royal,  in  the  west  of  Nova 
Scotia,  to  New  England ;  the  second  had 
Acadia  proper  or  Nova  Scotia  ;  yet  L« 
Tour  had  a  fort  at  the  river  St.  John  in 
the  province  of  the  first.  The  rights  of 
Raailly  were  af\et  his  death  purchased  by 
D'Aulnay,who  built  a  fort  at  Port  Royal. 
His  claims  conflicting  with  those  of  La 
Tour,  a  warfare  was  carried  on  between 
them.  Of  these  difficulties  a  long  account 
is  given  by  Hubbard.  In  1643  and  1644 
D'Aulnay  still  had  a  fort  at  Penobscot. 
He  made  a  treaty  with  gov.  Endicott, 
Oct.  8,  1644.  Some  advantages  were  de- 
rived from  the  trade  with  him.  His  secre- 
tary aflerwards  visited  Boston  to  confer 
with  the  goverrtor  on  certain  grievanoea, 
and  the  governor  sent  D'Aulnay  as  a 
conciliatory  present  the  "fair  new  sedan," 
which  capt.  Cromwell  had  given  him. 
Early  in  1645  he  captured  L9  Tour's  fort 
at  St.  John  river,  af\er  it  had  been  reso- 
lutely defendeid  by  his  wife;  he  lost  IS 
men  in  the  assault,  and  in  violation  of  his 
fkith  he  put  to  death  all  the  men  in  the 
fort,  except  one,whom  he  made  the  hang- 
man of  the  others.  The  jewels,  plate  &c. 
were  estimated  at  J0,0flO  /.  La  Tour's 
wife  died  with  grief  in  three  weeks.  Af- 
ter D'Aulnay's  death  La  Tour  married 
hid  widow.  Such  was  the  iTnination  of 
the  quarrel.— 2  Hist.  col.  vi.  478-499; 
Charlev.i.  411. 

DAVENPORT,  John,  first  minister 
of  New  Haven,  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  colony  of  that  name,  was  bom  in  the 
city  of  Coventry  in  England  in  1 597.  In 
1613  he  was  sent  to  Merton  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  contin  ued  about  two  years. 
He  waa  then  removed  to  Magdalen  hall, 
which  ho  left  without  a  degree.    Retiring 


836 


DAVENPORT. 


IIP  •!  " 


to  London  he  beume«n  eminent  preacher 
among  the  puritans,  and  at  length  minis- 
ter of  St  Stephen's  church  in  Coleman 
street.  In  1635  he  went  to  Magdalen 
hall,  and  performing  the  exercise  required 
took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divini- 
ty. By  his  great  industry  he  became  a 
universal  scholar,  and' as  a  preacher  he 
held  the  first  rank.  'There  was  in  his  de- 
livery a  gravity,  an  energy,  and  an  enga- 
ging eloquence,  whi«^  were  seldom  wit- 
nessed. About  the  year  1690  he  united 
with  Dr.  Gouge,  Dr.  Sibs,  and  others  in 
a  design  of  purchasing  impropriations, 
and  with  the  profits  of  them  to  provide 
ministers  for  poor  and  destitute  congrega- 
tions. Such  progress  was  made  ili  the 
execution -of  the  plan,  that  all  the  church 
lands  in  the  possession  of  laymen  would 
soon  htive  been  obtained ;  but  bishop 
Laud,  who  was  apprehensive,  that  the 
pktject  would  promote  the  interests  of 
nonconformity,  caused  the  company  to  be 
dissolved,  and  the  money  to  he. confisca- 
ted to  the  use  of  his  majesty.  As  Mr. 
Davenport  soon  became  a  conscientious 
nonconformist,  the  persecutions,  to 
which  he  was  exposed,  Obliged  him  to  re- 
sign his  pastoral  charge  in  Coleman  street, 
and  to  retire  into  Holland  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1683.  He  was  invited  to  be- 
come the  colleague  of  the  aged  Mr.  Pa- 
get, pastor  ofthe  English  church  in  Am- 
flterdam;  but  as  he  soon  withstood  the  pro- 
niiscuous  baptism  of  children,  which  was 
practised  in  Holland,  he  became  engaged 
in  a  controversy,  which  in  about  two 
years  obliged  him  to  desist  from  his  pub- 
lie  ministry.  He  now  contented  himself 
with  giving  private  instrv  <.  n ;  b|it  his 
situation  becoming  uncomfortable,  he  re- 
turned to  London.  A  letter  from  Mr. 
Cotton,  giving  a  favorable  account  ofthe 
colony  of  Massachusetts,  induced  Mr, 
Davenportlto  come  to  Boston,  where  he 
arrived  June  S6,  1637,  in  compaiiy  with 
Mr.  E^ton  and  Mr.  Hopkins.  He  was 
received  with  great  respect,  and  in  Aug. 
was  a  prudent  and  useful  member  of  the 
synod,  which  was  occasioned  by  the  er- 
rors of  the  day.  He  sailed  with  his  com- 
pany March  SO,  1638  for  Quinnipiack,  or 


New  Haven,  to  found  a  new  colony. 
He  preached  under  an  oak  April  18th,  the 
first  sabbath  after  their  arrival,  and  he 
was  minister  there  near  thirty  years. 
He  endeavored  to  establish  a  civil  and 
religious  order  more  strictly  in  conformi- 
ty to  the  word  of  God,  than  he  had  seen 
exhibited  in  any  part  of  the  world. '  In 
the  government,  which  was  established, 
it  was  ordained,  that  none  but  members 
ofthe  church  should  enjoy  the  privileges 
of  freeknen.  He  was  anxious  to  promote 
the  purity  of  the  church,  and  he  therefore 
wrote  against  the  result  of  the  synod  of 
1662,  which  met  in  Massachusetts  and 
recommended  a  more  general  baptism  of 
children,  than  had  before  that  time 
been  practised.  He  was  scrupulously 
careful  in  admitting  persons  to  church 
communion,  it  being  a  fixed  principle  with 
him,  that  no  person  should  be  received 
into  the  church,  who  did  not  exhibit 
satisfoctory  evidence,  that  he  was  truly 
penitent,  and  believing.  He  did  not 
think  it  possible  to  render  the  church  per- 
fectly pure,  as  men  could  not  search  into 
the  heart ;  but  he  was  persuaded,  that 
there  should  be  a  discrimination. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Wilson,  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Boston,  in  1667,  Mr. 
Davenport  was  invited  to  succeed  him  ; 
and  at  the  close  ofthe  year  he  according- 
ly removed  to  that  town.  He  was  now 
almost  seventy  years  of  age,  and  ttis 
church  and  people  vrex&  unwilling  to  be 
separated  from  him ;  but  his  colony  of 
New  Hkven  had  been  blended  with  Con- 
necticut, and  he  hoped  to  be  more  useful 
in  Boston,  where  the  strictness  of  former 
times  in  relation  to  ecclesiastical  discipline 
had  been  somewhat  relaxed.  He  was  or- 
dained pastor  Dec.  9,  1668,  and  James 
Allen  at  the  same  tiAie  teacher.  But  his 
labors  in  this  place  were  of  short  continu- 
ance, for  he  died  of  an  apoplexy  March 
1 5, 1 670,  aged  73.  He  was  a  distinguish- 
ed scholar,  an  admirable  preacher,  and  a 
man  6f  exemplary  piety  and  virtue. 
Such  was  his  reputation,  that  he  was  in- 
vited with  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker 
to  take  a  seat  among  the  Westminster  di- 
vines.   Knowing  the  efficacy  of  prayer. 


'% 


DAVENPORT. 


187 


he  recommended  with  earnestness  ejacu- 
latory  addresses  to  heaven.    His  intrepid- 
ity saved  Whalley  and  Guffe,  the  judges 
ofkingr  Charles,  who  fled  to  New  Haven 
in  1661.    He  concealed  them  in  his  own 
house,  and,  when  the  pursuers  were  com- 
ing to  New  Haven,  preached  publicly 
from  Isaiah  xvi.  3, 4,  believing  it  to  be  a 
duty  to  aiSbrd  them  protection.    His  por- 
trait is  in  the  museum  of  Yale  college. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  3  Samuel,  i. 
18,  1629 ;  a  letter  to  the  Dutch  classis, 
wherein  is  declared  the  miserable  slavery 
and  bondage,  that  the  English  church' at 
Amsterdam  is  now  in  by  reason  of  the 
tyrannical  government  and  Corrupt  doc- 
trines of  Mr.  John  Paget,  1634 ;  instruc- 
tions to  the  elders  of  the  English  churcli, 
to  be  propounded  to  the  pastors  of  the 
Dutch  church  ;  a  report  of  some  procee- 
dings about  his  calling  to  the  English 
church,  against  John  Paget ;  allegations 
of  scripture  against  the  baptizing  of  some 
kind  of  infants  ;   protestation  about  the 
publicaiion  of  his  writings,  all  in  1634  ; 
an  apologetical  reply  to  the  answer  of  W. 
Best,  1 636;  a  discourse  about  civil  govern- 
ment in  a  new  plantation,  whose  design 
is  religion  ;  a  profession  of  his  faith  made 
at  his  admission  into  one  of  the  churches 
of  New  England,  1643;  the  knowledge 
of  Christ,  wherein  the  types,  prophecies, 
&c.  relating  to   him  are .  opened  ;    the 
Messiah  is  already  come,  a  sermon,  1653; 
saint's  anchor  hold  in  all  storms  and  tem- 
|)e8ts,   1661  ;    election  sermon,    1669 ; 
God's  call  to  his  people  to  turn  unto  him 
in  two  fast  sermons,  1670;  the  power  of 
congregational   churches  asserted     and 
vindicated,  in  answer  to  a  treatise  of  Mr. 
Paget,  1673.    He  also  wrote  in  Latin  a 
letter  to  John  Dury,  which  was  subscri- 
bed, by  the  rest  of  (he  ministers  of  New 
Haven  colony,  and  he  gave  his  aid  to  Mr. 
Norton  in  his  life  of  Cotton.    He  lefl  be- 
hind him  an  exposition  on  the  Canticles 
in  a  hundred  sheets  of  small  hand  writing, 
but  it  was  never  published. —  Wood'iMh. 
Oxon.  II.  460-463,  650;  Mather's  mag. 
III.  51-57;  Trumbull's  Conn.u  89,  490- 
492;    Hutchinson,   i.  84,    326 ;    IVin^ 
throp;  Holmes;  Shies'  h.judg.,  32, 69. 


DAVENPORT,  John,   minister   of 
Stamford,  Con.,  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  the  son  of  John  D.  of  New  Ha- 
ven ;  his  mother  was  Abigail,daughterof 
Rev.  A,  Pierson.    He  wa«  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1687,  ordain^  in  1694, 
and  died.  Feb.  5,  1731,  aged  6J.    His 
daughter,  Sarah,  married  first  Mr.  Matt- 
by  of  New  Haven  and  the^  Rev.  E. 
Wheelock  ;  another  daughter   was   the 
first  wife  of  Rev.  Wm.  Gaylord.    Cou- 
rageous in  the  reprehension  of  prevalent 
vices,  particularly  drunkenness,  and  pun 
gent  in  his  addresses  to  the  conscience,  he 
was  eminently  faithful  as  a  minister,  and 
being  devout  and  exemplary  in  his  life  he 
was  revered  by  all  good  men.    The  ori- 
ginal languages,  in  which  the  scriptures 
are  written,  were  almost  as  familiar  to 
him  -as  his  mother'  tongue.    When  he 
read  the  Bible  in  his  family,  he  did  not 
make  use  of  the  English  translation,  but 
of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  original.- CooJb's 
fun.  sermon. 

DAVENPORT,  James,  Minister  of 
Southhold,  Long  Island,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1732.  He  had  been  esteem- 
ed for  some  years  a  sound,  pious,  and 
faithful  minister  at  Soivthhold  when  in 
the  religious  excitement  of  1740  and  1741 
he  was  borne  away  by  a  strange  enthu- 
siasm. He  preached  in  New  Haven  and 
other  towns,  and  encouraged  the  outcries 
and  agitations,  by  which  religion  was  dis- 
graced. His  voice  he  raised  to  the  high- 
est pitch,  an^  gave  it  a  tune,  which  was 
characteristic  of  the  separate  preachers. 
In  his  7.eal  he  examined  ministera  as  to 
the  reality  of  their  religion,  and  warned 
the  people  against  unconverted  ministers. 
In  1742  the  assembly  of  Connecticut, 
deeming  Iiim  under  the  influence  of  en- 
thusiastic impulses,  directed  the  governor 
and  council  to  transport  him  out  of  the 
colony  to  the  place,  whence  he  came. 
Without  doubt  he  was  enthusiastic  ;  but 
the  assembly  was  equally  bewildered, 
being  arbitrary,  and  tyrannical.  At  last, 
through  the  influence  of  Mr.  Wheelock 
and  Mr.  Williams,  he  was  convinced  of 
his  error  and  published  an  ample  confes- 


-4-; 


.-iki..,.* 


838 


DAVIDSON. 


m& 


sion  and  retractation  in  1744.  He  died 
about  the  year  1755.  His  brother,  Abra- 
ham, colonel  and  judge,  of  Stamford,  died 
in  1789.  Hi8  son,  John,  born  at  Free- 
hold, Aug.  11,1753,  was. graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1769,  and  after  studying 
with  Dra.  Bellamy  and  Buell  was  minister 
of  Bedford,  N.  Y.  and  Deerfield,  N..  J. 
In  1809  he  returned  to  the  state  of  New 
York  and  died  at  Lysander,  July  13,  1831. 
— Trumbull,  u.  Wi  199: 

DAVIDSON*  William,  brigadier  gen-r 
eral,  a  soldier  of  the  revojution,  was  born 
in  1746,  the  son  of  Geo.  1).,  who  re- 
moved in  1750  fron)  Penns.  to  Rowan 
county,  iforth  Carolina.  He  was  a  iqa- 
jor  in  one  of  the  first  regiments  of  N.  G. 
and  served  in  New  Jersey,  In  Nov. 
1779  hewas  detached  to  reinforce  Lincoln 
at  the  south. .  On  his  march  he  visited  his 
family,  fVom  which  he  had  been  absent 
near^  3  years  ; — such  were  the  sacrifices 
of  the  heroes,  who  fought  for  American 
liberty.  In  an  action  with  a  party  of  tlie 
loyalists  near  Calson's  mill,  at  the  west,  a 
ball  passed  through  his  body  near  the  kid<- 
neys ;  but  from  this  wound  he  recovered 
in  3  months,  and  instantly  rejoined  the 
army,  being  appointed  brigadier  in  the 
place  of  RuUierlbrd,  taken  prisoner  at 
Camden.  Jan.  31,  l78i  he  was  ordered 
by  Greene  to  guard  the  ford  of  the  Cat- 
awba, which  Cornwallis  might  attempt 
to  pass.  In  the  action  with  the  superior 
force  of  the  enemy  Feb.  1,  gen.  Davidson 
was  shot  through  the  breast  and  instant- 
ly fell  dead.  The  Brit,  lieut.col.  Hall 
was  also  killed  ;  and  Cornwallis  had  a 
horse  shot  under  him.  Congress  ordered 
a  monument  to  his  memory  not  exceed- 
ing 500  dollars  in  value.  His  family,  it  ii 
presunied,  were  placed  above  want.  He 
"was  a  man  of  pleasing  address,  active  apd 
indefktigable,  and  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
his  country. — Lee't  metnoira,  i.27 1  j  397. 
DAVIDSON,-  Lucretia  '  Maria,  a 
youthful  poeifess,  was  born  at  Plattsbiirg, 
on  lake  Champlajn,  Sept.  27,  1808,  being 
the  second  daughter  of  Dr.  Oliver  Da- 
vidson and  Margaret  his  wife.  Her  pa- 
rents being  in  straitened  circumstances, 
much  of  h'.'r  time  was  devoted  to.  the 


cares  of  home;  yet  she  read  much,  and 
wrote  poetty  at  a  very  early  age.  When 
her  productions  were  discovered  by  her 
mother  in  a  dark  closet,  she  in  her  sensi- 
tiveness and  modesty  burhed  them.  Af- 
terwards she  wrote  an  epitaph  upon  a 
robin  in  her^  9th  year,  which  is  the  ear- 
liest remaining  specimen  of  her  verse. 
Before  she  was  13  years  old,  she  had 
read  much  history,  the  di;amatic  works  of 
Shakespeare,  Kotzebue,  and  Goldsmith, 
together  with  popular  novels  and  roman- 
ces. She  was  frequently  seen  watching 
the-  storm,  the  clotids,  the  rainbow,  the 
setting  sun,  for  hours.  At  the  age  of  13, 
a  gentleman,  who  was  pleased  with  her 
verses,  sent  her  a  bank4iill  for  30  dollars. 
She  wished  to  buy  books;  but,  her  mother 
being  at  this  time  sick,  she  instantly  car- 
ried the  money  to  her  father,  saying, 
"Take  it  father;  it  will  buy  many  com- 
forts for  mother;  I  can  do  without  the 
books.''  Knowing  that  some  people 
had  counselled  her  parents  to  deprive  her 
of  pen,  ink,  and  paper,  and  confine  her  to 
domestic  toils,  she  relinquished  her  books 
and  her  pen  entirely  for  several  months, 
though  with  tears;  till  her  mother  advised 
her  to  alternate  her  studies  and  the  busi- 
ness of  the  world.  She  composed  with 
great  rapidity;  yet  her  thoughts  so  out- 
stripped her  pen,  that  she  often  wished, 
that  she  had  two  pair  of  hands,,  that  she 
might  employ  them  to  transcribe.  She 
was  often,  when  walking,  in  danger  from 
earriages,  in  consequence  of  her  absence 
of  mind.  Often  did  she  forget  her  meals. 
She  had  a  burning  thirst  for  knowledge. 
In  Oct.  1834  a  gentleman,  on  a  visit  to 
PJattsbufg,  saw  some  qf  her  verses  and 
was  made  acquainted  with  her  character 
and  circumstances.  He  determined  to 
give  her  the  best  education.  On  knowing 
his  puipose,  her  joy  was  almost  greater 
than  she  could  bear.  She  was  placed  in 
Mrs.  Willard's  school  at  Troy;  but  her 
incessant  application  Was  perilous  to  iher 
health.  After  returning  home  and  re- 
covering from  illness,  she  was  sent  to 
Miss  Gilbert's  school  at  Albany.  But 
soon  she  was  again  very  ill.  On  her  re- 
turn the  hectic  flush  of  her  cheek  indica- 


s^ 


•if 
DAVIDSON. 


.V-'flS'f  Hf 


DAVIE. 


839 


ted  her  approaching  fate.  She  awaited 
the  event  with  a  reliance  on  the  divine 
prriulies,  hoping  for  salvation  through 
the  Ljrd  Jesus  Christ.  The  last  name, 
8he  pronounced,  was  that  of  her  patron. 
She  died  Aug.  27,  1»25,  aged  nearly  17. 
In  her  15th  year  she  wrote  the  following 
verses 

"to  a  star." 
"  How  calmly,  brightly ,  do«t  thouabine, 
Like  tbe  pure  lamp  in  Virtue  *i  ihrinel 
Sure,  the  tkir  world,  which  thou  may'st  bout, 
Wai  never  ransooipd,  never  lost. 
There,  beingi,  pure  a*  Heaven'*  own  aii^. 
Their  hopes,  their  joyi  together  aliare; 
While  hovering  angel*  touch  the  atring. 
And  serapha  apread  the  sheltering  wing. 
Tliere,  cloudless  daya  and  brilliant  nights, 
Illumed  by  Henven'a  refulgent  lights, 
There ,  aeaaohs,  year*  unnoticed  roll, 
And  unregretted  by  the  toul. 
Thou  little,  sparkling  Star  of  Even — 
Thou  gem  unon  an  aciire  ffeaven! 
How  awidly  J  roar  to  thee. 

When  this   ■.    .   '  cd  soul  is  free!" 
Her     per.         \.a  singularly    beautiful. 
She  had  "  a  high,  open  forehead,  a  soil 
black  eye,  perfect  symmetry  of  features, ; 
a  fair  complexion,and  luxuriant  dark  hair.  | 
The  prevailing  expression  of  her  face 
was  melancholy." 

Her  poetical  writings,  besides  many, 
which  were  burnt,  amount  to  278  pieces, 
among  which  were  5  poems  of  several 
cantos  each.  She  also  wrote  some  ro- 
mances, and  a  tragedy.  A  biographi- 
cal sketch,  with  a  collection  of  her  poems, 
was  published  by  Mr,  Samuel  F.  B. 
Morse,  in  1829,  with  the  title  of  "Amir 
Khan,  and  other  Poems:  the  remains  of 
L.M.Davidson."  Of  this  work  a  very  in- 
teresting review  ,which  may  be  imagined, 
by  those  conversant  with  his  writings,  to 
have  come  from  the  pen  of  Robert  Soutli- 
ey,— is  contained  in  the  London  Quar- 
terly review  for  1829.  The  writer  says, 
"  In  our  own  language,  'except  in  the 
oases  of  Chatterton,  and  Kirke  White, 
we  can  call  to  mind  no  instance  of  so  early, 
so  ardent,  and  bo  fatal  a  pursuit  of  intel- 
lectual advancement."  By  the  early 
death  of  a  person  of  such  growing  power 
and  unequalled  promise  we  may  well  be 
taught  the  vanity  of  earthly  liopes,  and 
42 


be  led  to  estimate  more  highly  &  to  seek 
more  earnestly  a  lasting  dwelling  place 
in  the  world  of  unclouded  light,  and  per- 
fect holiness,  and  purest  joy. 

DAVIE,Mary,diedat  Newton,Maa8., 
in  1752,  aged  116  years.  Her  portrait, 
drawn  by  Smibert,  is  in  the  -museum  of 
the  historical  society. — Holmei. 

DAVIE,  William  Richardson,  brig, 
general,  gover-nor  of  North  Carolina,  was 
born  at  the  village  of  Egremont,  near 
White  Haven,  England,  June  SO,  1756, 
came  to  this  country  in  1763,  and  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1776. 
He  soon  afterwards  entered  the  army  as 
an  officer  in  the  cavalry  of  count  Pulas- 
ki's legion.  By  his  talents  and  zeal  he 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  He 
fought  at  Stono,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded,  at  Hanging  Rock,  and  Rocky 
Mount.  Having  great  strength  and  ar^ 
tiyity,  it  wfts  his  delight  to  lead  a  charge 
and  to  engage  in  personal  conflict.  At 
the  period  of  Gates'  defeat  he  expended 
th6  last  shilling  of  an  estate,  bequeathed 
him  by  his  uncle.  Rev.  Wm.  Richardson, 
in  equipping  the  legionary  corps,  which 
he  commanded.  Greene  appointed  him 
a  commissary.  During  the  whole  strug- 
gle he  displayed  great  zeal  and  en- 
ergy. After  the  war  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  profession  of  the  Jaw  at  Hali- 
fax, on  the  Roanoke,  and  rose  to  emi- 
nence. He  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion, which  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
U.  S.,  though  his  absence  prevented  his 
name  from  being  affixed  to  it;  and  in  the 
convention  of  N.  C  he  was  an  able  advo- 
cate for  its  acceptance.  Through  his  ef- 
forts the  university  of  North  Carolina 
was  established.  In  1799  he  was  elected 
governor;  but  he  was  soon  appointed  by 
president  Adams  envoy  to  France  with 
Ellsworth  and  Murray.  His  residence 
after  his  return  was  at  Tivoli,  a  beautiful 
estate  on  the  Catawba  river  in  S.  C.  He 
died  at  Camden  Nov.  8,  1820,  aged  64. 
His  wife,Sarah,  was  the  daughter  of  gen. 
Allen  Jones.  Of  a  commanding  figure, 
he  was  dignified  in  his  manners,  and  dis- 
tinguished for  his  patriotic  spirit  and  sol- 
dierly qualities,  lor  manly  eloquence  and 


ik^ 


ssd 


DAVIES. 


#: 


1*1 


for  the  virtues  of  private  jfe. — Lee,  i. 
881. 

DAVIES,Samuel,  president  of  Prince- 
ton dollege  in  New  Jersey  t  v\r.  of  Welsh 
descent  and  born  Nov.  S,  17S4.  His  fa- 
ther was  a  plant-T  jn  the  county  of  New- 
castle on  the  Df  rare,  of  great  simplicity 
of  manners  and  reputed  piety.  He  was 
an  only  wn ;  a  daughter  was  born  five 
years  before.  His  mother,  an  eminent 
christian,  had  earnestly  besought  him  of 
heaven,  and,  believing  him  to  be  given  in 
answer  to  prayer,  she  named  him  Samuel. 
This  excellent  woman  took  upon  herself 
the  task  of  teaching  her  son  to  read,  as 
there  was  no  rchool  in  the  neighborhood  ; 
fc  her  efforts  were  rewarded  by  the  uncom- 
mon proficiency  of  her  pupil.  At  the 
age  of  ten  he  was  sent  to  a  school  at  some 
distance  from  home,  and  continued  in  it 
two  years.  His  mind  was  at  this  period 
very  little  impressed  by  religious  truth, 
though  he  was  not  inattentive  to  secret 
prayer,  especially  in  the  evening ;  but  it 
was  not  long  before  that  God,  to  whom 
he  had  been  dedicated,  and  who  designed 
him  for  eminent  service  in  the  gospel  of 
his  Son,  was  pleased  to  enlighten  and  re- 
new him.  Perceiving  himself  to  be  a 
sinner,  exposed  to  the  awful  .lispleasnre 
of  God,  he  was  filled  with  anxiety  and 
terror.  In  this  distress  he  was  enabled  to 
discern  the  value  of  the  sal-,^tton,  revealed 
in  the  gospel.  This  divine  system  of 
mercy  now  appeared  in  a  new  light.  It 
satisfied  his  anxious  inquiries,  and  made 
provision  for  all  his  wants.  In  the  blood 
and  righteousnem  of  the  Redeemer  he 
found  an  unfailing  source  of  consolation. 
His  eomfbrts,  however,  were  long  inter- 
mingled with  doubts ;  but  afler  repeated 
and  impartial  sslf  examination  he  attained 
a  confidence  respecting  his  state,  which 
continued  to  the  elosb  of  life.  From  this 
period  his  mind  seemed  almost  entirely 
absorbed  by  heavenly  things,  and  it  was 
his  great  concern,  that  every  thought, 
word,  and  action  should  correspond  with 
the  divine  law.  Having  tasted  the  joys 
and  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  the 
age  of  15,  he  became  eagerly  desirous  of 
imparting  to  his  fellow  sinners  the  know 


ledge  of  the  truth.  With  this  object 
before  him  he  engaged  with  new  ardor  'n 
literary  and  theological  pursuits,  under 
Samuel  Blair.  Every  obstacle  was  sur- 
mounted ;  &  H^er  the  previous  trialSjWhich 
he  passed  with  distinguished  approbation, 
ho  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel 
at  the  agt.  of  32.  He  was  also  ordained 
Feb.  19,  1747,  that  he  might  be  qualified 
to  perform  pastoral  duties. 

He  now  ap))lied  himself  to  unfold  and 
enforce  those  precious  truths,  whose  pow- 
er he  bad  experienced  on  his  own  heart. 
His  fervent  zeal  and  undissembled  piety, 
his  popular  talents  and  engaging  methods 
of  address  soon  excited  general  admira- 
tion. At  this  time  an  uncommon  regard 
to  religion  existed  in  Hanover  county, 
Virginia,  produced  by  the  benevolent  ex- 
ertions of  Mr.  Morris,  a  [layman;  The 
event  was  so  remarkable,  and  the  Virgin- 
ians in  general  were  so  ignorant  of  the 
true  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  that  the  pres- 
bytery of  Newcastle  thought  it  incumbent 
upon  them  to  send  thither  a  faithful 
preacher.  Mr.  Davies  was  actordingly 
chosen.  He  went  to  Hanover  in  April 
1747,  and  soon  obtained  of  the  general 
coutt  a  license  to  officiate  in  four  meeting 
houses.  Afler  preaching  assiduously  for 
some  time,  and  not  witbout  effect,  he  re- 
turned from  Virginia,  though  earnestly 
invited  to  continue  his  labors.  A  call  for 
him  to  settle  at  Hanover  was  immediate- 
ly sent  to  the  presbytery ;  but  be  was 
about  this  time  seised  by  complaints, 
which  appeared  consumptive  and  which 
brought  him  to  the  borders  of  th-^  grave. 
In  this  enfeebled  state  he  determined  to 
spend  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  unremit- 
ting endeavors  ^o  advance  the  interests 
of  religion.  Bi  among  a  people,  who 
were  destitute  ol  a  minister,  his  indisposi- 
tion did  not  repress  his  exettions.  He 
still  preached  in  the  day,  while  by  night 
his  hectic  was  so  severe,  as  sometimes  to 
render  him  delirious.  In  the  spring  of 
1748  a  messenger  from  Hanover  visited 
him,  and  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  accept 
the  invitation  of  the  people  in  that  place. 
He  hoped,  that  he  might  live  to  organize 
the  congregation.    His  health,  however, 


*■ 


DAVIES. 


881 


gradually  mproved.  In  Oct.  1748  three 
more  meeting  houses  were  licensed,  and 
among  his  seven  assemblies,  which  were 
in  different  counties,  Hanover,  Henrico, 
Caroline,  Louisa ,  and  Goochland,  some  of 
of  them  40  miles  distant  from  each  other, 
he  divided  his  labors.  His  home  was 
in  Hanover,  about  13  miles  from  Rich- 
mond. His  preaching  encountered  all  the 
obstacles,  which  could  arise  from  blind- 
ness, prejudice,  and  bigotry,  from  profane- 
ness  and  immorality.  He  and  those,  who 
attended  upon  his  preaching,  were  de- 
nominated new  lights  by  the  more  zeal- 
ous episcopalians.  But. by  his  patience 
and  perseverance,  his  magnanimity  and 
i<iety,  in  conjunction  with  his  evangelical 
and  powerful  ministry,  he  triumphed  over 
opposition.  Contempt  and  aversion  were 
gradually  turned  into  reverence.  Many 
were  attracted  by  curiosity  io  hear  a  man 
of  such  distinguished  talents,  and  he 
proclaimed  to  them  the  moat  solemn 
and  impressive  truths  with  an  ener- 
gy, which  they  could  not  resist.  It 
pleased  God  to  accompany  these  exertions 
with  the  efficacy  of  his  Spirit.  In  about 
three  years  Mr.  Davies  beheld  300  com- 
municants in  his  congregation,  whom  he 
considered  as  real  christians.  He  had  al- 
so in  this  period  baptized  about  forty 
adult  negroes,  who  made  such  a  profes- 
sion of  saving  faith,  as  he  judged  credible. 
He  had  a  long  controversy  with  the  epis- 
copalians, who  denied,  while  he  maintain- 
ed, that  the  "act  of  toleration"  extended 
to  Virginia.  On  this  point  he  contended 
with  the  attorney  general,  Peyton  Ran- 
dolph, and  once  addressed  the  court  with 
great  learning  and  eloquence.  When  he 
afterwards  went  to  En<;land,  he  obtained 
from  sir  Dudley  Rider,  attorney  general, 
a  declaration,  that  the  act  did  extend 
to  Virginia.  In  1753  the  synod  of  New 
York,  by  request  of  the  trustees  of  New 
Jersey  college,  chose  him  to  accompany 
Gilbert  Tennent  to  Great  Britain  to  solicit 
benefactions  for  the  college.  This  ser- 
vice he  cheerfully  undertook,  and  he  exe- 
cuted it  with  singular  spirit  and  success. 
He  arrived  in  London  Dec.  25.  The  lib- 
eral benefactions,  obtained  from  the  pat- 


rons of  religion  and  learning,  placed  the 
college  in  a  respectable  condition.  After 
his  return  to  America  he  entered  anew  in 
1754  or  early  in  1755  on  his  beloved  task 
of  preaching  the  gospel  in  Hanov«r. 
Here  he  continued  till  1759,  when  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  college,  aa 
successor  of  Mr.  Edwards.  He  hesitated 
in  his  acceptance  of  the  appointment,  for 
his  people  were  endeared  to  him,  and  he 
loved  to  be  occupied  in  the  various  du- 
ties of  the  ministerial  office.  But  repea- 
ted applications  &  the  unanimous  opinion 
of  thesynod  of  New  York  and  Thiladeiphia 
at  length  determined  him.  He  was  dis- 
missed May  13  and  entered  upon  his  new 
office  [July  6,  175d.  Here  the  vigor  and 
versatility  of  his  genius  were  strikingly 
displayed.  The  ample  opportunities.and 
demands,  which  ho  found  for  the  exercise 
of  his  talents,  gave  a  new  spring  to  his 
diligence  ;  and  while  his  active  labors 
were  multiplied  and  arduous,  his  studies 
were  intense.  He  left  the  college  at  hia 
death  in  as  high  state  of  literaryexcellence, 
as  it  had  ever  known  Aince  its  institution. 
In  short  the  space  of  eighteen  months  he 
made  some  considerable  improvements  in 
the  seminary,  and  was  particularly  haiqpy 
in  inspiring  his  pupils  with  a  taste  tot 
writing  and  oratory,  in  which  he  himself 
so  much  excelled. 

His  habit  of  body  being  plethoric,  the 
exercise  of  riding,  to  which  he  was  much 
habituated  in  Virginia,  was  probably  the 
means  of  preserving  his  health.  At 
Princeton  his  life  was  sedentary,  and  his 
application  to  study  incessant  from  morn- 
ing till  midnight.  At  the  close  of  Jan. 
1761  he  was  bled  for  a  bad  cold,  and  the 
next  day  transcribed  for  the  press  his  ser- 
mon on  the  death  of  George  ii.  The 
day  following  he  preached  twice  in  the 
chapel.  His  arm  became  inflamed,  and  a 
violent  fever  succeeded,  to  which  he  fell  a 
victim  in  10  days.  He  died  Feb.  4,  1761, 
aged  36.  His  new  year's  sermon  in  the 
preceding  month  was  from  the  text,  "this 
year  thou  shalt  die,"  as  was  also  president 
Burr's  on  the  first  day  of  the  year,  in 
which  he  died.  Dr.  Witherspoon  avoid- 
ed preaching  on  that  occasion  from  that 


'm' 


■-.S^-.: 


332 


DAVIES. 


■^ 


tex  t.  President  Davies  liha  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Finley.  His  venerable  mother,  Mar- 
tha Davies,  surived  him.  When  he 
was  laid  in  the  coffin,  she  gazed  at  him  a 
few  minutes  and  said,  "there  is  the  son  of 
my  prayers  and  my  hopes-my  only  son- 
my  only  earthly  support.  But  there  ,is 
the  will  of  God;  and  I  am  satisfied. "  She 
afterwards  lived  in  the  family  of  her  son's 
friend,'  Rev.  Dr.  Rodgers  of  N.  York,  till 
her  death.  His  widow,  Jean  Davies,  re- 
turned to  her  friends  in  Virginia.  His 
son,  col.  William  Davies,  now  deceased, 
studied  law  and  settled  at  Norfolk  ;  was 
an  officer  of  merit  in  the  revolution  ;  and 
enjoyed  in  a  high  degree  the  esteem  of 
Washington.  His  son,  John  Rodgers 
Davies,  also  studied  law  and  settled  in 
Sussex,  Va.  Samuel  Davies,  the  third  son, 
died  at  Petersburgh.  An  only  daughter, 
unmarried,  was  living  in  1833. 

The  Father  of  spirits  had  endued  Mr. 
Davies  with  the  richest  intellectual  gills; 
with  avigorous  understanding,  a  glowing 
imagination,  «  fertile  invention,  united 
with  a  correct  judgment,  and  a  retentive 
memory.  Ha  was  bold  and  enterpris- 
ing, and  destined  to  excel  in  whatever  he 
undertook..  Yet  was  he  divested  of  the 
pride  of  talents  and  of  science,  and  being 
moulded  into  the  temper  of  the  gospel  he 
consecrated  all  his  powers  to  the  promo- 
tion of  religion.  "  O,  my  dear  brother," 
says  he  in  a  letter  to  his  friend,  Dr.  Gib- 
bons, "  could  we  spend  our  lives  in  pain- 
ful, disinterested,  indefatigable  service 
for  God  and  the  world,  how  serene  and 
1>right  would  it  render  the  swifl  approach- 
ing eve  of  life!  I  am  laboring  to  do  a 
little  to  save  my  country, and,  which  is  of 
much  more  eonsequence,to  save  souls  from 
i)eath,from  that  tremendous  kind  of  death, 
which  a  soul  can  die.  I  have  but  little  suc- 
cess of  late ;  but,  blessed  be  God,  it 
surpasses  my  expectation,  and  much  more 
my  desert."  His  religion  was  purely 
evangelical.  It  brought  him  to  the  foot 
of  the  cross  to  receive  salvation  as  a  free 
gift.  It  rendered  him  humble  and  dissat- 
isfied with  himself  amidst  his  highest  at- 
tainments. While  he  contended  earnest- 
ly for  the  great  and  distinguishing  doc- 


trines of  the  gospel,  he  did  not  attacli  an 
undue  importance  to  points,  respecting 
which  christians  may  differ.  It  was  the 
power  of  religion,  and  not  any  particular 
form,  that  he  was  desirous  of  promoting, 
and  real  worth  ever  engaged  his  esteem 
and  affection.  Having  sought  the  truth 
with  diligence,  he  avowed  hie  sentiments 
with  the  greatest  simplicity  and  courage. 
Though  decided  in  his  conduct,  he  was 
yet  remarkable  for  the  gentleness  and 
suavity  of  his  disposition.  A  friend,  who 
was  very  intimate  with  him  fur  a  number 
of  years,  never  observed  him  once  angry 
during  that  period.  His  ardent  benev- 
olence rendered  him  the  delight  of  his 
friends  and  the  admiration  of  all,  who 
knew  him.  In  his  generous  eagerness 
to  supply  the  wants  of  the  poor  ha 
olten  exceeded  his  alHlity.  As  a 
parent  he  felt  all  the  solicitude, 
which  nature  and  grace  could  inspire. 
"There  is  nothing,"  he  writes,  "that  can 
wound  a  parent's  heart  so  deeply,  as  the 
thought,  that  he  should  bring  up  children 
to  dishonor  his  God  here,  and  be  misera- 
ble hereafter.  I  beg  your  prayers  for 
mine,  and  you  may  expect  a  return  in  the 
same  kind. — We  have  now  three  sons 
and  two  daught'^rs.  My  dear  little  crea- 
tures sob  and  drop  a  tear  now  and  then 
under  my  instructions  ;  but  I  am  not  so 
happy  as  to  see  them  under  deep  and  las- 
ting impressions  of  religion  ;  and  this  ia 
the  greatest  grief  they  afford  me."  As 
president  of  the  college  he  posseused  an 
admirable  mode  of  government  and  in- 
struction. He  watched  over  hta  pupils 
with  the  tender  solicitude  of  a  father,  and 
secured  ^ually  their  reverence  and  love. 
He  seized  every  opportunity  to  inculcate 
on  them  the  worth  of  th^ir  souls,  and 
the  pressing  necessity  of  securing  imme- 
diately the  blessings  of  salvation. 

Dr.  Davies  was  a  model  of  the  most 
striking  oratory.  It  is  probable,  that  the 
eloquent  spirit  of  Patrick  Henry,  who 
lived  in  his  neighborhood  from  his  11th 
to  his  32d  year,  was  kindled  by  listening 
to  his  impassioned  addresses ;  such  as  his 
patriotic  sermons  of  July  20,  1775,  after 
the  defeat  of  Braddock;  &  of  Aug.  on  reli 


*       ^^■ 


'•r^v:  ^■■••*S»- 


DAVIESS. 

Ifion  and  patriotism  the  constituents  of  a 
good  soldier  ;  in  a  note  to  which  he  says, 
"I  may  point  out  to  the  public  that  heroic 
youth,  col.  Washington,  whom  I  cannot 
but  hope  Providence  has  hitherto  preser- 
ved,'in  so  signal  a  i,anner, /or  Bome  im- 
portant service  to  hit  country."  A  simi- 
lar sermon  was  preached  to  the  militia 
May  8,  1739,  a  lew  day^  before  he  lefl 
his  people,  in  order  to  raise  a  company 
for  capt.  Meredith.  It  was  raised  on  the 
spot.  When  he  went  to  the  tavorn  to 
order  hi(<  horse,  the  whole  regiment  fol- 
lowed, and  from  the  porch  he  again  ad- 
dress Uhem,till  he  was  exhausted.  As  his 
personnl  appearance  was  august  and  ven- 
erable, yet  benevolent  and  mild,  he  could 
address  bio  auditory  either  with  the  most 
commanding  authority,  or  with  the  most 
melting  tenderness.  When  he  spoke,  lie 
seemed  to  have  the  glories  and  terrors  of 
the  unseen  world  in  his  eye.  He  seldom 
preached  without  producuig  some  visible 
emotions  in  great  numbers  present,  and 
without  making  an  impression  on  one  or 
more  which,  was  never  effaced.  Hia  favo- 
rite themes  were  the  utter  depravity  and 
impotence  of  man;  the  sovereignty  and 
free  grace  of  Jehovah  ;  the  divinity  of 
Christ ;  the  atonement  in  his  biood  ; 
justification  through  his  righteousness  ; 
and  regeneration  and  sanctification  by 
the  Holy  Spirit.  He  viewed  these  doc- 
trines, as  constituting  the  essence  of  the 
christian  scheme,  and  he  considered  those, 
who  attempted  to  subvert  and  explain 
them  away,  as  equally  hostile  to  the  truth 
of  God,  &  the  best  interests  of  men.  His 
printed  sermons,  which  exhibit  his  sen- 
timents, abound  with  striking  thoughts, 
with  the  beauties  and  elegances  of  expres- 
sion, and  with  the  richest  imagery.  His 
highly  ornamented  style  is  the  more  par- 
donable, as  he  was  by  nature  a  poet,  and 
forms  of  expression  were  familiar  to  him, 
which  to  others  may  seem  unnatural  and 
afiected. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  man's  prim- 
itive state,  1748 ;  the  state  of  religion 
among  the  protestant  dissenters  of  Virgi- 
nia in  a  letter  to  Joseph  Bellamy,  1751  ; 
religion  and  patriotism  the  constituents  of 


DAVIS. 


S9S 


a  good  soldier,  a'aermon  before  a  compa- 
ny of  volunteers,  1756;  Virginia's  dan- 
ger and  remedy,  two  discourses  occasion- 
ed by  the  severe  drought  and  defeat  of 
general  Braddock,  1766  ;  curse  of  cow- 
ardice, a  sermon  before  the  militia  of  Vir- 
ginia, 1757  ;  letters  from  1751  to  1767, 
shewing  the  state  of  religion  in  Virginia, 
particularly  among  the  negroes ;  the  ve»- 
sels  of  mercy  and  the  vessels  of  wrath  ; 
little  children  invited  to  Jesus  Christ, 
1758;  6th  edit,  has  an  account  of  a  revival 
at  Princeton  college ;  valedictory  address 
to  the  senior  class,  1760 ;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  George  II,  1761  ;  sermons  on  the 
most  useful  and  important  subjects,  8  vol. 
8vo,  1765,  which  have  passed  through  a 
number  of  editions;  and  sermons,  2  vol. 
8vo.— Pre/,  to  hit  term.  ;  Finley^a  and 
Oibbon^a  fun.  term.;  Oibbon't  eles;. 
poem;  Panoplist,  n.  155-160,  349-966, 
802-307;  Middleton^a  biog.  ctony.  iv. 
341-350;  Assembly' »  miss,  mag.i.  371, 
425,  536,  578;  ii.  341-350;  State  ofrelig. 
in  Virginia;  Bostwick's  ace.  prefixed 
to  Lavies'  term,  on  Oeorge  II ;  Oreen's 
discourses,  333-356  ;  Sice's  memoirs  of 
Davies. 

DAVIESS,  Joseph  Hamilton,  colonel, 
attorney  of  the  U.  S.  for  Kentucky,  vol- 
unteered in  the  expedition  against  the 
savages  in  ISr  nd  fell  Nov.  7th,  as  did 
also  col.  Oweu,  in  the  battle  of  Tippeca- 
noe, in  which  gen.  Harrison  defeated  the 
Indians.  When  they  suddenly  attacked 
the  American  encampment  at  4  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  col.Daviess  asked  permis- 
sion to  charge  the  enemy,  and,  making 
the  charge  with  only  16  dragoons,  he  was 
killed.  Though  it  was  yet  dark,  his 
white  blanket  coat  enabled  the  savages  to 
distinguish  him.  He  was  a  man  of  ta- 
lents,honored  in  his  profession,  and  belov- 
ed in  social  life.  Hjs  wife  was  Nancy, 
the  sister  of  chief  justice  Marshall.  He 
published  in  1807  a  View  of  the  presi- 
dent's conduct  concerning  the  conspiracy 
of  1806. — Schoolcraft's  tran.  1821,  p. 
136. 

DAVIS,  Sylvanus,  captain,  an  early 
settler  of  Falmouth,  or  Portland,  Me., 
purchased  land  of  the  Indians  at  Damaris- 


Ew^ 


-H 


*■ 


•S4 


DAWES. 


.^^ 


^. 


eotts  June  1669,  alto  llher  tracta.'  For 
•ome  time  he  resided  at  Sheepacott.  In 
Augf.  1676,  vtliia  the  Indians  captured 
the  fort  on  Arousie  island,  he  fled  and 
eroBsed  to  the  west  side  of  the  Kennebec 
in  a  boat  with  capt.  Lakf  Lake  was  shot 
andkiiledaa  he  landed,;.,  lie  Davis  escaped 
with  a  severe  wound.  Early  in  1677  he 
aeeompanied  the  expedition  under  maj. 
Waldron,  and  was  left  by  him  with  40 
men  in  command  of  a  fbrt  on  Arousie  is- 
land ;  but  the  garrison  was  soon  recalled. 
He  became  an  inhabitant  of  Falmouth, 
where  he  owned  land  in  1680.  In  1686 
the  ferry  was  granted  to  him  at  Nonsuch 
point,  near  Vaughan's  bridge.  Early  in 
1690,  he  took  the  command  of  fort  Loyal 
in  Fahnouth,  in  which  he  was  besieged 
May  16th  by  4  or  500  French  and  Indi- 
ans. He  fought  the  enemy  5  days,  and 
then  was  obliged  to  surrender  May  30, 
after  requiring  Portneuf,  the  French  lea- 
der, to  lift  up  his  hand  and  swear  by  the 
great  God  to  protect  all  in  the  fort  and 
allow  them  to  march  to  the  next  English 
town;  but  the  treacherous  commander 
forgot  hia  oath  and  conducted  the  prison- 
ers to  Canada,  being  S4  days  on  the  road. 
After  remaining  4  months  in  Quebt^  he 
was  exchanged.  He  was  named  a  coun- 
sellor in  1691  in  the  charte.  of  Wm.  and 
Mary ;  and  gov.  Phipps  appointed  him  to 
the  same  office  in  1693.  He  died  in  Bos- 
ton in  ITOS,  leaving  no  issue. — Maine 
hi$t.  eol.  I.  168,  30S,  809. 

DAWES,  Thomas,  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Mass.,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Dawes,  eminent  as  an  architect, 
long  a  member  of  the  senate  and  council, 
and  deacon  of  the  Old  South  church,  Bos- 
ton, who  died  Jan.  3,  1809,  aged  77.' 
He  was  bom  in  1757  and  graduated  at 
HarvardcoUegein  1777.  In  the  revolu- 
tionary war  he  espoused  with  zeal  the 
cause  of  hia  country.  After  a  successful 
course  of  practice  at  the  bar  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  supreme  court  in 
1793,  but  resigned  in  1803,and  was  made 
judge  of  probate  for  Suffolk.  On  the  de- 
cease of  judge  Minot  he  also  received  in 
1803  the  appointment  of  judge  of  the  mu- 
nicipal court  of  Boston,  which  he  held  30 


DEANE. 

years.  The  office  of  judge  of  probate  h« 
retained  till  his  death,  July  33, 1836,  aged 

69.  He  was  an  impartial,  faithful,  human* 
magistrate.  In  early  life  he  wrote  a  few 
pieces  of  poetry.  He  published  an  ora« 
tion  on  the  Boston  massacre,  1781  j  onr 
tion  July  4th,  1787. 

DAY,  Stephen,  the  first  printer  ia 
New  England,  came  to  this  country  in 
16S8  or  early  in  16S9,  for  he  commenced 
printing  at  Cambridge,  by  direction  of  the 
magistrates  and  elders,  in  March  1689. 
Day  was  employed  by  Mr.  Glover,  who 
died  on  his  passage.  The  first  thing 
printed  was  the  Freeman's  oath  ;  next 
an  almanac,  made  by  Wm.  Peirce,  mari- 
ner ;  then  the  Psalms,  "newly  turned 
into  metre. "  He  was  unskilled  in  the  art 
of  the  compositor,  and  was  an  ignorant 
printer.  The  printing  house  about  1648 
was  taken  from  him  and  put  into  the 
hands  of  Sam.  Green.  He  died  at  Cam- 
bridge Dec.  33,  1668,  aged  about  68. 
Mr.  Farmer,  who  once  had  in  hisposse»- 
sion  an  almanac  of  1647  with  the  imprint 
of  Matthew  Day,  regards  Matthew  as 
the  first  printer  ;  but  Mr.  Thomas  quotes 
from  the  colony  records,  which  in  1641 
speak  of  "Steeven  Day— the  first  that 
sett  upon  printing."  Matthew  wu  ad- 
mitted freeman  in  1646:  he  probably 
therefore  came  to  this  country  some 
years  after  Stephen,  and  icay  have  taken 
his  place  in  1 647.  The  oath  and  almanac 
were  printed  in  1639 ;  thepsabnain  1640. 
Almanacs  in  subsequent  years,  some  of 
them  by  S.  Danforth,  were  printed.  Mr. 
Day  also  printed  a  catechism ;  body  of 
liberties,  100  laws,  1641 ;  the  psahns,  3d 
ed.  1647 ;  they  were  afterwards  improv- 
ed by  Dunster. — Thotnat,  i.  337-384. 

DAYTON,  Elias,  major  general  of  the 
militia  of  New  Jersey,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  American  revolution, 
though  in  the  enjoyment  of  eveiy  domes- 
tic blessing,  took  an  active  part,  and 
never  quitted  the  tented  field  till  the  con- 
summation of  independence.  In  Feb. 
1778  congressappointed  him  colonel.  He 
died  at  Philadelphia  in  July  18U7,  aged 

70.  He  was  open,  generous,  and  sincere; 
ardent  in  his  friendships;  acruputously 


# 


mr 


* 


m  '''■': 


DEANE.  4W!*'  '  ft^      DEARBORN. 


885 


oprif ht }  in  iiuini;«)n  euy,  unaMnming, 
and  pleuant }  prmnpt  and  dUTuaive  in  his 
ehariUca ;  and  alao  a  warm  aupporter  of 
Uw  goapel.  At  the  titae  of  hi*  death  he 
heU  the  office  of  major  general.— £roiwi'« 
>Amer,  regUkr,  ii.  76. 

DEANE,  Silaa,  minister  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  to  the  court  of  France,  was  a 
native  of  Groton,  Con.,  and  was  gradu- 
ated ac  Yale  college  in  1758.    He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  congress,  which  met 
in  1774.     In  1776  Im  wm  deputed  to 
France  m  a  poKjcal    and  commercial 
agent,  and  he  at  rived  at  Paris  in  June 
with  instructions  to  sound,  the  disposition 
of  the  cabinet  on  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain,  and  to  endeavor  to  obtain 
supplies  cf  military  stores.     In  Sept.  it 
was  agreed  to  appoint  ministers  to  nego- 
tiate   treaties    with    foreign     powers, 
and  Dr.  Franklin     and  Mr.  Jefferson 
were  elected  to  join    Mr.  Deane  in 
France.     But  Mr.  Jefferson   declining 
the   appointment,    Arthur    Lee,    then 
in  London,  was  chosen  in  his  place.     It 
is  remarlcable,  that  the  delegates  of  Con- 
necticut did  not  vote  for  Mr.  Deane.    In 
Dee.  the  three  commissioners  met  at 
Paris.    Though  Mr.  Deane  assisted,  in 
negotiating  the    treaty  with    his  most 
christian  majesty,  yet  he  had  very  little 
to  recommend  him  to  the  high  station,  in 
which  he  was  placed .    He  was  instructed 
to  engage  not  exceeding  four  engineers, 
and  he  wac  most  prolVise  in  his  promise 
of  offices  of  rank  to  induce  French  gpii- 
tlemen  to  come  to  America.     Congiress 
being  embarrar>ed  by  his  contracta  was 
under  the  necessity  of  recalling  him  Nov. 
31,  1777,  and    John    Adams   was  ap- 
pointed in  hie  place.    He  leil  Paris  April 
1 ,1778.    After  his  arrival  in  this  country, 
he  was  desired  to  give  an  account  of  his 
transactions  on  the  floor  of  congress,  but 
he  did  not  remove  all  suspicions  of  having 
misapplied  the  public  monies.     He  eva- 
ded the  scrutiny  by  pleading,  that  his  pa- 
pers were  in  Europe.     To  divert  the 
public  attention  from  himself  he  in  Dec. 
published  a  manifesto,  in  which  he  ar- 
raigned before  tliu  bar  of  the  public  the 
conduct  not  only  of  those  concerned  in 


foreign  negotiati<As,  but  of  the  members 
of  congress  themselves.  In  1784  he 
published  an  address  to  the  citiecns  of  the 
United  States,complBining  of  the  manner, 
in  which  he  had  been  treated.  He  went 
soon  afterwards  to  Europe,and  at  last,  re- 
duced to  extreme  povei  ly,  died'  in  a  mis- 
erable condition  at  Deal,  in  England, 
Aug.  38, 1789.  His  intercepted:,  letters 
to  his  brothers  and  others  were  published 
in  1782. —  Warren'M  ^mtr.  rev., it.  180- 
137  ;  MartMl,  in.  156,  411  ;  iv.  5; 
Oordon,in.  216. 

DEANE,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Portland,  Me.  was  graduated  ^t  Harvard 
college  in  n*"),  and  was  ordained  a  col- 
league with  1  .iomas  Smith,  the  first  mini- 
ister,  Oct.  17,  1764.  After  preaching  45 
years,  he  received  as  a  colleague  Ichabod 
Nichols  in  June  1809.  He  died  Nov. 
13,  1814,  aged  about  73.  He  published 
election  sermon,  1794;  sermon  on  the 
death  of  T.  Smith,  1795 ;  New  England 
iarmer,  or  Georgical  diet.  3d  edit.  8vo. 
1797. 

DEARBORN,  Henry,  major  general, 
a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  a  descend- 
ant of  Godfrey  D.,  who  came  from  Exe- 
ter, England,  with  his  son  Henry,  and 
settled  at  Exeter,  N.  H.  in  1689,  but 
afterwards  removed  to  Hampton,  where 
many  descendanta  still  live.  In  this  town 
gen.  Dearborn  was  born  in  March  1751. 
He  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Hall  Jackson 
of  Portsmouth,  and  had  been  settled  three 
yeura  at  Nottingham  8quare,when  on  the 
30th  of  April  1775  an  express  announced 
the  battle  of  Lexington  on  the  preceding 
day.  He  marched  on  the  same  day 
with  60  volunteers,  and  early  in  the 
next  day  reached  Cambridge,  a  distance 
of  65  miles.  On  his  return  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  captain  in  the  regiment  of 
Stark;  and  having  enlisted  his  men,  he 
presented  himself  again  at  Cambridge  with 
a  full  company  May  1 5th.  He  participa- 
ted June  17th  in  the  battle  of  Breed's 
hill.  Having  marched  on  that  day  across 
Charleston  neck  under  e  galling  fire,  he 
took  poet  behind  the  rail  fence,  which 
stretched  from  Prcscott's  redoubt  to  Mys- 
tic river.    During  the  bloody  action  he 


>-*o 


V 


4- 


'^^ 


m- 


8M  #.       OIIARBORN. 

regularly  fired  with  hmmen.  In  Sept. 
he  accomiMiniccI  Arnold  in  tlie  expedition 
through  the  wilderneos  of  Maine  to  Que- 
bec. The  army  was  more  than  a  month 
in  the  wilderness,  before  they  reached, 
Nov.  4th,  the  first  house  in  Canada,  on 
the  Chaudiere.  The  hardships  and  suffer- 
ings of  the  troops  were  incredible.  The 
provisions  were  exhausted.  "My 
dog,"  said  gen.  D.  in  a  letter  to  the  au- 
thor of  this  work,  "was  very  large  and  a 
great  favorite.  I  gave  him  up  to  several 
men  of  capt.  Goodrich's  company  at 
their  earnest  solicitation.  They  carried 
him  to  their  company  and  killed  and  di- 
vided him  among  those,  who  were  suffer- 
ing most  severely  with  hunger.  They 
ate  every  part  of  him,  not  excepting  his 
entrails ;  and  afler  finishing  their  meal 
they  collected  the  bones  and  carried  them 
to  be  pounded  up,  and  to  make  broth  for 
another  meal.  There  was  but  one  other 
dog  with  the  detachment.  It  was  small, 
and  had  been  privately  killed  and  eaten. 
Old  moose-hide  breeches  were  boiled  and 
then  broiled  on  the  coals  and  eaten.  A 
barber's  powder  bag  made  a  soufi  in  the 
course  of^the  last  three  or  four  jays  before 
we  reached  the  first  settlements  in  Cana- 
da. Many  men  died  with  fatigue  and 
hunger,  frequently  four  or  five  minutes 
afler  making  their  last  effort  and  sitting 
down. "  Being  seized  with  a  fever,  he 
was  lefl  in  a  cottage  on  the  banks  of  the 
Chaudiere  without  a  physician.  During 
ten  days  his  life  was  despaired  of.  A 
good  catholic  woman  even  sprinkled  him 
■with  holy  water.  Yet  he  gradually  re- 
covered; and,  procuring  a  conveyance  60 
miles  to  point  Levi,  he  crossed  over  to 
Wolfe's  cove,  and  rejoined  his  company 
early  in  Dec.  The  assault  on  the  city 
was  made  in  the  morning  of  Dec.  31st. 
Montgomery  fell  on  the  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  attacking  the  lower  town  on 
that  side.  Arnold's  division  made  the  at- 
tack on  the  other  side  of  the  city, along  the 
St.Charles.  In  the  action  capt.  Dearborn, 
who  had  been  quartered  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  Saint  Charles,  march- 
ed to  join  the  main  body,  but  in  the 
attempt  was  captured  with  his  company 


by  capt.  Law,  who  issued  from  Palace 
gate  with  !100  men  bsome  cannon.  He  was 
put  into  close  confinement ;  but  in  May 
1776  was  permitted  to  return  on  parole 
with  maj.  Meigs.  They  were  carried  to 
Halifax  in  the  frigate  Niger  and  then 
transferred  to  another  frigate,which  after 
a  cruise  of  30  days  landed  them  at  Penob- 
scot bay.  In  March  1777  he  was  ex- 
changed. Being  appointed  a  ma- 
jor in  Scammel's  regiment,  he  pro- 
ceeded in  May  to  Ticonderoga.  He 
fought  in  the  conflict  of  Sept.  19th,  and 
on  the  7ih  Oct.  he  shared  in  the  honor 
of  carrying  the  German  fortified  camp. 
On  the  17th  the  British  army  surrender- 
ed. Gen.  Gates  in  his  despatch  particu- 
larly noticed  Morgan  and  Dearborn.  At 
the  battle  of  Monmouth  in  1778,  after 
Lee's  retreat,  Washington  ordered  CiU 
ley's  regiment,  in  which  Dearborn  was 
lieut.  col.,  to  attack  a  body  of  the  enemy. 
A  gallant  charge  compelled  the  British  to 
retreat.  Dearborn  being  sent  to  ask  for 
further  orders,  Washington  inquired  by 
way  of  commendation,  "what  troops  are 
those.'" — "Full-blooded  yankees  from 
New  Hampshire,  Sir,"  was  the  reply. 

In  1779  he  accompanied  Sullivan  inhts 
expedition  against  the  Indians  ;  in  1780 
he  was  with  the  army  in  New  Jersey  ; 
in  1781  he  was  at  Yorktown  at  the  surren- 
der of  Comwallis.  On  the  death  of 
Scammel  he  succeeded  Hb  the  command 
of  the  regiment.  During  1782  he  was 
on  garrison  duty  at  the  frontier  post  at 
Saratoga.  Afler  the  peace,  he  emigrated 
in  June  1784  to  the  banks  of  the  Kenne- 
bec and  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits. 
In  1789  Washington  appointed  him  Mar- 
shal of  Maine.  Twice  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1801  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  war,  as  the  successor  of  Roger 
Griswold;  and  the  laborious  duties  of  the 
office  he  faithfully  discharged  for  eight 
years  till  1809,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Wm.  Eudtis,  and  was  appointed  to  the 
lucrative  office  of  collector  of  Boston.  In 
Feb.  1812  he  received  a  commission  as 
senior  major  gen.  in  the  army  of  the  Uni- 


-4- 


J^ 


'-H 


DECATUi. 


tad  State*.  In  the  ipring  of  the  next 
year  he  captured  York  in  Upper  Canada 
April  87th,  and  aonn  aflerwarda  fort 
Oeorgfe  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara. 
But  hia  health  being  aomewhat  impaired, 
Mr.  Madiaon  was  induced  very  unne- 
eesaarily  to  recall  him  July  6. 1818  on 
the  ground  of  ill  health.  A  court 
of  inquiry  waa  immediately  aolicited 
bat  not  granted.  He  waa  soon  ordered  to 
assume  the  command  of  the  military  dis- 
trict of  N.Y.eity.  After  the  peaceof  1816 
he  retired  to  private  life.  In  July  1883  he 
sailed  fW>m  Boston  for  Lisbon,  having 
been  appointed  by  president  Monroe  the 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Portugal. 
After  two  years  he  solicited  permission  to 
return  home.  Though  he  usually  resided 
at  Boston,  he  annually  repaired  to  the 
scene  of  his  agricultural  labors  in  Maine. 
In  1839  an  imprudent  exposure  brought 
on  a  violent  bilious  attack,  which  caused 
some  fatal  organic  disarrangementa. 
During  the  agonies  of  his  last  illness  he 
never  complained;  he  trusted  in  the  mer- 
cy of  the  supreme  Intelligence.  He  died 
at  the  residence  of  his  son,  gen.  H.  A.  S. 
Dearborn,  in  Roxbury  June  6, 1839,  aged 
78.  He  was  thrice  married.  Hid  last  wife, 
the  widow  of  the  late  James  Bowdoin,died 
in  May  1836.  Gen.  Dearborn  was  large 
and  manly  in  his  person ;  of  frankness  and 
unimpeaehed  integrity ;  and  as  a  com- 
manding oflioer,  notwithstanding  his  re- 
call from  the  frontier,  he  had  the  confi- 
dence and  the  warm  attachment  of  the 
brave  officers  and  men,  who  served  under 
him. 

DECATUR,  Stephen,  commodore, 
was  born  Jan.  6, 1779  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Maryland.  His  grandfather, 
a  nsiive  of  France,  married  a  lady  of 
Newport,  R.  I.,  where  he  resided.  His 
father,  Stephen  Decatur,  after  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  navy,  was  appointed  to 
command  the  Delaware  sloop  of  war, 
and  afterwards  the  frigate  Philadelphia: 
on  the  occurrence  of  peace  with  France 
he  resigned  his  commission,  add  died  at 
Frankfort,  near  Philadelphia,  Nov.  14, 
1808,  aged  67.  The  son,  Stephen,  was 
educated  in  that  citv.  In  March  1798, 
43" 


at  the  age  of  19,  ti*  entered  as  midshii>* 
man  the  American  navy  under  Barry. 
Thrice  he  proceeded,  to  the  Meditenane- 
an  under  commodorea  Dale,  Morris,  and 
Preble.  He  arrived  the  third  time  juat 
after  the  frigate,  Philadelphia,  which  had 
run  aground  on  the  Barbary  coast,  had 
fallen  into  the  bands  of  the  Tripolitans. 
He  immediately  formed  the  project  of  re- 
capturing or  destroying  her,  and,  having 
obtained  the  consent  of  com.  Preble,  ha 
sailed  fur  Syracuse  Feb.  8,  1804  in  tha 
ketch  Intrepid  with  70  volunteers,  acconn 
panied  by  the  United  Statee  brig  Syren, 
lieut.  Stewart.  In  a  few  days  he  arrived 
at  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,which  he  entered 
about  8  o'clock  in  the  evening  ak)ne,  as 
he  was  unwilling  to  wait  for  the  bioata  oT 
the  Syren,  which  was  several  miles  dis- 
tant. The  enterprise  was  extremely  haz< 
ardous,  for  the  Philadelphia  was  Inoored 
within  half  gun  ahot  of  thf  Bashaw's 
castle  and  of  the  principal  battery.  Two 
cruisers  and  several  gun  boats  lay  near, 
and  the  guns  of  the  frigate  were  mounted 
and  loaded.  The  attack  was  to  be  mAde 
by  a  single  ketch.  About  11  o'clock  he 
approached  within  300  yards,  when  h« 
wasihailed  and  ordered  to  anchor.  He  di- 
rected a  Maltese  pilot  to  answer  that 
the  anchors  had  been  lost  in  a  gale  of  wind. 
His  object  was  not  suspected,  until  he 
waa  almost  alongside  the  frigate,when  the 
Turks  were  thrown  into  the  utmost  con- 
fusion, ^e^itur  sprang  aboard,  followed 
by  midshipmiin  Charles  Morris,  and  thry 
were  nearly  a  minute  on  deck  before  their 
companions  could  y,in  them,  the  enemy 
in  the  mean  while  not  offering  to  assail 
them,being  crowded  together  in  astonish- 
ment on  the  quarter  deck.  The  Turks 
were  soon  assaulted  and  ovetpowered. 
About  30  men  were  killed  on  the  spot ; 
many  jumped  overboard  ^  apd  the  rest 
were  driven  to  the  hold.  After  setting 
fire  to  the  ship  ^n  different  parte,  Decatur 
retreated  to  his  ketch,  &,  a  breeze  spring- 
ing up,  he  soon  got  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  enemy's  guns,  wJiich  had  opened  a 
fire  upon  him  from  the  batteries  and  castle 
and  two  corsairs.  In  this  daring  expk>it 
not  a  single  man  was  killed  and  only  four 


«:.■ 


DECATUR. 


we»e  woundrd.  For  tliis  achi«vement  he 
wu  immediately  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
pott  captain. 

At  an  attack  on  Tripoli,  Aug.  Sd,  he 
eommanded  a  diviaion  of  gun  boatfl.which 
he  led  to  action,  covered  by  the  fVigate 
Constitution  and  aome  smaller  vessels. 
Pisregarding  the  fire  of  the  batteries,  he 
\v  ith  27  men  boarded  one  of  th?  enemy's 
gun  boats,  wl)ich  contained  40  men; 
and  in  ten  minutes,  with  but  8  wounded, 
hn  cleared  the  deck  and  made  it  a  pri7.t>. 
At  this  moment  he  was  informed,  that 
his  brother,  lieut.  James  Decatur,  who 
commanded  another  boat,  had  captured  a 
boat  of  the  enemy,  but  was  treacherously 
•hot  by  her  commander,who  immediately 
pushed  off,  and  was  then  stretching  tow- 
ards the  harbor.  Decatur  instantly  pur- 
sued him,  entering  the  enemy's  line  with 
his  single  boat,  and  overtaking  the  foe, 
boarded  her  with  eleven  men,  being  all 
the  Americans  he  had  left.  He  singled 
out  the  Turkish  commander,  who  was 
armed  with  a  spear,  in  attempting  to  cut 
off  the  head  of  which  he  struck  the  iron 
and  broke  his  sword  close  to  the  hilt.  The 
Turk  now  making  a  push  and  wounding 
him  slightly,  he  seized  the  spear  and 
closed  with  him.  In  the  struggle  both 
fell,  Decatur^  being  uppermost,  caught 
the  arm  of  the  Turk,  who  was  on  the 
point  of  stabbing  him  with  a  dagger,  and 
with  a  pocket  pistol  shot  him.  The 
crews  at  the  same  time  were  fighting 
around  them,  and  it  was  with  difliculty 
that,  after  killing  his  adversary,  he  could 
extricate  himself  from  the  slain  and 
wounded.  His  life  in  this  struggle  with 
the  Turk  was  preserved  by  a  noble  mind- 
ed common  sailor,  who,  when  a  blow  was 
aimed  at  his  captain  from  behind  with  an 
uplifted  sabre,  having  lost  the  use  of  his 
hands,  rushed  forward  and  received  the 
blow  on  his  own  head;  by  which  his  skull 
was  fractured.  He  however  survived, 
and  received  a  pension  iVom  government. 
Decatur  returned  to  the  squadron  with 
both  of  his  prizes,  and  the  next  day  re- 
ceived the  highest  commendation  in  a 
general  order  ftom  commodore  Preble. 
After  a  peace  was  concluded  with  Tripoli 


he  returned  home  in  the  Congress,  and 
after  his  ref  urn  was  employed  in  superin- 
tending gun  boats,until  he  was  ordered  to 
supersede  commodore  Barron  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Chesapeak  fVigate.  He  af- 
terwards was  removed  to  the  United 
States,  in  which  ship,  Oct.  96, 1813,  in 
lat.  39  N.  long.39,  80  W.,  he  fell  in  with 
his  Britannic  majesty's  ship  Macedonian, 
one  of  the  finest  ftigates  in  the  British 
navy,which  he  captured  after  an  action  of 
an  hour  and  a  half.  His  loss  was  four 
killcil  and  seven  wounded  ;  that  of  the 
enemy  36  killed  and  68  wounded.  When 
capt.  Carden  came  on  board  the  United 
States  fc  presenteii  his  sword,Decatur  ob- 
served, that  he  could  not  think  of  taking 
the  sword  of  so  brave  an  ofiicer,  but 
would  be  happy  to  take  him  by  the 
hand.  The  prize  was  safely  brough  t  into 
Newport  by  lieut.  W.  H.  Allen,  and  the 
command  of  her  given  to  capt.  Jones. 

In  May,  1818,  in  command  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  with  bis  prize,  the  Macedo- 
nian, refitted  as  an  American  frigate,  he 
attempted  to  get  to  sea,  but  was  compell- 
ed to  enter  the  harbor  of  New  London, 
where  for  a  long  time  the  enemy  okMely 
blockaded  him.  In  Jan.  1815  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Presi- 
dent, and  attempted  to  get  to  sea,  but, 
after  first  fighting  the  Endymion,  was 
captured  on  the  l&th  by  the  Pomone  and 
Tenedos  and  Majestic  and  carried  into 
Bermuda.  He  returned  to  New  London 
Feb.  32d.  Being  soon  despatched  with 
a  squadron  to  the  Mediterranean,  he  cap- 
tured off  cape  de  Gatt  an  Algerine  frig- 
ate of  49  guns,  in  which  the  celebrated 
admiral,  Rais  Hammida,  was  killed  ;  and 
on  the  19th  an  Algerine  brig  of  33  guns. 
He  arrived  before  Algiers  June  38,  and 
the  next  day  compelled  the  proud  regen- 
cy to  a  treaty  most  honorable  to  our 
country,  according  to  which  no  tribute 
was  ever  again  to  be  demanded  of  the  U. 
S.;  all  enslaved  Americans  were  to  be  re- 
leased without  r&nsom ;  and  no  American 
should  ever  again  be  held  as  a  slave. 
These  terms  shamed  the  great  powers 
of  Europe,  who  had  long  been  tributary 
to  a  band  of  corsairs.    He  proceeded  also 


DEHON. 


4«AWiul4||| 


4^ 

ff 

DE  LANCEY. 


8S9 


igreM,  and 
in  luperin- 
I  ordered  to 
in  the  eom- 
le.    He  af- 
he  United 
15, 1813,  in 
fell  in  with 
iacedonian, 
the  British 
an  action  of 
MS  waa  four 
that  or  the 
led.    When 
the  United 
,Decatur  ob- 
nkof  taking 
officer,  but 
him    by  the 
brought  into 
lien,  and  the 
)t.  Jonea. 
doftheUni- 
the  Macedo- 
n  frigate,  he 
was  compell- 
lew  London, 
nemy  ctoaely 
15  he  waa  ap* 
»f  the  Presi- 
to  tea,  but, 
dymion,  was 
Fomone  and 
carried  into 
New  London 
patched  with 
nean,  he  cap- 
ilgerine  frig- 
he  celebrated 
IS  killed ;  and 
g  of  33  guns, 
rune  39.  and 
proud  regen- 
>rable  to  our 
ih  no  tribute 
dedofthe  U. 
hereto  be  re- 
no  American 
[  aa  a  slave, 
great  powers 
jeen  tributary 
iroceeded  also 


to  Tunis  and  Tripoli  and  obtained  redress 
for  outrages.  At\er  his  return  Nov. 
ISih,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  board 
of  navy  commissioners  and  resided  at 
Washington,  at  the  former  seat  of  Joel 
Barlow,  called  Kalorama.  During  a  part 
of  the  year  1819  he  had  a  long  corren- 
pondenoe  with  commodore  Barron,  who 
some  years  before  had  been  punished  for 
yielding  up  the  Chesapeak  by  a  cuurt 
martial,  of  which  Decatur  was  a  member. 
The  correspondence  issued  in  a  challenge 
iVom  Barron,  though  he  considered  duel- 
ling "  as  a  barbaroua  practice,  which 
ought  to  be  expkxled  from  civilized  socie- 
ty ;"  and  the  challenge  wtu  (accepted  by 
Deeatur,  though  he  "had  long  since  dis- 
covered, that  fighting  duels  is  not  even 
an  unerring  criterion  of  personal  cour- 
age." He  was  persuaded,  that  it  was  the 
intention  of  Barron  "  to  fight  up  iiis 
character."  They  fought  at  Bladens- 
burgh  March  33,  1830,  when  at  the  first 
fire  he  was  mortally  wounded,  and,  being 
conveyed  to  his  home  and  to  his  distrac- 
ted wife,  died  the  same  night,  aged  40. 
His  wife  whom  he  married  in  1806,  was 
Su8an,daughter  of  Luke  Wheeler,-  mayor 
of  Norfolk.  Thus  the  brave  officer  died, 
"as  a  fool  dieth."  It  has  been  stated,  that 
before  he  died  he  renounced  the  principle 
of  duelling  and  east  himself  upon  the  mer- 
cy of  God.  He  was  murdered  under  the 
eyes  of  congress,  which,in  consequence  of 
his  having  "died  in  the  violation  of  the 
laws  of  God  and  his  country,"  refused  to 
bestow  the  official  marks  o(  respect,  cus- 
tomary on  the  decease  at  Washington  of 
men  in  high  public  stations.  Yet,  with 
strange  inconsistency  .notwithstanding  the 
laws  of  the  country,  his  murderer  a(\er- 
wards  received  some  appointment  from 
the  government. — Analeet.  mag.  i.  503; 
<Amer.  nat>.  biog.  75-93. 

DEHON,  Theodore,  d.  d.,  bishop  of 
S.  Carolina,  of  French  descent,  was  born 
at  Boston  in  1776  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1795.  After  being  a  rec- 
tor at  Newport,  R.  I.,  he  removed  fo 
Charleston,  where  he  was  elected  bishop 
in  1813.  He  married  in  1813  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Russell,  and  died 


suddenly  of  a  malignant  fever  Aug.6,1 817, 
aged  41.  He  was  respected  as  a  man  of 
talenta  and  beloved  fur  his  amiable  quali- 
ties and  many  virtues.  He  published  a 
discou  rse  before  a  charitable  society ,  1 804 ; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1805;  a  discourse 
to  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  1807;  a 
sermon  before  the  episc.  convent  of  U. 
S.;  sermons  on  corKfirmation,  1818;  90 
sermons  on  various  subjecta,  3  vols,  8vo. 
1831. 

DE  LANCEY,  James,  chief  justice 
and  lieutenant  governor  of  New  York, 
was  the  son  of  a  proteatant  e\  ligrant  iVom 
Caen  in  Normandy,  who  flea  from  perse- 
cution in  France.  Being  sent  to  England 
for  education,  he  entered  the  university  of 
Cambridge  about  1735.  He  .^turned  t*. 
this  country  in  1739,  and  was  Boon,while 
ignorant  of  the  law,  apppinted  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  chief  justice  in 
1733.  His  industry  made  him  a  profou  ■] 
lawyer.  During  the  greater  part  of  to 
administration  of  Clinton  from  1743  to 
1753  Mr.  De  Lancey  exerted  a  powerful 
influence  on  the  legislature  in  opposition 
to  the  governor.  After  the  removal  of 
Clinton  and  the  death  of  Osborn,  he  aa 
lieut.  -governor  was  at  the  head  of  the 
government  from  1753  to  1755,  and  ako, 
a  successor  to  Hardy,  from  1757  to  1760. 
He  died  Aug.  3,1760,  aged  57.  His 
daughter ,the  wife  of  the  celebrated  sir  W. 
Draper,  died  in  1778.  His  brother,  Oli- 
ver, a  loyalist  in  the  war,  was  appointed 
a  brigadier  general  in  1777  and  adjutant 
general  in  1783,  and  ui:  ifterwards  i 
member  of  parliament .  -  T .  le  character  of 
De  Lancey  is  described  by  the  author  of 
the  Review  of  military  operations  from 
1753  to  1756,  who  represento  him  as  a 
man  of  learning  and  talento,  yet  as  an  un- 
principled dc  nagogue  and  finished  in- 
triguer. "His  uncommon  vivacity,  with 
the  semblance  of  aflabilLty  and  ease  ^  iiis 
adroitness  at  jest,  with  a  shew  of  conde- 
scension to  his  inferiors,  wonderfully  fil- 
cilitated  his  progress.  These  plausible 
arts,  together  with  his  influence  as  chief 
justice  and  a  vast  personal  estate  at  use 
all  conspired  to  secure  his  popular  tti- 
}xmph."—Hiat,Gol,yu.lSi  Jtftff«r,ii.356 


4^ 


140 


DELAWARE. 


■M-t^-.^'sit/t^'* 


%^ 


^DELAWARE,  ooa  of  tho  United 
States  of  America,  was  first  settled  at 
cape  Henlopen  by  a  colony  of  Swedes 
and  Finns  in  1637.  They  laid  out  a 
•mall  town  near  Wilmington  in  1681, 
bdt  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Dutch. 
They  were  at  first  subject  to  a  governor 
under  a  commission  from, the  king  of 
Sweden.  In  1666  they  Wv^re  subdued  by 
the  Dutch  from  New  York,  and  they 
continued  under  this  government  until 
the  Dutch  were  subdued  by  the  English 
in  1664,  when' they  passed  under  the  au- 
thority of  the  English  governor  of  New 
York.  In  1683  this  colony  was  united 
to  Pennsylvania  under  sir  William  Penn, 
and  the  inhabitants  enjoyed  all  the  benefit 
of  the  laws  of  the  province.  They  were 
from  this  time  to  be  considered  as  the 
same  people.  TJie  freemen  were  sum- 
moned to  attend  the  assembly,  in  person, 
but  they  chose  to  elect  representatives. 
In  the  settlement  of  this  country  under 
the  government  of  Mr.  Peim  the  lands 
were  purchased  and  not  forcibly  taken 
from  the  natives.  The  Dutch  had  pre- 
viously adopted  a  similar  practice.  In  1 693 
the  government  of  Pennsylvania  and  Del- 
aware was  assumed  by  the  crown,and  was 
intrusted  to  colonel  Fletcher,  governor  of 
New  York.  But  in  the  latter  end  of 
1693  the  4[;overnment  was  restored  to 
Mr.  Penn,  who  appointed  William  Mark- 
ham  lieutenant  governor.  During  his 
administration  in  1696  another  frame  of 
government  was  adopted,  which  contin- 
ued to  be  the  constitution  of  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Delaware  during  the  whole  time 
of  their  union  in  legislation.  When  the 
next  charter  was  accepted  by  the  prov- 
ince of  Pennsylvania  in  Oct.  1701,  it  was 
totally  rejected  by  the  members  of  the 
three  lower  counties  of  Delaware.  This 
rejection  and  consequent  separation  did 
not  priginate  in  caprice.  By  the  new 
charter  the  principles  of  the  first  constitu- 
tion were  essentially  altered.  The  people 
bad  no  longer  the  election  of  the  council, 
who  were  to  be  nominated  by  the  gov- 
ernor. He,  ihstead  of  having  but  three 
votes  in  73,  was  left  single  in  the  execu- 
tive, and  had  the  power  of  restraining 


the  legislature  by  refusing  his  assent  to 
their  bills,  whenever  he  thought  fit. 

For  many  years  after  the  separation 
the  repose  of  the  lower  counties  remained 
ahnost  undisturbed.  At  last  the  contests 
between  the  tw(  proprietaries,  William 
Penn  and  lord  iialtimore,  revived,  and 
when  the  ckiimants  were  satisfied  with  the 
portion  of  expense,  anxiety,  and  trouble, 
which  fell  to  their  share  in  consequence 
of  their  dit^utes,  they  entered  into  arti- 
cles of  agreement  May  10,  1733,  ascer- 
taining the  mode  of  settlement  and  ap- 
pointing commissioners  to  complete  the 
contract.  Those  articles  made  a  partic- 
ular provision'  for  adjusting  the  contro- 
versy by  drawing  part  of  a  circle  about 
the  town  of  New  Castle  and  by  determin- 
ing the  boundary  line  between  Maryland 
and  Delaware  colony.  But  the  execution 
of  those  articles  and-  the  decree  thereon 
was  delayed  until  they  were  superseded 
by  another  agreement  between  Freder- 
ic, lord  Baltimore,son  and  heir  of  Charles, 
lord  Baltimore,  and  the  proprietaries  of 
Pennsylvam'a,  which  was  made  July  4, 
1790,  and  was  confirmed  by  decree  March 
6, 176%  The  lines  were  designated  from 
actual  survey.  But  from  several  causes 
there  never  was  a  complete  change  of  ju- 
risdiction until  Mr.  Penn's  proclamation 
for  that  purpose,  April  8, 1776.  By  an 
act  of  the  Delaware  legislature  Sept.  S, 
the  change  was  effected  and  the  bounda- 
ries of  the  counties  and  hundreds  estab- 
lished. The  tranquil  state  of  this  colony 
was  not  much  interrupted,  except  by  the 
wars  in  which  it  was  obliged  to  participlte 
from  its  connection  with  Great  Britain, 
lo  the  war,  which  commenced  in  1766, 
Delaware  was  inferior  to  none  of  the 
colonies  in  furnishing  supplies  in  propor- 
tion to  its  wealth  and  ability.  In  the 
year  1763  its  expenditures  so  much  exceed- 
ed its  regular  proportion,  that  a  parlia- 
mentary grant  of  near  4,0002  was  made  to- 
wards a  reimbursement  of  those  expenses. 

From  the  beginnings  of  the  struggle  be- 
tween the  colonies  and  Great  Britain  this 
province  exhibited  a  becoming  spirit.  So 
early  as  Oct.  1766  representatives  were 
deputed  to  attend   the  first  congress, 


intto 
fit. 

pparation 
remained 
9  contest! 
,  WilUun 
ired,  and 
I  with  the 
d  trouble, 
isequenee 
into  arti- 
S3,  aacer- 
t  and  ap- 
aplete  the 
e  a  partie- 
he  oontro- 
ircle  about 
f  determin- 
,  Maryland 
s  execution 
ee  thereon 
superseded 
an  Freder- 
of  Charles, 
irietaries  of 
ide  July  4, 
icree  March 
;nated  from 
reral  causes 
igeofju- 
[roclamation 
75.    By  an 
ire  Sept.  S, 
;he  bounda- 
Ireds  estab- 
this  colony 
fceptby  the 
participlte 
it  Bliuin. 
in  1755, 
[one  of  the 
in  propor- 
,      In  the 
uch  exceed- 
lat  a  parlia- 
ismadeto- 
expenses. 
jtruggle  be- 
[Britain  this 
spirit.    So 
ttives  wew 
congress, 


DELAWARE. 

which  was  held  at  New  York,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  a  repeal  of  some  of 
the  most  obnoxious  of  the  BriUsh  statutes. 
In  thu  ^ear  1778  the  legislature  appointed 
a  standing  committee  of  five  members  to 
correspond  with  the  other  colonies  and  to 
procure  the  most  authentic  political  iatQl- 
ligense  respecting  the  resolutions  of  par- 
liament and  the  proceedings  of  the  admin- 
istration in  relation  to  America.  When 
the  town  of  Boston  by  the  operation  of 
the  port  bill  was  reduced  to  great  distresi, 
supplies  from  dififerent  parts  of  this  colony 
were  forwarded  for  its  relief.  During 
the  war  there  was  no  relaxation  in  the 
spirit  and  exertions  of  ,tb^9  state.  Their 
supplies  of  every  kind  requisite  to  the 
public  service  were  pvoofs  of  a  sincere 
attachment  to  the  common  cause.  The 
Del&ware  regiment  was  considered  as  one 
of  the  finest  and  most  efficient  in  the  conti- 
nental army.  Its  brave  commander,  col- 
onel John  Haslet,  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Princeton.  The  peculiar  exposure  of 
this  state  to  theravagerof  war  puta  stop 
to  its  growth  and  prosperity.  The  inter- 
ests of  literature,*  in  a  particular  manner, 
nufiitred.  The  flourishing  academies  Of 
Newark  and  Wihnington  lost  their  stu- 
dents, and  by  adepreciation  of  the  contin- 
ental currency  lost  their  funds. 

Previously  to  the  kte  revolution  this 
district  of  country  was  denoiainated  the 
three  lower  counties  on  Delaware.  In 
Sept.  1776  a  constitution  was  established 
by  a  convention  of  representatives,  cho- 
sen for  that  purpose,  and  at  that  time  the 
name  of  the  state  of  Delaware  was  assum- 
ed. The  present  constitution  was  adopted 
June  IS,  179S.  It  establishes  a  general 
assembly,  consisting  of  a  sAiate  and  a 
house  of  representatives  ;  the  members  of 
the  former  are  chosen  every  three  years 
and  of  the  latter  annually  ;  the  governor, 
who  has  no  share  in  enacting  the  laws,  is 
elected  every  three  years,  and  cannot  re- 
main in  office  two  terms  in  immediate 
succession ;  the  judges  are  liable  to  be  re- 
moved on  address  to  the  governor  of  two 
thirds  of  all  the  members  of  both  branches 
of  the  legislature.  The  legislature  of 
the  state  is  required  to  meet  annually 


DENNIE. 


Ift 


the  1st.  Tuesday  of  Jan.— JSiMye/opedia, 
^mer.  edit. 

DENISON^  Daniel,  major  general,  the 
son  of  Wm.  D.  of  Cambridge,  was  born 
in  Engftand  in  1613,  and  removed  from 
Cambridge  to  Ipswich  in  1684.  He  bus* 
tained  various  civil  &  military  offices ;  for 
many  years  he  was  an  assistant ;  ii\  1649 
and  1651  the  speaker  of  the  house ;  and 
major  general  in'  1663.  He  died  Sept. 
30,  1683,  aged  60.  His  wife  was  Pa- 
tience,  the  datghter  of  gov.  Dudley. 
His  grandson,  John,  che  6th  minister  a[ 
Ipswich,  was  ordained  colleague  with 
Mr.  Hubbard  in  1687  and  died  in  Sept. 
1689,  leaving  a  widow,  Elizabeth,  who 
married  Roland  Cotton  . — Gen.  D.  was 
a  man  of  eminenceand  religion.  He  wrote 
a  treatise,  which  is  annexed  to  Hubbard's 
funeral  sermon,  called,  Irenicon,  or  a 
salve  for  New  England's  sore,  which 
considers  the  public  calamities,  the  occa- 
sion, danger,  blamable  causes,  and  cure 
of  them. — Hubbard  y  Fanner. 

DENNIE,  Joseph,  editor  of  the 
Port  Folio,  the  son  of  a  merchant  in  Bo»' 
ton,  was  born  Aug.  SO,  1768,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1790.  He 
studied  law  at  Charlestown,  N.  H. ;  but 
was  not  stiocessful  in  the  practice  at  Wal- 
pole,  where  he  opened  an- office.  For  4 
months  he  read  ptayers  in  a  church  atDart- 
mouth.  In  1795  he  pnbUsbed  in  Boston 
the  Tablet,  a  weekly  paper;  and  the 
Farmer'i  miuewn,  at  Wdpole,  in  which 
he  inserted  essays  orsome  celebrity,  enti- 
tled the  Lay  preacher.  Mr.  Pickering, 
secretary  of  state,  having  appointed  him 
one  of  his  clerks,  he  removed  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1799.  On  the  dismissal  of  his  pat- 
ron he  conducted  the  Port  Folio,  a  lite- 
rary journal  commenced  in  1800.  Being 
deficient  in  industry  and  discretion,  he 
destroyed  his  bodily  constitution  and  his 
hopes  of  fortune.  A  victim  to  anxiety 
and  disease,  he  died  Jan.  7,  1813,  aged  48. 
His  father,  who  was  deranged  35  yean, 
died  Sept.  1811.— With  genius,  taste,  a 
fine  style,  &  a  fund  of  literature ;  with  col- 
loquial powers  and  other  interesting  qual- 
ities ;  he  yet  stands  only  as  a  warning  to 
I  others  against  indolence  and  imprudence. 


0       


S43 


DE  WITT, 


DEXTER. 


^1 


IV 


DE  WITT,  Benjamin,  m.d.,  a  physi- 
cian of  New  York,  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  medicine  in  Columbia  college  in 
1807,  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  1808. 
He  was  also  health  officer  of  tnfe  city ; 
and  died  of  the  yellow  fever  at  the  quar- 
antine ground,  Staten  island,  Sept.  11, 
1319,  aged  45.  He  published  a  disserta- 
tion on  the  effect'  of  oxygen,  1797  ;  an 
oration  commemorative  of  the  prisoners, 
who  died  in  the  prison  ships  atWallabout, 
1808  ;  account  of  minefals  in  N.  Y.  in 
Mem.  of  A.  A.  S.  vol.  ii. 

DE  WITT,  Susan,  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, while  on  a  visit.  May  5^  1334.  She 
was  the  wife  of  Simeon  De  Witt  of  Al- 
bany, and  the  second  daughter  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Linn.  She  was  a  woman  of  strong 
intellectual  powers  and  of  elevated  piety. 
She  published  a  poem,  which  has  been 
much  read  and  admired, — The  pleasures 
of  religion. 

DE  WITT,  John,  ».  d.,  professor  of 
Biblical  history  in  the  theological  seminary 
of  the  Dutch  reformed  church  at  New 
Brun8wick,N.  J.  a  native  of  Castkill,N.  Y. , 
ivas  ordained  as  colleague  with  Daniel 
Collins  of  Lanesborough,  Mass.,  July  3, 
1813  and  was  dismissed  Dee.  8, 181S,  and 
afterwards  settled  as  the  minister  of  the 
second  reformed  Dutch  church  in  Albany. 
He  was  afterwards  professor  in  the  theo- 
logical seminary  and  also  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  Rutgers'  college  in  New 
Bmnswick,  where  he  died  Oct.  12, 1C31, 
aged  about  43. — Hiit.  Berkshire,  939. 

DEXTEIR,  Samuel,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college,  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Dexter  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  who 
was  ordained  May  6,  1733  and  died  Jan. 
39, 1755,  aged  55.  H  was  a  merchant 
iQ.  Boston.  In  the  political  struggles 
jittt  before  the  revolution  he  was  repeat- 
edly elected  to  the  council  and  negatived 
for  his  patriotic  zeal  by  the  royal  govern- 
or. In  his  last  years  he  was  deeply  en- 
gaged in  investigating  the  doctrines  of 
theology.  He  died  at  Mendon  June  10, 
1810,  aged  34.  For  the  encouragement 
of  biblical  criticism  he  bequeathed  a  hand- 
some legacy  to  Harvard  college..  He  al- 
so bequeathed  40  dollars  to  a  minister, 


whom  he  wislied  to  preach  a  funeral 
sermon,  without  making  any  mention  of 
him  in  the  discourse,  from  the  words, 
"the  things,  which  are  seen,are  temporal; 
but  the  things,  which  are  not  seen,  are 
eternal."  He  said  in  his  last  will,  "  I 
wish  the  preacher  to  expostulate  with  his 
auditory  on  the  absurdity  of  their  being 
extremely  assiduous  to 'lay  np  treasures 
on  earth,'  while  they  are  indolent  with 
respect  to  their  well-being  hereafter.  To 
those  of  so  btamable  a  character,  and  to 
such  as  are  of  a  still  worse,  and  from  their 
vicious  lives  appiear  to  be  totally  regard- 
less of  the  doctrine  of  a  future  existence, 
let  him  address  himself  with  pio^us  ardor. 
Let  him  entreat  them  to  pay  a  serious 
attention  to  their  most  valuable  interests. 
Let  him  represent  "  the  summit  of  earth- 
ly glory  as  ineffably  despicable,  when 
comparatively  estimated  with  an  exemp- 
tion from  the  punishment  denounced,  and 
the  possession  of  the  perfect  and  never 
ending  felicity  promised  in  the  scrip- 
tures."— Kendal's  fun.  serm. 

DEXTER,  Samuel,  ll.  d.,  secretary 
at  war  of  the  U.  S.,  soA  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1761  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1731.  Having  studied 
law  at  Worcester  w't//  y,rtvi  Lincoln,  he 
soon  rose  to  professional  eminence.  Af- 
ter being  for  some  time  a  member  of  the 
House  of  representatives  in  Congress,  he 
was  elected  to  the  Senate.  During  the 
administration  of  John  Adams  he  was 
appointed  secretkry  of  war  in  1800,  and 
secretaryofthe  treasury  in  Jan.  1301,  and 
for  a  short  time  also  had  the  charge  of 
the  department  of  State.  He  was  offered 
a  foreign  embassy,  but  declined  it.  On 
the  accessibn  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  pres- 
idency he  returned  to  the  practice  of  law. 
In  the  progress  of  events  he  thought  he 
observed,  that  political  parties  were 
changing  their  policy  and  principles. 
From  his  old  friends  he  separated  and 
lent  the  aid  of  his  powerful  mind  in  sup- 
port of  the  war  of  1812,  while  they  were 
throwing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  its  prose- 
cution. He  maintained,  that  they  had 
changed,  and  that  he  was  unchangeable. 
In  the  j)ii«c;ie.s  of  law  before  the  supreme 


■t 


DEXTER. 


0»f:\y 


DICKINSON. 


84S 


eourtat  Washington  he  stood   in  the 
first  rank  of  advocates.     He  always  at. 
tracted  an  audience,  consisting  of  the 
beauty,  taste,  and  learning  of  the  city. 
He  was  requested  by  Mr.  Madison  in 
1815  to  accept  of  a  mission  to  Spain, 
but  declined  the  appointment.     On  his 
return  from  Washington  at  the  close  of 
April  1816  he  went  to  Athens,  N.  York, 
to  attend  the  nuptials  of  his  son.    Some- 
what unwell  with  the  epidemicj  prevail- 
ing at  Washington,  he  called  for  medical 
aid  on  Tuesday  and  died  of  the  scarlet 
fever  Saturday,May  4,1816,aged  54.  His 
wife  was  a  sister  of  Wm.  Gordon  of  N. 
H. — He  was  tall  and  muscular,   with 
strong  features.     His   enunciation  was 
very  slow  and  distinct ;  and  his  tones  mo- 
notonous.    But  at  times,  his  eloquence 
was  thrilling, — He  drafted  the  eloquent 
answer  of  the  Senate  to  president  Adams' 
address  on  the  death  of   '^v'aghington. 
He  was   established    in  the   belief    of 
Christianity. — A  few  weeks   before  his 
death  Mr.  Dexter  had  been  the  republi- 
can candidate  for  governor  in  Mass.,  in 
opposition  to  Dr.    Brooks,  and  received 
about  47 ,000  and  his  rival  about  49,000 
votes.    He  had  also  been  the  candidate 
in  1815.    The  republicans  had  selected 
him,    as  they    said,   because  "he  had 
broken  forth  from  the  legions  of  rebel- 
lion," referring  to  his  m^ly  resistance  to 
the  Hartford  convention,  a  favorite  pro- 
ject of  the  party,  with  which  he  had  be- 
fore been  associated.      In  his  letter  ex- 
pressing his  acceptance  of  the  invitation 
to  be  a  candidate  he  said,  "every  combi- 
nation for  general  opposition  is  an  offence 
against  the  community."      The  party 
struggles  for  office  are  not  worthy  of  re- 
membrance ;  but  the  principles,  which 
have  a  bearing   on  the  public  welfare 
hereailer,  ought  not  to  be  forgotten.    In 
the  preceding  year  he  expressed  ia  his 
letter  from  Washington  his  entire  oppo- 
sition to  the  system  of  restriction   on 
commerce,  as  unconstitutionaI,oppres8ive, 
inefiectual,  and  impiUcticable;  and  at  the 
same  time  declared,  that  he  was  unable  to 
leconcile  some  of  the  lecding  measures  of 
the  federalists  in  regard  ia  the  war  with 


the  fundamental  principles  of  civilized 
society  &  the  duty  of  American  citizens 
to  support  the  union  of  their  country. — 
Story'i  $keteh  of  Dexter. 

DICKINSON,  Jonathan,  first  rresi- 
dentofNew  Jersey  college,  was  born  in 
Hatfield,  Mass.,  April  33,  1688.     His 
father  was  Hezekiah  D.;  his  mother, 
being  left  a  widow,  married  again  and  re- 
moved to  Springfield,  and  carefully  edu- 
cated her  children.    He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1706,  and  within  one 
or  two  years  ailerwards  he  was  settled  the 
minister  of  the  first  presbyterian  church 
in  Elizabeth  Town,  .New  Jersey.     Of 
this  church  he  was  for' near,  forty  years  the 
joy  and  glory;     As  a  friend  of  literature 
he  was  also  eminently  useful.    The  char- 
ter of  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  which 
had  never  yet  been  carried  into  operation, 
was  enlarged  by  governor  Belcher,  Oct. 
33, 1746 ;  and  Mr.  Dickinson  was  ftp- 
pointed  president.    The  institution  com- 
menced at  Elizabeth  Town,  but  it  did 
not  long  enjoy  the  .advantages  of  his  su- 
perintendence, for  it  pleased  God  to  call 
him  away  from  life  Oct.  7,  1747,  aged 
59,     The  first  commencement  was  in 
1748,  when  6  young   men  graduated,  5 
of  whom  became  ministers. — He  lef\  S 
daughters,  married  to  Jonathan  Sergeant 
of  Princeton,  to  John  Cooper, and  to  Rev. 
Caleb  Smith  of  Orange. 

Mr.  Dickinson,  besides  his  other  em- 
ployments, was  a  practising  physician,  of 
considerable  medical  reputation.  He 
was  a  man  of  learning,  of  distinguished 
talents,  and  much  celebrated  as  a  preach- 
er ;  and  he  was  succeeded  in  the  college 
by  men,  who  hold  a  high  reputation  in 
our  country;  by  Burr,  Edwiirds,  Dairies, 
Finley,  &  Witherspoon.  He  had  a  mind 
formed  for  inquiry;  he  possessed  a  quick 
perception  and  an  accurate  judgment  ; 
and  to  a  keen  penetration  he  united  a  dis- 
interested attachment  to  truth.  With  a 
natural  turn  for  controversy  he  had  a  hap- 
py government  of  his  passions,  and 
abhorred  the  perverse  disputings,  so 
common  to  men  of  corrupt  minds. 
The  eagerness  of  contention  did  not  ex- 
tinguish in  him  the  fervois  of  devotion 


;  «;■ 


•44 


DICKINSON. 


1i:# 


ud  brotherly  love.  By  hia  good  works 
and  exemplary  life  he  adorned  the  doc- 
trines of  grace,  which  he  advocated  with 
zeal.  He  boldly  appeared  in  defence  of 
the  gtetit  truths  of  our  most  holy  religion, 
confronting  what  he  considered  tm  error, 
and  resisting  every  attack  on  the  chria* 
tian  ikith.  He  wished  to  promote  the  in  ■ 
terestaof  practical  godliness,  of  holy  liv- 
ing ;  and  therefor^  he  withstood  error  in 
evoiy  shape,  knowing  that  it  poisons  the 
heart  and  thiis  destroys  the  very  principlee 
of  virtue.  He  was  an  enemy  to  that  blind 
charity,  that  politic  silence,  that,  tem- 
porizing moderation,  which  sacrifices  the 
truths  of  God  to  hiiman  friendships,  and 
under  color  of  peace  and  candor  gives  up 
important  points  of  gospel  doctrine  to 
every  opposer.  He  knew,  that  this  tem- 
per waa  inconsistent  with  the  k>ve  of 
truth,  and  was  usually  connected  with  the 
hatred  of  those,  who  engaged  warmly  in 
its  support.  He  expected  to  be  opposed 
and  ridiculed,  if  he  followed  his  Savior, 
and  preached  with  plainness  and  earnest- 
ness the  doctrines,  which  are  so  obnox- 
ious to  the  corrupt  heart  and  perverted 
understanding.  Still  under  pretence  of 
zeal  for  truth  he  concealed  no  party  ani- 
mosity, no  bigotry,  no  malevolence.  He 
had  generous  sentiments  with  regard  to 
freedom  of  inquiry  and  the  rights  of  pri- 
vate judgment  in  matters  of  conscience, 
not  approving  subscription  to  human 
tests  of  orthodoxy.  As  he  lived  a  devout 
and  useful  life  and  was  a  bright  ornament 
to  his  profession,  he  died  universally  la- 
mented. 

His  writings  possess  very  considerable 
merit.  They  are  designed  to  unfold  the 
wonderful  inethod  of  redemption,  and  to 
excite  men  to  that  cheerful  consecration 
of  all  their  talents  to  their  Maker,  to  that 
careful  avoidance  of  sin  and  practice  of 
godliness,  which  will  exalt  them  to  glory. 
He  published  ihe  reasonableness  of  Chris- 
tianity in  four  sermons,  Boston,  1733; 
a  funeral  sermon  on  Ruth  Fierson,  wife 
of  Rev.  John  P.  of  Woodbridge,  17SS; 
a  sermon  on  the  witness  of  the  Spirit, 
1740 ;  the  true  scripture  doctrine  concer- 
ning some  important  points  of  christian 


faith,  particularly  eternal  election,  origi- 
nal sin,  grace  in  conversion,  justiBeation 
by  faith,  and  the  saint's  perseverance,  in 
five  discourses,  1741,  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Whitby  ;  a  displny  of  God's  special  grace 
in  a  familiar  dialogue,  1743;  on  tiie  nature 
and  necessity  of  regeneration,  with  re- 
marks on  Dr.  Waterland's  regeneration 
stated  and  explained,  1743,  against  bap- 
tismal regeneration  ;  reflections  upon  Mr. 
Wetmore's  letter  in  defence  of  Dr.  Wa- 
terland's discourse  on  regeneration,  1745. 
The  above  works  were  published  in  an 
octavo  volume  at  Edinburgh  in  179S. 
President  Dickinson  published  also  a  de- 
fbnce  of  presby  icrian  ordination  in  answer 
to  a  pamphlet,  entitled  a^modest  proof  &c., 
1734;  the  vanity  of  human  institutions 
in  the  worship  of  God,  a  sermon,  17S6  ; 
a  defence  of  it  afterwards  ;  a  second  de- 
fence of  it  against  the  exceptions  of  John 
Beach  in  his  appeal  to  the  unprejudiced, 
1738  ;  this  work  is  entitled,  the  reasona- 
bleness of  nonconformity  to  the  churi;h  of 
England  in  point  of  worship ;  familiar  let- 
ter's upon  various  important  subjects  in 
religion,  1745  ;  a  pamphlet  infavor  of  in- 
fant baptism,  1746;  a  vindicati'>nofGod's 
sovereign,  free  grace ;  a  second  vindica- 
tion &c.  against  John  Beach,  to  which 
are  added  brief  reflections  on  Dr.  John- 
son's defence  of  Aristocles'  letter  to  Au- 
thades,  1748  ;  an  account  of  the  deliver- 
ance of  Robert  Barrow,  shipwrecked 
among  the  cannibals  of  Florida. — Pier- 
$on's  $er.  on  his  death ;  prefuee  to  his 
serm.  Edin.  edit.  :  Miller,  it.  343; 
Douglass,  II.  384  ;  Brainerd's  life,  129, 
161  ;  Chandler's  life  of  Johnson,  69 ; 
Or  sen,  297. 

DICKINSON,  John,  president  of  Del- 
aware and  of  Fennsylrania,  was  born  in 
Maryland  in  Dec.  1732.  His  father, 
Samuel  D.,  who  soon  ailer  the  birth  of 
his  son  removed  to  Delaware,  was  chief 
justice  of  the  county  of  Kent  and  died 
July  6,  1760,aged71.  Hestudied  lawin 
Philadelphia  and  then  three  years  at  the 
Temple  in  Londoif  and  on  his  return  en- 
gaged successfully  in  the  practice  at  Phil- 
rtdelphia.  Of  the  assembly  of  Pcnnbylva- 
nia  he  was  a  member  in  1764,  am',  of  the 


DICKINSON. 


946 


general  congress  in  1766.  In  the  same 
year  he  began  to  writA  against  tha  meas- 
ures of  the  British  government.  In  Nov. 
1767  he  began  to  publish  his  celebrated 
letters  against  the  acts  for  taxation  of  the 
colonies  ;  in  which  writings  he  supported 
the  liberties  of  his  country  and  contribu- 
ted much  towards  the  American  revolu- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  the  first  re- 
volutionary congress  in  1774,  and  a 
member  in  subsequent  years.  Of  the  el- 
oquent and  important  state  papers  of  that 
period  he  wrote  the  principal ; — the  ad- 
dress to  the  inhabitants  of  Quebec  ;  the 
first  petition  to  the  king  ;   the  address  to 


the  armies 


king  ;    and 


the  second 
the  address 


petition  to  the 
to  the  several 
states.  He  wrote  alno  in  1774  the  re- 
solves and  instructions  of  the  committee 
of  Penns.  In  June  1776  he  opposed  the 
declaration  of  independence,  when  the 
motion  was  considered  by  congress,  be- 
cause he  doubled  of  the  policy  at  that 
particular  period,  "without  some  prelu- 
sory  trials  of  our  btrength,"  and  before 
the  terms  of  confederation  were  settled, 
and  foreign  assistance  made  certain.  He 
had  occasion  afterwards,  in  order  to  prove 
the  sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  his 
country's  liberty,  to  appeal  to  the  fact, 
that  within  a  few  'lays  after  the  declara- 
tion he  was  the  only  member  of  congress, 
who  marched  to  face  the  enemy.  He  ac- 
companied hjs  regiment  to  Elizabeth 
town  in  Julyfto  repel  the  invading  ene- 
my, and  remained  there  till  the  end  of 
the  tour  of  service.  In  Sept.  he  resign- 
ed, because  two  brigadiers  had  been  rai- 
sed over  him,  through  the  same  hostility, 
as  he  supposed,  which  ^(Tected  his  rcuo' 
val  from  congress.  He  now  retired  to 
Delaware,  and  there,  in  the  summer  of 
1777,  in  capt  Lewis'  company  he  served 
as  a  private  with  his  musket  upon  his 
shoulder  in  the  militia  movements  against 
the  British,  who  had  landed  at  the  head 
of  the  Elk.  In  Oct.  Mr.M'Kenct  gave  him 
a  commission  of  brigadier  general.  In 
1779  by  unanimous  vote  of  the  assembly 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and 
in  May  wrote  the  address  lo  the  states. 
In  1780  he  was  elected  by  the  county  of 
44 


New  Castle  a  member  of  the  anerobly ; 
in  1791  he  was  chosen  president  of  Dela- 
ware,  as  successor  of  Cassar  Rodney,  by 
unanimous  vote  of  the  two  houses.  On 
commencing  his  duties  he  published  Nov. 
19,  1781  anexcellent  proclamation,  re- 
commending piety  and  virtue  and  the  en- 
forcement of  the  laws  in  favor  of  morality. 
In  178S  he  was  chosen  president  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  remained  in  office  from  Nov. 
1783  till  Oct.  1785,  when  he  was  succee- 
ded by  Franklin.  In  1 788  he  wrote  9  let- 
ters with  the  signature  of  Fabius  in  or- 
der to  promote  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
stitution ;  and  with  the  same  signature 
in  1797  he  wrote  14  letters  in  order  to 
promote  a  favorable  feeling  towards 
France.  His  last  days  were  spent  in  pri- 
vate life  at  Wilming'ton,  Delaware, 
where  he  died  Feb.  15,  1808,  aged  75. 
His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1770,  was 
Mary  Norris  of  Philadelphia.  His 
daughter,  Maria,  married  in  1808  Albi- 
nus  C.  Logan. — His  countenance  and 
person  were  fine.  He  filled  with  ability 
the  various  high  stations,  in  which  he 
was  placed.  He  was  distinguished  t>y  his 
strength  of  mind,  miscellaneous  knowl- 
edge, and  cultivated  taste,  which  were 
united  with  an  habitual  eloquence,  with 
an  elegance  of  manners,  and  a  benignity, 
which  made  him  the  delight  and  orna- 
ment of  society.  The  infirmities  of  de- 
clining years  had  detached  him  long  be- 
fore his  death  from  the  busy  scenes  oi' 
life ;  but  in  retirement  his  patriotism  felt 
no  abatement.  The  welfare  of  his  coun- 
try wes  ever  dear  to  him,  and  7v  was 
ready  to  make  any  sacrifices  for  :  s  pro- 
motion. Unequivocal  in  his  attachment 
to  a  republican  government,  he  invaria- 
bly supported,  as  far  as  his  voice  could 
have  influence,  those  men  and  those  mea- 
sures, w  I'^h  he  believed  mo3t  friendly  to 
republican  principles.  Ht  wns  esteemed 
for  his  uprightness  and  tii^  purity  of  his 
morals.  From  a  letter,  which  he  wrote 
to  Mrs.  "Warren  of  Plymouth,  dat-d  the 
25th  of  the  first  month  1805,  it  would 
seem  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  society 
of  friends.-~He  published  a  speech  deliv- 
ered in  the  house  of  assembly  of  Pennsyl- 


840 


DICKINSON. 


vania,  1764 ;  a  reply  to  a  speech  of  Jo- 
seph Galloway,  1765 ;  late  regulations 
respecting  the  colonies  considered,  176*1 ; 
letters  from  a  farnar  in  Pennsylvania  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  British  colonies, 
1767—1768.  Mr.  Dickinson's  nolitical 
writings  were  collected  >xad  published  in 
two  volumes,  8vo.  1 801 .  -  Gordon ,  1.220; 
Rmuay,  ii.  819  ;  Warren,  i.  41'i  ;  Jld- 
««»'  tetter  to  Dr.  Calkoen ;  MotUhly 
anthol.  V.  226  ;  Nat.  inteUig.  Feb.  22, 
1808  ;  Marahall,  iv.  note  at  end;  v.  O'i. 

DICKINSON,  Philemon,  general,  a 
brave  officer  in  the  revolutionc  ry  war, 
died  at  his  seat  nean'  Trenton,  New  Jer- 
5i«y  J  Feb.  4, 1809,  aged  fif  He  took  an 
my\y  and  avi  I'lAh-.  part  iu  the  struggle 
with  t'''"«'^t  Fviiu.  ,  i^ad  ha/ufded  his  am- 
ple foittineaui  hia  lift,  .apstablishiriijour 
independence.  I  r;  tfw  t^morablf^  V.  atile 
of  Monmouth  at  ihi'  ^«ad  o?  the  Jerwty 
raiiith  he  «hibitert  t'.,?  spirit  anct  gallau- 
try  of  r<  soldier  of  liberty.  Afior  thees- 
tabliahn*eat  of  the  present  national  gov- 
arnmeat  he  was  a  Titembor  of  congress. 
In  the  various  stations,  civil  and  military, 
with  which  he  was  honored,  he  dischar- 
ged his  duty  with  zeal  and  ability.  The 
last  twelvj  or  fifteen  years  of  hie  life 
were  spent  in  retirement  from  public 
concerns. — Phila.  gaz.  Febr.  7,  J 809. 

DIESKAU,  John  Harmand,  baron, 
lieutenant  general  in  the  French  army, 
proceeded  in  1755  from  Montr-sal  wiih 
3,000  men  against  fort  Edward,  intending 
to  penetrate  to  Albany.  Gen,  Johnson  wat> 
at  this  time  encamped  at  the  south  end 
of  lake  George.  After  defeating  the  de- 
tachment of  col.  E,  Williams,  he  attack- 
ed Johnson's  camp,  Sept.  8  ;  but  the 
ifoar  of  the  artillery  frightened  away  his 
Indians  ;  his  troops  were  routed  ;  and  he 
himself  taken  prisoner.  A  soldier  found 
him  alone,  leaning  on  a  stump,  being 
wounded  in  the  leg  ;  and,  while  he  was 
feeling  for  his  watch  to  surrender  it,  sup- 
posing he  was  searchuig  for  a  pistol, 
poured  a  charge  through  his  hipa.  Ha 
was  eonveyed  to  N.  York,  where  Dr. 
Jones  attended  him.  >>  ^hall  ciays,  he 
was  mortally  wounded  ut  he  lived 
some   jenTS,     He  du :  ac   Surene   in 


DORSEY. 

France  Sept.  8,  1767.— TAa«A«r'«  med. 
biog.  327  ;  Dtaight,  in.  874. 

DINWIDDIE,  Robert,  governor  cf 
Virginia  from  1753  to  1758,  h^id  bobn  pre- 
viously clerk  to  a  colleett'?  of  cuetomB  ii: 
the  West  Indies,  whose  enornrvun  fraud 
he  detected  and  exposed  'n  thtt  g;oveni" 
ment.  For  this  disclosurf?  he  was  :  r ,7«T" 
ded  hy  his  appoi  nment  in  V^irginia.  But 
while  he  was  govflrnor  he  ilid  not  forget 
what  ha  had  learned  when  a  ulerk,  for  he 
trod  <n  i  0  steps  of  his  principal ;  at 
least,  he  was  charged  with  applying  to 
his  own  use  20,0()0/.  sen*  to  defray  Ih,} 
expenses  cii"'7'irgitiia  foj  tho  public  service. 
I  It  was  during  liia  aii!ajini8travi«jn,  t'.  rst, 
!  Braddock  procei.  led  on  his  cxpediu'»i 
against  the  Indians.  He  died  in  Eng- 
land Aug.  1, 1770,  aged  80. 

DIXWELL,  John,  colonel,  one  of  the 
judges  of  king  Charles  I.,  fled  to  this 
country  for  safety,  in  1664  he  visited 
Whalley  and  GofTe  at  Hadley,  and  after- 
wards resided  at  New  Haven,  with  the 
name  of  John  David'i,  till  his  death, 
March  18,  1689,  aged  81.  He  married 
at  New  Haven,  and  left  children.  A  de- 
scendant by  the  female  line,  a  respectable 
physician  of  Boston,  has  assumed  and 
bears  up  the  name  of  John  Dixwell.— 
Farmer. 

DONGAN,  Thomas,  governor  of  N. 
York  from  1688  to  1688,  afterwards  eari 
of  Limerick,  succeeded  IQrockholst  and 
was  succeeded  by  Nichollson.  He  was 
highly  respected  as  a  governor,  being  up- 
right, discreet,  and  accomplished  in  man- 
ners. He  ordered  an  assembly  to  be  con- 
vened by  election,  a  privilege,  which  the 
people  had  not  before  enjo3red.  Yet  he 
unjustly  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  Iiis 
sovereign. 

DORSEY,  John  Syng,  m.  o.,  profes- 
sor of  anatomy,  was  the  son  of  Leonard 
D.,  and  grandson  of  Edmund  Physick. 
He  was  born  in  Philpc*  -jhia  Dec.  28, 
nSS.  He  early  studied  r:y,iic  with  his 
relative  Dr.  Physick,  i>  .a-*  doctor  of 
medicine  at  the  age  of ...  '  i  afterwards 
visited  Eiiglaca  ad  .ice  for  his  im- 
provement in  m*  H'«l  ^.;'"nce,  returning 
home  in  Dec.  i; '  •      I;  1807  he  was elec- 


DOUGHERTY. 


DRAYTON. 


S47 


her*$  med. 

rav'ernor  rS 
A  bfltn  pre- 
tiuittonia  in 
nrvuii  fraud 
h*  ijoveni" 
'ran  ;t,v«t» 
ginia.  But 
i  not  forget 
iilerk,  for  he 
iiieipal ;  at 
applying  to 
I  defray  Ih^j 
iblic  fiervice. 
ravhn,  t'  rs». 
i  cxpediu'*) 
ied  .n  Eng- 

>I,one  of  the 
fled  to  this 
1  he  viaited 
y,  and  after- 
en,  with  the 
tl  his  death, 
He  married 
Iren.  A  de- 
a  respectable 
[assumed  and 
1  Dbcwell.— 

rornor  of  N. 
erwards  earl 
ockholst  and 
)n.  He  was 
sr,  being  up- 
iahed  in  man- 
>Iy  to  be  con- 
e,  which  the 
«d.  Yet  he 
»sure  of  liis 

t.  D.,  profes- 
1  of  Leonard 
ind  Phyaick. 
lia  Dec.  9S, 

«;ic  with  hia 
AS  doctor  of 

jaflerwards 
e  for  his  iin- 

,  returning 
rhewaselec- 


ted  adjunct  profeaaor  of  surgery  with  Dr. 
Physick  at  Philadelphia,  and  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Wiatar  was  choaen  profeaaor  of 
anatomy.  He  now  had  attained  a  height, 
moat  gratifying  to  hia  ambition;  but  Prov- 
idence had  selected  him  to  teach  a  saluta- 
ry leaaon  on  the  precarious  tenure  of  life 
and  the  importance  of  being  always  pre- 
pared for  death.  On  the  evening  of  the 
day,  in  which  he  pronounced  hia  eloquent 
introductory  lecture,  he  was  attacked 
with  a  fever,  and  in  a  week  died  Nov.  12, 
1818,  aged  35.  When  by  his  express 
command  he  was  informed  of  his  state, 
and  apprized  of  his  certain  death,  he  was 
resigned  to  the  will  of  heaven.  As  a 
christian  he  had  ptactised  the  duties  of 
religion.  With  fervojr  he  re-iterated  his 
confidence  in  the  atpnement  of  his  Sa- 
vior. He  was  thus  sustained  in  an  hour, 
when  on  the  bed  of  death  the  proud  war- 
rior would  shudde/  in  thinking  of  the  des- 
tinies of  eternity.  As  a  surgeon  he  was 
almost  unrivalled.  Besides  papers  for 
the  periodical  journals  and  an  edit.of  Coo- 
per's surgery  with  notes,  he  published 
Elements  of  surgery,  3  vols.  1813,  deem- 
ed the  best  work  extant  on  the  subject. — 
Tkaeher^t  med.  biog. 

DOUGHERTY,  Michael,  remarkable 
for  longevity,  died  at  his  plantation  on 
Horse  Creek,  in  Scriven county,  Georgia, 
May  39,  1803,  aged  135  years.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  that  state.  The 
day  before  he  died  he  walked  two  miles. 

DOUGLASS,  William,  m.d.,  a  physi- 
cian in  Boston  wca  a  na  'ive  of  East  Lo- 
thian in  Sootland,  of  no  mean  parentage. 
After  being  educated  for  his  profession, 
partly  at  Paris  and  Leyden  he  came  to 
this  nountiy  in  1716,  and  after  visiting 
gen.  Douglass,  gov.  of  St.  Kitts,  settled 
at^Boston  in  1718.  Having  letters  to 
Cotton  Mather,  he  put  into  h'm  hand^ 
those  numbers  of  ti  philwoph.  traruac- 
tiona,  which  gave  Vu  u«icount  c''*he  inoc- 
ulation for  tl)  ili  pox  ;  and  this  b-  -ev- 
olent  minisr.  communicated  the  intelli- 
gence to  Itt.  Boylstonandperguaded  him 
to  introduce  the  practice,^wi8hing  him  to 
communicate  the  project  t^  other  physi- 
I  ins.    As  Dr.  Dousrlass  recehred  no  no- 


tice, he  indignantly  opposed  the  prac- 
tice. Dr.  Thacher  erroneously  states, 
that  Mather  communicated  the  work  of 
Timoni  to  Douglass.  He  died  without 
a  will  Oct.  31,  1753.  In  the  epidemic 
sore  throat  he  made  a  free  use  of  mercu- 
ry. He  was  a  skilful  physician.  His 
prejudices  were  very  strong,  and  in  hia 
language  he  was  frequently  intemperate. 
Hia  notiona  of  religion  were  very  loose. 
In  his  history  of  the  American  colonies,  he 
is  often  incorrect)  and  it  was  his  foible  to 
measure  the  worth  of  men  by  his  person- 
al friendship  for  them.  A  town  of  Mas- 
sachusetts,  of  which  he  was  a  proprietor 
and  benefactor,  bears  his  name. — He 
published  the  inoculation  of  the  small  pox, 
as  practised  in  Boston,  1723  ;  the  abuses 
and  scandals  of  some  late  pamphlets  in  fa- 
vor of  inoculation,  1722 ;  a  practical  es- 
say concerning  the  small  pox,  containing 
the  history,  &c.  1730  ;  a  practical  liisto- 
ry  of  a  new  eruptive,  military  fever,  with 
an  angina  ulcusculosa,  which  prevailed 
in  Boston  in  1735  and  1736, 12mo,  1736; 
a  summary,  historical  and  political,  of  the 
first  planting,  progressive  improvements, 
and  present  state  of  the  British  settle- 
ments in  North  America,  the  first  vol- 
ume, 1749,  the  second  1753 ;  an  edit. 
1755. — Summary,  u.  409  ;  Hutchinson, 
II.  80;  Hilt.  col.  IX.  40;  Whitney^$  hitt. 
Worcester,  203;  Amer.  museum,  iii.  53 ; 
Holmes. 

DRAYTON,  William  ll.d.,  judge  of 
the  federal  court  for  the  district  of  South 
Carolina,  vrna  a  native  of  that  province, 
and  was  born  in  the  year  1733.  About 
the  year  1747  he  was  placed  under  Thom- 
as Corbett,  an  eminent  lawyer.  In  1 750 
he  accompanied  that  gentleman  to  Lon- 
don,and  entered  into  the  Middle  Temple, 
where  he  continued  till  1754,  at  which 
time  he  returned  to  hia  native  country. 
Though  his  abilities  were  confessedly 
great,  he  soon  quitted  the  bar  from  dis- 
inclination to  the  practice  of  the  law;  but 
about  th"  ycrr  1768  he  was  appointed 
chief  jup.  ce  in  the  province  of  East  Flo- 
rida. When  the  revolution  commenced 
in  1775  he  fell  under  the  suspicion  of  the 
governor,  and  was  suspended  by  him.  He 


-^ 


-^...C 


DRAYTON. 


DRINKER. 


however  went  to  England,  and  wa^t  > '*<•<- 
■tated  ;  but  on  his  return  to  St.  Augus- 
tine was  again  suspended  by  governor 
Tonyn.  In  consequence  ofthis  he  took 
his  fkmily  with  him  to  England  in  1778 
or  1779  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  redress, 
but  the  distracted  situation  of  affiiirs  in 
America  prevented  him  from  effecting 
his  purpose.  Soon  afYer  his  return  to 
America  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court  of  South  Carolina.  In 
March  1780  he  was  ap))ointed  associate 
justice  of  the  state,  but  he  resigned  this 
olRce  in  Oct.  following,  when  he  was 
made  a  judge  under  the  federal  govern- 
ment. He  died  in  June  1790,  aged  57. — 
Hardie't  biog.  diet ;  Jlmer,  mweum, 
VIII.  83. 

DRAYTON,  William  Henry,  n  polit- 
ical writer,  was  a  native  of  South  Caroli 
im,born  in  Sept.  1743.  From  1753  to 
1764  he  studieid  at  Y(i''estmin8ter  and  Ox- 
ford. In  1771  he  was  appointed  a  judge. 
He  was  one  of  his  majesty 's  justices  when 
they  made  their  last  circuit  in  the  spring 
of  1775,  and  the  only  one  born  in  Amer- 
ica. In  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  he 
inculcated  the  same  sentiments  in  favor 
of  liberty,  which  were  patronised  by  the 
popular  leaders.  Soon  afterwards  he  wbs 
elected  president  of  the  provincial  con- 
gress, and  devoted  his  great  abilities  with 
uncommon  zeal  for  the  support  of  the 
measures  adopted  by  his  native  country. 
Before  the  next  circuit  his  colleagues 
were  advertised  as  inimical  to  the  liberties 
of  America  and  March  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  by  the  voice  of  his 
country.  He  died  suddenly  in  Philadel- 
phia in  Sept.  1779,  while  attending  his 
duty  in  congress,  aged  36.  He  was  a 
statesman  of  great  decision  and  energy, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  political  writers  of 
CaroHna.  In  1774  he  wrote  a  pamphlet, 
addressed  to  the  American  congress,  un- 
der the  signature  of  a  freeman,  in  which 
he  stated  the  grievances  of  America,  and 
drew  up  a  bill  of  American  rights.  He 
published  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  in 
April  1776,  which  breathes  aH  the  spirit 
and  energy  of  the  mind,  whic!>  knows  the 
value  of  freedom  and  is  (  termkied  co 


support  it.  Ramsay  in  his  history  haa 
published  this  charge  entire.  His  speech 
in  the  general  assembly  of  South  Carolina 
on  the  articles  of  the  confederation  waa 
published  in  1778.  Several  other  produc- 
tions of  his  pen  appeared,  explaining  the 
injured  rights  of  his  country,  and  en- 
couraging his  fellow  citizens  to  vindicate 
them.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  the-  A- 
merican  revolution,  brought  down  lo  the 
end  of  the  year  1778,  in  three  large  vol- 
umes, which  he  intended  to  correct  and 
publish,  but  was  prevented  by  his  death. 
It  was  published  hy  his  son  in  1831.  He 
was  once  challenged  by  gen.  Lee  in  eon- 
sequence  of  his  censure  in  congress  on  the 
general's  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth ;  but  he  had  the  courage  and  the 
conscience  to  decline  the  combat  and  as- 
signed his  reasons. — Miller,  ii.  880; 
Pamsay'a  rev.  S.  C.  i.  57,  91,108  ;  hitt 
S.C.  ii.  454  ;  Eneye.  Jlmer. 

DRAYTON,  John,  only  son  of  the 
preceding,  governor  of  S.  Carolina  fVom 
1800  to  1803  and  from  1808  to  1810,  suc- 
ceeded in  that  cfRce  E.  Rutledge  and 
C.  Pickney,  and  was  succeeded  by  J.  B. 
Richardson  and  H.  Middleton.  Lord's 
Lempriere  erroneously  gives  his  name 
Dayton.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  district  judge  of  the  U.  S.  He  died 
at  Charleston  Nov.  37,  1833,  aged  60. 
The  historical  materials,  collected  by  his 
father,  were  by  him  revised  and  publish- 
ed with  the  title  of  Memoirs  •''f  the  Am. 
revolution  from  its  commencement  to  the 
year  1776,  inclusive,  as  relating  to  the 
state  of  S.  C.  &c.  3  vols.  8vo.  1831.  He 
had  previously  published  View  of  S.  C. 
8vo.  1803. 

DRINKER,  Edward,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  was  born  Dec.  34,  1680  in  a 
cabin  near  the  present  corner  of  Walnut 
and  serond  streets  in  Philadelphia.  His 
parents,  had  removed  to  this  place  iVom 
Beverly  in  Mass.  The  banks  of  the  Dela- 
ware were  inhabited  at  the  time  of  his 
birth  by  the  Indians,  and  a  few  Swedes 
and  Hollanders.  At  the  age  of  twelve 
years  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he  serv- 
ed an  apprenticeship  to  a  cabin  t  maker. 
In  the  year  1745  he  reiurt;*'        "hila 


DUANF.. 


'    iiH!  1    H'l 


DUDLEY. 


849 


dalphk,  where  ho  lived  till  the  time  or 
hie  de«th.  He  wm  four  timee  married  and 
had  eighteen  children,  all  of  whom  were 
hy  hie  flnt  wife.    He  died  Nov.  17, 1783, 
aged  lOSyenra.  In  hia  old  age  the  powers 
of  hia  mind  were  very  little  impaired.  He 
enjoyed  BO  uncommon  a  share  of  health, 
that   he  waa  never  confined  more  than 
three  days  to  hia  bed.     He  wan  a  man 
of  an  amiable  character,  and  he  continued 
to  the  last  uniformly  cheerAil  and  kind. 
His  religious  principles  were  aa  steady,  as 
his  morals  were  pure.    He  attended  pub- 
lic worship  about  thirty  years  in  the  pres- 
byterian  church   under  Dr  Sprout,  and 
died  in  the  fullest  ossurBnce  of  a  happy  im- 
mortality.   He  witnessed  the  most  aston- 
ishing changes.    He  lived  to  see  the  spot , 
where  he  had  picked  black   berries  and 
liunted  rabbits,  become  the  seat  of  a  great 
city,  the  flrst  in  wealth  in  America.    He 
•aw  ships  of  every  size  in  those  streams, 
where  he  had  been  used  to  see  nothing 
larger  than  an  Indian  canoe.    He  saw  the 
first  treaty  between  France  and  the  inde- 
pendent States  of  America  ratified  upon 
the  very  spot,  where  he  had  seen  Wil- 
liam Penn  ratify  his  first  and  last  treaties 
with  the  Indians.    He  had  been  the  sub- 
ject   of  seven    crowned  heads. — New 
and  gen.  biog.  diet.-,  Hardie ;  Ruih'e  e$- 
tayi,  396—800 ;  Univer$al  atylwn,  ii. 
89  \Ameriean  mmeum,  ii.78 — 76. 

DUANE,  James,  judge  of  the  district 
court  for  New  York,  was  ai  member  of 
the  first  congress  firom  this  state  in  1774, 
and  received  his  appointment  of  judge  in 
Oct  1789.  He  was  the  first  mayor  of 
New  York  ailer  its  recovery  from  the 
British.  His  death  occurred  at  Albany 
in  Feb.  1797.  He  published  a  law  case. 
DUCHK,  Jacob,  d.d.,  an  episcopal 
minister  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  native  of 
that  city  and  a  graduate  of  the  college  in 
17A7.  For  some  years  he  was  an  assis- 
tant ministfir  of  two  churches  ;  in  1775  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Peters  as  rector.  While 
chaplain  to  congress  he  gave  his  salary 
for  the  relief  of  the  f.  'ies  of  Pennsylva- 
nianSfkiiledin  bat*< . .  i  k;  he  was  opposed 
to  independence ;  aii' '  .iu  c,*;.  r  to  persuade 
Washington  to  adopt  his  own  views^  he 


sonthimaletterbyMrs.Ferguson.  Waalt- 
ington  transmitted  the  letter  to  cougresa. 
Thus  losing  the  public  confidence,    he 
went  to  England  in  1776,  and  was  chap- 
lain to  an  asylum  for  orphans.    He  died 
in  Jan.  1798,  aged  about  60.    His  daugh- 
ter, Sophia,   married  John  Henry,   the 
agent  of  the  Canadian  governor  in  1810. 
He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  talents  ;  an  in- 
teresting, impressive  orator,  with  much 
action  ;   snd  he  had  also  a  fine  poetical 
taste.    He  published  a  serm.  on  the  death 
ofE.  Morgan,  1768;  of  Richard  Penn, 
1771  ;  a  fast  sermon  before  congress,  July 
30  ;  a  sermon  to  the  militia,  1776  ;  obser- 
vations moral,  fcc.  by  Caspapina,  1778  ; 
sermons,  3  vols.  Lond.  1780 ;  a  sermon 
before    the    humane     soniety,    1781. — 
WirVi  oldbaekelor,  no.  81. 

DUDLEY,  Thomas,  governor  of 
Mass.,  waa  bom  in  Northampton,  Eng- 
land, in  1770.  After  having  been  for  some 
time  in  the  army,  his  mind  was  impressed 
by  religious  truth,  and  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  nonconformists.  He  came  to 
Massachusetts,  in  1680,  as  deputy  gover- 
nor, and  was  one  of  the  ^aunders  and  pil- 
lars of  the  color>  - .  He  was  chosen  gover- 
nor in  the  yean*  1634, 1040, 1645,ti  1650. 
His  zeal  agaiuFit  heretics  did  not  -'outent 
itself  with  arguments,  addressed  to  the 
understanding,  und  reproofs,  aimed  at  the 
conscience  ;  but  his  intolerance  was  not 
singular  in  au  age,  when  the  principles 
ofreligiouj  liberty  were  not  understood. 
The  folk>wing  lines  are  ^  part  of  a  piece, 
found  in  his  pocket  after  his  death. 

"Let  men  of  God  in  rr.urti  and  churehei  watch 
O'er  «uch ,  a*  do  a  toleratum  hatch,     . 
Leit  that  ill  egg  bring  forth  a  cockaUrioe, 
To  poiaon  all  with  hereiy  and  vice. 
If  men  be  left,  and  otberwiie  combine, 
My  epiuph'f,  I  died  tu  libtrtint." 

He  died  at  Roxbuiy  July  31 ,  1663,  aged 
76.  His  daughters  married  gov.  Brad- 
atreet,  gen.  Denison,  and  Rev.  J.  Wood- 
bridge.  Hewas  a  man  of  sound  judgment, 
of  inflexible  integrity,  of  public  spirit,  and 
ui  si-rict  and  exemplary  piety.— Jtforton, 
15a-,  Mather's  Magn.  ii.  iS— 17;  Neal's 
N.  E.  I.  308  ;  Hist.  eol.  vii.  11  ,x.89 ; 
Hutehineon,  1. 183 ;  IVimhrop ;  Holmei. 


S50 


DUDLEY. 


DUDLEY,  JoMph,  governor  of  Maw. 
wu  the  wn  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
bom  Sept.  98, 1647,  when  his  father  was 
70  years  of  age.  In  his  childhood,  after 
his  father's  death,  he  was  upi1'-t  t'  nro 
of  Mr.  Allen  of  Dedham,  v  lo  ■  ri  i 
his  mother.  He  was  f  r  "uatod  at  xi?r. 
vard  college  in  1665.  He  afterwards  en- 
tered into  the  service  of  his  country  in 
the  Indian  war  of  k676.  In  1683  he 
went  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the 
province.  When  the  government  was 
ohanged  in  1686  he  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  Mass,  and  New  Hampshire.  His 
commission  wis  received  in  May  1686. 
His  authority  was  of  short  continuance, 
for  Andr  <  arrived  at  the  close  of  the 
same  yeei  He,  however,wa8  continued 
in  the  cour.rii,  and  was  appointed  chief 
justice  In  1689  he  went  again  to  Eng- 
land, vnd  in  1690  returned  with  a  com- 
mission of  chief  justice  of  New  York, 
and  continued  in  this  country  three 
years.  He  was  th'  t  eight  years  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  the  isle  of  Wight.  He 
was  appointed  governor  of  Mass.  by 
queen  Ann,  and,  arriving  at  Boston  June 
II,  1703,  continued  in  the  govern- 
BMnttill  Nov.  1715,  being  succeeded  by 
Shute.  He  died  at  Roxbury  April  3, 
1790  aged  73.  Ht  possessed  rare  endow- 
ments, aud  was  a  singular  honor  to  his 
country  jbeing  a  man  of  learning  and  an  ac- 
complished gentleman.  He  was  a  scholar, 
o-a  divine,a  philosopher,&  a  lawyer.  As  gov. 
,<ft  Mass.,  he  was  I  instructed  to  procure 
ran  act  rendering  his  saLr- and  the*,  of 
ithe  lieutenant  governor  permanent;  the 
object  was  to  secure  the  dependence  of 
I  the  governors  on  the  crown.  These  in- 
structions occasioned  a  contioversy  with 
the  legislature,  which  lasted  during  the 
administration  of  Shute  and  others  of  his 
successors.  He  Joved  much  ceremony  in 
the  government  and  but  little  ceremony 
in  the  church,  being  attached  to  the  con- 
gregational order.  He  was  a  sincere 
christian,  whose  virtuM  attracted  general 
citeem,  though  in  the  conflict  of  political 
^iirties  his  character  was  frequently  as- 
sailed. While  in  his  family  he  devoutly 
.  addressed  himself  to  the  supreme  Being, 


he  also  freiiuently  prayed  with  hia  chil- 
dren separately  for  their  everlasting  wel- 
fare, and  did  not  think  it  humbling  to 
impart  religious  instruction  to  his  ser- 
vants. He  was  economical  and  digni- 
fied, and  he  applied  himself  with  great 
diligence  to  the  duties  of  his  station. — 
Colman'i  Jim.  lerm.;  Boitonnewt  letter, 
April  4,  1780;  HuicAifMOfi,  i,  S87,  S40- 
846;  II  318;  Belknap't  N.  H.  i.  861; 
Holmee;  JUinoVi  eontin.,  i.  59. 

DUDLEY,  Paul,  r.a.s.,  chief  justice 
of  Maix.  '  ...  :,u  of  t^e  preceding, was 
born  SepL  8,  1675,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1690.  He  finished 
his  law  studies  at  the  Temple  in  London. 
He  returned  in  1703  with  the  eonunis- 
sion  of  attorney  general,  which  he  held 
until  he  was  appointed  judge  in  1718. 
He  succeeded  Lynde  as  chief  justice,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Sewall.  On  the  bench 
he  was  impartial ;  the  stern  enemy  of 
vice ;  of  quick  apprehension,  extensive 
knowledge,  and  powerful  eloquence.  He 
died  at  Roxbury  Jan.  31,  1751,  aged  75. 
He  w  is  a  learned  and  pious  man.  From 
his  regard  to  the  interests  of  religio:>  ind 
as  a  proof  of  his  attachment  to  the  insti- 
tution, in  which  he  was  educated,  in  his 
last  will  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  col- 
lege 1001,  the  interest  of  which  was  to 
be  applied  to  the  support  of  an  annual 
lecture  to  be  preached  in  that  college  ; 
:he  first  lecture  to  be  for  proving 
and  explaining,  and  for  the  proper  use 
and  improvement  of  the  principles  of  nat- 
ural ''-ligion  ;  tht  second  for  the  confir- 
mation, illustration,  and  improvement  of 
the  great  articles  of  the  christian  religion; 
the  third  for  detecting,  convicting  and 
exposit)^  the  idolatry  and  tyranny,  the 
damnable  heresies,  and  abominable  super- 
stitions, and  fatal  and  various  errors  of 
the  Ron  ish  church  ;  the  fourth  for  raain- 
<    ning,  explaining,  and  proving  the  va- 

.y  of  the  ordination  of  ministers,  as 
I  ..t  sail  >  hath  been  practised  in  New 
I^nglanU  from  the  first  beginning  of  it. 
I'hese  subjects  were  successively  to  occu- 
py the  lecture,  and  he,  who  should  be 
chosen  for  the  last,  was  directed  to  be  a 
sound,  grave,  experienced  divine  of  at 


DUFFIELD. 


DUMMER. 


851 


loaat  Torty  yean  ofsge.    A  copy  of  each 
diMoune  is  required  to  be  leA  with  the 
treasurer.  The  trustees  are  the  president 
and  senior  tutor,  the  professor  of  divini- 
ty,  the  pHtor  of   the  first  church  in 
Cambridge,  and  the  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Roxbury.    The  first  sermon  on 
thia  foundation  was  preached  by  president 
Holyoke  in  May  1765.    The  second,  and 
the  first,  that  was  published,  was  deliv- 
ered by  Mr.  Barnard  in  1756.    Mr.  Dud- 
ley published  13  articles  in  the  transac- 
tions of  the  royal  society  in  vols.  8I-S4, 
and  S9;  among  them  an  account  of  the 
making  of  maple  sugar  ;  of  discovering 
the  hive  of  bees  in  the  woods  ;    of  the 
earthquake  of  N.  E. ;  of  the  poison  wood 
tree  ;   of  the  rattlesnake ;    of  the  Indian 
hot  houses  and  cures  by  sweating  in  hot 
turf;  description  of  the  moose  deer;  essay 
upon  the  natural  hist,  of  whales.     He 
published  also  an  essay  on  the  merchan- 
dise of  slaves  and  souls  of  men,  mentioned 
in  Revelation  xviii.  IS,  with  an  applica- 
tion to  the  church  of  Rome. — Holmes ; 
.Append,  to  Bamard't  Dudleian  lecture. 
DUFFIELD, George,  D.D.,mini8ter  in 
i>hiladelphi8,wns  born  in  Oct.1739.  After 
I:    became  a  preacher,  he  was  first  settled 
in  viie  town  of  Cr^rlisle,  where  his  zealous 
and  incessant  labors,  through  the  infiu- 
ence  of  tii«  divine  Spirit,  were  made  ef- 
fectual to  the  convursion  of  many.      So 
coiipicuous  w;    his  benevolent  activity, 
that  the  synod  uppointed  him  as  a  mis- 
sionary, and  he  accordingly  in  company 
with  Mr.  Beatty  visited   the  frontiers. 
His  talents  at  length  drew  him  into  a 
more  public  sphc  re,  and  placed  him  as  a 
pastor  of  the  second  presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia.    His  zeal  to  do  good  ex- 
posed him  to  the  disease,  of  which  he 
died  F^.  3, 1790.    Dr.  Duflield  possess- 
ed a  vigorous  mind,  and  was  considerably 
distinguished  as  a  scholar.    As  his  readi- 
ness of  utterance,  was  seldom  equalled,  he 
was  enabled  to  preach  with  uncommon 
frequency.     As  he  possessed  an  uncon- 
querable firmness,    he  always    adhered 
steadily  to  the  opinions,  which  he  had 
formed.       In  the  struggle  with    Great 
Britain  he  was  an  early  and  zealous  friend 


of  his  country.  But  it  was  as  a  christian, 
that  he  was  most  convpicuous,  ibr  th« 
religion,  which  he  preached,  wss  exhibi- 
ted in  his  own  life.  The  spirit  of  the 
gospel  tinctured  his  whole  mind.  It  ren- 
dered him  the  advocate  of  the  poor,  and 
the  friend  of  the  fk-iendless.  He  sought  oc- 
casions of  advancing  the  interests  of  reli- 
gion and  humanity.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  in  early  life  remarkably  animated  and 
popular,  and  his  manner  waa  always  warm 
and  forcible,  and  his  instructions  always 
practical.  Dwelling  much  on  the  great 
and  essential  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  he 
had  a  peculiar  talent  ut  touching  the 
conscience,  and  impressing  the  heart. 
He  published  an  account  of  his  tour  with 
Mr.  Beatty  along  the  frontiers  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the 
restoration  of  peace.  Dee.  11,  1788. — 
Green' I  fun.  $ermon.;  A»$embly'$  mu$. 
mag.  I.  553-556;  .American  miMeuni,vii. 
66-68. 

DULANEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent 
counsellor  of  Maryland,  resided  at  Annap- 
olis and  died  at  an  early  stage  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war.  He  was  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  learned  and  accomplished 
men  in  his  profession,  that  our  country 
ever  produced.  He  made  some  publica- 
tions on  the  controversy  between  Ameri- 
ca and  Great  Britain.  The  title  of  one 
of  them  is,  considerations  on  the  pro- 
priety of  imposing  taxes  in  the  British 
colonies  in  North  America  for  the  purposa 
of  a  revenue,  1766. — MilUr'$  retrotpeet. 
II.  379i 

DUMMER,  Shubael,  minister  of 
York,  Maine,  was  the  ton  of  Richard 
Dummer,  who  came  to  N.  E.  in  1 SS6 
and  died  at  Newbury  Dec.  14,I<j79, 3g(;d 
87.  He  was  born  Feb.  17,  16  .6,  jjmdu- 
ated  at  Harvard  college  in  1656  and  began 
to  preach  at  York  in  1663.'  He  was  not 
ordained,  probably  because  a  church  waa 
not  organized,  until  Dec.  3, 1673.  The 
town  of  York  was  surprised  Monday, 
Feb.  6,1692,  by  a  party  of  French  and 
Indians,  who  came  on  snow  shoes,  and 
burnt  most  of  the  houses,  excepting  the 
four  garrison  houses  of  Alcook,  Preble, 
Harman,  and  Norton,  and  killed  about  75 


DUMMB^R. 


1: 


of  the  inhabitant!  and  carried  as  many 
into  captivity.  Mr.  Dummer  was  shot 
down  dead  near  his  own  door,  aged  56. 
His  wife  was  taicen  captive.  His  succes- 
sor was  S.  Moody. 

DUMMER,  Jeremiah,  an  agent  of 
Mass.,  in  England,  and  a  distinguished 
scholar,was  a  native  of  Boston,  the  son  of 
Jeremiah,  and  was  the  grandHon  of  Rich- 
ard Oummer,  one  of  the  principal  settlers 
of  Mass.  who  died  at  Newbury.  He 
wasgraduted  at  Harvard  college  in  1699. 
While  a  member  of  this  seminary,  he  was 
preeminent  for  the  brilliancy  of  his  gen- 
ius. His  only  competitor  was  Mr.  John 
Bulkley,  who  surpassed  him  for  solidity 
of  judgment,  but  not  in  sprightliness  of 
thought  and  wit.  He  soon  afterwards 
went  to  Europe  and  spent  a  number  of 
years  at  the  university  of  Utrecht,  where 
he  received  a  doctor'H  degree.  He  then 
returned  to  New  England,  but,finding  no 
prospect  of  employment  in  this  country, 
that  would  be  agreeable  to  him,  he  went 
to  England,  where  he  arrived  a  little  be- 
fore the  change  of  queen  Ann's  ministry. 
In  1710  he  was  appointed  agent  of  Mass., 
and  his  services  were  important,  till  his 
dismission  in  1731.  Contrary  to  the  ex- 
pectation of  his  countrymen  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  persons  in  power,  and  was 
an  advocate  of  their  measures.  He  was 
employed  by  lord  Bolingbroke  in  some 
secret  negociations,  and  had  assurances  of 
promotion  to  a  place  i  )f  honor  and  profit ; 
but  the  death  of  the  queen  blasted  all  his 
hopes.  If  he  had  espoused  a  different 
side,  it  is  thought,  that  his  great  talents 
might  have  elevated  him  to  some  of  the 
highest  offices.  His  acquaintance  with 
Bolingbroke  perverted  his  religious  sen- 
timents and  corrupted  his  manners ;  so 
that  he,  who  had  studied  divinity,  and 
who  in  youth,  as  appears  by  his  diary, 
had  a  susceptible  conscience  and  was  ac- 
customed to  lh«  language  of  fervent 
prayer,  through  the  contaminating  influ- 
ence of  profligate  great  men  became  li- 
centious in  manners  and  a  sceptic  in  reli- 
gion. Yet  he  was  miserable  in  his  de- 
pravity, and  confessed  to  a  friend,  that  he 
wished  to  feeJagain  the  pure  joys, which  he 


experienced,  when  hebreathed  theairof  N. 
£.  He  died  May  19, 1739.  Though  upon 
the  change  of  times  he  deserted  his  patron, 
lord  Bolingbroke,  in  regard  to  politics  ;  it 
is  said,  that  he  adhered  to  his  sentiments 
upon  religion  to  the  close  of  life.  Few 
men  exceeded  him  in  quickness  of 
thought,  and  in  ease,  delicacy,  and  fluen- 
cy in  upeaking  and  writing.  He  publish- 
ed disputatio  theologies  de  Christi  ad  in- 
feros descensu,  quam,  indulgente  Triuno 
Numine,  sub  prnssidio  clar.  &  celeber.  viri, 
D.  D.  Herm.  Witsii,  &c.  4to,  1703;  de 
jure  Judaiorum  sabbati  brevis  disquisitio 
4to,  1709  ;  dissertatio  theologico — philo- 
logica,  4to,  1703;  disputatio  philosophi- 
ca  inaug.  4to,  1703;  a  defence  of  the 
New  England  charters,  1731  ;  a  letter 
to  a  noble  lord  concerning  the  expedition 
to  Canada  1713. — Hi$t.  eol.  x.  155  ; 
Hulehifuon,  ii.  187,  355  ;  Eliot. 

DUMMER,  William,  lieutenant  gov. 
of  Mass.  received  a  commission  for  this 
office  at  the  time  that  Shute  wasapppoin- 
ted  governor  in  1716.  At  the  departure 
of  Shute  Jan.  1,  1733,  he  was  leii  at  the 
head  of  the  province,  and  he  continued 
commander  in  chief  till  the  arrival  of 
Burnet  in  1738.  He  was  also  comman- 
der in  chief  in  the  interval  between  his 
death  and  the  arrival  of  Belcher.  His 
administration  is  spoken  of  with  great  re- 
spect, and  he  is  represented  as  governed 
by  a  pure  regard  to  the  public  good.  The 
war  with  the  Indians  was  conducted 
with  great  skill,the  Norridgewocks  being 
cutoffin  1724.  From  the  year  1730 
Mr.  Dummer  lived  chiefly  in  retirement 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  selecting 
for  his  acquaintance  and  friends  men  of 
sense,  virtue,  and  religion,  and  receiving 
the  blessings  and  applauses  of  his  coun- 
try. He  died  at  Boston  Oct.  10,  1761, 
aged  82  years.  He  preserved  an  unspot- 
ted character  through  life.  Though  he 
enjoyed  fame,  he  did  not  place  his  happi- 
ness in  the  distinctions  of  this  world.  He 
was  sincerely  and  firmly  attached  to  the 
religion  of  Jesus,  and  in  the  midst  of  hu- 
man grandeur  he  was  preparing  for 
death.  In  health  and  sickness  he  oilen 
declared,  that  his  hope  of  the  divine  ac- 


HMdiatioi 


bit 


DUNB 
atyswai 
H«w»a» 

for  hi*  rcM 
the  phiioso 
of  which  h( 
emleonnii 
intnnsMt. 
gtMyaofa^ 
taor. 


sippi. 
DUNCA 
Ott.  S,  193J 
liriMd  TraJ 
aad  CamdJ 
ISmo.  183^ 
TmoaroraiJ 
OUNM( 
tlM  Uat  toy 
the  foverw 
1771,  and 
1773  to  1771 
niMtwr  here 
Wiiiianuliui 
in  Apr.  177 
th»*ov»ri»iT, 
board  tha 
Town.    He 
aeting  the  pi 
He  burnt  M( 
inaaaddiaei 
ooaat.    He 
of  Bermuda, 
Hie  wife  w 
daughter  oi 
Holmes,  u. 
DUNSTI 


DUNOAU. 


DIINTON. 


m 


I  wu  built  upon  Um  nMriw  aad 
nMdktion  nt  Jumm  Gliriat,  whoa  h* 
uiani  m  th>  Um  0«daii4tlMMil.r8ii- 
viorofara.  UaitlMMM williiiwaMiiM 
Um  iMlitutioM  of  Iha  |Mp«i  (  he 
iMl  fai  ki«  luaiijr  itowHioM  {  b* 
■pyliwt  Mwwif  to  tiM  pernMl  of  piooa 
boolw ;  Mid  at  tteMd  tinw*  k*  rvtirad  to 
hitokml  ftw  pnywr.  Duiiaf  hk  Uft 
kb  alas  wan  a  mamorial  of  kit  banavo- 
laiMa,aad  al  daath  ha  tail  afreat  part  of 
hiaaalala  to  pioua  and  eharitaMa  uaea.--- 
.9fk9*  ftiH,  termtm  (  Bttm  Om,  Oet. 
M,  ITU)  JiM<«AMiMii,  II.  S»l,  sat,  S6»; 
Hahwa. 

DUNBAR,  WiUian,  a  plantar,  died 
at  hia  aeai  at  Natehea  Nov.  1ft,  1810. 
Ha  waa  a»  aatronomer,  and  diatinguiahed 
lor  lua  reaaarehm  in  nataral  aeianoe.  To 
the  philoaophical  aoeiety  of  Philadelphia, 
of  which  he  waa  a  member,  he  made  aev- 
end  eonmvuieationa,  which  are  publiahed 
in  tmmaot.  vol.  vi ;— .aeeount  of  the  lan« 
gnafa  of  aigna  among  the  Indiani ;  in». 
taor.  obaerv.  1900;  deaeription  of  the 
Miaaiaaippi. 

DUNCAN,  John  M.,  died  at  Glasgow 
Oat.  S,  1935,  aged  91  years.  He  pub- 
liahed Travala  through  part  of  the  U.  8. 
and  Canada  in  1S18  and  1819,  2  vohi. 
Itmo.  1839;  alao,  Sabbath  among  the 
ToacaronML 

DUNMORE,  John  Murray,  aarlof, 
the  kMt  royal  governor  of  Virginia,  waa 
the  governor  of  New  York  A'om  1770  to 
1771,  and  governor  of  Virginia  from 
1779  to  1775.  In  hia  seal  for  hia  royal 
roaater  he  removed  the  public  atorea  (Ima 
WiUiamaburg  on  board  of  armed  veasela 
in  Apr.  1776  and  afterwarda  abdicated 
thefovarfl(i\ant  and  retired  for  afety  on 
board  the  Foway  man  of  war  at  York 
Town.  He  kinded  in  difierent  placea, 
acting  tha  part  of  a  ooraairand  plunderer. 
He  burnt  Norfolk  Jan.  1, 1770 ;  but  fam- 
ina  and  diaeaae  obliged  him  to  quit  the 
ooMt.  Ha  waa  appointed  in  1780  gov. 
of  Bermuda,  It  died  in  Bnghmd  in  1800. 
Hia  wife  waa  hidy  Chariotta  Stewart, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Galloway.— 
Holme$,  II.  319,  356. 
DUNSTER,  Henry,  firat  prendent  of 
45 


Harvard  collage,  waa  inducted  Into  tkia 
oAre   Aag.  97,  1940.      He  aueeaaded 
Nathaniel  Baton,  who  «m*  the  Aral  maa> 
tor  of  the  aamkiary,  being    akoaan  in 
1997  or  1999,  and  who  had  bean  ranaovad 
on  aeeount  of  tlia  aeverity  ol'  Ma  dlaai^ 
pline.    Ha  waa  highly  raapaeiad  for  hia 
learning,  piety,  and  apirit  of  govaMroent; 
but  having  at  length  imMbed  the  priaai> 
plea  of  antipadobsptiant,  and  puWielbr  ad* 
voented  them,  he  wm  induead  to  naign 
tha  preaidentahip  Oet.  94, 1994»  and  wai* 
auaoacded  by  Mr.  Gkauney.     Ha  now 
retired  to  Baituatot  where  he  apanl  the 
remainder  of  kii  daya  ia  peace.    Hadiad 
in  Feb.  97, 1999.     He  waa  •  modeati 
humblo,  charitiAla  man.     By  hia  K.it 
will  he  ordered  hh  body  to  be  buried  at 
Cambridge,  and  baquealhed  lefaeiea  to 
the  vary  peraona,  who  had  oecJiioMd  Ma 
removal  fVom    the  college.    Ha  waa  • 
great  maater  of  the  oriekial  langoagea, 
and  when  a  new  version  of  tha  paabna 
had   bean   made  by  Eliot,  Waida,  and 
Mather,  and  printed  in  1940;  it  waa  put 
into  hia  handa  to  be  reviae«l.    Ha  aeoor» 
dingly,  with  the  avaialanee  of  Rkihard 
Lyon,  improved  the  veraion,  end  brought 
it  into  that  atato,  in  whirh  the  akwehea 
of  New  Enghmd  ueed  it  for  many  aubae* 
quant yeara.—JtfalA«r'«  t*agn„  lu.  99-. 
101  ;  IV.  199  ',Xeml*$  N.  £.  i.  909  ;  U. 
JUmu'N.E,  79;   Hutekimvn,  t.  174; 
HM  ea<.  vii.  90,  49,  49 ;  Ho/inaa  ;  .Vatw 
tvm,  1701. 

DUNTON,  Jobn,  a  bookaeUer  in  Boa- 
ton,  had  conducted  hia  bumne«  exiniaive- 
ly  in  Loadoa,  but  iu  a  tine  of  embarraM« 
ment  came  to  thia  country  in  Marrh 
1688  with  a  atook  of  book*  and  for  the 
purpoaa  of  collecting  hia  debta,  amountinar 
to  600[.  Ha  remained  here  8  montha  and 
became  acquainted  with  all  the  clergy- 
men and  the  principal  citiwns.  On  hw 
return  to  London  he  resumed  hiit  buaineaa 
there.  He  publiahed  in  l705  the  li(^  and 
errora  of  Jolui  Dunton,  in  which  ha  giyea 
an  account  of  his  voyage  to  Boston,  a  ve- 
ry amusing  extract  from  which  m  in 
hist,  collectiens.  He  describes  the  minis- 
ters, booksellers,  and  other  citiaens  of 
Boston  and  Salem.    In  hia  will  he  direc- 


r,v 


954 


DUSTON. 


DWIGHT. 


ted  his  burial  to  be  "the  7th  day  after  his 
death  and  not  before,  lest  he  should  come 
to  life,  as  his  mother  had  done,  on  the 
day  appointed  for  her  Mineral."  He  died 
about  1786.-rAom<M,  ii.4I  5-430;  3  Hi$t. 
eot.  II.  97 — 134. 

DUSTON,  Hannah,  the  wife  of 
Thomas  D.  of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  was 
married  Dec.  S,  1677,  and  was  the  moth- 
er of  IS  children.  When  the  Indians 
attacked  Haverhill  March  15,  1697, 
her  husband*  flew  to  his  house  and  order- 
ed his  children  to  flee  without  delay. 
Before  bis  wife,  with  an  infant  only  a 
week  old,  could  escape,  the  Indians  ap- 
proached. Mounting  his  horse  and  bear- 
ing his  musket  he  followed  his  seven 
young  children  as  their  defender.  A  par- 
ty of  the  savagt<i  pursued  and  flred  upon 
him,  but  he  retu:  led  the  fire,  and  by  the 
favor  of  providence  conducted  his  little 
flock  to  a  neig'iboring  garrison.  Mrs. 
Duston,  with  her  infant,  and  her  nurse, 
widow  Mary  Neff,  was  captured.  At 
this  time  9  houses  were  burnt,  and  40 
persons  killed  and  carried  into  captivity. 
After  proceeding  a  short  distance  the 
savages  took  the  infant  from  the  nurse 
and  killed  it.  Mrs.  D.  after  a  fatiguing 
journey,  was  brought  to  an  island  just 
above  Concord,  N.  H.,  formed  at  the 
junction  of  the  Contoocook  river  with  the 
Merrimac  between  Concord  and  Bosca- 
wen,  now  called  Duston's  island.  The 
Indian  family,  to  which  she  had  been 
assigned,  consisted  of  1 3  persons,  3  men, 
9  women,  and  7  children ;  the  prisoners 
in  this  family  were  threej  Mrs.  D.,  Ma- 
ry Nefl*,  and  Samuel  Lennardson,  a  boy, 
who  had  been  taken  at  Worcester.  Ear- 
ly in  the  morning  of  April  5  Mrs.  D. 
awoke  her  confederates,  and,  seizing  the 
hatchets  of  the  Indians,  who  were  asleep, 
despatched  ten  of  the  twelve,  &  favorite 
boy  being  spared  and  a  wounded  woman 
making  her  escape  with  him.  Mrs.  D. 
arrived  safe  at  Haverhill,  and  for  the 
scalps  received  60/.  from  the  general 
court,  besides  many  valuable  presents. 
In  1816  her  house  was  standing,  owned 
by  Thomas  Duston,  a  descendant.— 3 
Hut.  eol.  IV.   138;    DvBtght,    i.    411; 


Drake'i    Ind.   wan,   816;  MagtuUia, 
VII.  90  ;  Hutehituon,  ii.  101. 

DUTTON,  Matthew  Rk  ,  profev 
sor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy 
at  Yale  college,  was  born  in  Watertown, 
Con.  June  89,  1783  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1808.  He  was  a  tutor 
from  1810  to  1814.  In  this  last  year  he 
was  ordained  the  minister  of  Stratford, 
where  he  remained  about  8  years.  After 
the  death  of  professor  Fisher  in  183S,  he 
was  chosen  as  his  successor,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office,  till  his 
failing  health,  which  had  long  been  feeble, 
compelled  him  to  desist  from  his  labors. 
He  died  of  a  pulmonary  complaint  July 
17,  1835,  aged  43.  With  great  scientific 
attainments  he  combined  the  most  amia- 
ble manners  and  the  piety,  which  sustain- 
ed him  in  the  hour  of  death. — N.  H.  re- 
lig.  intettig. 

DWIGHT,  Joseph,  brigadier  general, 
was  born  in  Dedham  in  1703,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1733.  While 
residing  in  Brookfield,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1733 ;  in  1739  he  wab  appoin- 
ted a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
for  the  county  of  Worcester;  in  1745, 
at  the  reduction  of  Louisburg,  he  and 
Waldo  were  the  brigadiers.  He  com- 
manded the  artillery  of  Mass.,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  exertions  and  ser- 
vices and  commended  by  Pepperell.  In 
1756,  at  the  head  of  a  brigade  of  militia, 
he  repaired  to  lake  Champlain,  in  the  sec- 
ond French  war.  Soon  after  his  return 
he  purchased  land  in  Great  Barrington, 
and  there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
In  1761,  when  the  county  of  Berk- 
shire was  formed^  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  county  court  and  judge  of 
probate.  He  died  June  9,  1765,  aged 
63.  By  his  second  wife»  the  wid- 
ow of  Rev.  J.  Sergeant,  he  had  3  chil- 
dren, the  late  Henry  W.D  wight  of  Stoek- 
bridge,  and  the  second  wife  of  judge 
Sedgwick.  His  personal  appearance  was 
fine.  He  was  dignified  in  his  manners, 
an  upright  judge,  and  an  exemplary  pro- 
fessor of  the  religion  of  the  gospel. — 
Hist.  Berkshire,  233. 

DWIGHT,   Timothy,  d.  d.,  ll.  d., 


DWIGHT. 


355 


pretidentof  Yale  college,  was  a  descend- 
ant,in  the  fourth  generation,  from  Timo- 
thy Dwight,who  died  in  Dedham,Ma88., 
Jan.  81 ,1718,  aged  89,  and  whoae  father, 
John,8ettled  at  Dedham  in  1635  and  died 
in  1663.  His  father  was  colonel  Timothy 
Dwight,  a  graduate  of  Yale  college  in 
1744,  and  a  respectable,  pious  merchant 
of  Northampton,  where  he  lived  many 
yean  until  in  1776,  in  order  to  provide 
for  the  settlement  of  two  of  his  sons,  he 
repaired  to  the  territory  of  the  Natchez,of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  original  purcha- 
sers with  gen.  Lyman,  his  brother  in  law, 
and  died  there  in  1 777.  His  mother  was 
Mary,  the  third  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Edwards.  He  was  born  at  Northamp- 
ton May  14,1752.  The  religious  im- 
pressions, made  upon  his  mind  by  the  in- 
structions of  his  intelligent  and  excellent 
mother,  were  never  effiiced:  she  also 
very  successfully  directed  his  early  stu- 
dies. In  his  4th  year  he  could  read  the  Bi- 
ble with  correctness.  While  in  Yale  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  in  1769, 
for  the  two  first  years  through  the  folly 
of  youth  much  of  his  time  was  misspent ; 
but  during  the  two  last  years  he  was  dili- 
gentjdevoting  !  4  hours  each  day  to  study, 
and  made  great  acquisitions.  From  1769 
to  1771  he  taught  a  grammar  school  at 
New  Haven,  and  during  this  period  ap- 
propriated 8  hours  every  day  to  severe 
study.  In  1771,  at  the  age  of  19,  he 
was  chosen  a  tutor  in  the  college  and 
continued  in  that  office  with  high  reputa- 
tion 6  years.  While  he  was  eminent  as  a 
teacher  of  mathematics,  guiding  his  pu- 
pils in  fluxions  and  in  the  Principia  of 
Newton,  he  awakened  a  new  zeal  in  the 
cultivation  of  rhetoric  and  oratory.  On 
taking  his  second  degree  in  1772  he  de- 
livered a  Dissertation  on  the  history,  elo- 
quence, and  poetry  of  the  Bible,  which 
vras  immediately  published  and  procured 
him  great  honor.  At  this  period,  in  his 
economy  of  time,  he  endeavored  to  re- 
move the  necessity  of  bodily  exercise  by 
diminishing  greatly  the  qu&ntity  of  food  ; 
but  in  a  few  months  his  health  began  to 
decline.  He  was  emaciated,  and  had 
suffered  severely  by  the  bilious   colic. 


With  difficulty  was  he  removed  to  Nor- 
thampton. But,  by  advice  of  a  physician, 
he  commenced  a  daily  course  of  vigorous 
bodily  exercise,  walking  and  riding  ;  and, 
persevering  in  it,  enjoyed  uninterrupted 
health  for  forty  years.  In  1774  at  the 
age  of  33  he  finished  his  epic  poem,  "  the 
Conquest  of  Canaan,"  which;ihe  had  be- 
gun 3  years  before.  On  recovering  from 
the  small  ;X>x  his  incautious  return  to  his 
habits  of  study  injured  his  eyes,  which 
caused  him  for  the  remainder  of  his  life 
great  pain.  In  March  1777  he  married 
the  daughter  of  Benjamin  Woolsey  of 
Long  Island,  by  whom  he  had  eight  sons, 
six  of  whom  survived  him.  In  June  he 
was  licensed  as  a  preacner ;  and  in  Sept. 
he  withdrew  from  the  college  and  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  gen.  Parsons' brig- 
ade in  Putnam's  division,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  continued  about  a  year.  He 
joined  the  array  at  West  Point  in  Oct. 
While  he  discharged  his  appropriate  du- 
ties, he  also  employed  his  poetical  pow- 
ers for  the  good  of  his  country.  Of  his 
poetical  songs  at  that  period,  hie  "Co- 
lumbia" is  still  remembered.  On  recei- 
ving in  Oct.  1778  the  news  of  the  death 
of  his  father  in  the  preceding  year  he  was 
induced  to  leave  the  army  and  to  remove 
his  family  to  Northampton,that  he  might 
console  his  mother  and  provide  for  her 
numerous  family.  For  five  years  he 
here  discharged  with  the  utmost  fidelity 
and  cheerfulness  the  duties  of  a  son  and  a 
brother,  laboring  personally  on  a  farm, 
preaching  occasionally  in  the  neighboring 
towns  of  Westfield,  Deerfield,  and  South 
Hadley,  superintending  a!;j  a  school. 
His  income  he  expended  in  the  support 
of  the  common  family.  In  1781  and 
1786  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature. 
With  many  and  strong  motives  to  devote 
himself  to  civil  employments  he  yet  re- 
solved to  spend  his  days  in  the  clerical 
profession.  He  was  ordained,  Nov.  6, 
i783,the  minister  of  Greentield,a parish  of 
Fairfield,  and  continued  in  this  station  for 
the  next  13  years.  His  method  of 
preaching  was  to  write  the  heads  of  his 
discourse  and  the  leading  thoughts,  and 
to  fill  up  the  plan  at  the  time  of  delivery. 


S56 


DWIGHT. 


fcl' 


With  a  BinaU  aakry  or  500  dollars  he 
round  it  necewary  to  make  other  provis- 
ion for  his  family.    He  opened  an  acade- 
my, which  was  filled  with  pupils  of  both 
8exea,and  which  was  highly  celebrated 
during  the  whole  period  of  his  residence 
in  Greenfield.    In  1785  he  published  his 
"Conquest  of  Canaan,"  which  had  been 
written  II  years  before  and  for  which 
3,000  subscribers  had  been  obtained.    In 
1794  he  published  his  poem  in  7  parts, 
called    "Greenfield   Hill."      After  the 
death  of  Dr.  Stiles  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  Yale  college  and  inaugurated  in 
Sept.  1795.     For  ten  years  he  was  an- 
nually appointed  professor  of  theology. 
In  1805  the  appointment  was  made  per- 
manent.    Having  while  at    Greenfield 
written  in  short  notes  and  preached  over 
twice  a  course  of  lectures  on  systematic 
theology  in  about  100  sermons,  he  went 
through  with  them  twice  in  the  same  state 
at  New  Haven,  frequently  adding  to  their 
number.      In  1805  he  began,  by  the  aid 
of  an  amanuensis,  to  write  out  these  ser- 
mons and  finished  them  in  1809.     After 
his  death  they  were  published  in  5  vols., 
being  173  sermons.    In  1 300  was  comple- 
ted his   revision  of  Watts'  psalms,  to 
which  he  added  33  psalms,  which  he  had 
composed.     In  1796  he  commenced  jour- 
neying in  the  college  vacations  of  May 
and  Sept.  in  N.  E.  and  New  York,  and 
continued  this  practice  till  the  last  year 
of  his  life,  taking  notes,  which  he  after- 
wards wrote  out.    This  was  the  origin  of 
his  book  of  Travels,  published  in  4  vols. 
The  last  journey,  which  he  made,  was  in 
Sept.   1815,  when  he  proceeded  as  far 
west  as  Hamilton  college,  near  Utica.    In 
Feb.   1816  he  was  seized  with  u  most 
threatening  disease,  an  afleotion  of  the 
bladder ;  in  April  he  was  deemed  beyond 
recovery.      Under  all  his  suffering  he 
was  patient  and  resigned,      But  in  June 
he  was  able  again  to  preach  in  the  chapel, 
and  in  his  first  sermon  he  alluded  to  hie 
impression  in  his  sickness  of  the  vanity 
of  all  earthly  things.      He  said,  "I  have 
coveted  reputation  and  influence  to  a  de- 
gree, which  I  9m  unable  to  justify;"  and 
he  earnestly  warned  his  pupils  against 


the  pursuit  of  earthly  CDjoyraenta.  Though 
he  resumed  his  labors;  yet  his  disease 
was  only  mitigated,  not  removed.  Dur^ 
ing  the  last  few  months  of  his  life  he 
wrote  on  the  evidences  of  revelation  and 
other  subjects, — the  whole  forming  mat- 
ter for  a  volume.  He  wrote  also  the  lat- 
ter half  of  a  poem  of  1500  lines  in  the 
measure  of  Spenser,  the  subject  of  which 
is  a  contest  between  Genius  and  Common 
Sense  on  their  comparative  merits,  the 
question  being  decided  by  Truth.  At 
the  close  of  Nov.  he  became  too  unwell  to 
continue  his  hibors  as  an  instructer  in 
college.  He  died  Jan.  11, 1817,  aged 
64,  having  been  president  SI  years. 

A  full  account  of  the  character  and 
labors  of  Dr.  D  wight  may  be  found  in  his 
life,  prefixed  to  his  system  of  theology. 
Besides  his  printed  works,  he  wrote  also 
discourses,  preached  on  the  sabbath  before 
commencement  tothe  senior  claB8,li  many 
miscellaneous  8ermona,which,  it  is  hoped, 
may  be  given  to  the  public.    The  follow- 
ing is  a  catalogue  of  his  publications: — 
the  history,  eloquence,  and  poetry  of  the 
Bible,  1773 ;  the  conquest  of  Canaan,  a 
poem,  17S5 ;  election  sermon,  1791;  the 
genuineness  and  authenticity  of  the  N. 
Test.   1793  ;    Greenfield  Hill,  a  poem ; 
1794  ;  the  triumph  of  infidelity,  a  poem; 
occasioned  by  Chauncy's  work  on  uni- 
versal salvation  ;  two  discourses  on  the 
nature  and  danger  of  infidel  philosophy  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Elizur  Good- 
rich, 1797;  the  duty  of  Americans  at  the 
present  crisis,  1798;   on  the  character  of 
Washington,  1800  ;   on  some  events  of 
the  last  century,  1801 ;   on  the  death  of 
E.  G.  Marsh,  1804  ;  on  duelling,  1805  ; 
at  the  theological  institution  at  Andover 
and  ordination  of  E.  Pearson,  1809;  on 
th«    death  of  gov.   Trumbull,     1909; 
a    charity   sermon,     1810 ;     at  the  or- 


dination of  N.  W.  Taylor  ;  on  the  fast ; 
un  the  national  fast,  1813  ;  a  sermon  be- 
fore the  American  board  of  commissioners 
for  foreign  missions,  1813;  remarks  on 
the  review  of  Inchiquin's  letters,  1815  ; 
observations  on  language,  and  an  essay 
on  light  in  Mem.  of^  Con.  Academy  of 
sciences,  1816;   theology  explained  snd 


DYCKMAN. 


EASTBURN. 


S&7 


ts.  Though 
liw  diMue 
red.    Dui- 
his  life  he 
elation  and 
rming  mat- 
klso  the  lat' 
ines  in  the 
let  of  which 
i)d  Common 

merits,  the 
Fruth.  At 
oo  unwell  to 
nstructer  in 
,  1817,  aged 

years. 

laracter  and 
(found  in  his 
of  theology, 
le  wrote  also 
abbath  before 
claBS,limany 
1,  it  is  hoped, 

Thefollow- 
iblications: — 
poetry  of  the 
of  Canaan,  a 
)n,  1791;  the 
ity  of  the  N. 
lill,  a  poem; 
elity,  a  poem; 

fork  on  uni- 

lurses  on  the 
ll  philosophy ; 
lElizur  Good- 

lericans  at  the 

le  character  of 

ime  events  of 
the  death  of 

lelling,  1805 ; 

in  at  Andover 
in,  1809 ;  on 
kbull,  1309; 
;    at  the  or- 

i;  on  the  fast ; 
a  sermon  be- 
inimissioners 

I,   remarks  on 

letters,  1815 ; 

and  an  essay 

Academy  of 

isplained  and 


defended  in  a  series  of  sermons,  4  vol. 
several  editions,  Amer.  and  English; 
travels  in  New  England  and  New  York, 
4  vols.  8vo.  1801.— Life prtf.  to  hit  the- 
ology;  Spec.  Amer. poet.  1,  333. 

DYCKMAN,  Jacob,  m.  d.,  was  born 
at  Yonkers,  West  Chester  connty,  N.  Y. 
Deo.  1,1788.  After  graduating  bt  Colum- 
bia college  in  1810  he  studied  physic  with 
Dr.  Hosack.  For  some  years  he  was 
physician  of  the  city  dispensary,  and  sur- 
geon of  the  alms  house  at  New  York ;  in 
1831  he  was  appointed  health  commis- 
sioner. He  died  of  the  consumption 
at  the  residence  of  his  father  at 
King's  Bridge  Dec.  5, 1833  in  christian 
composure.  In  the  days  of  his  health  he 
had  regarded  morality  as  all,  that  religion 
demanded  ;  but  in  his  sickness  he  per- 
ceived, tliat  the  divine  commands  in  the 
scripture  are  the  measure  of  duty,  and 
that  God  demands  the  homage  of  the 
heart.  He  published  a  dissertation  on 
the  pathology  of  the  human  fluids  ;  an 
improved  edition  of  Duncan's  dispensato- 
ry, 1818 ;  anessay  on  Adipocire  in  trans. 
N.  Y.  Lyceum.  He  also  had  made  pro- 
gress in  collecting  materials  for  a  work 
on  the  vegetable  Materia  Medica  of  the 
U.  S. — Thacher'i  tned.  biog. 

DYER,  Mary  a  victim  of  persecu- 
tion, was  the  wife  of  William  Dyer,  who 
'removed  from  Mass.  to  R. Island  in  1688. 
Having  been  sentenced  to  execution  for 
"rebellious  sedition  and  obtruding  herself 
after  banishment  upon  pain  of  death," 
she  was  reprieved  at  the  request  of  her 
son,  on  condition,  thot  she  departed  in 
48  hours  and  did  not  return.  She  re- 
turned and  was  executed  June  1,  16o0. 

DYER,  Eliphalet,  ch^ef  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Conn.,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  D.  of  Windham,and  grandson  of 
Thoa.D.of  Weymouth  in  1632,&  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1740.  He  was  col- 
onel of  a  regiment  raised  in  1758  for  the 
expedition  against  C  rown  Point.  He  was 
a  delegate  to  the  congress  of  1765  and  to 
that  of  1774;  was  appointed  judge  in 
1766  and  chief  justice  in  1789,  in  which 
office  he  continued  till  1797.  He  c(mtri- 
buted  his  efforts  with  other  patriots  to 


promote  and  support  the  independenoe 
of  his  country.  He  died  at  Windham 
May  19,  1807,  aged  86. 

EARLE,  James,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  at  Pax  ton,  or  Leicester,  Mass., 
the  son  of  capt.  Ralph  Earle,  and  went 
to  London,  where  he  gained  some  distinc- 
tion as  a  painter,  and  where  he  married. 
He  died  at  Charleston  of  the  yellow  fever 
in  Aug.  1796,  leaving  in  London  a  wife 
and  3  children.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  there  was  perhaps  no  painter  in  this 
country  of  superior  skill. 

EARLE,  Ralph,  a  portrait  painter, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  bora  at 
Leicester,  and  was  employed  in  Rl>od';« 
Island  in  making  fans  before  he  we'.it  to 
England.  He  was  with  Stewart  at  the 
royal  institution  in  London.  He  pain- 
ted the  king.  By  Stewart  he  was  regar- 
ded as  one  of  the  best  of  painters.  In 
this  country  he  painted  in  Bennington 
and  Albany.  He  died  at  Bolton,  Con. 
Aug.  16,  1801,  aged  50.  A  son  of  his 
afterwards  lived  at  New  Orleans,  also  a 
distinguished  painter. 

EARLY,  Peter,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  a  distinguished  lawyer.  In  1803  he 
was  a  member  of  congress  and  a  decided 
republican  ;  in  1807  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Georgia. 
From  1813  to  18J5  he  was  governor,  in 
which  capacity  he  prevented  the  enact- 
ment of  a  law  to  obstruct  the  collection 
of  debts,  and  thus  placed  a  g<x)d  example 
before  those  governors,  who  from  love  of 
popularity  or  office  shrink  irom  the  honest 
discharge  of  du- 7  which  requires  them 
to  resist,  as  fur  as  they  have  power,  all 
pernicious,  oppressive,  iniquitous  legis- 
lation.   He  died  Aug.  15,  1817. 

EASTBURN,  Joseph,  a  preacher  to 
seamen  ia  Philade!phia,died  Jan.30, 1838, 
aged  7;}.  Many  thousands  attended  his 
fimeral.  His  coffin  was  carried  by  13 
sailors.  At  the  grave  Dr.  Green  deliver- 
ed an  address.  When  he  began  to 
preach  to  seamen,  about  1830,  "we  pro- 
cured" he  said,  "a  sail  loft,  and  on  the 
sabbath  hi'ng  out  a  flag.  As  the  sailors 
came  by,  they  hailed  us,  "ship  ahoy!" 
We  answered  them.      They  asked  us, 


909 


EASTBURN 


EATON. 


1*— 


"where  we  were  hound  ?"  Wc  told  them 
to  the  port  of  New  Jerusalera— and  that 
they  would  do  well  to  go  in  the  fleet. 
"Well,"«aid  they,  "we  will  come  in  and 
hear  your  terma."  This  wa?  the  begin- 
ning of  the  mariner's  church.  Mr.  £. 
was  eaiinently  pious,  and  devoted  to  this 
work. 

EASTBURN,  James  Wallis,  a  poet, 
the  son  of  Jumes  Eastburn,  N.  York,  at 
an  early  period  was  settled  or  about  to  be 
■ettled  as  the  pastor  of  St.  George's 
church,  Accomac  county,  Virginia,  and 
died  at  sea  c>n  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indi- 
es for  his  health  Dec.  3,  1819,  aged  33. 
Alter  his  death  the  poem  of  considerable 
merit,  which  he  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  his  friend,  Rob.  C.  Sands,  was  pub- 
lished, entitled,  Yamoyden,  a  tale  of  the 
wars  of  king  Philip,  in  6  cantos,  13mo, 
ISiO.— Spec.  A.  poet.  ii.  338. 

EASTON,  Nicholas,  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  came  to  this  country  with 
two  sons  in  1636  and  removed  in  1639  to 
Newport,  where  ne  built  the  fint  house. 
He  exerted  himself  to  secure  civil  and 
religious  liberty  with  Coddington,  &  was 
governor  from  1650  to  1655,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  R.  Williams.  In  1673 
he  succeeded  B.  Arnold  and  was  succee- 
ded in  1674  by  W.  Coddington.  He 
died  in  ^fi?5,  aged  83.  His  son,  John, 
governor  hom  1690  to  1695,  died  in  1705, 
aged  85. 

EATON,  Theophilus,  first  governor 
of  New  Haven  colony,  was  born  at  Stony 
Stratford  in  Oxfordshire,  his  father  be- 
ing the  minister  of  that  place.  He  was 
bred  a  merchant  and  was  for  several  years 
agent  for  the  king  of  England  at  the 
court  of  Denmark  ;  and  ader  his  return 
prosecuit^  his  business  in  London  with 
high  reputation.  He  accompanied  Mr. 
Davenport  to  Nev/  England  in  1687, 
and  soon  after  his  arrival  was  chosen  one 
of  the  magistrates  of  Mass.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  New  Haven  in 
16S8,  and  was  annually  elected  governor 
till  '/.^s  death,  Jan.  7, 1657,  aged  66.  His 
brother,  Samuel,  was  assistant  minister 
to  Mr.  Davenport  from  1640  to  1644, 
and  died  in  England  in  1664.    The  wis- 


dom and  integrity  of  his  administration 
attracted  t.nii'ersal  respect.  As  a  raagi»- 
trate,  he  I'/as  impartial  in  the  distribution 
of  justice,  and  was  invested  with  an  indes- 
cribable dignity  and  majesty.  He  was 
amiable  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  In 
conversation  he  was  affiible,  courteous, 
and  pleasant,  but  always  cautious,  and 
grave  on  proper  occasions.  Though  his 
family  were  sometimes  very  numerous,  it 
was  under  the  most  perfect  government. 
All  the  me.nbers  of  it  were  assembled 
morning  and  evening,  and  the  governor, 
afler  reading  the  scriptures,  and  making 
useful  observations  upon  them,  addressed 
himself  to  heaven  with  the  greatest  rever- 
ence and  pertinency.  On  the  sabbath 
and  on  other  days  of  public  devotion  he 
spent  an  hour  or  two  with  his  family, 
giving  them  instruction  in  religious  truth 
and  duty,  recommending  to  them  the  stu- 
dy of  the  scriptures,  and  the  practice  of 
secret  prayer.  He  was  beloved  by  his 
domestics,  and  ever  preserved  the  esteem 
of  the  commonwealth.  His  monument, 
erected  at  the  public  expense,  and  which 
remains  to  the  present  day,  has  upon  it 
the  following  lines. 

"Eaton,  «o  meek,  aofam'd,  lojmt, 

The  phoenix  of  our  world,  here  hidet  hii  diwt; 

This  name  forget  New  Rnglaad  never  mutt." 

—Neal't  N.  E.  i.  318;  TrumbulN  Con, 
I.  90,  340;  Holmei,  Douglass,  ii,  160. 

EATON,  Samuel,  minister  of  Harps- 
well,  Maine,  was  the  son  of  Elisha  Eaton, 
minister  of  Quincy,  and  afterwards  of 
Hurpswell  from  1753  till  his  death,  Apr. 
33,  1764,  He  was  born  April  8,  1737  ; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1763; 
was  ordained  Oct.  34,  1764  ;  and  died 
Nov.  5,  1833,  aged  85,  in  the  59th  year 
of  his  ministry.  Probably  no  minister  in 
Maine  had  preached  so  many  years. 
Mr.  Eaton  was  the  only  physician  of  the 
town  ;  as  a  magistrate  he  was  also  very 
useful.  He  was  the  last  of  the  ministers 
of  Maine,  who  wore  a  large  white  wig. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  overseers  of  Bow- 
doin  college,  and  president  of  the  Maine 
Missionary  society  from  1809  to  1815. 
The  evangelical  doctrines,  which  he 
preached,  sustained  him,aBhe  approached 


EATON. 


ECKLEY. 


S69 


the  grave.    He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Jacob  Abbot,  1830. 

EATON,  Wiliiam,  general,  was  born 
in  Woodstock,  Con.  Feb.  3S,  1764.  His 
father,a  farmer  and  8choolma8ter,removed 
to  Mansfield  about  1774.  At  the  age  ot 
16  he  eloped  from  home  and  enlisted  in 
the  army,  from  which  he  was  discharged 
in  1788.  He  afterwards  studied  with 
the  ministers  of  Franklin,  Windham, 
and  Mansfield,  and  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1T90.  By  keeping 
school  he  provided  for  the  expenses  of  his 
education.  In  1793  he  was  appointed  a 
captain  in  the  army,  and  soon  repaired  to 
Ohio.  He  continued  in  service  until 
July  11,  1797  he  WM  appointed  consul  at 
Tunis,  though  he  did  not  sail,  till  Dec. 
1798,  in  company  with  Mr.  Catchcart, 
consul  to  Tripoli.  When  the  eflforts  of 
commodore  Preble  proved  unavailing  to 
humble  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli,  Mr.  Eaton 
projected  an  alliance  with  his  brother, 
Hamet,  the  rightful  soverign,  then  in  ex- 
ile at  Tunis,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
recover  for  him  the  sovereignty  and  with 
him  to  establish  a  ])errr.anent  peace. 
The  plan  was  approved  ;  and  aa  he  had 
returned  to  the  U.  S.  in  May  180S  he 
was  appointed  navy  agent  March  30, 
1804  and  authorised  to  proceed  again  to 
the  Mediterranean  and  to  execute  the 
project  ar^ainst  Tripoli.  He  sailed  in  the 
squadron  of  com.  Barron.  In  Nov.  he 
proceeded  in  the  Argus  to  Alexandria  in 
search  of  Hamet,  whom  at  last  he  found 
in  Feb.  1805.  By  their  united  exertions 
a  little  army  of  500  men  was  raised. 
March  6th  he  entered  the  desert  of 
Lybia  at  their  head,  it  being  arranged, 
that  the  Americr.n  fleet  should  co-operate 
in  the  expedition.  In  his  army  were 
men  of  tweb'e  different  nations,  among 
whom  were  1 1  Americans  and  seventy 
or  eighty  Greeks  and  Frenchmen. 
After  surmounting  great  o'ostacles  and 
marching  50  days  over  a  space  of  600  miles 
in  the  desert,  he  encamped,  Apr.  26,  in 
the  tear  of  Derne.  This  town  was  the 
capital  of  the  richest  province  of  Tripoli. 
It  contained  15,000  souls,  and  was  defen- 
ded by  a  fort  and  batteries  and  strong  gar- 


rison. Eaton,  with  an  army  now  inere*- 
sed  by  the  addition  of  Arabs  to  8600  men, 
commenced  the  attack  on  the  37th  with 
the  important  aid  of  9  frigates.  Ir.  two 
hours  the  town  was  captured.  He  was 
wounded  in  the  left  wrist  by  3  pistol  ball. 
A  large  army,  collected  by  Jussuf  or  Jo- 
seph Bashaw,  soon  appeared  before  the 
town,and  was  defeated  in  a  battle  May  13; 
and  met  with  a  complete  repulse  June  10, 
and  thus  a  way  was  opened  to  the  g&tea  of 
Tripoli.  At  this  moment,  when  the  in- 
trepid sodier  was  anticipating  the  aecom- 
plishment  of  his  project,  a  peace  was  con- 
cluded by  Tobias  Lear,  who  had  authori- 
ty for  the  purpose,  and  he  agreed  to  pay 
$60,000  for  the  redemption  of  800  Ameri- 
cans in  slavery.  The  indignant  feelings  cf 
Eaton  at  being  thus  arrested  in  his  career 
of  triumph  were  unutterable.  After  his 
return  he  was  invited  by  Burr  to  engage 
in  his  conspiracy,  which  he  disclosed, 
and  was  a  witness  against  the  conspira- 
tor. From  the  U.  S.  government  he 
failed  to  obtain  the  compensation,  he  ex- 
pected. In  1807  he  was  a  representative 
from  Brimfield.  In  reward  of  his  hero- 
ism the  legislature  of  Mass.  presented  him 
10,000  acres  of  land,  half  of  which  was 
sold  at  50  cents  per  acre.  The  last  years 
of  his  life  were  passed  amidst  the  pains  of 
disease  and  the  distresses  of  poverty,  to 
which  his  own  imprudence  had  reduced 
him.  He  was  intemperate.  Of  the  con- 
solations of  religion  he  was  ignorant.  He 
died  at  Brimfield  .)une  1,  1811,  aged  47. 
He  left  five  children.  His  wife,  Eliza, 
whom  he  married  in  I792,wasthe  widow 
of  gen.  Timothy  Danielson  of  Brimfield. 
A  daughter,  now  deceased,  married  in 
1820  Rev,  Mr.Sprague  of  W.Springfield. 
His  eldest  son,  lieut.  Wm.,  died  in  1828. 
— His  Life,  written  by  Prentice,  was 
published,  8vo.  1813. 

ECKLEY,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Boston,  was  born  in  London  Oct.  33, 
1750,  His  father  removing  to  New  Jer- 
sey about  1767,  he  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1772,  He  'vas 
ordained  at  Boston,  as  the  successor  of 
M'.  Hunt,  over  the  old  South  congrega- 
tion Oct.27, 1779.  The  society  at  this  time 


860 


ECKLEY. 


EDWARDS. 


mde  uae  of  the  King's  ehapei,  as  the  old 
■onth  meeting  house  after  being  occupied 
by  the  British  troops  was  not  repaired 
and  re-occupied  till  March  3,178S.  Rev. 
Joshua  Huntington  was  ordained  as  col- 
leairu«  putor  May  18,  1808.  Dr.  Eok- 
ley  died  after  a  short  illness  April  80,1811, 
aged  60.  His  wife,  a  daughter  of  John 
Jefl'ries,  survived  him,  and  died  in  1835. 
Daring  24  years  he  admitted,  on  an  aver- 
age, only  about  5  persons  a  year  into  the 
church  ;  but  in  1803  and  1804  he  made 
new  efforts  to  promote  a  revival  of  relig- 
ion among  his  people;  the  Tuesday  even- 
ing  meeting,  amidst  much  opposition, 
W8S  established,  exerting  a  most  impor- 
;ant,  beneficial  influence.  In  his  religious 
sentiments,  while  Dr.  Eckley  held  fast 
to  alt  the  other  doctrines  of  the  evangeli- 
cal system,  he  became  a  semi-Arian  or 
Worcesterian  in  his  views  of  the  person  of 
Chriflx.  He  wrote  as  follows:  "My  plan 
respecting  the  Son  of  God  was  very  sim- 
ilar to  what  your  brother  (Dr.N.Worcea- 
ter)  has  now  adopted.  The  common 
plan  of  ihree  self  existent  persons,  form- 
ing one  essence  or  infinite  being,  and  one 
of  these  persons  being  united  to  a  man, 
but  not  in  the  least  humbling  himself  or 
suffering,  leads  toand  ends  in  Socinianism; 
and  though  it  claims  the  form  of  ortho- 
doxy, it  is  as  a  shadow  without  the  sub- 
stance ;  it  eludes  inspection  ;  and  I  some- 
times say  to  those,  who  are  strenuous 
for  this  doctrine,  that  they  take  away  my 
Lord  and  I  knov/  not  where  they  place 
him.' — 'The  orthodoxy,  so  caUed,of  Wa- 
terland  is  as  repugnant  to  my  reason  and 
views  of  religion,  ns  the  heterodoxy  of 
Lardner ;  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  see,  that 
any  solid  satisfaction,  for  a  person,  who 
wishes  to  find  salvation  through  the  death 
of  the  Son  of  God,  can  be  found  in  eith- 
er.'— 'I  seek  for  a  plan,  which  exalts  the 
pei'sonal  character  of  the  Son  of  God  in 
the  highest  possible  degree."  He  sup- 
posed the  Son  to  be  derived  from  the  Fa- 
ther, God  of  God,  Light  of  Light,  having 
a  rea'  divine  nature,  yet,  being  derived, 
not  self  existent  and  independent.  He  pub- 
lished an  essay  on  the  divine  glory  in  the 
condemnation  of  the  ungodly,l782;  at  the 


artillery  election,  1799;  at  the  inatalktion 
of  Mr.  Evana ;  at  the  thanksgiving,  1197 ; 
before  the  Atylum,1808  ;  before  the  soci- 
ety for  propagating  the  gospel,  1806 ;  at 
bstallation  of  H.  Holley,  in  1809 ;  Dudle- 
ian  lecture  of  1806,  IBIO.  ;— H^taner't 
Am(.  of  the  O.  <S.  ehweh,  45. 

EDES,  Benjamin,  a  printer  in  Boston, 
was  a  native  of  Charlestown,  aftd  began 
business  in  1765  with  John  Gill.  H» 
published  the  Boston  gazette  and  coun- 
try journal.  During  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  this  paper  waa  devoted  to 
the  cause  of  freedom,  and  had  a  wide  cir- 
culation and  great  influence.  No  newspa- 
per did  more  to  promote  independence. 
Afterwards  other  papers  in  a  great  meas- 
ure superseded  it.  By  the  depreciation  of 
paper  money  Mr.  E^es  lost  hit«  property  ; 
and  the  aged  patriot  died  in  pitverty  in 
Dec.  1808,  aged  80.— TAomas,  i.  341- 
345. 

EDWARDS,  Richard,  a  merchant, 
the  only  child  of  William  and  Agnes  Ed- 
wards, was  born  in  May  1647  at  Hart- 
ford, Con.,  where  he  resided  during  his 
life.  He  waa  a  man  of  wealth,  of  intelli- 
gence, and  of  great  respectability.  At  an 
early  age  he  became  a  communicant  in 
the  congregational  church,  and  adorned 
his  profession  by  a  long  life  of  integrity 
and  unusual  devotedness  to  the  cause  of 
religion.  During  his  last  sickness  he  ex- 
hibited a  bright  example  of  christian  re- 
signation and  triumphant  faith.  He  died 
April  20,  1718,  aged  70.  By  his  first 
wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Wm.  Tul- 
hill,  merchant  of  New  Haven,  he  bad  7 
children,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  Rev. 
Timothy  E.,  the  father  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards. By  his  second  wife,  the  sister  of 
John  Talcott  of  Hartford,  he  had  6  chil- 
dren.—Serene  E.  Dwight'i  life  of  Ed" 
wards. 

EDWARDS,  Timothy,  first  minister 
of  East  Windsor,  Con.,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1691.  He  was  ordained  in  May 
1694.  In  the  year  1756  he  received 
Joseph  Perry  as  his  colleague.  After  a 
ministry  of  63  years  he  died  January  27, 
1758,  aged  88.     He  married  e  daughter 


EDWARDS. 


Ml 


Mtelhtion 
ing,  1797 ; 
etheaod- 
1,1805;  at 
9;  Dudle- 
■  Winter'M 

in  Boston, 
itid  began 
GUI.     H» 
ind  coiin- 
versy  with 
ievoted  to 
Et  wide  cir- 
fo  newspa- 
ependence. 
reat  meaB- 
reciation  of 
I  property ; 
[Kiverty  in 
r«,  1.  341- 

merchant, 
Agnefl  Ed- 
1  at  Hart- 
during  his 
I,  of  intelli- 
lity.  At  an 
lunicant  in 
id  adorned 
if  integrity 
le  cause  of 
Luesaheex- 
hristian  re- 
1.  He  died 
)y  his  drst 
Wm.  Tut- 
in,  he  bad  7 

was  Rev. 
nathan  Ed- 
the  sister  of 

had  6  chil- 

ife  of  Ed- 

■st  minister 
son  of  the 
larvaid  coi- 
led in  May 
le  received 
le.  After  a 
January  *7, 
e  daughter 


of  Mr.  Stoddardof  Northampton,  and  he 
Jived  to  see  his  son,  Jonathan  Edwards, 
the  most  di^tinguiahed  divino  in  Amer- 
jct.  He  was  universally  esttiC'med,  and 
was  an  upright,  pious,  and  ex-mplary 
man,  and  a  faithful  and  succesiiful  preach- 
er of  the  gospel.  It  seems,  that  he  was 
a  poet,  for  R.  Wolcott  in  detlicating  his 
poems  to  him  in  1733  says: — 

"Yet.  whore  you  cenmire,  sir,  don't  make  the 

verse, 
Youpinnud  to  Glover'i  renoruble  liearM, 
The  atanUard  for  their  triul ;  nor  enact , 
You  never  will  acquit  what's  less  exact. 
Sir,  that  will  never  do;   rules  so  severe 
Would  ever  leave  Apollo's  altar  bare. 
His  priests  no  service;  nil  miii't  starve  together, 
And  fair  Parnassus'  verdant  lops  must  wither." 
He  published  an  election  Bermon,  1732. — 
Life  ofJona.  Edwards. 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  president  of 
the  college  in  New  Jersey,  and  a  most 
acute  metaphysician,  and  distinguished 
divine,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
was  born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Oct.  5, 
1703.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1720,  before  he  was  17  years  of  age. 
His  uncommon  geniuu  discovered  itself 
early,  and  while  yet  a  joy  he  read  Locke 
on  the  human  understanding  with  a  keen 
relish.  Though  he  took  much  pleasure 
in  examining  the  kingdom  of  nature  ;  yet 
moral  and  theological  researches  yielded 
him  the  highest  satisfaction.  He  liveo 
in  college  near  two  years  after  taking  his 
first  degree,  preparing  himself  ibr  the 
office  ofa  minister  of  the  gospel.  In 
1722  he  went  to  New  York,  at  the  re- 
quest ofa  small  society  of  English  pres- 
byterians,  and  preached  a  number  of 
months.  In  1724  he  was  appointed  a 
tutor  in  Yale  college,  and  he  continued 
in  that  office,  till  he  was  invited  in  1726 
to  preach  at  Northampton,  Mass.  Here 
he  was  ordained  as  colleague  with  his 
grandfather,  Mr.  Stoddard,  Febr.  15, 
1727.  In  1735  his  benevolent  labors  were 
attended  with  very  uncommon  success  ; 
a  general  impression  was  made  upon  the 
minds  of  his  people  by  the  truths,  which 
he  proclaimed  ;and  the  church  was  much 
enlarged.  He  continued  in  this  place 
morejhan  2S  years,  till  he  was  dismissed 
46 


in  1750.  The  circumstances,  which  led 
to  his  dismission,  were  the  following. 
Mr.  Edwards,  being  informed  of  immo- 
ralities, in  which  some  young  persons, 
who  were  connected  with  the  church,  in- 
dulged themselves,  thought  that  an  in- 
quiry should  be  made  into  their  conduct. 
The  church  readily  acknowledged  the 
importance  of  strict  discipline,  and  enter- 
ed into  the  plan  ;  but  when  the  names  of 
the  persons  accused  were  known,  and  it 
was  fijund,  that  members  of  the  principal 
families  in  the  town  vtrere  implicated,  it 
was  impossible  to  pr(x:eed.  There  were 
fev;  in  his  church,  who  continued  their 
zeal  for  discipline,  when  they  perceived, 
that  it  would  enter  their  own  houses ; 
and  the  hands  of  the  immoral  were 
strengthened  by  this  defeat  of  xn  attempt 
to  correct  their  errors  and  to  bring  them 
to  repentance.  After  this  occurrence  in 
1744  Mr.  Edwards'  usefulness  in  North- 
ampton was  almost  destroyed.  A  secret 
dislike  was  excited  in  the  minds  of  many, 
and  it  was  soon  blown  into  a  ilame. 
When  he  was  settled  in  this  town,  he 
was  not  perfectly  convinced  of  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  principle,  which  was  sup- 
ported by  his  colleague,  Mr.  Stoddard, 
that  unconverted  persons  had  a  right  in 
the  sight  of  God  to  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  supper.  After  diligent  inquiry 
he  was  convinced,  that  the  principle  was 
erroneous  and  dangerous.  His  investi- 
gations led  him  to  believe,  that  the  sup- 
per was  instituted  for  the  true  disciples  of 
Jesus  Christ  ;  that  none  but  such  could 
have  a  right  to  it ;  and  that  none  but 
those,  who  were  considered  as  such, 
should  be  permitted  to  partake  of  it. 
Adopting  these  sentiments,  he  had  the 
courage  to  avow  them.  He  considered 
it  as  an  inviolable  duty  ever  to  vindicate 
the  truth.  He  knew  the  zeal  of  his 
people  for  their  loose  principles,  and  ex- 
pected to  see  that  zeal  bursting  upon  him, 
if  he  should  dare  to  stand  forward  in  op- 
position to  the'r  long  continued  practice. 
He  anticipated  a  dismisiiion  fVom  North- 
ampton, and  a  deprivation  of  the  means 
of  support.  But,  in  the  fuUview  of  these 
consequences,   he   openly    avowed    his 


sea 


EDWARDS. 


change  of  sentiment,  cheerAilly  sacrificing 
every  worldly  interest  to  promote  the 
purity  of  the  church  and  the  glory  of  the 
Redeemer.  The  evils,  which  he  antici- 
pated, came  upon  him.  He  was  driven 
away  in  disgrace  from  a  people,  who 
once  would  almost  have  plucked  out  their 
eyes,  and  given  them  to  him.  They 
would  not  even  hear  him  in  his  vindica- 
tion. He  had  been  instrumental  in  cheer- 
ing many  hearts  with  the  joysof  religi-n, 
and  not  a  few  had  regarded  him  with  ail 
that  affectionate  attachment,  which  is 
excited  by  the  love  of  excellence  and  the 
sense  of  obligations,  which  can  never  be 
repaid.  But  a  spirit  of  detraction  had 
gone  forth,  and  a  few  leading  men  of 
outrageous  zeal  pushed  forward  men  of 
less  determined  hostility  ;  and  in  the 
hopeless  prospect  of  conciliation  he  was 
dismissed  by  an  ecclesiastical  council  June 
92, 1750. 

In  this  scene  of  trouble  and  abuse, 
when  the  mistakes  and  the  bigotry  of  the 
multitude  had  stopped  their  ears,and  their 
passions  were  without  control,  Mr.  Ed- 
wards exhibited  the  truly  christian  spirit. 
His  calmness,  and  meekness,  and  humil- 
ity, and  yet  firmness  and  resolution  were 
the  subjects  of  admiration  to  his  friends. 
More  anxious  for  his  people,  than  for 
himself,  he  preached  a  most  solemn  and 
affecting  farewell  discourse.  He  after- 
wards occaaionally  supplied  the  pulpit  at 
times,  when  no  preacher  had  been  pro- 
cured ;  but  this  proof  of  his  superiority  to 
resentment  or  pride,  and  this  readiness  to 
do  good  to  those,  who  had  injured  him, 
met  with  no  return,  except  a  vote  of  the 
inhabitants,  prohibiting  him  from  ever 
again  preaching  for  them.  Still  he  was 
not  leil  without  excellent  friends  in 
Northampton,  and  his  correspondents  in 
Scotland,  having  been  informed  of  his 
dismission,  contributed  a  considerable 
sum  for  the  maintenance  of  his  family. 

In  Aug.  1751  he  succeeded  Mr.  Ser- 
geant as  missionary  to  the  Houssatonnoc 
Indians,  at  Stockbridge,  in  Berkshire 
county.  Here  he  continued  six  years, 
preaching  to  the  Indians  and  the  white 
people  ;  and,  as  he  found  much  leisure, 


he  prosecuted  his  theological  and  meta- 
physical studies,  and  produced  works, 
which  rendered  his  name  famous  through- 
out Europe.  Thus  was  his  calamitoui 
removal    from  Northampton   the  occa- 
sion, under  the  wise  providence  ofGod, 
of  his  imparting  to  the  world  the  most 
important  instructions,  whose  inflnenea 
has  been  extending  to  the  present  time, 
and  whose  good  effects  may  still  be  felt 
for  ages.     In  Jan.  1758  he  reluctantly  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  president  of  the  college 
in  New  Jersey,  as  successor  of  his  son 
in  law,  Mr.  Burr  ;  but  he  had  not  enter- 
ed fully  upon  the  duties  of  this  station, 
before  the  prevalence  of  the  small  pox 
induced  him  to  be  inoculated,  and  this 
disease  was  the  cause  of  his  death  March 
22,  1758,  aged  54.    A  short  time  oefore 
he  died,  as  some  of  his  friends,  who  sur- 
rounded his  bed  to  see  him  breathe  his 
last,  were  lamenting  the  loss,  which  the 
colleg'e  would  sustain,  he  said,  to  their 
astonishment,    "  trust  in  God,  and  ye 
need  not  fear."      These  were  his  last 
words.      He  afterwards  expired  with  as 
much  composure,  as  if  he  had  only  fal- 
len asleep.    He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Davies.     His  wife,  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Rev.  J.  Pierpont,  N.  Haven,  whom  he 
married  in  1727  in  her  18th  year,  died  in 
1758.    She  became  pious  at  the  age  of 
5.    The  following  beautiful  account  of 
her,  when  in  her  13th  year,  was  written 
on  a  blank  leaf  by  Mr.  Edwards,  in  1723, 
when  he  was  20.    "They  say,  there  is  a 
young  lady  in  New  Haven,  who  is  belov- 
ed of  that  Great  Being,  who  made  and 
rules  the  world,  and  that  there  are  cer- 
tain seasons,  in  which  this  Great  Being, 
in  some  way  or  other,  comes  to  harand 
fills    her   mind    with  exceeding    sweet 
delight,  end  that  she  hardly  cares  for  any 
thing,  except  to  meditate  on  Him — that 
she  expects  ailer  a  while  to  be  received 
up  where  he  is,  to  be  raised  up  out  of  the 
world,   and   caught   up   into   heaven; 
being  assured,  that  He  loves  her  too  well 
to  let  her  remain  at  a  distance  from  Him 
always.    There  she  is  to  dwell  with  Him 
and  to  be  ravished  with  his  love  and 
delight  forever.    Therefore,  if  you  pre- 


EDWARDS. 


•ent  all  the  world  before  her,  with  the 
riehett  of  it«  treuurei,  ahe  duregards  it, 
and  caret  not  for  it,  and  ia  unmindful  of 
any  path  of  affliction.  She  has  a  strange 
8weetn«M  in  her  nbir  J,  and  singul'-  ,  iri- 
ty  in  herafieetiona  ;  iamoatjuitaiiu  r  jp- 
aeientioua  in  all  her  conduct,  and  ^oi 
eould  not  perauade  her  o  do  any  thing 
wrong  or  ainful,  if  jou  would  give  her 
all  thia  world,  leat  ahe  ahoukl  ofl'end  this 
Great  Being.  She  ia  of  a  wonderful 
•weetneaa,  calmnesa,  and  universal  bene- 
volence of  mind ;  especially  after  this 
Great  God  haa  manifeated  himself  to  her 
mind.  She  will  aometinies  go  about  from 
place  to  place,  ainging  sweetly  ;  and 
aeemc  to  be  always  full  of  joy  and  pleas- 
ure, and  no  one  ^  jowk  for  what.— She 
lovea  to  be  alo.  ^^  walking  in  the  fielda 
and  grovea,  and  ...  ^ms  to  have  some  one 
invisible  always  conversing  with  her." 
Mr.  Edwards  had  9  sons  and  7  daughters. 
His  eldeat  aon,  T II I lothy,  judge  of  probate 
and  deacon,  died  ct  Stockbridge  Oct. 
37,  1919,  aged  75.  His  youngest  son, 
Pierpont,  judge  of  the  district  court,  died 
at  Bridgeport,  Con.,  Apr.  5,  1826,  aged 
76.  Two  of  his  daughters  died  unmar- 
ried ;  Sarah  married  £.  Parsons,  and 
Lucy,  J.  Woodbridge  of  Stockbridge ; 
Esther  married  pres.  Burr ;  Mary  mar- 
ried col.  Dwight  of  Northampton  ;  Su- 
aanna  married  E.  Porter  of  Hadley ;  Eu- 
nice married  T.  Pollock  of  N.  Carolina. 

President  Edwards  was  distinguished 
not  only  for  the  astonishing  vigor  and 
penetration  of  his  mind,  but  for  hiii  chris- 
tian virtues.  At  a  very  early  period  of  his 
life  he  was  much  aiiected  by  the  truths  of 
religion,  and  used  several  times  in  a  day  to 
address  himself  to  heaven  in  secret  pray- 
er, and  to  meet  for  religious  conversation 
and  devotion  with  boys  of  his  own  age. 
But  at  length  he  returned  to  a  state  of 
negligence  and  forgetfulness  of  God.  He 
no  longer  addressed  his  prayer  to  the 
Lord,  his  Maker.  The  pleasure,  which 
he  bod  enjoyed  in  religious  duties,  he  uf- 
terwa'ds  believed  to  have  originated  in 
aelflah  viewa  and  hopes,  and  not  to  have 
been  Ibunded  in  a  correct  knowledge  of 
the  truth.     Soon  after  he  left  college, 


however,  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin  was  im- 
parted to  him  ;  he  beheld  a  new  glory  in 
the  character  of  God  and  in  the  doctrinea 
(tf  the  gospel  ;  and  a  view  of  t'le  way  of 
salvation  by  a  crucified  Rede,  ler  fill- 
ed him  with  inexpressible  joy.  Those 
doctrines,  which  he  had  formerly  op  )osed, 
and  regarded  with  liurror,  now  inspired 
him  with  delight.  Such  were  his  con- 
ceptions of  the  wisdom  and  excellence  of 
the  Most  High.,  thut  he  found  a  real  plea- 
sure in  ascribing  to  him  an  absolute  sove- 
reignty in  tilt  di.,,  idl  of  his  creatures  ; 
in  choosing  whom  he  would  to  eternal 
life,  and  rejecting  whom  he  pleased,  for 
the  display  of  \m  glory.  Of  the  certain-^ 
ty  of  this  uoctrine  he  felt  as  much  as- 
sured, as  of  the  existence  of  any  object, 
which  was  pre!  nted  to  his  sight.  The 
excellence,  upon  which  he  fixeti  his 
thoughts,  was  communicated  to  him  j 
and  be  was  moulded  into  the  glorious 
image,  which  was  so  constantly  in  his 
eye.  His  life  of  integrity,  of  humility, 
of  meekness,  of  benevolence,  of  piety,  of 
christian  courage,  and  of  zeal  directed  by 
the  meekness  '"wisdom,  gives  full  evi- 
dence, that  his  rel'gion  was  the  religion 
of  Christ.  His  highest  and  sweetest  joys, 
he  remarked,  liid  not  spring  from  the 
hope,  that  he  was  in  a  state  of  salva- 
tion, nor  fiom  *^  ^  consciousness  of  any 
excellence  in  h.i.  .If.,  but  from  a  direct 
view  of  the  prerr  n  truti.2  of  the  gospel. 
No  one  could  b'^  mm o  deeply  humbled 
under  a  sense  of  the  iniquity  of  his  heart, 
and  ,of  his  impotence  to  what  is  good. 
This  conviction  led  him  to  distrust  him- 
self, to  rely  only  upon  the  grace  of  God, 
and  to  ascribe  ev  ^ry  thing  to  infinite  mer- 
cy. 

In  the  various  relations  of  life  his  char- 
acter was  unimpcuched.  The  benevo- 
lent principles,  which  he  had  embraced, 
taught  him  to  do  good,  andwhile,  he  in- 
culcated charity  upon  others,  he  himself 
gave  much  to  the  r  .,>r.  He  seldom  visi- 
ted his  people,  except  in  sickness  or  affiic- 
tion,  not  having  remarkable  talents  in 
conversation,  and  believing,'(,hat  he  should 
be  more  useful  in  his  study.  Yet  he  was 
not  austere  and  unsociable,  but  easy  of 


864 


EDWARDS, 


•cccM,  kind  «nd  eondeRCf^ndin;.  To  hi* 
friends  he  opened  hiiuF  <>ivuout  re- 
serve. He  gave  no  enc»i.iugcment  in 
hit  conversation  t.j  uvil  I'aiiing;  and  ful- 
ly ;  not  was  Im  Ibnd  of  disputes,  though, 
when  called  upon,  he  would  express  his 
opinion,  nnd  calmly  vindicate  his  senti- 
ments. He  preferred  managing  a  contro- 
versy with  his  pen  in  his  hand.  Though 
his  constitution  was  delicate,  he  common- 
ly spent  thirteen  hours  every  day  in  his 
study.  He  usually  rose  between  four  and 
five  in  the  morning,  and  was  abstemious, 
living  completely  by  rule.  For  exercise, 
he  would  in  the  winter  take  an  axe  and 
chop  wood  for  half  an  hour ;  and  in  the 
summer  would  walk  or  ride  on  horseback 
two  or  three  miles  to  some  retired  grove. 
Here  hia  ever  active  mind  was  still  occu- 
pied in  religious  meditation  and  devotion, 
or  in  study.  Having  his  pen  and  ink 
with  him,  he  recorded  every  striking 
thought,  that  occurred.  All  his 
researches  were  indeed  pursued  with 
his  pen  in  his  hand,  and  the  num- 
ber of  his  miscellaneous  writings,  :vhich 
he  had  left  behinii  !»im,  was  above 
1400.  They  wiue  ail  numbered  and 
paged,  and  an  iri4ex  wa-i  formed  for  the 
whole.  He  v.>  pocultarly  happy  in  his 
domestic  contiexici's.  Mrs.  Edwards 
by  taking  the  entire  cf.re  of  his  temporal 
concerns  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  con- 
secrating all  his  powers.without  interrup- 
tion, to  the  labors  and  studies  of  the  sa- 
cred office. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  not  oratorical 
in  his  manner,  and  his  voice  was  rather 
feeble,  though  he  spoke  with  distinct- 
ness ;  but  his  discourses  were  rich  in 
thought ;  and,  being  deeply  impressed 
himself  with  the  truths.which  he  uttered, 
his  preaching  came  home  to  the  hearts  of 
his  hearers.  Though  he  usually  wrote 
his  sermons  with  great  care  and  read  his 
notes ;  yet,  when  in  the  delivery  n  new 
thought  struck  him,  he  was  not  so  shack- 
led ,but  thathe  would  express  it,and  hisex- 
tempory  effusions  were  frequently  the  most 
interesting  and  useful  parts  of  his  discour- 
ses. Towards  the  close  of  life  he  was  in- 
clined to  think,  that  it  would  have  been 


better,  if  he  had  never  used  hia  notes  at 
all.  He  advised  the  young  preacher 
to  commit  his  seiroons  to  mrmory. 

Mr.  Edwards  was  uncor';u>.i;!y  zealous 
and  persevering  in  his  8eH!cl.  u.'ier  truth. 
He  spared  no  pains  in  pre  curing  the  ne- 
cessary aids,  and  he  read  all  the  books, 
which  he  could  procure,  that  promised  to 
afford  him  assistance  in  his  inquiries.  He 
confined  himself  to  no  particular  sect  or 
denomination,  but  studied  the  writings  of 
men,  whoso  sentiments  were  the  most 
opptjsite  to  his  own.  But  the  bible  claim- 
ed his  peculiar  attention.  From  that 
hook  he  derived  his  religious  principles, 
and  not  from  any  human  system.  The 
doctrines,  which  he  supported,  were  Cal- 
vinistic,  and  when  these  doctrines  were 
in  any  degree  relinquished,  or  were  not 
embraced  in  their  whole  length  and 
breadth,  he  did  not  see,  where  a  man 
could  set  his  foot  down,  with  consistency 
and  safety,  short  of  deism  or  atheism  it- 
self. Yet  with  all  his  strict  adherence  to 
what  he  believed  to  be  the  truths  of  heav- 
en, his  heart  was  kind  and  tender.  When 
Mr.  Whitefield  preached  for  him  on  the 
sabbath,  the  acute  divine,  whose  mighty 
intellect  has  seldom  been  equalled,  wept 
as  a  child  during  the  whole  sermon. 

His  Essay  on  the  freedom  of  the  will  is 
considered  as  one  of  the  greatest  efforts 
of  the  human  mind.  Those,  who  em- 
brace the  Calvinistic  sentiments,  have 
been  acustomed  to  say,  that  he  has 
forever  settled  the  controversy  with  the 
Arminians  by  demonstrating  the  absurdi- 
ty of  their  principles.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  those,  attached  to  the  general 
theological  doctrines  embraced  by  Ed- 
wards, who  think  that  the  unavoidable 
consequences  of  his  metaphysical  argu- 
ment are  so  contradictory  to  the  common 
judgment  of  mankind,  as  to  authorize 
any  one  "boldly  to  cut  asunder  the  knot, 
which  he  is  unable  to  unloose."  How- 
ever, if  the  argument  of  Edwards  be  a 
fallacy,  "there  must  be  some  way  to  un- 
ravel the  puzzle."  The  following  is  a 
brief  exhibition  of  his  supposed  sophistry. 
I.  He  uses  the  word  cau«e  perpetually  in 
various  senses  ;-in  the  sense  of  efficiency, 


EDWARDS. 


86ft 


or  real  cause  ;  of  reaaon  or  inducement  ; 
and  of  antecedent  circumstance,  the 
ground,  "in  whole  or  in  part,"  of  an 
event.  When  he  lays  down  the  maxim, 
"nothing;  ever  comes  to  pans  without  a 
cause,"  and  Bay8,"if  the  will  be  determin- 
ed, there  is  •  determiner  ;"  he  means  an 
efficient  cause.  But  when  he  asserts, 
that  motive  is  the  cause  of  volition,  he 
departs  from  the  meaning  of  efficiency. 
The  true  meaning  in  the  latter  case  is  no- 
thing more,  than  that  motives  or  views  of 
the  mind  precede  or  accompany  the  ac- 
tions of  men,  or  in  other  words,  that  ra- 
tional men,  who  exert  their  efficiency  in 
volition,  do  it  for  some  purpose,  or  with 
some  design  ;  for  motives  are  mere  views 
of  the  mind,  and  it  were  absurd  to  ascribe 
to  them  an  agency,  or  to  make  them 
efficient  causes.  As  Mr.  Edwards  asserts, 
"actions  are  to  be  ascribed  to  agents." 
Men  must  cause  their  own  volitions ;  or 
some  other  agent  must  cause  them,  in 
which  case  men  are  machines.  2.  He  as- 
sumes the  great  point  of  controversy  ; 
that  is,  ho  takes  for  granted,  that  because 
the  mind  of  man  had  a  beginning  of  exis- 
tence, and  because  its  cctions  have  a  be- 
ginning, therefore  it  cannot  originate  a 
volition.  But  if  the  eternal  Spirit  origi- 
nates volitions,  it  should  have  been  prov- 
ed, that  He  could  not  give  the  same  pow- 
er to  a  human  spirit,  made  in  his  likeness. 
In  ascribing  to  God  in  perfection  the  es- 
sential qualities  of  a  moral  agent  he  enu- 
merates "a  capacity  of  choice,  and  choice 
guided  by  understanding,  and  a  power  of 
acting  according  to  his  choice  or  pleas- 
ure ;"  but  in  considering  man  as  a  moral 
agent  he  ascribes  to  him  only  "a  power  of 
acting  according  to  choice,"  and  omits 
the  essential  quality  of  a  moral  agent, — 
"the  power  of  choice."  3.  The  term  mo- 
tive  is  employed  at  one  time  to  express 
the  antecedent  reason  or  ground,  or  pre- 
vious view  or  circumstance,  supposed  to 
determine  the  choice,  as  when  he  says, 
the  strongest  motive  governs  the  will ; 
and  at  another  time  he  represents  the 
strongest  motive  and  the  mind's  cTioosing 
as  very  much  the  same  thing,  so  that  th  e 
motive  cannot  be  antecedent  or  previous 


to  the  volition.  He  layi,  "an  appearing 
most  agreeable  or  pleasing  to  the  mind 
and  the  mind's  preferring  and  choosing 
seem  hardly  to  be  properly  and  perfectly 
distinct."  If  the  view  of  the  greatest 
goo<I  and  the  preference  or  act  of  choice 
itself  are  very  much  the  same  thing  ; 
then  to  say,  that  volition  is  the  effect  of 
til  strongest  itive  is  very  much  the 
same  thing  -ly,  that  volition  is  the 

effect  of  vo  'a  "previous  ten- 

dency of  the  r  Tiove  the  will"  ia 

but  a  prt"  aeiicy  of  the  choice 

todetcrmii  U»  ^''".  4.  The  distinc- 
tion betwc  n*  I  moral  necessity 
can  make  no  <i  -"'  -  as  to  excusable- 
ness  from  blame,  unless  there  be  implied 
in  the  case  of  moral  necessity  the  power 
of  choosing  differently,  which  yet  he  de- 
nies ;  for  if  men  are  excusable,  when  ne- 
cessity prevents  them  from  doing  what 
they  will  to  do,  then  surely  they  must  be 
excusable,  when  necessity  absolutely  con- 
trols their  choice,  or  governs  their  will. 
Man  cannot  be  a  moral  agent,  if  his  mind 
is  completely  enslaved  and  his  volitions 
all  influenced  by  causes  beyond  his  con- 
trol, whether  the  necessit  be  called 
moral  or  not.  Luther  said,  "I  truly 
wish,  that  in  this  controversy  some  more 
appropriate  term  were  employed,  than 
the  usual  one  necessity,  which  is  applica- 
ble neither  to  the  will  of  God  nor  roan. 
It  is  of  so  harsh  and  incongruous  a  signif- 
ication, suggesting  a  sort  of  co-action  and 
what  is  altogether  contrary  to  the  nature 
of  volition," 

This  is  a  very  imperfect  view  of  the 
objections  to  the  argument  of  Edwards. 
Should  a  new  school  of  metaphysical  the- 
ology spring  up,  it  will  doubtless  discard 
some  old  and  revered  notions.  The  fol- 
lowing may  be  some  of  its  elementary 
principles.  Man  is  constituted  an  agent ; 
he  is  the  cause,  the  originator  of  his  own 
volitions,  else  he  would  not  be  accounta- 
ble. The  mere  liberty  of  doit^  what  he 
wills  is  not  enough  ;  he  must  be  free  to 
will,  or|have  power  to  choose,  or  must 
originate  his  own  volitions.  Right  views 
of  free-agency  are  of  high  importance,  for 
universalism  and  infidelity  will  be  the  re- 


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EDWARDS. 


Nult,  when  man  u  regarded  aa  a  machine, 
governed  by  exterior  efficiency.  By  the 
fiwulty  of  the  will  ia  meant  the  power  of 
the  mind  to  chooae,  the  $e\f  determining 
fower.  To  aay,  that  motives  govern 
the  willt  it  to  say  that  motives  govern 
th*  self  detaimining  power,  and  this  is  to 
deny  luch  a  power.  If,  as  Edwards  aa- 
•erts,  "the  being  of  a  good  will  is  the 
moat  proper  subject  of  command,"  it 
must  bie,  because  man  has  the  power  to 
ehoose  aright,  for  responsibleneas  iti  boun- 
ded by  power.  If  man  has  no  power,  but 
that  of  doing  what  he  chooses  ;  then  he 
could  not  be  required  to  have  a  good 
will,  or  to  make  a  wise  choice,  for  God 
never  demands  impossibilities. — The 
mind  does  not  always  choose  according 
to  the  greatest  apparent  good,  though 
required  to  choose  the  greatest  good  ;  for 
frequently  men  choose  against  clear  light 
and  full  conviction.  They  always  prefer 
indeed  what  they  chooae,  for  choosing  is 
but  preferring;  but  they  often  choose 
ftom  unholy  appetite  and  passion  against 
understanding  and  conscience.  The 
mind  arbitrates  between  different  motives, 
but  is  not  determined  by  them.  It  de- 
termines its  own  course  in  the  view  of 
motives,  or  with  some  design  or  purpose, 
Men  are  real  agents,  and  not  thinking 
machines,irresponsible,  destined  to  no  fu- 
ture judgment,  incapable  of  punishment. 
In  the  midst  of  a  world  of  motives  they 
are  the  authors  of  their  own  volitions ; 
certainly  of  that  class  of  volitions,  for 
which  they  may  be  held  to  a  retribution 
of  evil.  Yet  it  can  never  be  proved,  that 
all  this  impairs  the  foreknowledge  of  the 
infinite  Spirit  or  is  inconsistent  with  his 
eternal  purpose,  and  his  influence  in 
giving  a  new  heart  or  securing  a  right 
direction  to  the  choice.  At  least,  such  an 
interposition  of  divine  grace  and  mercy, 
if  it  should  even  destroy  in  that  respect 
human  freedom  by  efficiently  causing  a 
holy  choice,  ia  to  be  deemed  an  immeasu- 
rable benefit  towards  those,  who  experi- 
ence the  new-creating  energy  ,while  yet  the 
chooaers  of  evil  are  left  free  to  their  own 
agency,  and  the  character  of  God  remains 
unsullied  and  his    government    unim- 


peached. — Remarks  were  mode  on  the 
Essay  on  the  freedom  of  the  will  by  James 
Dana  and  Samuel  West ;  the  latter  was 
answered  by  Dr.  Edwards.  His  other 
works,  which  are  most  celebrated,  are  his 
book  on  original  sin  in  answer  to  Tayk>r, 
his  treatise  on  the  afiectwns,  his  disserta- 
tion on  the  nature  of  true  virtue,  and 
that  on  the  end,  for  which  God  created 
the  world.  A  splendid  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  in  England,  and 
an  edition  in  8  volumes,  intended  to  be 
a  complete  collection  of  his  writings,  ed- 
ited by  Dr.  Austin,  was  published  in 
1809.  Another  edition,  with  an  ample 
account  of  his  life,  edited  by  his  descend- 
ant, Sereno  Edwards  Dwight,  was 
published  in  ten  vols.  8vo.  in  1890. 
The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  his 
publications ;  a  sermon  preached  at  Bos- 
ton on  1  Corinth,  i.  39,  80, 1731 ;  a  ser- 
mon preached  at  Northampton  on  Matt. 
XVI.  17, 1734  ;  a  narrative  of  the  work  of 
God  in  the  conversion  of  many  hundred 
of  souls  in  Northampton,  1736 ;  five  dis- 
courses on  justification  by  faith  atone, 
pressing  into  the  kingdom  of  God,Ruth'8 
resolution,  the  justice  of  God  in  the  dam- 
nation of  sinners,  and  the  excellency  of 
Jesus  Christ,  1738  ;  sinners  in  the  hands 
of  an  angry  God,  a  sermon  preached  at 
Enfield,  1741  ;  a  sermon  on  the  distin- 
guishing marks  of  a  work  of  the  Spirit 
of  God,  1741  ;  thoughts  on  the  revival  of 
religion,l74S  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  R.  Abercrombie,  1744  ;  at  the  instal- 
ment of  S.  Buell,  1746  ;  a  treatise  on  re- 
ligious afiections,  1746  ;  an  attempt  to 
promote  agreement  in  prayer  for  the 
revival  of  religion,  1746  ;  life  of  D.  Brai- 
nerd,  1749 ;  an  inquiry  into  the  qualifi- 
cations for  full  communion  in  the  church, 
1749 ;  a  reply  to  S.  Williams'  answer  to 
the  inquiry,  175^ ;  a  sermon  preached  at 
Newark,1752;  an  inquiry  into  the  modem 
prevailing  notions  of  that  freedom  of  will, 
which  is  supposed  to  b^  essential  to  mor- 
al agency,  &c.,  1754 ;  the  great  doctrine 
of  original  sin  defended,  1 7  58 .  Since  his 
death  the  following  works  have  been 
published  from  his  manuscripts  ;  eighteen 
sermons,  with  his  life,  written  by  Dr. 


EDWARDS. 


Hopkins,  1765  ;  the  history  of  redemp- 
tion, 1774 ;  on  the  nature  of  true  virtue, 
1788; God's  last  end  in  the  creation; 
thirty  three  sermons ;  twenty  sermons, 
1789  ;  miscellaneous  c^rvations,  170S  ; 
miscellaneous  remarks,  1796. — Hopkitu' 
life  of  Edwardt;  l\fe  prefixed  to  hit 
worki]  Middletoii't  biog.  evong.  ir. 
394— «17. 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  d.  d.,  presi- 
dent of  Union  college  at  Schenectady,  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  bom  at  Northampton,  June  6, 
1745.  In  childhood  an  Inflammation  in 
his  eyes  prevented  him  from  learning  to 
read  till  an  uncommonly  late  period. 
He  was  but  six  years  old,  when  he  was 
removed  to  Stockbridge  ;  and  here 
there  was  no  school  but  one,  which  was 
common  to  the  Indian  children  and  the 
children  of  white  parents.  Of  the  latter 
there  were  so  few,  that  he  was  in  danger 
of  forgetting  the  English  tongue.  Here, 
whilst  at  school,  he  learned  the  language 
of  the  Mohekaneew  or  Stockbridge  In- 
dians so  perfectly,  that  the  natives  fre- 
quently observed,  that  "he  spoke  exactly 
like  an  Indian."  This  language  he  re- 
tained in  a  good  degree  through  life 
and  he  published  interesting  remarks 
upon  it  some  years  before  his  death. 
His  ^father  intended  him  for  a  mis- 
sionary among  the  aborigines,  andin  ac- 
cordance with  this  plan  sent  him  in  Oct. 
1756,  when  he  was  ten  years  of  age,  with 
Gideon  Hawley  to  Oughquauga,  on  the 
Susquehannah  river,to  learn  the  language 
of  the  Oneida  Indians.  This  place  was 
in  the  wilderness  about  100  miles  from 
any  English  settlement.  He  remained  at 
Oughquauga  but  four  months  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war  between  England  and 
France,  which  now  extended  to  the  col- 
onies. During  this  short  time  he  made 
rapid  progress  in  acquirmg  the  language 
of  the  natives,  and  in  engaging  their  af- 
fections. They  were  so  much  attached  to 
him,  that  when  they  thought  their  settle- 
ment was  exposed  to  inroads  from  the 
French,  they  took  him  upon  their  shoul- 
diers  and  carried  him  many  miles  through 
the  wilderness  to  a  place  of  security. 


He  was  graduated  at  the  college  in 
New  Jersey  in  1766.  Two  yean  before, 
at  a  time,  when  the  students  of  the  col^ 
lege  were  generally  impreasfed  by  th« 
truths  of  religion,  he  was  blessed  with 
the  hope  of  his  reconciliation  to  God 
through  Christ.  This  waa  during  the 
presidentship  and  u^der  the  impressive 
preaching  of  Dr.  Finley.  He  afterwards 
pursued  the  study  of  divinity  under  the 
instruation  of  Dr.  Bellamy,  and  in  Oct. 
1766  was  licented  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
the  association  of  ministers  in  the  county 
of  Litchfield,  Conn.  In  176t  he  was  ap- 
pointed tutor  of  Princeton  college  and  in 
this  office  he  remained  two  yean.  He 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at 
White  Haven  in  the  town  of  New  Ha- 
ven Jan.  5, 1769,  and  continued  there  till 
May  1796,  when  he  was  dismissed  by  an 
ecclesiastical  council  at  his  own  request 
and  the  request  of  his  society.  Some  of 
the  leading  men  of  his  parish  had  embm- 
ced  religious  sentiments  of  a  different 
stamp  from  those,  which  were  formerly 
profes8ed,and  which  Dr.Edwards  believed 
to  be  true ;  and  this  circumstance  was  the 
principal  cause  of  dismission,  though  an 
inability  on  the  part  of  the  society  to  give 
him  support  was  the  most  prominent  rea- 
son assigned  for  this  event.  In  Jan. 
1796  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Colebrook  in  Litohfield  county.  In 
this  retired  situation,  where  he  was  ena- 
bled to  pursue  his  thet^logical  studies  with 
little  interruption,  he  hoped  to  spend  the 
remainder  of  his  days.  But  in  June  1799 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  college, 
which  had  been  recently  established  at 
Schenectady,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Smith. 
In  July  he  commenced  the  duties  of  the 
office.  From  this  time  his  attention  and 
talents  were  devoted  to  the  concerns  of 
the  seminary,  of  which  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  charge.  He  died  Aug.  1, 1801, 
aged  56. 

There  were  several  remarkable  coinei- 
denees  in  the  lives  of  Dr.  Edwtirds  and 
his  father.  Both  were  tutora  in  the 
seminaries,  in  which  they  were  educated; 
were  dismissed  on  account  of  their  reli- 
gious opinion8;weresettled  again  in  retired 


968 


EDWARDS- 


■ituationt ;  were  elected  to  the  president- 
ship of  a  college ;  and,  in  a  short  time  af- 
ter they  were  inaugurated,  died  at  near 
the  same  age.  They  were  also  remarkably 
similar  in  person  and  ciraracter. 

Dr.  Edwards  was  a  man  of  uncommon 
powers  of  mind.  He  has  seldom  been 
surpassed  in  acntenesS  and  penetration. 
His  answer  to  Dr.  Chauncy,  his  disserta- 
tion on  the  liberty  of  the  will  in  reply  to 
Dr.  West,  and  his  sermons  on  th^atone- 
ment  of  Christ  are  considered  as  works 
of  great  and  peculiar  merit.  As  a  preach- 
er, in  his  mAnncr  of  delivery  he  was  bold 
and  animated  ;  but  he  addressed  the  un- 
derstanding and  cOn9cience  rather,  than 
the  passions  of  his  audience.  A  mind 
like  his  could  not  in  the  progress  of 
discussion  lose  sight  of  its  subject.  His 
thoughts  were  well  arranged  and  his 
arguments  strong  and  convincing.  He 
was  by  nature  of  an  irritable  disposition ; 
but,  conscious  of  liis  infirmity,  he  made  it 
the  business  of  his  life  to  subdue  it,  and 
he  was  successful.  Under  many  trying 
circumstance  his  equanimity  was  con- 
spicuous. In  prosperity  end  adversity 
he  was  the  same,  always  sensible  of  his 
dependence  upon '  God,  always  acquies- 
cing in  hb  will,  and  confiding  in  his  mer- 
cy. In  his  habits  he  was  very  regular. 
His  exercise,  his  studies,  and  all  his  con- 
cerns were  as.  systematic  as  possible.  He 
generally  rose  early  and  his  first  thoughts 
were  directed  towards  his  Almighty  Cre- 
ator and  Friend)  to  whom  in  ettrly  life  he 
had  consecrated  the  powers  of  his  mind, 
his  improvementSjhis  possessionsjhistime, 
his  influence,  and  all  the  means  of  duing 
good,  which  should  be  put  into  his  hands. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  began  a  diary 
of  his  religious  life.  This  he  continued 
for  a  fivr  months  and  then  abruptly  relin- 
quished it,  but  for  what  reason  it  is  not 
known.  In  the  early  stages  of  his  last 
illness,  when  he  retained  his  reason  and 
the  power  of  speech,  he  expressed  his  en- 
tire reiignation  to  the  pleasure  or  God. 
In  his  death  an  extensive  acquaintance 
lamented  the  fall  of  one  of  the  firmest  pil- 
lars of  the  church. 

He  publi^ed  a  work  entitled,  the  salva- 


tion of  all  men  strictly  examined  kc.  iji 
answer  to  Dr.  Chauncy ;  a  dissertation 
on  liberty  and  necessity  ;  observations  on 
the  language  of  the  Mohekaneew  or 
Stockbridge  Indians,  communica^  to 
the  Connecticut  society  of  arts  and  scien- 
ces, and  republished  in  Mass.  hist. collec- 
tions, with  notes  by  J.  Pickering ;  brief 
observations  on  the  doctrine  of  universal 
salvation ;  three  sermons  on  the  atone- 
ment ;  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  Tim- 
othy Dwight,  Greenfield,  1789 ;  of  Dan 
Bradley,  Hamden,  1792 ;  of  W.  Brown, 
Glastonbnry,  1793;  of  Edward  Dorr 
Griffin,  New  Hartford,  1795 ;  •  sermon 
on  the  injustice  and  impolicy  of  the  slave 
trade,  1791  ;  human  depravity  the  source 
of  infidelity,  a  sermon  in  the  American 
preacher,  ii ;  marriage  of  a  wife's  sister 
considered  in  the  anniversary  eoncio  ad 
clerum  in  the  chapel  of  Yale  college, 
1792  ;  on  the  death  of  Roger  Sherman, 
1799  ;  at  the  election,  1794  ;  on  a  futuie 
state  of  existence  and  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  printed  in  a  volume,  entitled, 
sermobs  collected  &c.;  a  farewell  sermon 
to  the  people  of  Coiebrook  ;  and  a 
number  of  excellent  pieces,  with  the  sig- 
nature I  and  0,  in  the  New  York  theo- 
logical magazine.  He  also  edited,  from 
the  manuscripts  of  his  father^  the  history 
of  the  wo-'  ''  redemption,  two  volumes 
ofsermoi.  >  two  volumes  of  observa- 

tions on  iijf  .rtant  theotogical  subjects. 
— Connect,  evang.  mag.,  ii.  877 — 889  ; 
Mill(r,;u.  453;  2  Hist.  cqI.  x.  81-160  ; 
Holmes,  u.  321. 

EDWARDS,  Morgan,a  baptist  minis- 
ter, was  born  in  Wales  in  1722,  and  be- 
gan to  preach  in  his  16th  year.  He  came 
to  America  in  May  1761,  and  became  the 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Philadelphia,  in 
which  office  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Rogers.  He  removed  in  1772  to  a  plan- 
tation in  Newark,  Newcastle  county. 
Being  opposed  to  the  revolution,  .he  ceas- 
ed preaching  during  the  war.  After- 
wards he  read  lectures  in  difierent  parts 
of  the  couiltry.  He  had  been  intempe- 
rate ;  it  was  his  own  opinion,  that  a  min- 
ister should  not  preach  again  after  such  a 
fall.     He  died  Jan,  38,  1795,  aged  79. 


ELBERT. 

He  once  penuaded  hioueirabout  the  year 
1770,  that  he  should  die  on  •  pertieultr 
day,  and  preached  his  own  Aineral  sen- 
mon ;  but  he  lived  a  quarter  of  a  century 
afterwards.  He  published  a  farewell  dis- 
course, 1761;  at  the  ordination  of  S. 
Jones ;  customs  of  primitive  churches ; 
on  new  year,  1770  ;  materials  towards  a 
history  of  baptists  of  Pennd.  and  N.  Jer- 
sey, S  vols.  ISmo.  1793 ;  on  the  millen- 
nium; on  the  new  heaven  and  new  earth  ; 
rea  sacra,  a  translation.  He  left  many 
vols,  of  sermons,  and  IS  vols,  of  manu- 
scripts on  various  subjects.— £<ne(ttel, 
II.  394-901. 

ELBERT,  Samuel,  major  general,and 
governor  of  Georgia,  in  )786  succeeded 
John  Houston,and  was  succeeded  in  1786 
by  Edward  Telfair.  He  waa  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  entering  the  army  in  1776 
as  a  iieut.  col.  In  1779  he  was  engaged  in 
the  espedition  against  E  .Flor. ;  fc  conduc- 
ted with  gallantry  in  command' of  a  brigade 
in  the  action  at  Brier  creek  March  8, 
1779,  in  which  he  was  taken  prisoner. 
lie  ^ed  at  Savannah  Nov.  S,  1789,  aged 
46. 

ELIOT,  John,  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  usually  called  he  apostle  of  the 
Indians,  was  born  at  Nasin,  Essex,  Eng- 
land, in  1604.  His  pious  parents  early 
imparted  to  him  religious  instruction, 
and  it  was  not  without  efTeot.  After  re- 
ceiving his  education  at  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  he  was  for  some  time  the  in- 
strueter  of  youth.  In  16S1  he  came  to 
this  country,  and,  arriving  at  Boston  har- 
bor Novem.  S,  immediately  joined  the 
church  in  that  town,  and  preached  to 
them,  as  Mr.  Wilson,  their  mininter,  was 
then  in  England.  Here  he  was  earnestly 
requested  to  remain ;  but  he  was  settled 
as  teacher  of  the  church  in  Roxbury  Nov. 
5,  16SS.  lu  the  following  year  Mr. 
Welde  was  ordained  as  hiscolleague,with 
the  title  of  pastor.  These  two  minis- 
tera  lived  together  in  much  harmony.  In 
17S7  they  o^iosed  the  wild  notions  of 
Mrs.  Hutohin8on,and  were  both  witnesses 
against  her  at  her  trial.  In  1689  they 
Wereai^inted  with  Richard  Mather  of 
Dorchester  to  make  a  new  version  of  the 
47 


ELIOT. 


mUt 


pcalms,  which  was  printed  in  the  M\ow- 
ing  year.  For  tuneftil  poetry  it  wouki 
not  perhaps  yield  the  pahn  even  to  that 
of  Sternhold  and  Hopkins ;  but  it  did  not 
give  perfect  satisfliction.  Mr.  Shepherd 
of  Cambridge  thus  addressed  the  transb- 
tors. 

"Ye  Roxbury  po^li,  kwp  elrar  of  ibocfioM 
Of  miMing  to  give  m  nty  good  rkymo} 
And  you  of  Dordieilor,  your  iwnt»  hnglhen, 
But  with  the  text's  ows  wonb  you  will  them 
itrepgthcn." 

The  New  England  psalms  were  after^ 
wards  revised  and  improved  by  president 
Dunster,  and  they  have  passed  through- 
twenty  editnns.  In  1641  Mr.  Wekl»' 
returned  to  England.  Mr.  Eliot's  other  i 
colleagues  in  the  ministry  were  Mr.  Dan-' 
forth  and  Mr.  Walter. 

His  benevolent  Isbonwere  not  confined 
to  his  own  people.  Having  imbibed  the 
true  spirit  of  the  gospel,  his  heart  waa 
touched  with  the  wretched  conditronof 
the  Indians,  and  he  became  eageriy  de- 
sirous of  making  them  acquainted  with 
the  ghd  tidings  of  salvation.  Thei« 
were  at  the  time,  when  he  began  his  mi»> 
sionary  exertions,  near  twenty  tribes  of 
Indians  within  the  limiu  of  the  English 
planters.  But  they  were  very  similar  in 
manners,  language,  and  religion.  Hav- 
ing learned  the  barbarous  dialect,  he  first 
preached  to  an  assembly  of  Indians  at 
Nonantum,  in  the  present  town  of  New- 
ton,' Oct.  98, 1 646.  After  a  short  prayer 
he  explained  the  commandments,  des- 
cribed the  character  and  su^rings  of 
Christ,  the  judgment  day  and  its  conse- 
quences, and  exhorted  them  to  receive 
Christ  as  their  Savior  and  to  pray  to  God. 
After  the  sermon  was  finished,  he  desired 
them  to  ask  any  questions,  which  might 
have  occurred.  One  immediately  in- 
quired, whether  Jesus'  Christ  could  un- 
derstand prayers  in  the  Indian  language  I 
Another  asked,  how  all  the  world  beoama 
full  of  people,  if  they  were  all  onea 
drowned?  A  third  question  was, how 
there  could  be  the  image  of  God,  since  it 
was  forbidden  in  the  commandment  i  Ha 
preaohed.to  them  a  second  time  November 
1 1 ,  and  soBiie  of  them  wept  while  he  waa 


Wlw ' 


n-n' 


ELIOT. 


rf«!fnf«|    «<^ 


addntssing  them.    An  old  man  uked,with 
tMrs  in  his  ejM,  whether  it  was  not  too 
lata  Ibr  him  to  repent  and  turn  unto  God? 
Among;  the  other  inquiries  were  these, 
how  it  oame  to  pass,  that  sea  water  was 
salt  and  river   water  iVesh ;    how   the 
English  came  to  differ  so  much  fVom  the 
Indians  in  the  knowledge  of  God  and  Je- 
sus Christ,  since  they  all  at  first  had  but 
one  father ;  and  why,  if  the  water  is  lar- 
ger' than  the  earth,  it  does  not  overflow 
the  earth  ?  He  was  violently  opposed  by 
the  sachems  and  pawaws  or  priests,  who 
were  apprehensive  of  losing  their  author- 
ity, if  a  new  religion  was  introduced. 
When  he  wlw  alone  with  them  in  the  wil- 
derness, thisy  threatened  him  with  every 
evil,  if  he  did  not  desist  from  his  labors ; 
but  he  was  a  man  not  to  be  shaken  in  his 
purpose  by  the  fear  of  danger.   He  said  to 
them, "  I  am  about  the  work  of  the  great 
God,  and  my  God  is  with  me ;  so  that  I 
neither  fear  you,  nor  all  the  sachems  in 
the  country ;  I  will  go  on^*do  you  touch 
me,  if  you  dare."     With  a  body  capable 
of  enduring  fatigue,  and  a  mind  firm 
the  mountain  oaks,  which  surrounded  his 
path,  he  went  from  place  to  place,  rely- 
ing for  protection  upon  the  great  Head  of 
the  church,  and  declaring  the  salvation  of 
the  gospel  to  the  children  of  darkness. 
His  benevolent  zeal  prompted  him  to  en- 
counter with  cheerfulness  the  moat  terri- 
fying dangers,  and  to  submit  to  the  most 
incredible  hardships.    He  says  in  a  letter, 
"I  have  not  been  dry,  night  or  day,  from 
the  third  day  of  the  week  unto  the  sixth ; 
but  so  travelled,  and  at  night  pull  off  my 
boots  and  wring  my  stockings,  and  on 
with  them  again,  and  so  continue.    But 
God  steps  in  and  helps.    I  have  consider- 
ed the  word  of  God,  1  Tim.  ii.  S,  endure 
hardship  as  a   good   soldier  of  Jesus 
Christ."    He  made  a  missionary  tour  ev- 
ery fortnight,planted  a  number  of  church- 
es, and  visited  all  the  Indians  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  Plymouth  eotonies,  pursuing 
his  way  as  ikr  ai  cape  Cod.    In  1851  an 
Indian  town  was  built  on  a  pleasant  qwt 
on  Charles*  river,  called  Natiek.   A  house 
of  worship  was  erected,  and  a  form  of 
government  was  established  similar  to 


that,  which  is  mentioned'  in    Exodns 
XVIII.  31.    He  was  eonvineed,  that  in 
order  to  the  most  permanent  suecsss  it 
was  necessary  to  introduee  with  christian- 
ity  the  art»  of  civilized  lift.     Heaeeor- 
dingly  made  every  exertion  to  persuade 
the  Indians  to  renounce  their  savage  out- 
toms  and  habits  ;   but  he  never  eouU 
civilize  those,  who  went  out  in  huntiiig 
parties;  and  those,who  lived  near  ponds  k 
Tivers,  snd  were  occupied  in  fishing  or  cul- 
tivating the  ground,  though  their  condi- 
tion was  mveh  improved,  could  never  be 
made  equally  industrious  with  the  Eng- 
lish.   The  first  Indian  church,  established 
by  the  labors  of  protestants  in  America, 
was  formed  at  Natiek  in  1660  after  the 
manner  of  the  congregational  churches  in 
New  England.     Those,  who  wished  to 
be  organized  into  a  christian  body,  were 
strictly  examined  as  to  their  ikith  and 
experience  by  a  number  of  the  neighbor- 
ing ministers,  and  Mr.  Eliot  afterwards 
administerefl  to  them  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  suj^r.     Other  Indian  churches 
were  planted  in  various  parts  of  Mass., 
and  he  frequently  visited  them  ;   but  his 
pastoral  care  was  more  particularly  over 
that,  which  he  first  established.      He 
made  every  exertion  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Indian  tribes;   he  stimulated 
many  servants  of  Jesus  to  engage  in  the 
missionary  work ;    and,   although    he 
mourned  over  the  stupidity  of  many,  who 
preferred  darkness  to  light,  yet  he  lived 
to  see  twenty  four  of  the  copper  colored 
aborigines  fellow  preachers  of  the  pre* 
ciouB  gospel  of  Christ.    In  1661  he  pub- 
lished the  New  Testament  in  the  Indian 
language,  and  in  a  few  years  the  whole 
bible,  and  several  other  books,  best  adap- 
ted for  the  instruction  of  the  natives.  He 
possessed  an  influence  over  the  Indians, 
which  no  other  missionary  could  obtain. 
He  was  their  shiekl  in  1675  during  Phil- 
ip's war,  when  some  of  the  people  of 
Mass.,  actuated  by  the  most  inftiriate 
spirit,  had  resolved  to  destrciy  them.    He 
suftred  every  abuse  for  his  flriendship  to 
them,  but  nothing  could  quench  the  di- 
vine oharity  which  glowed  in  his  heart. 
His  firmness,  his  zeal,  his  benevolence  st 


ELIOT. 


m 


thii  period  increased  the  pure  lustre  of 
his  ciitraeter.  When  he  reached  the  age 
of  fourscore  ycftra,  he  offered  to  give  up 
his  salary,  and  desired  to  be  liberated  from 
the  labors  of  his  oflke,  as  a  teacher  of  the 
church  at  Roxbury.  It  was  with  joy, that 
he  received  Mr.  Walter  as  his  colleague 
in  1688.  When  he  was  bending  under 
his  infirmities  and  could  no  longer  visit 
the  Indians,  he  persuaded  a  number  of 
fhnilies  to  send  their  negro  servants  to 
him  once  a  week,  that  he  might  in- 
struct  them  in  the  truths  of  God. 
He  died  May  90,  1690,  aged  about  86 
years,  saying,  that  all  his  labors  were 
poor  and  small  and  exhorting  tho«e,  who 
surrounded  his  bed,  to  pray.  His  hut 
words  were,  "welcome  joy. "  Four  sons, 
educated  at  Harvard  collegR,were  preach- 
ers ;  John,  of  Newton,  a  preacher  also 
to  the  Indians,  died  in  1668;  Joseph,  of 
Guilford,  died  in  1694;  Samuel  died  in 
euty  life  unsettled ;  Benjamin,  a  graduate 
of  1661^,  was  a  colleague  with  his  father, 
but  died  before  him. 

Mr.  Eliot  was  one  of  the  most  useful 
preachers  in  new  England.  No  minister 
■aw  his  exertions  attended  with  greater 
eflfeets.  He  spoke  iVom  the  abundance  of 
his  heart,  and  his  sermons,  being  free  from 
that  labored  display  of  learning,  fVom  the 
quibbles  and  quaint  turns,  with  which 
most  discourses  were  at  that  time  infec- 
ted, were  acceptable  in  all  the  churches. 
So  much  was  he  endeared  to  his  own  peo- 
ple, that  they  continued  his  salary  after 
he  had  ofiered  to  resign  it,  and  when  he 
was  unable  to  preach ;  and  the  youth 
were  in  the  habit  of  visiting  him,  calling 
him  thdr  fkther  and  friend.  Such  atten- 
tknis  chased  away  the  gloom,  which  usu- 
ally hangs  over  the  head  of  the  ^ged,  and 
cheered  the  evening  of  Ids  life. 

Wa  moral  and  religious  character  was 
as  excellent,  as  his  ministerial  qualifica- 
tions were  great.  He  carried  his  good 
prinoiples  with  him  in  every  situation, 
viewing  all  things  in  reference  to  God. 
He  habitually  lifted  up  his  heart  for  a 
blessing  upon  every  person,  whom  he 
met,  «nd  when  he  went  into  a  iiunily,  he 
would  sometimes  call  the  youth  to  him, 


that  he  might  lay  his  hands  upon  them, 
and  give  them  hisbenediotion.  Such  was 
his  charity,  that  he  gave  to  the  poor  In* 
dians  most  of  his  salary  of  fifty  pounds, 
which  he  received  snnually  ftom  the  soci- 
ety for  propagating  the  gospel.  In  his 
manner  of  living  he  was  very  simple.  One 
plain  dish  was  his  repast  at  home,  and 
when  he  dined  abroad,  ha  seldom  tasted 
any  of  the  luxuriea  before  him.  He 
drank  Water;  and  said  of  wine,  "it  is  a 
noble,  generous  liquor,  and  we  shoukl  be 
humbly  thankful  forit,but,«s  I  remember, 
water  was  made  before  it."  Clothing 
himself  with  humility^  he  actually  wore  a 
leathern  girdle  about  his  loins.  Ind»> 
mestie  life  he  was  peculiarly  happy.  By 
the  prudent  management  of  his  wife,who 
looked  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household, 
he  wat  enabled  to  be  generous  to  his 
friends,  and  hospitable  to  strangers,  and 
with  a  small  salary  to  educate  four  sons  at 
Cambridge,  of  whom  John,  and  Joseph, 
mimsters  of  Newton  and  Guiifonl,  were 
the  best  preachers  of  that  age. 

In  his  principles  of  Church  government 
he  was  attached  to  the  congregational 
order.  Yet  he  contended  earnestly  for 
frequent  synods  or  councils,  as  necessary 
for  the  preservation  of  union,  for  the  sup- 
pression of  dangerous  opinions  and  here- 
sies, for  the  correction  of  abuses,  and  the 
healing  of  divisions.  He  thought,  that 
every  particular  church  should  have  tvb- 
ling  elders  toassist  the  minister  in  the  da- 
ties  of  government  and  instruction.  In 
his  admission  to  the  church,  he  required 
of  the  candidates  some  evidence,  that 
they  were  truly  Christians,  renewed  in 
their  hearts  by  the  Spirit  of  <  God.  He 
withstood  theattempts,which  were  made, 
to  change  the  oki  practice  of  giving  a  re- 
lation of  the  work  of  divine  grace,  wliich 
practice  in  his  view  honored  the  Savior, 
and  produced  an  intimate  union  among 
his  disciples.  He  could  not  in  conscience 
give  the  cup  of  the  Lord  to  any  one,  wlio 
did  not  give  some  evidence  of  being  a 
sincere  Christian^ 

With  all  his  excellencies  he  had  some 
singularities  and  strange  notions.  He 
had  a  most  deep  rooted  prcrjiidice  against 


ITI 


ELIOT. 


til' 


wigs.  H«  pretohed  •galut  the  nnilom 
oTwMrinff  Uietn  ;  he  pnyed  •gtiiiet  it ; 
he  attributed  to  it  the  evils,  which  over- 
wheimed  the  oountry.  He  thought,  ■• 
Dr.  Oottoa  Mather,  who  himtelf  worea 
w^,  infoiiM  ua,  "  that  for  men  to  wear 
their  liair  with  a  luxurioua,  delicate,  fttar 
inine  prolixity,  or  todiafigare  themaelvea 
with  hair,  which  waa  none  of  their  own, 
bat  above  all  Tor  miniatera  of  the  ffoapel 
to  ruffle  it  in  exoeaaea  of  thia  kind"  waa 
•n  enomova  ain.  But  fashion  would 
bear  away,  notwithstanding  his  remon- 
stranees,  add  be  finally-  ceased  to  com- 
plain, saying,  "  the  lust  is  become  insup- 
erable." His  prejudice  against  tobacco 
was  aa  atrong  aa  his  aversion  to  wigs ; 
bat  in  contempt  of  all  hia  admonitions 
the  liairless  head  would  be  adorned  with 
«arb  of  foreign  growth,  and  the  pipe 
would  send  up  volumea  of  smoke.  In  his 
okl  age,  not  long  before  hia  death,  he 
aaed  to  say  that  he  was  shortly  going  to 
heaven,  and  wtmld  carry «  deal  <^good 
newa  with  him.;  he  woukl  carry  tidings 
to  the  okl  founders  of  New  Enghmd, 
that  our  chuiehea  still  remained,  and  that 
their  nuaober  waa  continually  increasing. 
So  remarkable  was  he  fbr  his  charities, 
that  the  pariah  treasurer,  when  he  once 
paid  him  the  money  due  for  his  salary, 
tied  the  ends  of  a  handkerchief,  into 
which  he  put  it,  in  aa  many  hard  knots 
aa  he  could,'  to  prevent  him  from  giving 
away  the  money  before  he  should  reach 
home.  The  good  man  immediately  went 
to  the  hoiise  of  a  sick  and  necesaitoua 
ftmily,  and  told  them,  that  God  had 
aent  them  some  relief.  Being  welcomed 
by  the  sufbrets  with  teara  of  gratitude, 
he  began  to  untie  the  knots.  After  many 
fmitless'eibrts,  and  impatient  of  the'per- 
plexi^  and  delay,  he  gave  the  handker- 
chief and  att  the  money  to  the  mother  of 
the  family,  saying,  "  here,  my  dear,  take 
it ;  I  beKeve.  the  IiOid  designs  it  all  lor 
you." 

Mr.  EUot  published  several  letters  in  a 
work,  Entitled,  the  gk>rious  progress  of 
the  gospel  among  the  Indians  flic.  1649 ; 
tears  of  repentance,  in  oonjnnction  with 
Mr  Mayhew,  165t ;  a  hte  and  further 


maniihatatlon  ofiha  pragrssa  of  the  gos- 
pel among  the  Indiana,  lie.  16U ;  of  the 
goapel  amoBgat  the  Indians,  lie.  IM9 } 
a  brief  narrative  of  the  progreaa  of  the 
goapel,  ke.  1670.  k  work  of  hia  enti- 
tled the  christian  commonwealth  Im. 
waa  puUiahed  in  England  about  the 
year  1660»  written  nine  or  ten  yean 
before.  When  it  waa  received  in  Massa 
chuaetta,  the  governor  and  council,  view- 
ing it  aa  full  of  seditious  principles  against 
all  eatabliahcd  governments,  eqwcially 
against  the  monarchy  of  their  native 
country,  required  Mr.  Eliot  to  make  a 
recantation,  which  he  accordingly  did, 
acknowledging,  that  government  by 
kings,  k>rds,  and  commons  waa  not  anti- 
chriatian.  The  book  was  suppressed. 
In  1661  he  published  his  translation  of 
the '  New  Testament  into  the>  Indian 
tongue ;  Sd  edit.  1680 ;  and  in  166S  hia 
immense  work,  the  transhilion  of  the 
whole  bible,  in  4to,  entitled,  Mamnsse 
Wunneetupanatamwe  Up-Biblum  God 
naneeswe  Nukkone  Testament  kah  wonk 
Wusku  Tealament  A  second  edition  was 
printed  in  168S,  revised  by  Mr.  Cotton 
and  both  of  them  were  printed  at  Cam- 
bridge. The  longest  word  is  in  Mark  i. 
40:  WutappesittukquBsunnoohwehtunk- 
qnoh,  "kneeling  doOrn  to  him."  Mr. 
Eliot  also  published  the  Jews  in  Ameri- 
ca, 1660,  intended  to  prove,  that  the  In- 
dians were  deacendanta  of  the  Jewa ;  an 
Indian  grammar,  1666;  anew  edition  with 
notes  by  Du  Ponceau  and  introduction 
by  J.  Pickering,  8vo.  1833  ;  also  in  8 
hist.  col.  9th  vol. ;  the  logic  primer  for 
the  use  of  the  Indiana,  1673 ;  the  psalms 
translated  into  Indian  metre,  and  a  cate- 
chism, annexad  to  the  edition  of  the 
New  Teatament  in  1680 ;  a  tranalation 
of  the  practice  of  pwty,  of  Baxterhi  call 
to  the  unconverted,  and  of  aeveral  of 
Shepardhi  worka;  the  hanD.>ny  of  the 
gospels  in  English,  4to,  1678  ;  the  di- 
vine management  of  gosp^  churches  by 
the  ordinance  of  eoirncils,  designed  for 
the  reconciliation  of  the  prari>yterians, 
and  congregationalists.  Nine  of  his  let- 
ters to  sir  Robert  Boyle  are  in  the  third 
and  his  account  of  Indian  cbur«lisa  in  the 


ELIOT. 


10th  volnoM  of  the  hiatorie«l  oollMtiont.— 
MmUktr'i  magna,  iii.  170-Sll ;  IMoVt 
Hf*  mUld«mthi  N^mVt  N.  £.  i.  161, 
MS,  MS ;  II.  M  ;  Hut.  etO.  i.  176 ;  iii. 
1T7-188  ;  DouglMt,  u.  llSj  HMaMn- 
•Mi,  1. 16t-169,  SIS ;  Ho/m««,  i.  484. 

ELIOT,  John,  minister  oT  Newton, 
the  eon  of  the  pieeeding,  waa  gradunted 
•t  Hervaid  college  in  1M6.  Ut  wm  or- 
dained at  Canbridge  village,  or  Nonan- 
tum,  now  Newton,  in  1864,  and  in  this 
place  he  died  Oct.  11,  1688,  aged  SS. 
His  abilities  as  a  preacher  were  preemi- 
nent. He  gave  his  father  much  assis- 
tance in  his  missionary  employment. 
Daring  his  ministiy  at  Newton  he  usual- 
ly prteehed  once  a  fortnight  to  the  In- 
diana \t  Pcquimmit,  or  Stoughton,  and 
sometimes  at  Natiok. — Gookin,  ch.  v  ; 
Hemer's  hut.  of  NmtiUm  tn  kUt.  eol.  v. 
S88. 

ELIOT,  J«red,  minister  of  Killings 
worth,  Con.,  was  grandson  of  the  apos- 
tolic John  Eliot  and  the  aon  of  Joseph 
Eliot,  minister  of  Gu|lford,  who  died  in 
1694.     He  was  bom  Nov.  7,  1685  ; 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1706;  was 
ordained  Oct  36, 1708  ;  and  died  April 
as,  1768,  aged  78.    In  the  year  1733  he 
was  strongly  inclined  to  adopt  the  episco- 
paliaa  sentiments ;  but  in  a  conference 
with  the  trustees  of  the  college  his  doubts 
were  removed.    He  w;ss  a  botanist  and  a 
scientific  and  praeticalagriculturist.    The 
white  mulberry  tree  was  introduced  by 
him  into  Con.    He  discovered  a  process' 
of  .extracting  irpn  fromblack  sand.    He 
was  the  first  physician  of  his  day  in  the 
colony.     Such    was  his  fame  for  the 
treatment  of  chronic  complaints,  that  he 
was  sometimes  called   to    Boston  and 
Newport,  and  was  more  extensively  con- 
sulted than   any   physician   in  N.  E. 
Maniacs  were  managed  by  him   with 
gre*t  skill.    In  the  multitude  of  his  pnr- 
suiu  his  judgment  seemed  to  be  unfaii- 
ing.    His  fkrms  in  difierent  parts  of  the 
cokmywere  well  managed.    Living  on 
die  main  roadirom  Boston  to  N.  York, 
he  was  visited  hy  many  gentlemen  of 
distinction.    Dr,  Franklin  always  called 
upon  hint,  when  journeying  to  his  native 


town.  His  house  was  the  seat  of  hos|i^ 
tality.  He  was  a  pious,  frithAU  preadier. 
For  40  years  he  never  omitted  prsnehhiff 
on  the  Lord's  diqr.  He  published  agri- 
cultural essays,  sev.  editions;  religioo 
supported  by  reason  and  revektion,  1788; 
election  sermon,  1788 ;  swmon  on  tha 
taking  of  Louisbourg,  1748.--TA4Mi^ 
«r;  Eli9t}iHut.^i. 

ELIOT,  Andrew,  o.  o.,  minister  in 
Boston,  wss  a  descendant  of  Andrew 
EUiott,  u  he  wrote  his  name,  fVom  8o> 
mersetshire,who  settled  at  Beverly  about 
1688.  His  father,  Andrew,  was  a  mer- 
chant in  Boeton.  He  waa  bom  about  the 
year  1719  and  in  1787  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college.  He  early  felt  the  im- 
pressions of  religion  and  was  indnoed 
to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the 
Lord  Jesus.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  new  church  in  Boeton,  as  oolleagne 
with  Mr.  Webb,  April  14,  I74S.  Here 
he  continued  in  high  reputation  till  his 
death,  Sept.  18,  1778,  aged  59  yean. 
He  lefl  11  children,  two  (rf*  them  minis- 
ters ;  Andrew^  of  Fairfield,  and  John,  of 
Boeton.  His  last  surviving  child,  Stipn- 
na,  wife  of  Dr.  David  Hull  of  Fairfield, 
died  in  1883. 

Hewashighly  respected  for  his  talents 
and  virtues.  While^he  preached  the  dis- 
tinguishing doctrines  of  thegoqiel,<hJs 
sermons  were  not  filled  with  invectives 
against  those,  who  differed  firom  hnn. 
He  was  anxious  to  v :  'T.-K>te  the  interests 
of  practk»l  godlinsMt  and,  destitute  of 
bigotry,  he  embraced  all,  who  appeared 
to  have  an  honest  regard  to  religious 
truth.  His  discourses  were  written  in  a 
style  perspicuous  and  correct,  and  he  de- 
livered them  with  dignity,  graceflihiess, 
and  unaffected  fervor.  His  audience  was 
never  inattentive.  The  various  duties 
of  the  pastoral  offieo  he  ever  discharged 
with  fidelity.  He  revered  the  constitu> 
tion  of  the  churches  of  New  Engtond,  and 
delighted  in  their  prosperity.  In  1748  he 
united  with  many  other  excellent  minis- 
ters in  giving  his  testimony  in  ftvor  of 
the  ve^  remarkable  revival  of  religion 
in  this  country. 

When  the  British  took  possession  of 


fe 


ELIOT. 


BoMoii,  lie  tmt  hk  ftmily  out  of  the 
with  tiM  iatantion  of  followisf 
I  f  but  •  number  of  the  people,  b»- 
loaffiaff  to  hk  eoeiety  end  to  other  looie- 
(iee,  being  obliged  to  remain,  reqncetcd 
him  not  to  Iceve  them.  AAer  seeking 
divine  direction,  he  thought  it  hie  duty 
to  eompiy  with  tlteir  rcqneet,  and  in  no 
period  of  his  lifb  wm  he  more  eminently 
OMflil.  He  wee  a  fVtend  to  the  fteedom, 
pcnee,  and  indepoidenee  of  Amerioa. 
^  hie  benevolent  oOees  he  contributed 
■raeh  toward  alleviating  tlie  eufieringe  of 
the  inhabitute  { lie  ministered  to  his  sick 
and  wonndsd  eonntiynen  in  prison  }  iie 
weat  about  doing  good  j  and  be  appear- 
ed to  be  more  than  ever  diiengsged  flrom 
tiw  world,  and  attaehed  to  things  iieav- 
enfy  and  divine.  He  was  i  fHend  of 
Jiteratare  and  aoience,  and  he  rendered 
fanportant  serviees  to  Harvard  college 
bodi  ae  an  individual  beneihctor,  and  as  a 
nomberof  the  iMierd  of  overseere  and  of 
«be  eorporation.  So  highly  were  his 
Hilawiy  aequircisents  and  general  eharao- 
1,  that  he  wae  onee  elected 
I  of  the  umversity ;  but  his  at- 
'laehment  to  hie  ptOfll»  wae  eueh,  tliat  he 
deelinedthe  appointment.  In  his  kst 
eiekMSS  he  CKpreased  unsltalmn  (kith  in 
those  doetrinea  of  the  grace  of  God, 
whieh  Im  liad  preached  to  others,  and 
weald  Aeqoently  breathe  out  the  pious 
aisealatioa,  "come.  Lord  Jesus,  eome 
qnieUy." 

He  wrote  a  long  account  of  the  eSeets 
•of  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain  and 
Jkaariea  in  J768,  which  he  sent  to  a 
firiadd  in  Engbnd.  It  is  qwken  of  with 
Ugh  respect  both  on  aceount  of  its  style, 
andjoftheeandorand  moderation,  with 
wbkh  it  was  written.  Tht  following  is 
a  eatalogae  of  his  publieadons.  A  ser- 
mon at  Ihb  own  ordination,  1743 ;  inor- 
dinate iove  of  the  world  inconsistent 
with  Ae  love  of  God,  1744  i  cm  the  death 
of  John  Wd>b,  17S0 ;  a  ftst  sermon, 
176S ;  at  the  ordination  <tf  Joaeph  Rob- 
erts, 1754 ;  of  Eben.  Thayer,  1766  ;  of 
Joaeph  WiUard,  1778;  of  his  son,  An^ 
drew  Eliot,  1774  ;  a  thanksgiving  ser- 
mon for  the  conquest  of  Quebec,  1759 ; 


eieetion  sermon,  1766  ;  Dudleiaa  lecture, 
1771 ;  at  the  executk>n  of  Levi  Amee, 
177S  ;  a  volume  of  twenty  sermone,  Svo, 
1774.— TAedUr**  >W.  $tm.i  M*m»tr» 
^fTktmoi   HoUUiHut.  eol,  x.  166; 

ELIOT,  Samnel,  a  beneAetor  of  Har- 
vard <H>llcg«t  wae  the  son  of  Semuel, 
E.  a  bookseller  of  Boeton,  who  wae  the 
brother  of  Dr.  A.  Eltot.  As  a  merchant 
h^  acquired  a  brge  estate.  He  died  Jan. 
18, 18t0,  aged  91.  Three  of  his  dangb- 
terawere  married  to  E.  Dwight  and 
professor!  A.  Norton  and  G.  Ticknor. 
Some  time  before  bis  death  he  preeented 
to  H.  college  90,000  dollars  to  ibund  a 
proAssonhip^of  Greek  literature.  He 
left  an  estate  of  little  less  than  a  milUon 
of  dollars. 

ELIOT,  John,  d.  d.,  minister  in  Bos^ 
ton,  the  son  of  Dr.  Andrew  E.,  was  bom 
May  81,  1754  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  177S.  After  preaching  a  finr, 
years  in  diffisrent  phtoea  Iw  was  ordained, 
aa  the  successor  of  his  Ikther,  Nov.  8, 
1779,  pastor  of  the  new  north  church  in 
Boston,  He  died  of  an  afiection  of  the 
heart.or  perieardium  Feb.  14, 1818,  aged 
68.  His  wife,  Ann  Treadwell,  daughter 
of  Jacob  T.  of  Portsmouth,  survived 
him.  During  his  ministry  of  84  yeers 
he  baptised  1454  persons  ;  performed  the 
ceremony  of  marriage  811  times  ;  and 
admitted  161  to  full  communion  in  the 
church.  Dr.  Eliot  waa  veryniild,  cour- 
teous, and  benevolent ;  as  a 'preacher  he 
was  pkin,ftmiliar,  and  practical,  avoiding 
disputed  topics,  and  always  recommen- 
ding charity  and  peace.  For  9  years  he 
was  one  of  the  corporation-  of  Harvard 
college.  With  his  friend^  Dr.  Belknap, 
he  co-operptted  in  establishing  and  sus- 
taining the  Mass.  historical  society,  to  the 
pnblicationB  of  which  he  contributed 
many  writings.  His  attention  vNw  much 
devoted  to  biographical  and  historical  re* 
searches.  He  pidtlished  a  sermon  to  ftee 
masons,  178t ;  a  charge  to  the  samr, 
1788 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  1794 ;  at 
the  ordination  of  J.  McKean,  1797  ;  of 
H.  Edes,  1806 ;  on'pnblie  worship,  1800; 
on  the  completion  of  a  h6use  of  worship* 


ELLERY. 


R'i'i' 


ELLIS. 


1104)  •  New  Bachnd  bio|nipli!Ml 
dielioMry,  8vo.  1809  ;  uid  ia  Um  Hktor. 
ooUeetiou  the  IbUowiaf  vtiolM ;  account 
of  burkb  in  Boston  {  dewription  of  N. 
Badfbrd,  iv;  notioaofW.  Whittingham, 
and  namthre  of  nawapapera,  v  ;  aketch 
of  Dr.  Belknap,  vi ;  accleaiaat.  hiatory  of 
!l(aa.and  Plymouth,, vii,  ix,  i,  and  • 
aar.  1  ;  aeooant  of  John  Elkrt ;  account 
of  Marblehaad;  memoira  of  D^  Thaohar, 
VIII ;  nwmoin  of  A.  Eliot  and  T.  PasH 
barton,  z.— S  Hiit.  eol.  i.  SI  1— S48. 

ELLERY,  Williatai,  amamberofemi- 
f  reaa,  the  aon  of  Wm.  E^,  a  merohant  of 
Newport,  R.  L,  was  born  Dm.  9S, 
1787,  and  was  graduated  in  1747  at  Bar* 
vard  college,  of  which  his  ftther  waa  • 
graduate  in  1733.  Having  studied  law, 
he  for  many  yeara  anceeasively  prosecu- 
ted his  profeaaion  at  Newport.  At  the 
eommeoeemcnt  of  the  revolution  heea>- 
pouaed  the  cauae  of  hk  country.  Of  the 
congress  of  1776  he  waa  an  active  and 
influential  member.  Hia  name  was  affix* 
ed  to  the  declaration  of  independence. 
Placing  himself  by  the  side  of  secretary 
Thompaon,  he  watched  the  k)oka  of  the 
nobleHninded  patriots,  as  they  signed  the 
instrument  The  plan  of  flreships,  ree- 
ommended  by  the  marine  committee,  to 
be  sent  out  from  R.  Island,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  auggested  by  him.  When 
the  Britiah  occupied  Newport,  hia  dwel- 
ling houae  was  burnt.  On  his  retiring 
firom  congress  in  1786  he  waa  appointed 
commissioner  of  loans ;  he  waa  alao  elec- 
ted ehwf  justice  of  R.  I.  When  the  new 
government  was  orgnniBe<l,  Washington 
appointed  him  in  1789  ooJ'.ectqr  of  New- 
poi$;an  office,  which  he  held  till  hia 
death,  Feb.  IB,  1890,  aged  99.  He  died, 
aa  he  waa  reading  Tully'a  offices,  in 
Latin.  It  waa  often  hiaeonaobtion  in 
life,  that "  the  Lord  raigneth.*'  Diaie^ 
gaiding  human  apphuae,  he  waa  accus- 
tomed to  say,  "humility  rather,  than 
pride,  becomea  such  creatures,  aa  we 
U9.»—GoodrMi*a  Uwt. 

ELLICOTT,  Andrew,  profeaaor  of 
mathematica  at  West  Point,  waa  a  native 
4>f  Penns.,  and  waa  empbyed  in  aurvey- 
iog  an4  planning  the  city  of  Washington. 


He  waaalao  emptoyed  inaawitaining  th* 
boundary  between  the  U.  S.  and  Spaio* 
which  labor  he  commenced  in  1796.  H> 
died  at  W.  Point  Aug.  98, 1890,  agaA  87. 
He  publiabcd  a  journal,  with  a  nnp  «r 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  a  part  of  Florida, 
1806 ;  aatronomical  and.  other  papers  in 
the  tranaastiona.of  A.P.  soeisty. 

ELLIOTT,  Thofnaa,  a  patriot  of  tha 
revolution,  died  in  South  Cai«|ina  Feb. 
6, 1894,  aged  78.  In  the  battle  of  Sulli- 
van's island  he  was  stationed  at  foUJohiK 
aon ;  be  fought  atv^tono ;  during  the 
siege  oif.Charieaton  he  peiibrmed  the  du- 
tiea  of  a  soldier  and  with  upyieldiag  firn* 
nesa  perferred  the  miaeriea  of  the  priaoa 
ship  to  the  terms,  oftred  by  the  enemy. 

ELLIOTT,  Stephen,  l  l.  b.,  •  bota- 
nkt,  waa  horn  at  lieaufort,  S.  Carottaa, 
Nov.  11,  1771,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
coUegein  1791.  Afterwardfi  he  devoted 
his  attention  chiefly  to  the  impreveflMBt 
ofhiaeatate.  At  an  early  age  he  became 
a  member  of  the  legialatnre,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  introduMd  the  projeet  of  the 
atate  bank,  of  which  he  waa  ehoaen  preai- 
dent  and  at  the  head  of  which  he  remained 
until  his  death.  He  wu  abb  preaideat 
of  several  literary  and  scientific  -aocietiea, 
and  profeaaor  of  natural  historyand  bota- 
ny in  the  medical  college.  The  South- 
ern Review  was  principally  conductsd  by 
him.  He  died  at  Charleston  March  98» 
1880,  of  the  gout  in  the  atomach,  aged  6ft 
years.  His  temper  was  mild,  and  hit 
manners  interesting.  He  hsd  made  a  large 
and  valuable  collection  in  natural  history. 
With  the  literature  of  France  and  Spain 
he  was  well  acquainted.  He  publiahed 
^etch  of  the  botany  of  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  9  yob.  8vo.  1891. 

ELLIS,  Calebs  judge  of  the  anperior 
court  of  New  Hampahire,  waa  hewn  at 
Walpole,  Mas9.,.and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1793.  He  praetiaed  law 
in  Claremont,  N.  H.  In  1804  he  waa 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  In  Iftlft 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  anpe- 
rior court,  in  which  office  he  eontinned 
till  hu  death.  May  9, 1816,  aged  49.  Ha 
wto  a  man  of  candor  and  modemtion,  dia- 
inteiested,  and  iaithful  iq  the  offices,  ia* 


ELLSWORTH. 


% 


ttMMl  to  hte.  H«  woght  no  popuhri- 
if  oetpl  tliat,  which  foUowt  the  purrait 
ofMhte  aada  by  honMt  iBMM.  Atajvdf* 
bs  WM  MUifliUMd,  indepeodant,  impar- 
tkl,  aad  inflnibi* ;  jtt  mild  ud  eourt»> 
Hb  had  •  deUeaU  and  ■erapulona 
oThoBor  and  honaaty.  Hia  rafard 
to  the  inatitotioiM  ofrelitioB  and  monlity 
waa  avi^ipad  by  th»baqvflat  of  1000  dothra 
fbr  tha  M|iport  of  a  miBiatar  in  Chra- 
taioai.~~Smitk'i  ikttehi  Fmmtr't  eattfcl. 
II.  flIMM. 

ELLSWORTH,  DliTer,L  l.  d.,  ehiaf 
joatieaoTtha  United  Stataa,  waa  born  at 
Wiadaor,  Oona.,  April  M,  174ft,  and 
waa  fiadoatad  at  theooUefe  in  New  Jer- 
aay  in  17M.  Ha  aoon  afterwwtda  eom- 
BMBeed  the  praotiee  ofstha  law,  in  which 
praAaiioB  he  became  eminent.  His  per- 
eeptiona  were-vnuauaUy  rapid,  hia  reaaon- 
lag  -clear  and  aoneliisive,and  hia  eloquence 
powarflU*  In  the  year  1777  he  waa  iho- 
aaa  a  delegate  to  the  continental  eongraia. 
Ib  1700  ha  waa  eleeted  into  thecouneil 
of  hii  native  atate,  and  he  continued,  a 
of  that  body  tilt  J7M,  when  he 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior 
oovrt  In  1787  he  waa  eleeted  a  member 
of  the  convention,  which  iVamed  the  fed- 
ami  eonatitution.  In  an  amembly,  illua- 
trioos  for  talents,  .erudition,  and  patriot- 
iam,  he  held  a  diatinguiihcd  place.  His 
exertions  essentially  aided  in  the  produc- 
tion of  an  instrument,  which,  under  the 
divine  blessing,  has  been  the  main  pilhtr 
of  American  proaperity  and  glory.  He 
waa  immediately  afterwarda  a  member  of 
tlie  atate  convention,  anid  contributed  his 
oflbrta  towaida  proenring  the  ratification 
of  that  inatniment  When  the  federal 
government  waa  organised  in  1789,  he 
waa  choeen  a  member  of  the  senate. 
Thia  elevated  station,  which  he  filled  witii 
hia  acenalomed  d^nity,  lie  occupied  till 
in  Ifarch  1796  he  was  nominated  by 
WaahingtoB  chief  juatide  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  Unit^  Stateaaa.the  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Jay.  Though  hia  attention 
had  been  for  many  years  abatraeted  iVom 
the  study  c€  the  law,  yet  hepreaided  in 
that  high  court  with  the  greateat  repuU- 
tion.    Hia  chargea  to  the  jury  were  rich 


not  only  in  legal  prindplea  bat  in  moral 
sentimsnts,  eipreseed  in  a  simple,  eoneisa 
style.  Towarda  the  cloae  of  the  year 
1709  he  waa  appointed  by  preaident  Ad- 
ama  envoy  extraordinary  to  France  Ibr. 
the  purpose  of  aattliag  a  treaty  with  that 
nation.  With  much  relnctanca  he  acMj]^ 
ed  the  appointoMut.  In  eonjunctiul 
with  governor  Davie  and  Mr.  Marray, 
hie  asaoaiates,  ha  negotiated  a  treaty. 
Having  accQmpliahed  the  buaineaa  of  his 
embas^f ,  he  repaired  to  England  Ibr  the 
benefit  of  the  mineral  waters,  aa  hia 
health  had  aufiered  much  in  hia  voyage  to 
Europe.  Convinced,  that  hia  infirmitiaa 
must  incafMicitate  him  for  the  Aitnre  die- 
charge  of  his  ,dnti«  on  the  bench,  he 
transmitted  a  reaignation  of  hia  oflice  of 
chief  juatiee  at  the  cloae  of  the  year  180a 
On  hk  return  to  Connecticut,  hia  ibliow 
citisena,  desirous  of  still  enjoying  the 
benefit  of  his  extraordinary  talents,  elec- 
ted him  into  the  council ;  and  in  Hay 
1807  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  Mate.  Thia  oflice,  however,  he  de- 
clined firom  apprehension,  that  he  could 
not  long  survive  under  the  pressure  of  his 
distressing  malady,  the  gravel,  aad  of 
domeatio  afllictiona.  '  He  died  Nov.  16, 
1807,  aged  65. 

Mr.  Ellaworth  was  an  accomplished 
advocate,an  upright  legialator,an  able  and 
impartial  judge,  a  wise  and  incorruptible 
ambassador,  and  an  ardent,  uniform,  and 
indelktigable  patriot.  He  moved  for 
more  than  thirty  yean  in  a  moatconapic- 
ttoua  sphere,  unassailed  by  the  shaAs  of 
slander.  His  integrity  waa  not  only 
unimpeached  but  unsuspected.  In  his 
debatea  in  legislative  bodleehe  waa  soeae> 
times  ardent,  but  hia  ardor  iHuminated 
the  aubject.  Hia  purpoaaa  he  puraued 
with  firmneaSf  independence,  and  intre* 
.pidity.  In  private  life  he  waa  &  mod^l  of 
social  .and  personal  virtue.  He  waa  just  in 
his  dealingarfrankin  his  communications, 
kind  and  diHging  in  hisdqwrtment,  easy 
of  access  to  all,  beloved  ani^  related  by 
his  neighbors  and  acquaintance.  Amid 
the  varied  honors,  aecumukted  upon  him 
by  his  country,  he  was  linaasuming  and 
humble.    Hia  dreas,  hit  equipage,  and 


^^^^?^' 


ELLSWORTH. 

mode  of  living  were  regulated  by  •  prin> 
eipla  ofrepiiblioan  economy  ;  but  for  the 
promotion  oC  uwAii  and  benevolent  de- 
•igne  he  communicated  with  readineaa  and 
liberality.  The  purity  and  excellence  of 
hia  character  are  rare  in  any  itation,  and 
in  tkie  higher  wallu  or  life  are  aimoet  un- 
linowd. 

irit'lie  aaked,  to  what  cause  ia  the  nni- 
formityor  hia  virtue  to  be  attributed  ? 
The  adiiwer  ia  at  hand.  He  was  a  chriH- 
tian.  He  firmly  believed  the  great  doc- 
trines of  the  goHpel.  Having  its  spirit 
iransAiied  into  hia  own  heart  and  being 
directed  by  iu  maxims  and  impelled  by  ita 
motives,  he  at  all  times  pursued  a  course 
or  upright  conduct.  The  principles, 
which  governed  him,  were  not  or  a  Icind, 
which  are. liable  to  be  weakened  or  des- 
troyed by  the  opportunity  or  concealment, 
the  security  from  dishonor,  the  authority 
of  numbers,  or  the  prospects  of  interest. 
He  made  an  explicit  confession  of  chri*- 
tianity  in  hia  youth  ;  and  in  all  his  inter- 
course with  the  polite  and  learned  work! 
he  was  not  ashamed  of  the  gospel  of 
Christ.  In  the  midst  of  multiplied  en- 
gagements he  made  theology  a  study, 
and  attended  with  unvarying  punctuality 
on  the  worship  of  the  sanctuary.  The 
sage,  whose  eloquence  had  charmed  the 
aenate,  and  whose  decisions  iVom  the 
bench  were  regarded  as  almost  oracular, 
Mt  with  the  simplicity  of  a  ohikl  at  the 
feet  of  Jesus,  devoutly  absorbed  in  the 
mysteries  of  redemptk>n.  His  religwn 
waa  not  cold  and  heartless,  but  practical 
and  vital.  Meetings  for  social  worship 
and  pious  conference  he  countenanced  by 
his  presence.  He  was  one  of  the  trus- 
tees of  the  missionary  society  of  Connec- 
ticut, and  engaged  with  ardor  in  the  be- 
nevolent design  of  disseminating  the 
truths  of  the  gospel.  In  his  last  illness 
he  waa  humble  and  tranquil.  He  expres* 
Bed  the  submission,  the  views,  and  the 
conaolations  of  a  Christian.  His  speech 
in  the  eonventidn  of  Connecticut  in  favor 
of  the  eonstitntion  is  preserved  in  the 
Amtfrieui  museum.-~P«tiop/tit  andmU. 
may.  i.  19S-197;  Proton's  Jinur.  reg.  ii. 
93-08;  Ihnght'i  trm.  i.  301-804. 
48 


EMERSON. 


m 


ELY,  David,  d.d.,  minister  of  Hunt- 
ington, Conn.,  was  born  in  Lyme  in  1749} 
graduated  at  Yale  eullrge  in  1769;  awVwM 
ordained  aa  a  colleague  minister  in  1778. 
For  nearly  thirty  years  he  waa  an  effi- 
cient member  of  the  corporation  of  Yale 
college.  He  died  Feb.  16,  1816,  aged 
66  ;  he  and  his  coilesgue,  who  was  set- 
tled at  the  organisation  of  the  church  in 
1731,  having  preached  nearly  a  century. 
His  successor  is  Thomas  Punderson. 
With  a  vivid  fancy  and  warm  heart,  he 
uaually  preached  extemporaneously.  Hia 
character  waa  described  by  his  friend, 
Dr.  Dwight.— Punop/.  13:  487-489 

ELY,  Zebulon,  minister  of  Lebanon, 
Con.,  wu graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1779  and  was  a  tutor  iVom  1781  to  1789. 
As  a  minister  he  waa  highly  respected 
and  devoted  to  his  work.  For  a  few  last 
years  his  powers  of  mind  failed  him.  He 
died  about  the  year  1834.  His  memoirs 
were  written  by  his  son.  Dr.  E.  8.  Ely 
of  Philadelphia.  He  published  a  sermon 
at  the  election,  1804 ;  on  the  death  of 
gov.  Trumbull,  1809;  before  the  county 
foreign  mission  society,  1815. 

EMERSON,  Joseph,  minister  of  Mai- 
den, Mass.,  the  son  of  Eldward  E.,  and 
the  grandson  of  Rev.  Joseph  E.  of  Men- 
don,  was  born  at  Chelmsford  April  30, 
1700 ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1717  ;  and  ordained  October  81,  1731. 
For  near  half  a  century  ho  continued  his 
benevolent  labors  without  ifrnq  detained 
fVom  his  pulpit  but  two  sabbaths.  He 
died  suddenly  July  IS,  1767,  aged.67k  His 
wife  was  Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  S. 
Moody  of  York.  He  had  9  sons  and  4 
daughters.  Three  of  his  sons  were  min- 
isters ;  Joseph,  of  Pepperell,  William,  of 
Concord,  and  John,  of  Conway.  He 
was  pious  in  early  life,  and  his  parents 
witnessed  the  effect  of  their  instruction 
and  prayers.  As  a  teacher  of  religion  to 
his  fellow  men  and  their  guide  to  hea- 
ven, he  searched  the  scriptures  with 
great  diligence,  that  he  might  draw 
his  doctrines  from  the  pure  fountains  of 
truth.  In  the  various  relations,  which 
he  sustained,  he  was  just,  amiable,  kind, 
and  benevolent.    One  tenth  of  his  income 


^ 


iVi  EMERSON. 

was  devoted  to  charitable  uses.  He  at 
stated  times  every  day  addressed  himseir 
to  }».'aven,  and  never  enga|fed  in  any  im- 
portant affiuf  without  first  seeking  the 
divine  blessing.  Such  was  his  humility, 
that  when  unguarded  words  fell  from  his 
lips,  he  would  ask  forgiveness  of  his  chil- 
dren and  servants.  He  puUished  the  im- 
portance and  duty  of  a  timely  seekihg  of 
God,  1737;  meat  out  of  the  eater,  and 
sweetness  out  of  the  strong,  1735  ;  early 
piety  encouraged,  1798 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  his  son,  Joseph,  at  Groton,  now 
Pepperell,  114T .— Funeral  $ermon  by  hu 
ton, 

EMERSON,  Daniel,  first  minister  of 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  was  a  descendant  of  Joseph 
E.,  minister  of  Mendon,  who  died  at 
Concord,  Jan.  S,  1880.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1739  ;  was  or- 
dained April  30,  1743;  received  Eli 
Smith  as  his  colleague  Nov.  37,  1793  ; 
and  died  Sept.  30,  1801,  aged  85,  in  the 
59th  of  his  ministry.  His  praise  was  in 
all  the  churches.  In  1743  there  were  on- 
ly 30  families  in  the  town.  During  his 
ministry  many  died  in  the  faith,  which  he 
had  taught  them  ;  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  the  church  consisted  of  about  300 
members.  Such  men,  the  successful 
teachers  of  morality  and  relig;ion,  of  whom 
the  world  knows  nothing,  are  its  benefac- 
tors, while  the  men  of  fame  are  usually 
the  scourges  of  the  earth.— Jlfa««.  misa. 
mag.  I.  57-59. 

EMERSON,Wm.,ministerin  Boston, 
the  grandson  of  Rev.  Joseph  E.  of  Maiden, 
was  the  son  of  R  v.  Wm.  E.  of  Concord, 
who  died  a  chaplain  in  the  army  in  1776. 
He  was  born  May  6,  1769,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1789.  Hebe- 
came  first  the  minister  of  Harvard  in  1793- 
but  in  Oct.  1799  he  was  installed  the  pas^ 
tor  of  the  first  church  in  Boston.  In  the 
year  1804  he  engaged  in  the  labor  of  con- 
ducting the  Monthly  Anthology,  a  lite- 
rary  journal,  which  opposed  the  ortho- 
dox or  Calvinistic  views  of  the  christian 
religion.  He  died  May  H,  181 1,  aged 
42.  Ho  published  a  sermon,  preached 
July  4,  1794  ;  at  the  artillery  election, 
1799;  before  a  charitable  society,  1800; 


EMMET.   '■ 

at  the  ordination  of  S.  Clark,  1800 ;  of 
R.  Smiley,  1801 ;  ojTT.  Beede,  1808 ;  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Thacher,  1803  ;  of  mad- 
am Bowdoin,  1803  ;  of  C.  Austhi,  1806 ; 
before  the  female  asylum,  1805 ;  before 
the  humane  society,  1807  ;  oration  July 
4,  1808;  4  discourses  in  the  christain 
monitor,  numbered  1, 3, 8, 7  ;  a  collection 
of  psalms  and  hymns,  1808.  After  his 
death  there  was  published  his  sketch  of 
the  history  of  the  first  church  in  Boston, 
with  3  sermons  annexed,  8vo.  1813. — S 
HUt.  eoL  I.  354—358. 

EMMET,  Thomas  Addis,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  born  in  Cork,  Ireland,  in 
1764,  the  son  of  a  physician.  Educated 
at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  he  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh,  and  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  in  1784.  His  thesis  was 
published  in  Smellie's  thesaurus.  At  this 
time  he  was  inclined  to  forensic  pursuits, 
presiding  over  5  debating  societies.  He 
afterwards  made  the  toui'  of  Italy  and 
Germany,  visiting  the  most  celebrated 
schools  of  the  continent.  On  his  return 
to  Ireland  the  death  of  his  brother,  Chris- 
topher Temple  Emmet,  a  lawyer  of  sur- 
passing talenta,  induced  him  to  engage  in 
the  same  profession.  Ailer  studying  at 
the  Temple  in  London  two  years  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  at  Dublin  in 
1791.  He  soon  rose  to  distinction,  and 
was  deemed  superior  in  legal  and  general 
science  and  in  talents  to  Curran.  At  this 
period  the  evenu  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion awakened  in  the  oppressed  Irish  the 
hope  of  national  freedom.  The  associa- 
tion of  "United  Irishmen"wasconstituted, 
embracing  both  catholics  and  protestants, 
bound  together  by  a  secret  oath.  Each 
society  was  limited  to  36  persons,  but  the 
whole  kingdom  was  organized  into  de- 
partment*,, and  at  the  head  of  the  whole 
was  a  committee,  of  which  Mr.  Emmet 
was  a  leading  member.  It  was  deter- 
mined to  seek  aid  from  France  and  to 
take  up  arms.  May  33,  1798  was  ap- 
pointed for  the  general  rising.  But  previ- 
ously to  that  time  a  traitor  disclosed  the 
conspiracy,  and  Emmet  &  others  were  ar- 
rested and  thrown  into  prison.  The  rebel- 
lion,notwithBtaDdlng,brokeouton  the  fix* 


' 


ENDICOTT. 


ITt 


ed  day ;  but  it  was  soon  crushed  before  the 
arrival  of  Humbert  and  his  French  army 
of  1300  men,  which  surrendered  in  Au- 
gust. An  agreement  was  soon  made  by 
the  government  with  the  state  prisoners, 
that  if  they  would  make  certain  disclos- 
ures, not  implicating  individuals,  they 
should  be  released.  The  disclosures 
were  made ;  yet  Mr.  Emmet  was  long 
detained  in  prison.  After  the  peace  of 
Amiens  he  was  set  free,  and  conveyed  to 
the  river  Elbe.  The  winter  of  1802  he 
spent  in  Brussels,  where  he  saw  hia 
brother,  about  to  embark  in  the  enter- 
prise, which  ended  in  his  execution. — 
From  France  Mr.  Emmet  proceeded  to 
New  York,  where  he  arrived  Nov.  11, 
1804.  The  death  of  Hamilton  had  left 
an  opening  for  such  a  man  in  the  h^r ;  he 
was  soon  admitted  to  the  supreu^  <~ourt 
of  the  state  and  of  the  United  States,  and 
stood  among  the  first  in  his  profession. 
He  identified  himself  with  the  democratic 
party.  In  1813  he  was  appointed  attor- 
ney general  of  the  state.  As  an  advocate 
he  was  unrivalled.  With  a  prolific  fancy 
his  figures  were  bold  ;  yet  was  he  logical 
and  profound,  and  his  manner  Was  most 
earnest  and  impressive.  He  was  inces- 
sant in  labor,  devoting  more  than  IS 
hours  in  each  day  to  study  and  business. 
Of  course  ho  mixed  but  little  with  the 
fashionable  world.  He  had  often  amused 
himself  with  mathematical  calculations. 
In  the  circuit  court  of  1827  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  important  Astor  cause  and 
on  Monday  Nov.  13th  replied  in  an  ela- 
borate argument  to  Webster  and  Van 
Buren.  On  Wednesday,  while  occupied 
in  another  cause,  he  was  seized  with  the 
apoplexy  in  court  and  died  Nov.  14, 1827, 
sgedOS  years.  While  in  prison  in  Scot- 
land he  wrote  part  of  an  essay  towards 
the  history  of  Ireland,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  N.  Y.  in  1807.— ^mer.  onn. 
reg.  1837-d,  139—149. 

ENpiCOTT,  John,  gov.'of  Mass., 
was  sent  to  this  country  by  a  company  in 
England  as  their  agent  to  carry  on  the 
plantation  at  Naumkeag,  or  Salem,  &  ar- 
rived in  Sept.  1638. ,  It  was  here,  that  he 
Uid  the  foundation  of  the  first  permanent 


town  within  the  limits  of  the  Mass.  pa- 
tent. He  was  a  suitable  person  to  be  in- 
trusted with  the  care  of  a  new  settlement 
in  the  wilderness  ;  for  he  was  bold,  un- 
daunted, sociable,  and  cheerful,  familiar, 
or  austere  and  distant,  as  occasion  re- 
quired. The  company  in  April  1639 
chose  him  the  governor  of  "  London's 
plantation;"  but  in  August  it  was  deter- 
mined to  transfer  the  charter  and.  the 
government  of  the  colony  to  New  Eng- 
land, and  John  Winthrop,  who  arrived 
in  the  following  year,  was  appointed 
gov.  In  1636  Mr.  Endicott  was  sent 
out  o;i  an  expedition  against  the  Indians 
on  Block  island,  and  in  the  Pequot  coun- 
try. He  continued  at  Salem  till  1644, 
when  he  was  elected  governor  of  Masx., 
and  removed  to  Boston.  He  Was  also 
governor  from  1649  to  1654,  excepting 
in  1650,  when  Mr.  Dudley  was  gov., 
and  from  1655  to  1665.  He  died  March 
15,  166&,  aged  75  and  was  succeeded  by 
Bellingham.  He  was  a  sincere  and 
zealous  puritan,  rigid  in  his  principles, 
and  severe  in  the  execution  of  the  laws 
against  sectaries,  or  those,  who  dififered 
from  the  religion  of  Mara.  Two  epis- 
copalians, who  accused  the  members  of 
the  church  of  Salem  of  being  separatists, 
were  sent  back  to  England  by  hie  orders. 
He  was  determined  to  establish  a  reform- 
ed and  a  pure  church.  The  quakers  and 
the  baptists  had  no  occasion  to  remem- 
ber him  with  afiection.  So  opposed  was 
he  to  every  thing,  which  lookdl  like  po- 
pery, that,  through  the  influence  of 
Roger  Williams,  he  cut  out  the  cross 
from  the  military  standard.  He  insisted 
at  Salem,  that  the  women  should  wear 
veils  at  church.  In  1640,  when  he  was 
governor,  he  entered  into  an  association 
with  the  other  magistrates  against  loqg 
hair.  As  the  practice  of  wearing  it, ' '  af- 
ter the  manner  of  rufitans  and  barbarous 
Indians,  had  begun  to  iavade  New  Eng- 
land," they  declared  their  detestation  of 
the  custom, "  as  a  thing  uncivil  and  u»- 
manly,  whereby  men  do  deform  them- 
selves, and  offend  sober  and  modest  men, 
and  do  corrupt  good  manners,"  In 
1659,  during   his  administration,   four 


ENGLISH. 


»',V«Vi?)'-lJ<i 


EUSTIS. 


# 


qoakenwen  put  to  death  in  Boston. — 
Neat$  N.  E.,  i.  199,  864  ;  Hutehinton, 
I.  8—17,  98,  395  ;  Winthtop  ;  Hitt.  eol. 
VI.  345,  361 ;  ix.  5  ;  Holmes;  Morton, 
81, 188  ;  Jlfofn.  ii.  18. 

EN&LISH,  George  B.,  an  adventur- 
er, the  son  of  Thomas  English  of  Bos- 
ton, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1807  and  afterwards  for  a  while  studied 
theology.  He  then  became  an  officer  of 
marine  in  the  navy.  Embracing,  as  is 
iaid,  Islamism,  he  entered  the  service  of 
the  Pasha  of  Egypt  and  accompanied  an 
expedition  under  Ismael  to  Upper  Egypt. 
He  died  at  Washington  in  Sept.  1828, 
aged  89.  He  published  Grounds  of 
Christianity  examined, 13mo.  1813,  which 
wa»answered  by  E.  Everett  &  S.  Gary  ; 
letter  to  Mr.  Gary  on  his -review  ;  letter 
to  Mr.  Channing  on  his  3  sermons  on 
infidelity,  181 S  ;  expedition  to  Dongola 
and  Sennaar,  8vo.  1833. 

ERVING,  WilKam,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college,  was  graduated  in  1753, 
and  quitted  the  British  army,  in  which  he 
was  an  officer,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  American  revolution.  He  died,  at 
Roxbury  May  37,  1791,  aged  56,  be- 
queathing to  the  college,  in  which  he  was 
educated,  lOOOf.  towards  establishing  a 
professorship  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica. 

ESCARBOT,  Mare  L',  published 
Nova  Franeia,  or  an  account  of  New 
France  as  described  in  late  voyages  into 
the  countries  called  by  the  Frenchmen 
La  Cadie,  4to.  Lond,  1654:  translated 
frotnthe  French  edit,  of  1618:  the  same 
inPurehasand  Churchill. 

ESTAING,  Charles  H.,  count  de, 
eoramanded  the  French  fleet,  sent  to  our 
aid  in  the  revolutionary  war.  He  made 
an  unsuccessful  assault  on  Savannah  Oct. 
9, 1779,  when  Pulaski  was  mortally 
wounded.  He  afterwards  captured  Gren- 
ada. Being  one  of  the  assembly  of  no- 
tables in  Franbie,  and  incurring  the  sus- 
picion of  the  dominant  faction,  he  was 
guillotined  at  Paris  Apr.  39,  1798. 

EUSTACE,  John  Skey,  a  brave  of- 
ficer in  the  American  war,  entered  into 
the  service  of  his  country  not  long  after 


the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  and 
continued  one  of  her  active  defenders  till 
theconclusionof  the  contest.  He  served 
for  some  time  as  aid  de  camp  to  general 
Lee,  and  afterwards  as  an  aid  de  camp  to 
general  Greene.  When  the  war  was 
ended,  he  retired  to  Georgia,  and  was 
there  admitted  to  the  bar  as  an  advocate. 
In  that  state  he  rsceived  the  appointment 
of  adjutant  general.  In  the  yeAr  1794,  as 
he  was  fond  of  military  life,  he  went  to 
France,  and  there  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  brigadier  general,  and  was  af- 
terwards promoted  and  made  a  major 
general.  In  that  capacity  he  served  the 
French  nation  ibr  some  time.  He  com- 
manded in  1797  a  division  of  the  French 
army  in  Flanders.  In  1300  he  returned 
again  to  his  native  country  and  resided 
in  Orange  county.  New  York,  where 
he  led  a  retired,stadious  life  till  his  death. 
He  devoted  to  literature  all  the  time, 
which  the  state  of  his  health  would  per- 
mit. He  died  at  Newburgh  Aug.  35, 
1805,  aged  45  years.— JV«w  York  tpeet.t 
Sept.  4, 1805. 

EUSTIS,  William,  m.  d.,  governor  of 
Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Eustis 
and  was  born  at  Cambridge  June  10, 
1763.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in,  1773  he  studied  physic  with  Dr. 
Joseph  Warren.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  a  regi- 
ment, and  afterwards  hospital  surgeon. 
In  1777  and  during  most  of  the  wir  he 
occupied  as  a  hospital  the  spacious  house 
of  col.  Robinson,  a  royalist,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  West 
Point.  In  the  same  house  Arnold  had 
his  head  quarters.  At  the  termination  of 
the  war  he  commenced  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Boston.  In  1800  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  By  Mr. 
Madison  in  1809  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  war,  and  continued  in  office  until 
in  the  late  war  the  army  of  Hull  was 
surrendered,  when  he  resigned.  In  1815 
he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Holland. 
After  his  return  he  was  a  member  of 
congress  in  1831  and  for  4  successive 
sessions.  After  the  resignation  of  gov. 
Brooks,  he  was  chosen  gov.  in  1833  and 


EVANS. 


Ml 


luUon,  and 
fendelra  till 

Heaeired 
to  genera) 
de  camp  to 
»  war  was 
I,  and  was 
n  advocate, 
tppointment 
e<ir  1794,  as 

he  went  to 
the  appoint- 
and  wasaf- 
ide  a  major 
e  served  the 
(.  He  ccm- 
r  the  French 

be  returned 

and  resided 
'ork,  where 
ill  his  death, 
dl  the  time, 
h  would  per- 
jh  Aug.  25, 

York  $peet., 

,,  governor  of 
iamin  £u8tis 
ge  June  10, 
Harvard  col- 
aic  with  Dr. 
[inning  of  the 
Bon  of  a  regi- 
ital  surgeon, 
f  the  w6r  he 
pacious  house 

on  the  east 
lite  to  West 
e  Arnold  had 
ermination  of 
practice  of  his 
1800  he  was 
!3.  By  Mr. 
pointed  secre- 
in  office  until 

of  Hull  was 
ned.    In  1815 

to  Holland, 
a  member  of 

4  successive 
ation  of  gov. 
V.  in  1833  and 


died  in  Boat ;., .  after  a  short  illness,  Feb. 
6, 18S5,aged  7 : .  His  wife, who  survived 
him,was  Caroline  the  daughter  of  Wood- 
bury Langdon  of  New  Hampshire.  By 
his  direction  he  was  buried  by  the  side  of 
his  mother.  His  successor  was  Levi 
Lincoln,  the  present  governor. — Holmes, 
11.615;  Thaeher. 

EVANS,  Nathaniel,  a  minister  in  New 
Jersey,  and  a  poet,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia June  8, 174S,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  college  in  that  city  in  1765,  having 
gained  a  high  reputation  for  his  genius. 
He  immediately  afterwards  embarked  for 
England,  reccommended  to  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel,  and  was  or- 
dained by  the  bishop  of  London.  He  ar- 
rived at  Philadelphia  on  his  return  Dec. 
S6, 1765,  and  entered  soon  upon  the  bu- 
siness of  his  mission  at  Gloucester  county 
in  N.  Jersey.  His  season  of  labor  was 
short,  lor  it  pleased  God  to  remove  him 
from  this  present  lifeOet.  S9,  1767,  aged 
35.  He  was  remarkable  for  the  excel- 
lence of  his  temper,  the  correctness  of 
his  morals,  and  the  soundness  of  his  doc- 
trines. He  published  a  short  account  of 
T.  Godfrey,  prefixed  to  Godfrey's  poems, 
and  an  elegy  to  his  memory.  After  his 
death  a  selection  of  his  writings  was 
published,  entitled,  poems  on  several  oc- 
casions, with  some  other  compositions, 
1773.  Annexed  to  this  volume  is  one  of 
his  sermons. — ^meriean  mut.  vii.  405 ; 
Preface  to  the  above  poemi, 

EVANS,  Lewis,  eminent  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  American  geography, 
was  a  surveyor  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
died  in  June  1756.  He  made  many 
journeys  into  the  neighboring  colonies, 
and  had  been  fVequently  employed  in  sur- 
veying lands,  purchased  of  the  natives. 
He  had  collected  a  great  store  of  materi- 
als from  other  sources.  From  these  he 
compiled  a  map  of  the  middle  colonies, 
and  of  the  adjacent  country  of  the  In- 
dians, lying  northward  and  westward. 
The  first  edition  of  it  was  published  in 
1740,  and  a  second  in  1765,  accompahied 
with  an  explanatory  pamphlet.  Some 
expressions,  countenancing  the  title  of 
France  to  fort  Frontenac,  brought  him 


into  a  controversy  with  a  writer  io 
Gaine's  New  York  mercury  in  1756.  In 
the  course  of  the  same  year  he  wrote  a  ftiU 
and  elaborate  reply  lo  this  and  other 
charges  against  him,  and  caused  the 
pamphlet  to  be  published  in  London. 
They  are  both  ofiered  to  the  public  under 
the  title  of  geographical,  historical,  politi- 
cal, philosophical,  and  mechanical  essays; 
number  1,  and  3.  The  first  edition  of 
this  map  was  chiefly  limited  to  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware  ;  the 
second  was  much  enlarged,  being  made  a 
general  map  of  the  middle  British  wAo- 
nies,  Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
country  of  the  confederate  Indians.  It 
was  inscribed  to  Mr.  Pownall,  in  consid- 
eration, as  a  writer  of  that  period  asserts, 
of  being  promised  by  him  the  office  of 
surveyor  general  of  New  Jersey,  and  to 
gratify  whom  he  published  also  in  1766  a 
pamphlet  against  gov.  Shirley.  He  be- 
longed to  the  cabal  in  favor  of  YIT.  John- 
son. He  was  imprisoned  fbr  a  libel  on 
gov.  Morris.  Afterwards  in  1776,  on 
the  breaking  ou^  of .  the  war  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  cok>nies,  Mr.  Pow- 
nall himself  gave  a  new  editnn  of  Evans* 
map  with  large  additions,  entitled  a  map 
of  the  British, colonies  in  North  America. 
It  comprehended  all  New  England  and 
the  bordering  parts  of  Canada. 

EVANS,  Israel,  minister  of  Concord, 
N.  H.,  was  of  VS^elsh  descent,  born  in 
Pennsylvania, where  his  father  and  grand- 
father were  ministers.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1773:  and  being  or- 
dained in  1776  at  Philadelphia  as  a  chap- 
lain, he  served  during  the  war  in  the 
New  Hampshire  brigade.  He  accompa- 
nied Sullivan  against  the  Indians;  and 
was  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  and  sur- 
render of  Comwallis.  July  1, 1789  he 
was  installed  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Walker  at  Concord  ;  but  was  dismissed 
at  his  request  July  1797.  His  feelings 
and  habits,  brought  from  the  army,  were 
not  adapted  to  make  him  useful  as  a  min- 
ister. Humility  was  no  trait  in  his  char- 
acter.   He  died  March  9, 1807,  aged  59; 


181 


EVANS. 


.■.f5jr  i  ii'jf 


EVART8. 


# 


and  wu  aueceeded  by  A.  M'Farktnd. 
His  patriotie  Mrmons  during  the  war 
were  acceptable  to  the  army;  he  publiah- 
ed  a  aermon  after  the  Indian  expedition ; 
oration  on  the  death  of  gen.  Poor,  1780  ; 
on  the  aurrender  of  the  British  army  at 
York ;  on  the  thanksgiving  for  indepen- 
dence, Dec  11,  178S ;  at  the  election, 
1791.— Bo«(on*<  eenten.  dUe.  S9 ; 
Mo«rt*$  turn.  Concord,  63. 

EVANS,  Oliver,  a  mechanic,  waa  a 
descendant  of  Evan  Evans,  d.  D.,the  first 
episcopal  minister  of  Philadelphia,  who 
died  in  1738.  He  made  various  improve- 
ments in  the  arts.  His  iron  foundery, 
atewn  factory,  and  steam  mill  were  loca- 
ted at  Philadelphia.  He  died  at  New 
York  Apr.  1&,  1319,  aged  64.  He  pub- 
lished the  young  engineer's  guide,  1805 ; 
miller's  and  millwrighrs  guide,  25  plates, 
1807;  first  edit.  1795. 

EVARTS,  Jeremiah,  secretary  of  the 
American  board  of  commissioners  for  for- 
eign missions,  probably  a  descendant  of 
John  Evarts,who  lived  in  Gui^brd,  Con., 
ia  1650,  was  bom  in  Sunderland,  Ver- 
mont, Feb.  S,  1781.  In  a  few  years  his 
parents  removed  to  the  town  of  Georgia 
in  the  northern  part  of  Vermont.  In 
1798  he  was  placed  under  th6  instruction 
of  Rev.  John  Eliot  of  E.  Guilford,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1803. 
Daring  a  revival  of  religion  in  the  college 
in  the  beginning  of  this  year  he  cherished 
the  hope,  that  his  soul  was  renewed  by 
the  Spirit  of  God,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  college  church.  From  1803  to 
1804  he  was  the  instructer  of  the  acade- 
my at  Peacham,  and  afterwards  studied 
law  with  judge  Chaunoy  of  New  Haven, 
in  which  city  he  commenced  the  practice 
of  the  law  in  July  1806.  In  May  1810  he 
removed  to  Charlestown,  near  Boston,  in 
order  to  edit  the  PanopIi8t,a  religious  and 
literary  monthly  publication,  which  had 
been  eonductedby  Dr.Morse  &  others  4  or 
6  years ;  and  he  superintended  that  work, 
writing  for  it  a  large  proportion  of  the 
original  articles,  till  the  close  of  1830, 
when  it  was  discontinued,  and  the  Mis- 
sionary Herald  was  published  in  its  stead, 
under  the  authority   of  the  American 


Board.  This  work  was  also  committed 
to  him.  He  liad  been  chosen  treasurer 
of  the  Board  in  1813  and  the  next  year 
one  of  the  prudential  committee.  He 
served  as  treasurer  till  1833.  In  1831 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Worcester  as  corres- 
ponding secretary,  in  which  oflice  he  con- 
tinued nearly  10  years  till  his  death. 
Thus  he  toiled  10  years  as  the  editor  of 
the  Panoplist,  10  years  as  the  treasurer  of 
the  Board  of  Missions,  and  10  years  as 
corresponding  secretary.  In  feeble  health 
he  took  a  voyage  to  the  island  of  Cuba 
in  Feb.  1831,  and  thence  in  April  to 
Charleston,  where  in  the  house  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Palmer  he  died  May  10th,  aged  50. 
He  left  several  children:  his  wile,  who 
survived  him,  was  the  daughter  of  Roger 
Sherman  of  New  Haven.  While  Mr. 
Evarts  was  on  his  voyage  to  Cuba,  fuUy 
aware  of  the  uncertain  continuance  of 
his  life,  hewrots  as,  follows;  "here,  in 
this  sea,  I  consecrate  myself  to  God  as 
my  chief  good : — to  Him,  as  my  heavenly 
Father,  infinitely  kind  and  tender  of  his 
children  ; — to  him,  as  my  kind  and  mer- 
ciful Redeemer,  by  whose  blood  and  mer- 
its alone  I  do  hope  for  salvation ;— to  him, 
as  the  beneficent  renewer  and  sanctifier  of 
the  saved.  I  implore  the  forgiveness  of 
my  numerous  and  aggravated  transgres- 
sionfa  ;  and  I  ask,  that  my  remaining  time 
and  strength  may  be  employed  for  the 
gk)ry  of  God,  my  portion,  and  for,  the 
good  of  his  creatures."  In  his  last 
hours  his  hope  of  forgiveness  and  salva- 
tion was  undiminished  and  unshaken. 
He  said, "  I  wish  in  these  dying  words 
to  recognize  the  great  Rkleemer  as 
the  Savior  from  sin  and  hell. — And  I  re- 
cognize the  Great  Spirit  of  God  as  the 
renovator  of  God's  elect."  When  it  was 
said  to  him,  "  you  will  soon  see  Jesus  ;" 
he  exclaimed,  "Wonderful,  wonderful, 
wonderful  glory !  We  cannot  unders^nd 
— we  cannot  comprehend — wonderful 
glory ! — I  will  praise,I  will  praise  him !  Je- 
sus reigns."  This  was  no  feverish  ex- 
citement,nor  dream  of  enthusiasm;  but  the 
vision  of  a  dying  believer.  Mr.  Evarts* 
character  has  been  delineated  in  printed 
discourses  by  Dr. Woods  and  Dr.  Spring. 


EVEREST. 


EWINO. 


an 


In  the  nianagement  of  the  important  in- 
terests, with  which  he  was  intrusted,  he 
manifested  a  scrupulous  integrity.  He 
combined  with  a  sound  judgment  the  ar- 
dor, requisite  for  the  accomplishment  of 
great  designs.  His  piety  and  extensive 
knowledge  of  theology  and  his  accordance 
with  the  settled  orthodoxy  of  New  Eng> 
land  secured  to  him  the  confidence  of  the 
churches  in  a  degree  seldom  obtained  by 
one,  not  specially  trained  for  the  ministry 
of  the  gospel.'  Free  from  self  sufficiency 
and  pride,  he  sought  the  counsel  of  his 
associates;  and  especially  he  with  habit- 
ual devotion  sought  the  guidance  and 
blessing  of  God.  Though  humble  he 
was  yet  resolute  and  determined  and  per- 
severing. Having  enlarged  views  and  a 
vigorous  mind,  he  was  not  disheartened 
by  difficulties  and  opposition.  Feeble  in 
health  with  a  thin,  slender  frame,  and 
destitute  of  oratorical  action,  he  yet  in 
his  public  addresses  arrested  attention  and 
produced  effect,  for  his  conceptions  were 
clear  and  his  language  perspicuous  and 
forcible.  His  industry  was  untiring.  Be- 
sides his  labors  iii  editing  the  Panoplist, 
he  wrote  the  ten  annual  reports  of  the 
American  Board  from  1831  to  1830,  the 
last  of  which  contains  a  most  weighty 
and  valuable  discussion  on  the  future 
growth  of  this  country  and  the  means  of 
preserving  it  from  ruin.  His  essays,  34 
in  number,  on  the  rights  and  claims  of 
the  Indians  under  the  signature  of  Wil- 
liam Penn,  were  published  in  1829  ;  and 
he  subsequently  wrote  various  other  pie- 
ces, on  the  same  subject,  one  of  which  is 
an  article  in  the  N.American  review.  He 
edited  the  volume  of  speeches  on  the  In- 
dian bill  and  wrote  the  introduction. — 
Wood's  4*  Spring's  tertnmtu;  Miss,  her- 
ald, Oct.  Nov.  ISSl. 

EVEREST,  Solomon,  a  physician, 
died  at  Canton,  Con.  in  July  1833.  He 
bequeathed  10,000  dollars  to  religious  and 
missionary  purposes. 

EVERETT,  Oliver,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1779,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church  in  summer  street,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Howe,  Jan.  8,1792.  After  a  ministry 


often  years,  and  afler  having  aeqnited  a 
high  reputation  for  the  estraordiary  pow- 
ers of  his  mind,  the  state' of  hit  health  in- 
duced him  to  ask  a  dismission  iVom  hbi 
people  in  1793.  He  was  succeeded  in 
1794  by  Mr.Kirkland.  Aflerwardarhe 
was  appointed  a  jtidge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  for  the  county  of  Norfolk. 
He  died  at  Dorchester  Nov<  19,  1801, 
aged  49.  Two  of  his  sons  are  Alexander 
H.  and  Edward  Everett.  > 

EVERETT,  David,  editor  of  the 
Boston  Patriot,  was  born  at  Princeton, 
Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Darunouth  col- 
lege in  1795,  and  engaged  in  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  in  Boston.  In  1809  ho 
commenced  the  Patriot,  in  which  John 
Adams  in  a  series  of  letters  gave  a  history 
of  his  political  career.  In  1811  he  was 
appointed  register  of  probate  ;  but  a  rev- 
olution in  politics  deprived  him  of  his  of- 
fice. In  Sept.  1812  be  commenced  the 
Pilot,  a  paper  devoted  to  Dewitt  Clinton. 
Removing  soon  to  Marietta  to  edit  a  pa- 
per, he  died  there  Dec.  31,  181S,  aged 
44.  He  published  Common  sense  in 
Dishabille,or  the  Farmer's  monitor,]  799 ; 
Daranzel,  a  tragedy,  1800 ;  essay  on  the 
rights  and  duties  of  nations ;  Junius 
Americanus  in  B.  gazette  in  defence  of 
J.  Adams. — Spec.  A. poet.  ii.  IIS. 

EWING,  John,  d.  D.,minister  in  Phil- 
adelphia, and  provost  of  the  college  in 
that  city,  was  born  in  East  Notting- 
ham, Maryland,  June  33,  17S3. 
His  classical  studies  were  begun  under 
Dr.  Allison,  with  whom,  afler  finishing 
the  usual  studies,  he  remained  three  yean 
as  a  tutor.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  1753,  and  afterwards  accepted 
the  appointment  of  a  tutor.  Having  re- 
solved by  divine  permission  to  become  a 
minister  of  the  gospel,  he  pursued  hit 
theological  studies  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  Allison.  At  the  age  of  36  hewaa 
employed  as  the  instructer  ofthephih>> 
sophical  classes  in  the  college  of  Philadel- 
phia during  the  absence  of  Dr.  Smith, 
who  was  then  provost.  In  1758  he  ac- 
cepted an  unanimous  call  from  the  first 
presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia,  of 
which  he  continued  a  minister  til]  his 


,3?' 


i 


% 


S84 


EWINO. 


FAU0ERE8. 


death.  la  177S  he  was  tent  to  Great 
Britain  to  aolioit  benefactions  for  the  acad* 
emy  of  Newaft  in  Delaware.  He  was 
every  where  received  with  reapect.  A- 
nlong  his  acquaintances  and  friends  were 
I>%  Robertson,  Dr.  Webster,  Mr.  Bal- 
four, and  Dr.  Blacklock.  In  1776  he  re- 
turned to  America,  as  the  revolution  was 
oommenoing,  notwithstanding  the  most 
tempting  offers,  which  were  made  to  in- 
duce him  to  remain  in  England.  In  1770 
he  was  elected  provost  of  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania.  To  this  station,  which 
he  held  till  his  death,  he  brought  large 
atorea  of  information  and  a  paternal  ten- 
derness toward  the  youth,  who  were 
committed  to  his  care.  He  died  Sept. 
9,  1803,  aged  70,  having  been  a 
minister  more  than  forty  years.  During 
his  last  sickness  no  murmur  escaped  his 
lips,  and  he  was  patient  and  resigned  to 
the  will  of  his  heavenly  Father.  His  col- 
league. Dr.  Linn,  survived  him.  In  all 
the  branches  of  science  and  literature, 
usually  taught  in  colleges,  he  was  uncom- 
monlyaccurate,and  in  his  mode  of  commu- 
nicating information  on  the  most  abstruse 
and  intricate  subjects  he  was  seldom  sur- 
passed.  His  qualifications  as  a  minister 
of  the  gospel  were  many  and  eminent. 
Science  was  with  him  a  handmaid  to  reli- 
gion. He  was  mighty  in  the  scriptures. 
His  own  investigation  confirmed  him  in 
his  belief  of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  which 
he  endeavored  to  impress  upon  the  hearts 
of  his  people.  His  sermons  were  written 
with  great  accuracy  and  oare,  in  a  style 
always  perspicuous,  and  generally  sober 
and  temperate,  though  sometimes  orna- 
mented. Mere  declamation  was  never 
heard  from  his  lips. — His  deportment  was 
easy  and  affable.  He  had  a  freeness  of 
salutation,  which  sometimes  surprised  the 
stranger;  but  which  was  admired  by  those, 
who  knewhim,asitproceededfTom  an  open 
and  honest  heart. ,  His  talents  in  conver- 
sation were  remarkably  entertaining.  He 
could  unbend  from  severer  studies  and 
become  the  companion  of  innocent  mirth, 
and  of  happy  gaiety.  Perfectly  free  from 
pedantry,  he  could  accommodate  himself 
to  the  most  unlettered.     His  talent  of 


narratnn  was  universally  admired. — An 
extract  of  his  seraion  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
AlKson  is  in  the  assembly's  magaaine.  He 
publiahed  ahK>  at  aermon  on  the  death  of 
George  Bryan,  1791 ;  the  design  of 
Christ's  coming  into  the  world,  in  the 
American  preacher,  ii  ;  and.  several 
communications  in  the  transactions  of  the 
American  philosophical  society.  His  lec- 
tures on  natural  philosophy  were  publish- 
ed, 1809. — Liim'ifvn.  term. ;  •Stien^b/'$ 
mi$$.  mag.  i.  409—414, 458  ;  MiUer.  ii. 
372;  Holme;  ii.  494. 

FAIRFAX,  Brian,  minister  of  the 
episcopal  church  in  Alexandria,  Virginia, 
died  at  mount  Eagle,  near  Cameron, 
Aug.  7,  1803,  aged  75.  He  was  a  man 
of  upright  principles,  of  unfeigned  piety» 
and  of  simple  mannere.  His  long  illness 
he  bore  with  resignation.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  forgetfulnessof  nur  sins, 
in  Amer.  preacher,  vol.  i. 

FAIRMAN,  Gideon,  oalonvh  an  en- 
graveri  died  at  Philadelphia  March  18, 
1897,  aged  51.  He  and  the  late  Geo. 
Murray  contributed  more  than  any  other 
persons,  to  elevate  the  beautiful  art  of 
engraving  in  this  country.  Richard 
Fairmari,  also  an  engraver,  died  at  Phila- 
delphia in  Dec.  1831,  aged  S4. 

FANEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  Fanenil 
hall  in  Boston,  died  March  S,  1748.  He 
possessed  a  large  estate  and  he  employed 
it  in  doing  good.  While  his  charities 
^^ere  extensive,  his  liberal  spirit  induced 
him  to  .present  to  the  town  of  Boston  a 
stately  edifice  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  inhabitants  at  their  public  meetings. 

FAUGERES,  Margaretta  V.,  distin- 
guished ibr  her  literary  accomplishments, 
was  the  daughter  of  Ann  Eliza  Bleecker, 
and  was  born  about  the  year  1771.  The 
first  years  of  her  life  were  spent  with  her 
parents  in  the  retired  village  of  Tomhanic, 
about  18  miles  above  Albany.  Here 
through  the  instructions  of  her  mother 
her  mind  was  much  cultivated,  but  the 
loss  of  this  excellent  parent  at  an  age, 
when  her  counsels  were  of  the  utmost 
importance,  was  irreparable.  Mr.  Bleeck- 
er after  the  termination  of  the  war.remb- 
ved  to  New  York,  and  as  his  daughter 


red. — An 
th  of  Dr. 
tune.  He 
)  death  of 
design  of 
rid,  in  the 
1    sereral 
onaofthe 
Hit  lee- 
re  publish- 
iiiemblff$ 
Miller,  ii. 

ter  of  the 
»,  Virginia, 
Cameron, 
was  a  man 
gned  piety» 
long  illneas 
e  publuhed 
of  our  Bins, 

neli  an  en- 
March  18, 
le  late  Geo. 
an  any  other 
iitiTuI  art  of 
r.  Richard 
ied  at  Phila- 
4. 

>r  of  Faneiiil 
1,1748.    He 
he  employed 
his  charities 
)irit  induced 
of  Boston  a 
[unodation  of 
ic  meetings. 
ta  v.,  distin- 
noplishments, 
iza  Bleecker, 
1771.    The 
entwith  her 
jfTomhanic, 
any.     Here 
her  mother 
ited,  but  the 
It  at  an  age, 
the  utmost 
Mr.Bleeck- 
le  war.remb- 
Ihis  daughter 


FAUQUIER. 

grew  up,  saw  her  engaging  in  her  man- 
ners, lively  and  witty,  of  an  equal  and 
sweet  temper,  and  diffusing  cheerfulness 
around  her.    Of  her  admirers  she  placed 
her  affections  upon  one  of  a  dissipated 
character,  and,  notwithstanding  the  most 
earnest  remonstranees  of  her  father,  she 
in  1793  married  Peter  Faugeres,  a  phy- 
sician in  New  York.    It  was  not  long, 
before  she  perceived  the  folly  of  having 
been  governed  by  passion  rather  than  by 
reason  ;  and  her  disregard  of  paternal  ad- 
vice and  preference  of  external  accomplish- 
ments to  correct  morals  and  the  virtues 
of  the  heart  overwhelmed  her  with  trou- 
ble.   In  three  or  four  years  the  ample 
fortune,  which  she  had  brought  to  her 
husband,  was  entirely  expended.     Before 
the  death  of  her  father  in  1795  his  affec- 
tion shielded  her  from  many  evils  ;  but 
in  the  summer  of  1796  she  was  g)ad  to 
procure  a  residence  in  a  garret  with  the 
author  of  her  woes  and  one  child.    Mr. 
Faugeres  fell  a  victim   to    the   yellow 
fever  in  the  autumn  of  1798,  and  she 
soon  afterwards  engaged  as  an  assistant 
in  an  academy  for  young  ladies  at  New 
Brunswick.     For  this  station  she  was 
peculiarly  qualified  by  the  variety  of  her 
talents  and  the  sweetness  of  her  temper. 
In  about  a  year  she  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
where  she  undertook  the  education  of  the 
children  of  several  families.    Her  decli- 
ning health  having  rendered  her  incapa- 
ble of  this  employment,  she  was  received 
by  a  friend  in  New  York,  whose  atten- 
tions were  peculiarly  grateful,  as  she  was 
sinking  into  the  grave.    She  was  resign- 
ed to  the  will  of  God,  and,  cheered  by 
the  truths  of  religion,  she  died  in  peace 
Jan.  9,  1801,  aged  39.    She  had  a  taste 
for  poetry,  and  many  of  the  productions 
of  her  pen  were  published  in  the  N.  Y. 
magazine  and  the  Amer.  museum.    In 
1798  she  published,  prefixed  to  the  works 
of  Mrs.  Bleecker,  her  mother,  memoirs 
of  her  life  ;  and  several  of  her  own  essays 
were  annexed  to  the  volume.    She  pub- 
lished in  1796  or  1796  Belisarius,  a  trag- 
edy. 

FAUQUIER,    Francis,  governor  of 
Virginia  from  17S8  to  1767,  succeeded 
49 


FENWICK.^ 


Dinwiddle,  and  was  succeeded  by  Bote- 
tourt. He  was  well  e^netted ;  had  fins 
talents  ;  sustained  an  excellent  character; 
and  proveiT  himself  a  friend  of  religion, 
science,  and  liberty.  His  administra- 
tion wu  very  popular.  He  died  Matfh 
8,  1768. — Lempr. 

FAY,  David,  judge,  died' at  Benning- 
top  in  June  1827,  aged  66.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  Bennington  and 
was  among  the  first  to  mount  the  Hes- 
sian breast  work.  He  had  been  adjutant 
general,  attorney  for  the  U.  S.,  and  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Vermont,  and^ 
judge  of  probate. 

FELLOWS,  John,  brigadier  general, 
a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  born  at 
Pomfret,  Con.,  and  resided  at  Shef- 
field, Mass.  He  commanded  in  1775 
one  of  the  two  regiments  of  minute  men, 
constituted  by  the  patriotic  citizens  of 
Berkshire,  and  al>er  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton marched  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston:  John  Patterson  commanded  (he 
other  regiment.  He  was  fbr  several 
years  high  sherif!  of  Berkshire,  and  died 
Aug.  1, 1808,  aged  73. 

FENNELL,  James,  a  theatrical  per- 
former, was  born  in  London  in  1766,  and 
destined  for  the  church.  In  1798  he 
came  to  this  country,  and  acquired  fkme 
as  an  actor.  At  Boston  he  taught  read- 
ing and  elocution.  Like  Cooke,  he  died 
a  drunkard,  at  Philadelphia,  in  June  1816. 
He  published  an  apology  fbr  his  life,  9 
vols.  1814. 

FENNER,  Arthur,  governor  of  R. 
Island,  succeeded  Mr.  Collins  in  1789  and 
was  succeeded  by  James  Fenner  in  1807; 
He  was  the  son  of  Arthur  Fenner,  and 
died  at  Providence  Oct  16,  1805,  aged 

60. 

FENWICK,  George,  proprietor  of  a 
part  of  Connecticut,  came  to  this  country 
in  1636,  having  purchased  the  plantation 
ofSaybrook  fort  and  was  "a  gooden- 
courager  to  the  church  of  Christ  at  Hart- 
ford." He  returned  to  England  ;  but 
came  again  to  this  country  and  arrived  at 
New  Haven  July  15, 1689  with  his  lady 
and  family*  and  commenced  the  settle- 
ment at  Saybrook,  eo  called  in  reraem- 


^. 


#.** 


9M 


% 


FESSllNDEN. 


I 


• 


branet  of  lords  Say  and  Brook,  who  with 
others  claimed  the  territory  by  grant  of 
Robert,  earl  of  Warwick.  Mr.  Fenwick 
was  their  agent  He  sold  hisrights  to 
the  Connecticut  government  Dee.  5, 
1644,  and  it  was  stipulated,  that  he 
should  receive  for  ten  years  a  certain 
duty  on  exports  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  The  colony  paid  him  1600/.  for 
the  old  patent.  He  died  in  1657.  His 
wife  died  at  Saybrook,  where  her  monu- 
ment remains  to  the  present  day  near  the 
fbrt,  but,  it  being  of  sandstone,  the  in-. 
Bcription  is  efiaced. — IHoigA(,ii.  619. 

FESSENDEN,  Thomas,  minister  of 
Walpole,  N.H.,  a  descendant,  as  others  of 
the  nameare,of  Nicholas  F.of  Cambridge, 
graduated  in  1758  and  died  May  1813, 
aged  74,  in  the  47th  of  his  ministry.  He, 
poblisheda  theoretic  explanation  of  the 
science  of  sanctity,  8vo.  1804  ;  and  the 
Boston  self-styled  gentlemen  reviewers 
reviewed,  1806. 

FEW,  William,  colonel,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  was  born  in  Maryland  in 
1748,  and,  residing  in  Georgia,  was  in 
1796  a  member  of  the  convention,  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  state.  He 
soon  distinguished  himself  in  several  ac- 
tions with  the  British  and  Indians.  Au- 
gusta being  recovered,  he  in  1780  was 
aent  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  remained 
in  that  body  till  the  peace  ;  apd  was  again 
appointed  in  1786.  The  next  year  he 
assisted  in  forming  the  national  constitu-' 
tioD.  He  resided  in  his  last  years.in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  died  at  Fislikill  in 
July  1838,  aged  81. 

FIELD,  Richard,  a  physician  and  se- 
nior editor  of  the  Petersburg  Intelligencer, 
studied  at  Edinburgh.  He  died  in  Bruns- 
wick County,  Va.,  May  23,  1829,  aged 
61.  As  a  physician  he  was  skilful  and 
as  a  botanist  none  exceeded  him  in  the 
knowledge  ofthe  plants  of  Virginia.  He 
was  a  member  of  8  electoral  colleges  and 
voted  fojT  JeSextoa  and  Madison  as  pres- 
ident. . 

FINDLEY,  WilUam,  a  member  of 
congress,  came  in  early  life  from  Ireland. 
In  the  revolution  he  engaged  with  zeal  in 
the  caoae  of  his  adopted  country  ;  at  the 


FINLEY. 

close  of  the  war  he  removed  to  the  west- 
ern part  of  Fenns.  He  was  a  member 
ofthe  convention,  which  in  1789  framed 
the  new  constitution  of  Penna. ;  and  a 
member  of  congress  in  1818.  He  died  at 
Unity  township,  Greensburg,  Apr.  5, 
1831,  aged  upwards  of  70.  In  his  pol- 
itics he  opposed  the  administration  of  J. 
Adams  and  aupported  Mr.  Jefierson.  In 
hid  religion  he  belonged  to  the  class  of 
"old  dissenters"  of  the  Scotch  reforma- 
tion. He  published  a  re  view  of  the  fund- 
ing system,  1794 ;  a  history  ofthe  insur- 
rection of  the  4  western  counties  of 
Penns.  &c.,  1796 ;  observationa  on  the 
two  sons  of  oil,  vindicating  religious 
liberty  against  Rev.  Snmuel  B.  Wylie, 
1813. 

FINLEY,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  president  of 
the  college  of  New  Jersey,  waa  bom  of 
pious  parents  in  the  county  of  Armagh 
in  Ireland  in  the  year  1715,  and  waa  one 
of  seven  sons,  who  were  all  pious.  Very 
early  ia  life  it  pleased  God  to  awaken  and 
convert  him.  He  first  heard  a  sermon, 
when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  from  that 
time  resolved  to  be  a  minister.  He  left 
his  native  country  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
and  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  September 
38,  1794.  After  his  arrival  he  spent 
several  yeara  in  completing  his  studies. 
Haying  been  licensed  to  preach  in 
Aug.  1740,  he  waa  ordained  Oct.  18th 
by  the  presbytery  of  New  Brunswick. 
The  first  part  of  his  ministry  was  apent  in 
fatiguing,  itinerant  labors.  He  contribu- 
ted his  effortawith  Gilbert  Tennrat  and 
Mr.  Whitefield  in  promoting  the  revival 
of  religion,  which  was  at  that  period 
so  remarkable  throughout  this  country. 
His  benevolent  zeal  sometimes  brought 
him  into  unpleasant  circumstances.  The 
legislature  of  Connecticut  had  made  a  law, 
prohibiting  itinerants  from  entering  par- 
ishes, in  which  a  minister  waa  settled,  un- 
less by  his  consent.  For  preaching  to  a 
presbyterian  congregation  in  New  Haven 
Mr.  Finley  waa  in  consequence  of  thia 
law  seized  by  the  civil  authority,  and  car- 
ried as  a  vagrant  out  of  the  colony.  But 
persecution  could  not  shake  hhn  fnom 
his  purpoae  of  being  occupied  in  preaeh- 


v« 


1*lt     'f:     ■**       J 


'■\i  .  ;-,JKi= 


:^ 


PIHLBY. 


887 


Ing  the  everlMtingr  ST'^pel.    His  extrtiom 
were  greatly  bleaaed  in  a  number  of  towM 
in  New  Jeraey,  and  he  preached  A>r  six 
months  with  great  acceptance  in  Phila- 
delphia.   In  June  1744  he  acee|itMi  an 
invitation  mm  Nottingham,  Maryland, 
where  he  continued  near  7  years  faithful- 
ly and  successfully  discharging  the  duties 
ofhisofliee.    Here  he  established  an  acad- 
einy,  which  acquired  great  reputation. 
Under  his  instruction  many  youths  re- 
ceived the  rudiments  of  learning,  and 
correct  moral  sentiments,  which   have 
since  contributed  much  towards  render- 
ing them  the  most  useful  members  of  so- 
ciety.   Upon  the  death  of  president  Da- 
viea  Mr.  Finley  was   chosen  his  succes- 
sor.   It  was  with  reluctance,  that  he  lett 
a  people,  so  much  endeared  to  him,  and 
with  whom  he  had  so  long  lived  in  friend- 
ship.   He  removed  to  Princeton  in  Ju- 
ly 1761  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
his   new  office.    The  college  flourished 
under  his  cere ;  but  it  enjoyed  the  benefit 
of  his  superintendence  for  but  a  few  years. 
He  died  of  an  affection  of  the  liver  at  Phila- 
delphia, whither  he  had  gone  for  medical 
assistance,  July  17  1766,  eged  50,  and 
was  buried  by  the  side  of  his  friend,  Gil- 
bert Tennent.    His  first  wife,who  died  in 
1760,  was  Sarah  Hall,  by  whom  he  had  8 
children  ;  his  second  wife  was  Ann  Clark- 
son,  daughter  of  Mat.  Glarkson,  mer- 
chant of  N.  York.    She  survived  him  41 
years.    His  son,  Ebenezer  Finley,  w^s 
a  physician  in  Charleston,  S.  C.     His 
diiughter  niirried  Samuel  Bree^  of  N. 
Jersey  and  was  the  mother  of  the  wife  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Morse. 

In  his  religious  opinions  he  was  a  Calvin- 
ist  His  sermons  were  not  hasty  produc- 
tions, but  the  result  of  study,  and  filled 
with  good  sense  and  well  digested  senti- 
ment, expressed  in  a  style  pleasing  to  the 
man  of  science,  jret  perfectly  intelligible 
by  the  illiterate.  Me  was  remarkable  for 
sweetness  of  temper  and  polite  behavior, 
hoapitable,  charitable,  and  diligent  in  the 
performance  of  the  vatioua  duties  of  life. 
During  his  last  sickness  he  was  perfect- 
ly resigned  to  the  divine  will ;  he  had  a 
strong  ftith  in  his  Savior ;  and  he  fre- 


quently  expressedtn  earnest  desire  of  de- 
parting, that  he  might  dwell  with  the 
Lord  Jesus.    A  short  time  before  his 
death  he  sat  up,   and  prayed  earnestly, 
that  God  would  enable  him  to  endure  pa- 
tiently to  the  end,  and  keep  him  from  dis-  * 
honoring  the  ministry.    He  then  said, 
"  blessed  be  God,  eternal  rest  is  at  hand. 
Eternity  is  but  long  enough  to  enjoy  my 
God.    This,  this  has  animated  me  in  my 
severest  studies;  I  was  ashamed  to  lake 
rest  here.    O,  that  I  might  be  filled  with 
the  fulness  of  God ! "  He  then  addressed 
himself  to  all  his  friends  in  the  room, "  0, 
that  each  of  you  may  experience  what, 
blessed  be  God,  I  do,  when  you  come  to 
die  ;  may  you  have  the  pleasure  in  a  dy- 
ing hour  to  reflect,  that  with  faith  and 
patience,  zeal  and  sincerity  you  have  en- 
deavored to  serve  the  Lord  ;  and  may 
each  of  you  be  impressed,  as  I  have  been, 
with  God's  word,  looking  upon  it  as  sub- 
stantial, and  not  only  fearing  but  being 
unwilling  to  offend  against  it.  "    On  be- 
inf  asked  how  be  felt,  he  replied,  "full 
of  triumph!  I  triumph  through  Christ! 
Nothing  clips  my  wings,  but  the  thoughts 
of  my  dissolution .  being   delayed.     O, 
that  it  were  to  night !    My  very  soul 
thirsts  for  eternal  rest. "    When  he  was 
asked,  what  he  saw  in  eternity  to  excite 
such  vehement  desires,  he  said,  "I  see 
the  eternal  love  and  goodness  of  Gdd  ;  I 
see  the  fulness  of  the  mediator ;  I  see  the 
love  of  Jesus.    O,  to  be  dissolved   and 
to    be    with    him !      I    long    to    be 
clothed  with    the   complete   righteous- 
ness of  Christ.  "    Thus   this  excellent 
man  cRed  in  the  full  assurance  of  salvation. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  Matthew 
XII.  38,  entitled,  Christ  triumphing  and 
satau  raging,  preached  at  Nottingham, 
1741  ;  a  refutation  of  Mr.  Thomson's 
sermon  on  the  doctrine  of  convictiohs, 
1743 ;  Satan  stripped    of  his  evangeli- 
cal robe,  against  the  Moravians,  174S  ; 
a  charitable  plea  for  the  speechless  in  an- 
swer to  Abel  Morgan's  anti-pedo-rantism, 
1747 ;  a  vindication  of  the  preceding, 
1748  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  John 
Rodgers  at  St.  George's,  March  16,1749; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  president  Davies, 


>  # 


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FISK. 


prvllxtd  to  hUworktf  the  flurMofMo- 
tot,  or  the  danger  of  neutrality  in  the 
oaiiM  of  Ood  and  our  country ,  1757.— 
A$itm.miii.  mag.  i.7l— 77  ;  PanopUit,  i. 
981—  S86  ;  and  new  ieritt,  i.  t41— 
S57  j  Chriilian'i  tnag.  i.  SOI— 807, 
4I9--498  ;  Maita,  mitt.  mag.  iv.  941 — 
947  ;   Oreen't  ditt.  358-886. 

FINLEY,  Robert,  o.  d.,  president  of 
the  university  of  Georgia,  was  born  at 
Princeton  in  1772,  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1787.  From  1798 
to  1705  he  was  a  tutor,  and  a  trustee  from 
1807  till  1817,  when  he  resigned.  He  was 
the  minister  orBasl(ing-Bridge,N.Jer8ey, 
from  June  1705  until  1S17.  Deeply  in- 
terested in  the  welfare  of  the  free  blacks, 
he  formed  a  plan  of  sending  them  to 
Africa  and  may  be  considered  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  Colonization  society.  In  Dec. 
1316  he  went  to  Washington,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  calling  a  meeting  of  gentlemen 
Dec.  31,  at  which  addresses  were  made 
by  Mr.  Clay  and  Mr.  RMidolph.  The 
next  week  a  constitution  was  adopted 
and  judge  Washington  chosen  president. 
On  his  return  Dr.  Finley  caused  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  auxilary  society  at 
Trenton.  Being  at  this  period  chosen 
president  of  Franklin  college,  at  Athens, 
Georgia,  he  repaired  to  that  place  in  1817, 
and  in  a  few  months  died  there  Oct.  S, 
1817,  aged  45,  leaving  a  wife  and  9  chil- 
dren. He  published  several  sermons. — 
Memoirt  of  Finley, 

FIRMIN,  Giles,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Suffolk,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, England.  Hia  father  of  the  same 
name  was  chosen  deacon  in  Boston  in 
1683.  He  came  himself  to  this  country  as 
early  aa  1634.  He  settled  at  Ipswich,where 
in  1638  he  had  a  grant  of  130  acres  of 
land.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
Nathaniel  Ward.  ALout  the  end  of  the 
civil  wars  he  returned  to  England,  and 
hia  family  followed  him.  Ordained  as  the 
minister  of  Shalford,  he  there  faithfully 
preached  the  gospel,  until  he  was  eject^ 
iu  1663.  Retiring  tu  the  village  of 
Redgwell,  7  or  8  miles  distant,  he  prac- 
ti«ed  physic  and  continued  to  preach, 
hiving  a  Tigorous  constitution,  to  the 


last  Vkbbath  of  hia  lift.  He  died  in  April 
iWtt  tgrd  upward*  of  80.  He  waa  a  mat 

of  lMrning,of  peaoe,  and  of  a  public  spirit, 
Calu^y  gives  a  catalogntof  hia  wrMiiff, 
among  which  are  the  seMMn  of  tb«  paro* 
chial  congregations  in  Englaild  and  ordW 
nation,  with  an  examination,  of  U wen, 
and  of  Noyes'  argument  against  impos- 
ing hands,  1658;  and  the  ml  christian, 
1670.— Ca/amy'«  aeet.  ii.  905. 

FISHER,  Nathaniel,  episcopal  minis- 
ter, Salem,  waa  born  atDedham  in  1743 ; 
graduated  in  1768  ;  and  ordained  in  1776 
for  a  ehureh  in  Nova  Scotia.  He  went  to 
Salem  in  1781  and  died  Dec.  33, 1813,  on 
the  sabbath,  after  preaching  from  the 
text,  "how  long  have  I  to  live?"  A 
volume  of  his  sermons  was  published,8vo. 
1818.. 

FISHER,  Myers,  a  lawyer  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  ^  quaker,  died  March  13, 
1819,  aged  71.  He  waa  a  man  of  science 
and  an  eloquent  orator.  He  published 
an  answer  to  PaineHi  ago  of  reason. 

FISHER,  AlexandarM.,  professor  of 
matheinatics  in  Yale  oollege,  waa  born 
in  Franklin,  Mass.,  in  1794,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1813.  For  a  while 
he  studied  theology  at  Andover.  He  was 
appointed  professor  in  1817  as  successor 
of  Mr.  Day,  elected  president.  Anxious 
to  enlarge  his  knowledge  of  the  science, 
to  which  he  was  devoted,  he  determined 
to  make  a  voyage  to  Europe.  He  accor- 
dingly sailed  in  the  packet  ship  Albion, 
which  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land April  33,  1832;  and  bt  was  among 
those,  who  were  lost.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  38,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Dutton.  With  a  genius  for  mathemati- 
cal inquiry  he  had  made  great  advances 
in  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics. 
Some  of  his  investigations  were  publish- 
ed in  Silliman'a  journal. 

FISK,  Pliny,  a  miaaionary,  was  born 
at  Shelburne,  Mass.,  June  34, 1793.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  became  pious.  He  was 
graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in  1814. 
In  his  indigence  he  lived  S  years  on  bread 
and  milk  ;  nor  was  he  ashamed  to  catry 
his  corn  to  mill  upon  his  ahoulders.  A 
good  woman   baked  hia  loaf  for  him. 


•sir  t 


% 


FISKR. 


r  t 


Having  studied  theology  «t  Knitmr, 
Vhere  he  wm  one  of  the  *'  groop  ot 
•tan,"  commemorated  by  WilcoXi  he 
WM  Mnployed  aa  an  agent  fur  the  board 
orforeifB  miaMona  one  year,  and  then 
aailed  for  l^leatine  with  Mr.  Parsons 
Nov.  8,  1919.  On  arriving  at  Smyrna 
Jan.  15, 1830,  they  engaged  in  the  study 
of  the  euten  languages ;  but  in  a  few 
monthi  rtmoved  to  Scio,  in  order  to 
study  modern  Greek  under  professor 
Bambas.  The  college  at  Scio  then  had 
7  or  800  students.  But  in  1881  the  isl- 
and was  deaolated  by  th«  barbarous 
Turks.  In  1933  he  accompanied  to 
Egypt  his  fellow  laboror,  Mr.  Parsons, 
and  witnessed  his  death  and  buried  him 
in  the  Greek  convent.  From  Egypt  he 
proceeded  in  April  1833  through  the  de- 
sert to  Judea,  accompanied  by  Mr.  King 
and  Mr.  Wolff.  Having  visited  Jerusa- 
lem, he  went  to  Beyroot,  Balbec,  Damas- 
cus, Aleppo,  and  Antioch.  He  made  a 
third  visit  to  Jerusalem  with  Mr. 
King.  When  he  withdrew  from 
Jerusalem  in  the  apring  of  1935,  he 
retired  to  the  mission  fkmily  of  Mr. 
Goodell  and  Mr.  Bird  at  Beyroot, 
where  he  died  of  a  prevailing  fever  Sab- 
bath morning,  Oct.  3S,  1836,  aged  33. 
He  was  eminently  qualified  to  be  a  mis- 
sionary in  the  eai^t.  He  was  a  preacher 
in  Italian,  French,  Modern  Greek,  and 
Arabic.  He  had  been  employed  in  pre- 
paring a  dictionary  in  English  and  Ara- 
bio,  and  on  the  day  of  his  seizure  by 
hia  sickness  Iw  had  put  down  against  the 
laat  letter  of  the  English  alphabet  the 
last  word,  which  he  knew  in  Arabic. 
His  various  communications  are  found  in 
■everal  volumes  of  the  Missionary  herald. 
'— Bond's  memoir  of  Fi$k. 

FISKE,  John,  first  minister  of  Wen- 
ham  and  Chelmsford,  Mass.  was  born  in 
England  in  1601,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  etme  to  this  country  in 
1637,  and  being  in  the  same  ship  with 
Johp  Allen,  they  preached  two  sermons 
almost  every  day  during  the  voyage. 
He  was  for  some  time  the  teacher  of  a 
school  at  Cambridge.  As  hia  property 
vru  large,  h«  made  conaiderable  kMos  to 


FITOH.  lit 

the  province.  H*  lived  almost  thrM 
yeara  at  Salem,  preaching  to  the  church, 
and  Instructing  a  number  of  young  per- 
sons. When  a  church  was  gathered  in 
Eoon,  or  Wenham,  Oct.  8,  1644,  he 
was  aettird  the  minister,  and  here  he  con- 
tinued till  about  the  year  1656,  when  he 
removed  to  Chelmsford,  then  a  new  town, 
with  the  majority  of  his  church.  Having 
been  an  able  and  useful  preacher  in  thia 
place  twenty  years,  he  died  Jan.  14, 
1677.  He  was  a  skilful  physician,  aa 
well  as  an  excellent  minister.  His  son, 
Moses,  was  minister  of  Braintree. 
Among  the  severest  afflictions,  to  which 
he  was  called,  says  Dr.  Mather,  waa  the 
loss  of  his  concordance ;  that  is,  of  his 
wife,  who  was  so  expert  in  the  scriptures, 
as  to  render  any  other  concordance  unne- 
cessary. He  published  a  catechism,  enti- 
tled, the  olive  branch  watered.-Jtfaj^na/ia, 
III.  141-143  ;  Hi$t.  col.  vi.  930,  349. 

FISKE,  Nathan,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Brookfield,  Mass.  was  born  in  Weston 
Sept  30,  1733.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1754/  and  ordained 
pastor  of  the  church  in  the  third  parish  in 
Brookfield  May  38,  11(58.  Here  he  con- 
tinued more  than  40  years.  Afler  preach- 
ing on  the  Lord's  day,  Nov.  34,-1709, 
he  retired  to  his  bed  at  his  usual  hour  iu 
apparent  health,  and  in  a  short  time  died 
without  a  struggle,  aged  66.  By  inces- 
sant study  he  gradually  perfected  hia 
talents,  and  gained  the  public  esteem. 
In  prosperity  and  adversity  he  possessed 
the  same  serenity  of  mind.  With  a 
small  salary  he  found  means  to  practise  a 
generous  hospitality,  and  to  give  three 
sons  a  collegial  education.  He  published 
a  aermon  on  the  settlement  and  growth 
of  Brookfield,  delivered  Dec.  31,  1775 ; 
at  a  fast,  1776 ;  on  the  death  of  Joshua 
Spooner,  l778 ;  of  judge  Foster,  1779; 
of  J.  Hobbs,  1784 ;  an  oration  on  the 
capture  of  Cbrnwallis,  Oct.  1781 ;  ser- 
mons on  various  subjects,  8vo.  1794 ; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1796  ;  the  moral  moni- 
tor, 2  vol.  19mo.  1901.— Pre/,  tomoni' 
tor;  J\S<mthly  anthol.  i.  639. 

FITCH,  James,  first  minister  of  Say- 
brook  and  of  Norwich,  Con.,  wu  bora 


* 


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f   % 


tM 


FITCH. 


FLINN, 


la  the  eoanty  of  E«ix,  Engtend,  D«0. 
94,  1689,  and  oaim  to  this  country  in 
1U0.  H«  had  already  acquired  a  correct 
knowledge  of  the  learned  languagea;  but 
he  apent  aeven  yeara  under  the  imtruc- 
tion  of  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stont.  In 
1649  he  wu  ordained  over  a  church, 
which  waa  at  that  time  gathered  at  Say- 
brook,  and  it  m  aaid,  that  the  brethren's 
handa  only  were  impoaed.  In  1660  he 
Mnored  with  the  greater  part  of  hia 
church  to  Norwich,  and  in  that  tbwn 
paiaed  the  remaining  active  daya  of  hia 
life.  When  the  infirmitiea  of  age  obliged 
him  to  ceaae  from  hia  public  labora,  he  re- 
tired to  hia  children  at  Lebanon,  where  he 
died  Nov.  18,  1703,  aged  79.  By  his 
first  wife  Abigail,  daughter  of  Rev.  Hen- 
ry Whitefieid,  he  had  two  sons,  James 
and  Samuel,  and  4  daughters ;  by  his  se- 
cond wife  Priscilla,  daughter  oi'maj.  John 
Maaon  of  Norwich,  he  had  7  sons.  Den- 
ial, John,  Jeremiah,and  Jabez,Nathaniel, 
Joseph,  and  Eleazer,  and  1  daughter; 
and  all  lived  to  have  families,  excepting 
Eksaier.  His  brother,  Thomao  of  Nor- 
walk,  WM  the  father  of  gov.  Tho.  Fitch. 
He  waa  diatinguiahed  for  the  penetration 
of  hia  mind,  the  energy  of  h.ij  preaching, 
and  the  sanctity  of  his  lito.  He  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  Muiiegan  language, 
and  preached  the  gospel  of  salvation  to  the 
Indiana  in  the  neighborhood  of  Norwich. 
He  even  gave  some  of  his  own  lands 
to  induce  them  to  renounce  their  savage 
tunner  of  living.  The  descendanta  of 
tmspe  Indiana  at  Mohegan,  for  whose 
benefit  he  toiled,  have  recently  been  in< 
stmcted  in  religion  by  some  self-denying 
Christiana ;  have  had  a  meetinghouae 
built  for  them  by  the  liberality  of  the  cit- 
IsMia  of  Norwich  and  othe^  owns  ;  and 
have  received  an  appropriation  from  the 
war  department  of  a  few  hundred  dollars. 
A  letter  of  hia  on  the  subject  of  his  mis- 
sionary labors  is  published  in  Oookin.— 
JV«lA«r'«  magna,  iii.  SOO;  3Vum&u/P« 
Con.  z.  107,  899,  609, 50S ;  Hiit.  eol.  i. 
fMi  ix.  86;  Mden'B  aec.  tf  Portt- 
%vitth. 

F/TCH,  Jabaz.  minister  of  Ports- 
e«ot!!tb,  N.  H.,  was  the  son  of  the  precc" 


ding,  and  was  born  at  Norwich  in  April 
1679.  He  was  graduated  at  ITarvaid 
eollege  in  1694.  In  170S  he  waa  ordain- 
ed at  Ipswich  aa  colleagre  of  John  Rog- 
ers. On  account  of  ths  incompetenLy  of 
his  maintenance  he  withdrew  from  hia 
pastoral  office  in  Dee.  1798,  and  about 
the  year  1736  waa  established  at  Porte- 
mouth.  After  continuing  Here  more 
than  twenty  years  he  died  Nov.  99, 1746, 
aged  74.  He  had  a  teste  for  historical 
researches,  and  began  in  1738  to  make  a 
collection  of  Ikcte  relative  to  New  Hamp- 
shire. Dr.  Belknap  had  access  to  hfs 
papers.  He  published  a  sermon,  occa- 
sioned by  the  great  earthquake,  Oi  *  "^9, 
1737;  at  the  ordination  of  .;ohn  \'..  '  i 
at  Goaport,  isle  of  Shoals,  in  l'<tt^,  iivm 
theee  words,  "  1  will  mukr'  you  fishers  of 
men ;"  two  sermons  designed  to  make  a 
religious  improvemeiU  of  the  throat  dis- 
temper, which  prevailed  in  17S5  and 
1786  ;  and  an  account  of  that  dis- 
ease, aa  it  appeared  in  New  Hamp- 
shire.— Mden't  aee.  tfsoeiet.  in  Port*- 
mottlA;  Hitt.eol.  vii.  961,  967;  x.  60. 

riTZHUOH,  William  Henry,  vkie 
president  of  the  Colonization  society,  the 
sou  of  William  F.,  a  patriot  of  the  revo- 
lution, was  born  at  Chatham,  Stefford 
county ,¥8., March  8,1793,  and  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1808.  Heafte^ 
wards  settled  on  the  patrimonial  domain  of 
Ravensworth,  Fairfax  county,  devoting 
himself  to  agricultural  pursuite  and  re- 
ceiving with  generous  hospitality  his  nu- 
merous fViends.  He'died  itCambridge, 
Maryland,  of  the  apoplexy,  May  31,1880, 
aged  88.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Cha.  Ooldflborough  of  Dorset, Maryland. 
He  publii'iP.l  ir  rLvor  of  the  colonization 
society  the  t.;si»v  yf  Opiiriiu<;  '-  the 
Richmr  .A  i-irui.  ;\  fi  1836  ;  a  speech  at 
the  9th  ui.iiiversary;  and  a  review  of 
Tazewell's  report  in  AfUe.  repos.  Aug. 
and  Nov.  1898.  In  one  of  his  writings  he 
represente,  "that  the  labor  of  the  slave  is 
a  curse  on  the  land,  on  which  it  is  expen- 
ded."—4/"«  *'<po»'  VI .  91-96. 

FLiNN,  Andrew,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Charleston,  S.  C,  had  been  previously 
the  minister  of  Camden  seven  or  dght 


thf. 


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¥v. 


t 


FLINT 

yean,  and  ramoved  to  Charleston  about 
1808.  H«  died  Feb.  96,  IStto,  rejoieiiii( 
in  the  hope  of  eternal  life.  Ab  i  in'niater 
he  waa  fkithrul  and  zealoiia.  He  publiili- 
ed  a  aermon  on  the  death  of  j  lire  Wilds, 
1810  ;  a  dadiaation  ■ermon,  lai  I . 

FLINT,  Henry,  one  of  the  first  minit»- 
tera  of  Braintree,  Mati.,  waa  ordained  ai 
teacher  March  17,  1640.  When  the 
church  was  firat  organised  Sept.  16,1699, 
he  waa  choaen  colleague  with  Mr. 
'hompdon,  who  waa  ordained  pastor 
'<  nt.  84th  ;  but  hia  aettlement  waa  de- 
I  ,od  for  a  few  months.  He  died  April 
ir,  1668,  aged  68,  and  hia  colleague 
died  in  the  month  of  December  fol- 
lowing. He  was  a  man  of  piety  and 
integrity,  and  well  qualified  for  the  work 
of  the  ministry.  His  wife  was  Margery, 
sister  of  President  Hoar.  Hia  son,  Josiah 
Flint,  waa  settled  at  Dorchester  in  1671 
and  died  in  1680.— Jtfag-na/ta,  in.  133; 
Haneoefc'i  cent,  sertn. ;  Morton,  300, 
IVinthrop,  188;  Holmei. 

FLINT,  Henry,  tutor  and  fellow  of 
Harvard  college,  waa  the  son  of  Josiah 
Flint  of  Dorchester,  and  received  hid  de« 
grM  of  bachelor  of  arta  in  1 693.  He  waa 
choaen  a  fellow  of  the  college  in  1700, 
and  in  1705  was  appointed  tutor.  This 
office  he  sustained  till  hia  resignation  Sept. 
36,  1764.  He  died  Feb.  19,  1760,  aged 
84.  Many  of  the  moat  eminent  men  in 
the  country  were  educated  under  his 
care.  Dr.  Chaunoy  pronounces  him  a 
solid,  judicious  man,  and  one  of  the  best 
of  preachera.  The  few  foibles,  which  he 
exhibited,  were  ascribed  to  his  living  in  a 
single  state.  In  his  last  illness  he  viewed 
the  approach  of  death  with,  perfect  calm- 
ness, for  he  trusted  in  the  mercy  of  God 
through  the  merits  of  Christ.  He  pub- 
lished an  appeal  to  the  conscienceaof  a  de- 
generate people,  a  sermon  preached  at  the 
Thursday  lecture  in  Boston,  1739;  a  ser- 
mon to  the  studenta  in  the  college  hall, 
1786i  oratio  funebris  in  obitum  B.  Wads- 
worth,  17S8  •,  twenty  sermons,  8vo.  1799. 
—JfypUton'ifun.iertn.;  LoveW*  oratio 
funeb.  i  iiitt.  col  ix.  188  ;  x.  165. 

FliOYD,  William,  general,  waa  the 
•on  of  Nicoll  F.,  an  opulent  landholder, 


FOLGBR. 


Ml 


WhoM  aneeatora  eame  fVom  Walea  and 
settled  on  Long  Island.  He  waa  born 
Dec.  IT,  1794.  His  education  was  im- 
perfeci ;  but  heacquimi  much  knowledge 
i.y  intercourse  with  the  intelligent.  He 
was  a  deli^gate  to  the  congress  of  1774 
and  continued  a  ni(ii<iHer  till  after  the  de> 
claration  of  independence  When  the 
British  took  poasession  of  Long  Island, 
hia  family  tied  for  safety  to  Connecticut ; 
hia  house  was  occvipied  by  t^oopa;  and 
for  nearly  seven  yeara  he  waa  an  exile 
from  hia  dwelling  and  derived  no  benefit 
from  his  landed  estate.  In  Oct.  1778  he 
was  again  a  member  of  congresa,  and 
waa  frequently  a  member  of  the  legiala- 
ture  of  the  state.  In  1784  he  purchaaed 
a  tract  of  land  at  Weatern,  Oneida  coun- 
ty, on  the  Mohawk  ;  and  this,  by  the  la- 
bor of  several  summers,  h«  converted  into 
a  good  farm,  to  which  ho  removed  hia 
family  in  1809.  He  die  Aug.  4, 1831, 
aged  86.  He  left  a  widow  and  children. 
Three  of  the  aigners  of  the  declaration  of 
independence  survived  him.  His  man- 
ners were  not  familiar,  nor  "v.  as  his  dispo- 
sition aflable ;  yet  in  public  ife  he  waa 
patriotic  and  independent,  and  for  more 
than  50  years  waa  honored  with  the  con- 
fidence of  hia  fellow  citizens. — Goodrieh't 
livet. 

FOBES,  Perez,  vv.  d.,  professor  of 
mathematics,  was  graduated  at  Hanrard 
college  in  1763,  and  ordained  minister  of 
Raynham  Nov.  19, 1766.  In  1786  he 
waa  elected  professor  of  the  coileg?  in  R. 
Island.  He  died  Feb.  39, 1813,  aged  70. 
Hia  wife  waa  the  daughter  John  Walea, 
miniater  of  Raynham.  He  public  led  a 
history  of  Raynluun ;  sermon  on  den  th  of 
president  Manning,  1791;  election  aer- 
mon, 1796. 

F0L6ER,  Peter,  was  the  son  of  J  ihn 
F.  of  Norwich,  England ;  waa  born  in 
1618  ;  and  came  to  tbia  country  in  16S6. 
He  settled  at  Martha'a  Vineyard  in  16S5, 
and  removed  to  Nantucket  in  1663.  He 
married  Mary  Morrill.  He  is  described 
aa  an  "able,  godly  Englishman,  who 
was  employed  in  teaching  the  youth  iu 
reading,  writing,  and  the  principle*  of  re- 
ligion, by  catechising.*'     His  daughter. 


wt 


FOLSOM. 


W 


I 


Abiah,  was  the  mother  of  Benjamin 
Franklin.  The  time  of  his  death  has 
not  been  ascertained.  His  small  poem 
was  finished  April  33,  1676,  and  bears 
the  title  of  "A  Looking-glass  for  the 
Times."  According  to  Franklin,  "  the 
author  addresses  himself  to  the  governors 
for  the  time  being  ;  speaks  for  liberty  of 
conscience,  and  in  favor  of  the  Anabap- 
tists, Quakers,  and  other  sectaries,  who 
had  suffered  persecution.  To  this  perse- 
cution he  attributes  the  war  with  the  na- 
tives, and  other  calamities,  which  afflic- 
ted the  country,  regarding  them  as  the 
judgments  of  God  in  punishment  of  so 
odious  an  offence  ;  and  he  exhorts  the 
government  to  the  repeal  of  laws  so  con- 
trary to  charity.  The  poem  appeared  to 
be  written  with  a  manly  freedom  and  a 
pleasing  simplicity." 

Of  the  simplicity,  the  following  is  a 
specimen; — the  four  last  lines  are  quoted 
erroneously  by  Dr.  Franklin;— 

"I  am  for  peace  and  not  for  mr. 

And  that's  the  reaion  why, 
I  write  more  plain,  thun  snme  men  do, 

Thnt  use  to  danb  and  lie. 
But  I  shall  cease,  and  set  my  oama 

To'  what  I  here  insert ; 
Because  to  be  a  libeller. 

I  hate  it  with  my  heart. 
From  Sberboniown,  where  now  I  dwell. 

My  name  do  I  put  here. 
Without  ofTeDce,  your  real  friend. 

It  is  Peter  Folger." 

FOLSOM,  Nathaniel,  general,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  congress  of  1774,  died  at 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  in  June  1790.  In  the 
French  war  of  I755hedistingui8hed  him- 
self at  the  capture  of  Dieskau.  He  was 
a  general  of  the  militia.  His  earliest  an- 
cestors in  this  country  wrote  the  name 
Foulshame. 

FORBES,  Eli,  D.  D.,  minister  of 
Brookfield  and  of  Gloucester,  Mass.  was 
born,  in  Westborough  in  Oct.  1726,  and 
entered  Harvard  college  in  1744,  In  the 
month  of  July  of  the  following  year  he 
was  demanded  as  a  soldier,  and  he  cheer- 
fully shouldered  his  musket  and  marched 
more  than  a  hundred  miles  to  oppose  the 
French  and  Indians,    Having  been  relea- 


FOSTER.^^ 

■ed  by  the  interposition  of  hh  fViends,  he 
returned  to  his  studies  with  a  sharpened 
appetite,  and  was  graduated  In  1 7  51 .  He 
was  ordained  minister  of  the  second  parish 
in  Brookfield  June  3, 175S.  In  the  years 
1758  and  l7k&  he  was  a  chaplain  in  one 
of  the  regiments.  In  1763  hev^ent 
as  a  missionary  to  the  Oneidas,  one  of 
the  six  nations  of  Indians,  and  planted 
the  first  christian  church  at  Onaquagie, 
on  the  river  Susquehannah.  Having  es- 
tablished in  this  place  a  school  for  chil- 
dren and  another  for  adults,  he  returned, 
bringing  with  him  four  Indian  children, 
whom  he  sent  back  again  in  a  few  years, 
after  furnishing  them  with  such  know- 
ledge, as  would  be  useful  to  them.  He 
also  brought  with  him  a  white  lad,  tpho 
had  become  a  complete  savage ;  but  he 
was  civilized,  and  being  educated  at 
Dartmouth  college,  vrh^ite  he  received  a 
degree,  was  the  agent  of  congress  during 
the  revolutionary  war,&  was  very  useful. 
Dr.  Forbes,  falling  under  the  groundless- 
suspicion  of  being  a  tory,  requested  a  dis- 
mission from  his  people  in  March  1 776, 
and  on  the  fifth  of  June  was  installed  at 
Gloucester.  Here  he  died  Dec.  15,1804, 
aged  77.  He  published  a  family  book, 
and  a  number  of  single  sermons,  among 
which  are  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the 
conquest  of  Canada,  1761  ;  an  artillery 
election  sermon,  1771;  an  account  of 
Joshua  Eaton  of  Spencer,  prefixed  to 
seven  sermons  of  Mr.  Eaton,  and  a  fu- 
neral sermon  on  his  death,  I77!i;  a  ser- 
mon on  repairing  his  meeting  hou8e,l793. 
— Month,  anthology,  i.  669  ;  WMlney'$ 
hist.  Worcester,  75 ;  Chavney'a  term,  at 
ordin.  of  J.  Bowman',  Pueataqtm  evan. 
mag.  II.  169-173;  ^ssemb.  miss.  mag.  i. 
58,54. 

FORMA  N,  William  a  physician, 
served  as  a  surgeon's  mate  in  the  old 
French  war  under  Amherst;  he  was 
also  a  surgeon  during  the  revolutionary 
contest,  and  was  patriotic  and  skilful. 
He  died  at  Fishkill,  N.  York,  in  July 
1816,  aged  78. 

FOSTER,  Jedidiah,  justice  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Mass.,  was  born  in  Ando- 
ver,  Oct.  10,  178«,  the  son  of  Bphraim 


4    FOSIER.    « 

F.,  ind  (tra<luated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1744.  He  8(X>n  established  himself  in 
the  town  of  Brookfield,  and  married  a 
daughter  of  gen.  D  wight.  His  character 
for  integrity  and  talents  procured  him  a 
number  of  civil  and  military  offices.  He 
received  his  appointment  of  judge  in  1 776. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  Mass. 
He  died  Oct.  17,  1779,  aged  59.  His 
sons,  Theodore  and  Dwight,  were  mem- 
bers of  congress.  He  was  early  and  firm- 
ly attached  to  the  interest  and  freedom  of 
his  country,  in  opposition  to  the  despotic 
measures  of  Great  Britain,  and  never 
once,  in  the  most  gloomy  periods,  was 
heard  to  express  a  doubt  of  the  ultimate 
success  of  America.  In  early  life  he 
made  a  profession  of  Christianity,  and  his 
conduct  was  uniformly  exemplary.— 
Fiske'sfun.  term.;  Chronicle,  Oct,  M, 
1779. 

FOSTER,  Benjamin,  d.  d.,  minister 
in  New  York,  was  born  in  Danvers, 
Mass.  June  13,  1750.  Although  early 
inspired  with  the  love  of  excellence,  it 
was  not  until  after  many  conflicts,  that 
he  obtained  that  peace,  which  the  world 
can  neither  give  nor  take  away.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1774. 
While  a  member  of  this  institution  a  con- 
troversy respecting  baptism  occupied 
much  of  the  public  attention,  and,  this 
being  thought  a  proper  subject  of  discus- 
sion, Mr.  Foster  was  appointed  to  de- 
fend infant  baptism  by  sprinkling.  In 
preparing  himself  for  this  disputation  he 
became  convinced,  that  his  former  sen- 
timents were  erroneous,  and  he  was  after- 
wards a  conscientious  baptist.  After 
pursuing  for  some  time  the  study  of  di- 
vinity under  the  care  of  Dr.  Stillroan  of 
Boston,  he  was  ordained  minister  of  a 
baptist  church  in  Leicester  Oct.  23, 
1776.  The  want  of  a  suitable  main- 
tenance induced  him  in  1783  to  ask  a 
dismission  from  his  people ;  after  which 
he  preached  abont  two  years  in  Danvers. 
In  Jan.  1785  he  was  called  to  the  first 
church  in  Newport ;  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1788  removed  to  New  York,  where  lie 
was  minister  of  the  first  baptist  church 
53 


FOXCROFT. 


89S      « 


till  his  death.    During  the  prevalence  of 
the  yellow  fever  he  did  not  shrink  from 
his  duties  as  a  faithful  minister  of  Jesua 
Christ.    He  visited  the  sick  and  dying, 
and  endeavored  to  impart  to  them  the 
hopes  of  religion.    He  fell  a  victim  to 
his  benevolence  Aug.  36, 1798,  aged  48 
years.    He  was  distinguished  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
Chaldean    languages.      As  a  divine  he 
advocated  with  zeal  the  doctrine  of.  sal- 
vation by  free  grace,  and  as  a  preacher 
was  indefatigable.    His  life  was  pure  and 
amiabM,  upright   and  benevolent.     Ha 
published,  while  he  lived  at  Leicester, 
the  washing  of  regeneration,   or  the  di- 
vine right  of  immersion,  in  answer  to  a 
treatise  of  Mr.  Fish,  and  primitive  bap< 
tism  defended,  in  a  letter  to  John  Cleave> 
land.    He  also  published  a  dissertation  on 
the  70  weeks  of  DanieL—JlfdM.   tnin, 
mag.  I.  SO ;  Backu$,  in.  174,  330;  JBen« 
edict,  II.  S01>4. 

FOSTER,  John,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Brighton,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  ki  1783  and  died  in 
Sept.  1829.  His  wife  wrote  the  Co- 
quette, a  novel.  He  published  e  sermon 
before  a  chairitable  society  ;  on  the  death 
of  Washington,  1799  ;  of  C.  Winship, 
1803;  a  sermon  on  infidelity,  1802;  on 
the  installation  of  his  brother,  1303  ;  at  a 
fast,  1805  ;  at  artill.  election  ;  at  a  dedi- 
cation, 1809 ;  before  the  society  for 
propag.  the  gospel,  1817. 

FOWLE,  Daniel,  a  printer  in  Boston, 
was  arrested  in  Oct.  1754  by  order  of  the 
house  of  representatives  on  suspicion  of 
having  printed  "the  monster  of  mon- 
sters," a  pamphlet  reflecting  on  some  of 
its  members,  and  by  the  samfe  authority 
was  committed  to  prison  amongst  thieves. 
After  a  few  days  he  was  liberated.  Dis- 
gusted with  such  tyranny,  he  removed 
to  Portsmouth,  and  in  1756  commenced 
the  N.-  Hampshire  gazette.  He  died  in 
June  1787,  aged  73,~~TA(>mM.  i.  888, 
4S4. 

FOXCROFT,  Thomas,  minister  in 
Boston,  was  the  son  of  Francis  Foxcroft, 
of  Cambridge,and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1714.    His  father,  who 


m 


S9'4 


FOXCROFT. 


FRANKLIN. 


m. 


was  a  member  of  the  church  of  England, 
was  desirous,  that  his  son  should  be  an 
episcopal  clergyman.  This  was  also  his 
intention,  till  by  diligent  study  and  free 
conveisation  with  Nehemiah  Walter  of 
Roxbary,  a  great  reasoner  and  an  em- 
inently pious  man,  he  became  convinced, 
that  the  congregational  mode  of  worship 
was  roost  agreeable  to  the  scriptures. 
He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Wadsworth,  Nov.  20,  1717.  No  min- 
ister was  more  universally  admired. 
None  was  accounted  either  a  more  polite 
and  elegant,  or  a  more  devout  and  edi- 
fying preacher.  His  high  reputation 
continued  till  in  his  later  years  the  vigor 
of  his  constitution  and  of  his  mind  was 
impaired  by  repeated  sickness.  Dr. 
Chauncy  was  settled  as  his  colleague  in 
1737.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than 
half  a  century  he  died  June  18,  1769, 
aged  73.  His  son,  Samuel,  minister  of 
New  Gloucester,  died  in  March  1807, 
aged  73.  He  was  a  learned  divine. 
His  powers  of  reasoning  were  strong, 
and  few  had  a  greater  command  of 
words.  His  religious  sentiments  were 
strictly  Calvinistic,  and  they  were  the 
chiefsubjects  of  his  preaching.  He  never 
concealed  or  yielded  them  from  the  fear 
of  man,  as  he  always  sought  the  appro- 
bation of  God.  His  addresses  to  the 
consciences  of  his  hearers  were  pungent. 
He  was,  says  Dr.  Chauncy,  a  real,  good 
christian  ;  a  partaker  of  the  Holy  Ghost ; 
uniform  in  his  walk  with  God  in  the  way 
of  his  commandments,  though,  instead 
of  trusting  that  he  was  righteous  in  the 
eye  of  strict  law,  he  accounted  himself  an 
unprofitable  servant ;  fixing  his  depen- 
dence, not  on  his  own  worthiness,  not 
on  any  works  of  righteousness,  which  he 
had  done,  but  on  the  mercy  of  God  and 
the  atoning  blood  and  perfect  righteous- 
ness of  Jesus  Christ.  His  writings  e- 
vince«  clearness  of  perception,  copious- 
ness of  invention,  liveliness  of  imagina- 
tioUj  and  soundness  of  judgment.  They 
bear  testimony  also  to  his  unfeigned  pie- 
ty. He  published  a  sermon  at  his  own 
ordination,  1718 ;  Ofi  kindness,  1720 ;  on 


the  death  of  his  mother,  1731 ;  of  John 
Coney,  1723  ;  of  dame  Bridget  Usher, 
1723  ;  of  George  I ;  of  Penn  Townsend  ; 
of  W.  Waldron,  1737  ;  of  John  Wil- 
liams and  Thomas  Blowers,  1739 ;  of 
Benjamin  Wadsworth,  1737;  an  essay  On 
the  state  of  the  dead,  1723  ;  the  day  of 
a  godly  man's  death  better  than  that  of 
his  birth ;  duty  of  the  godly  to  be  inter- 
cessors and  reformers ;  two  sermons 
shewing  how  to  begin  and  end  the  year 
after  a  godly  sort ;  God's  face  set  against 
an  incorrigible  people,  1734  ;  at  the  or- 
dination of  John  Lowell,  1736  ;  a  dis- 
course preparatory  to  the  choice  of  a 
minister,  1727  ;  on  death  ;  on  the  earth- 
quake ;  at  the  ordination  of  John  Tay- 
lor, 1728 ;  an  answer  to  T.  Barclay's 
persuasive,  a  defence  of  presbyterian  or- 
diiiation,  1729;  observations  historical 
and  practical  on  the  rise  and  primitive 
state  of  New  England,  with  special 
reference  to  the  first  church  in  Boston, 
a  century  sermon,  Aug.  23,  1730;  pleas  of 
gospel  imp^nitents  refuted  in  two  ser- 
mons, 1730  ;  the  divine  right  of  deacons, 
1731 ;  to  a  young  woman  under  setitence 
of  death,  1733  ;  a  sermon,  occasioned  by 
^e  visits  and  labors  of  Mr.  Whitefield, 
1740 ;  at  a  private  family^  meeting,  1743  ; 
a  preface  to  Fleming's  fulfilling  of  the 
scripture,  1743  ;  an  apology  for  Mr. 
Whitefield,  1745  ;  saints'  united  confes- 
sion in  disparagement  of  their  own 
righteousness,  1750  ;  like  precious  faith 
obtained  by  all  the  true  servants  of 
Christ,  1756  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon 
for  the  conquest  of  Canada,  1760. — 
Chauncy^  a  fun.  ser.;  Matt.  gaz„  June 
22,  1769 ;  Chandler's  life  of  Johnson, 
10;  Hist.  eol.  x.  164. 

FRANCISCO,  Henry,  died  near 
Whitehall,  State  of  N.  York,  Nov.  1820, 
aged  134.  A  native  of  England,  he  was 
present  at  the  coronation  of  queen 
Anne.  He  had  lived  in  this  country  80 
or  90  years,  and  served  in  the  French 
and  revolutionary  wars. 

FRANKLIN,  Benjamin,  l  l.  d.  a 
philosopher  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Boston  Jan.  17, 1706.  His  father,  Josi- 
as,  who  was  a  native  of  England,  was  a 


K 


# 


FRANKLIN. 


»b 


I ;  of  John 
et  Uiher, 
'ownsend ; 
John  Wil- 
1729;   of 
Ein  essay  On 
the  day  of 
^an  that  of 
10  be  inter- 

0  sermons 
id  the  year 

set  against 
;  at  the  or- 
36  ;  a  dis- 
:hoice  of  a 
the  earth- 
John  Tay- 
.  Barclay's 
ibyterian  or- 
is historical 
nd  primitive 
with  special 

1  in  Boston, 
7S0;  pleas  of 
in  two  ser- 
t  of  deacons, 
ider  sentence 
jccasioned  by 
I  Whitefield, 
eting,  1743  ; 
filling  of  the 
ogy  for  Mr. 
nited  confes- 

their  own 
irecious  faith 

servants  of 

ving   sermon 

ada,  1760.— 

.gax„  June 

of  Johtuon, 

died  near 
:,  Nov.  1820, 
jland,  he  was 
m  of  queen 
lis  country  80 
the  French 

in,  L  I"  D-  * 
was  born  in 
father,  Josi- 

ngland,  was  a 


aoap  boiler  and  tallow  chandler  in  that 
town.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of 
Peter  Folger,  the  poet.  At  the  age  of 
eight  years  he  was  sent  to  a  grammar 
school,  but  at  the  age  often  his  father 
required  his  services  to  assist  him  in  his 
business.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was 
bound  as  an  apprentice  to  his  brother , 
James,  who  was  a  printer.  In  this-era-' 
ployment  he  made  great  proficiency,  and 
having  a  taste  for  books  he  devoted  much 
of  his  leisure  time  to  reading.  So  eager 
was  he  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  that 
he  fVequently  passed  the  greater  part  of 
the  night  in  his  studies.  He  became  ex- 
pert in  the  Socratic  mode  of  reasoning  by 
asking  questions,  and  thus  he  sometimes 
embarrassed  persons  of  undierstanding  su- 
perior to  his  own.  In  1721  his  brother 
began  to  print  the  New  England  courant, 
which  was  the  third  newspaper,  publish- 
ed in  America.  The  two  preceding  pa- 
pers were  the  Boston  news  letter  and 
Boston  gazette.  Young  Franklin  wrote 
a  number  of  essays  for  the  eourant, 
which  were  so  well  received,  as  to 
encourage  him  to  continue  his  literary  la- 
bors. To  improve  his  style  he  resolved 
to  imitate  Addison's  spectator.  The 
method,  which  he  took,  was  to  make  a 
summary  of  a  paper,  after  he  had  read  it, 
and  in  a  few  days,  when  he  had  forgotten 
the  expressions  of  the  author,  to  endea- 
vor to  Te[,',:,.<i  it  to  its  original  form.  By 
this  means  he  was  taught  his  errors,  and 
perceived  the  necessity  of  being  more 
fully  acquainted  with  the  synonymous 
words  of  the  language.  He  was  much 
assisted  also  in  acquiring  a  facility  and 
variety  of  expressions  by  writing  poetry. 
At  this  early  period  the  perusal  of 
Shaftsbury  and  Collins  made  him  com- 
pletely a  sceptic,  and  he  was  fond  of  dis- 
puting upon  the  subject  of  religion.  This 
circumstance  caused  him  to  be  regarded 
by  pious  men  with  abhorrence,  and  on 
this  account  as  well  as  on  account  of  the 
ill  treatment,  which  he  received  from  his 
brother  he  determined  to  leave  Boston. 
His  departure  was  facilitated  by  the  pos- 
session of  his  indenture,  which  his  broth- 
er had  given  him  about  the  year  1723, 


not  from  friendship,  but  because  the  gen- 
eral court  prohibited  him  from  publishing 
the  New  England  courant,  and  in  order 
that  it  might  be  conducted  under 
the  name  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  He 
privately  went  on  board  a  sloop,  and 
soon  arrived  at  New  York.  Finding  no 
employment  here,  he  pursued  his  way  to 
Philadelphia,  and  entered  the  city  with- 
out a  friend  and  with  only  a  dollar  in  his 
pocket.  Purchasing  some  rolls  at  a  ba- 
ker's shop,  he  put  one  under  each  arm, 
and,  eating  a  third,  walked  through  seve- 
ral streets  in  search  of  a  lodging.  There 
were  at  this  time  two  printers  in  Philadel- 
phia, Andrew  Bradford,  and  Mr.  Keimer, 
by  the  latter  of  whom  he  wi^s  employed. 
Sir  William  Keith,  the  governor,  having 
been  informed,  that  Franklin  was  a  young 
man  of  promising  talents,  invited  him  to 
his  house  and  treated  him  in  the  most 
friendly  manner.  He  advised  him  to  enter 
into  business  forhimself,  and,  in  orderto 
accomplish  this  object,  to  make  a  visit  to 
London,  that  he  might  purchase  the  ne- 
cessary articles  for  a  printing  office.  Re- 
ceiving the  promise  of  assistance,  Frank- 
lin prepared  himself  for  the  voyage,  and 
on  applying  for  letters  of  recommendation 
previously  to  sailing  he  was  told,,  that 
ihey  would  he  sent  on  board.  Wihen 
the  letter  bag  was  opened,  there  was  no 
packet  for  Franklin ;  and  he  now  discov- 
ered, that  the  governor  was  one  of  those 
men,  who  love  to  oblige  every  body,  and 
who  substitute  the  most  liberal  profes- 
sions and  offers  in  the  place  of  active, 
substantial  kindness.  Arriving  in  London 
in  1734,  he  was  obliged  to  seek  employ- 
ment as  a  journeyman  printer.  He  lived 
so  economically,  that  he  saved  a  great 
part  of  his  wages.  Instead  of  drinking 
six  pints  of  beer  in  a  day,  like  some 
of  his  fellow  laborers,  he  drank  only 
water,  and  he  persuaded  some  of  them  to 
renounce  the  extravagance  of  eating 
bread  and  cheese  for  breakfast  and  to  pro- 
cure a  cheap  soup.  As  his  principles  at 
this  time  were  very  loose,  his  zeal  to  en- 
lighten the  world  induced  him  to  publish 
his  dissertation  on  liberty  and  iiecessity, 
in  which  he  contended,  that  virtue  and 


t 


.^i. 


SM 


FRANKLIN. 


▼ice  were  nothings  more  than  vaindistinc* 
tinetiona.  This  work  procured  him  the 
aequaintace  of  Mandeville  and  othera  of 
that  licentious  class. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  Oct. 
1736  as  a  clerk  to  Mr.  Denliam,  a  mer> 
chant ;  hut  the  death  of  that  grentleman  in 
the  following  year  induced  him  to  return 
to  Mr.  Keimer  in  the  capacity  of 
foreman  in  his  oiRce.  He  was  very  use- 
ful to  his  employer,  for  he  gave  him  assis- 
tance as '  a  letter  founder ;  he  also  en- 
graved various  ornaments,  and  made 
printer's  ink.  He  sOon  began  businesii  in 
partnership  with  Mr.  Meredith,  but  in 
1739  he  dissolved  this  connexion  with 
hinu  Having  purchased  of  Keimer  a  pa- 
per, which  had  been  conducted  in  a 
wretched  manner,  he  now  conducted  it  in 
a  style,  which  attracted  much  attention. 
At  this  time,  though  destitute  of  those 
religious  principles,  which  give  stability 
and  elevation  to  virtue,  he  yet  had  dis- 
cernment enough  to  be  convinoed,  that 
truth,  probity,  and  aineerity  would  pro- 
mote his  interests  and  be  useful  to  him  in 
the  world,  and  he  resolved  to  respect 
them  in  his  conduct.  Sept.  1, 1730  he 
married  a  widow,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Read,  and  to  whom  six  years  before 
he  had  pledged  his  fidelity,  but  had  neg- 
lected her,  when  he  was  in  London.  The 
expenses  of  his  establishment  in  business, 
notwithstanding  his  industry  and  econo- 
my, brought  him  in  a  short  time  into  em- 
barrassments, from  which  he  was  relieved 
by  the  generous  assistance  of  William 
Coleman  and  Robert  Grace.  In  addition 
to  his  other  employments,  he  now  opened 
a  small  stationer's  shop.  But  the  claims 
of  business  did  not  extinguish  his  taste 
for  literature  and  science.  He  formed  a 
club,  which  he  called  the  junto,  compo- 
sed of  the  most  intelligent  of  his  acquain- 
tance. Questions  of  morality,  politics, 
or  philosophy  wer.e  discussed  every  Fri- 
day evening,  and  the  institution  was  con- 
tinue almost  forty  yearH.  As  books 
were  frequently  quoted  in  the  club,  and 
as  the  members  had  brought  their  books 
together  for  mutual  advantage,  he  was 
ted  (to  form  the  plan  qT  »  public  library, 


which  was  carried  into  effect  in  1781, 
and  became  the  foundation  of  that  noble 
institution,  the  library  cbmpany  of  Phila- 
delphia.   In  17S3  he  began  to  publiah 
poor  Richard's  almanac,  which  was  en- 
riched with  maxims  of  frugality,  tempe- 
rance, industry,  and  integrity.    So  great 
was  its  reputation,    that    he  sold  ten 
thousand  annually,  and  it  was  continued 
by  him  about  S&  years.     The  maxims 
were  collected  in  the  last  almanac  in  the 
form  of  an  address,  called  the  way  to 
wealth,  which  has  appeared  in  various 
publications.    In  1786  he  was  appointed 
clerk  of  the  general  assembly  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  1787  postmaster  of  Philadel- 
phia.   The  first  fire  company  waaformed 
by  him  in  1788.    When  the  frontiers  of 
Pennsylvania  were  endangered  in  1744 
and  an  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  to 
procure  a  militia  law,  he  proposed  a  vol- 
untary association  for  the  defence  of  the 
province,  and  in  a  short  time  obtained  ten 
thousand  names.     In  1747  he  was  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  assembly,  and  con- 
tinued in  thii*  station  ten  years.      In  all 
important  discussions  his  presence  was 
considered  as  indispensable.    He  seldom 
spoke,  and  never  exhibited  any  oratory  ; 
but  by  a  single  observation  he  sometimes 
determined  the  fate  of  a  question.      In 
the  long  controversies  with  the  proprieta- 
ries or  their  governors,  he  took  the  most 
active  part,  and  displayed  a  firm  spirit  of 
liberty. 

He  was  now  engaged  for  a  number  of 
years  in  a  courAe  of  electrical  experiments, 
of  which  he  published  an  account.  His 
great  discovery  was  the  identity  of  the 
electric  fluid  and  lightning.  This  discov- 
ery he  made  in  the  summer  of  1753.  To 
the  upright  stick  of  a  kite  he  attached.an 
iron  point ;  the  string  was  of  hemp,  ex- 
cepting the  part  held  in  his  hand,  which 
was  of  silk ;  and  a  key  was  fastened, 
where  the  hempen  string  terminated. 
With  this  apparatus,  on  the  approach  of 
a  thunder  storm,  he  raised  his  kite.  A 
cloud  passed  over  it,  and,  no  signs  of  elec- 
tricity appearing, he  began  to  despair; 
but  observing  the  loose  fibres  of  his 
string  to  move  suddenly  toward  an  erect 


••  xf- 


FRANKLIN. 


NT 


position,  he  preaented  his  knuckle  to  the 
key,  and  received  a  atrong  apark.     The 
auccesa  of  this  experiment  completely  ea- 
tablished  hia  theory.     The  practical  uae 
of  this  discovery  in  aecuring  houses  from 
lightning  by  pointed  conductora  is  well 
known  in  America  and  Europe.    In  1763 
he  was  appointed  deputy  postmaster  gen- 
eral of  the  British  colonies,  and  in  the 
aameyear  the  academy  of  Philadelphia, 
projected  by  him,  was  established.     In 
1754  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners, 
who  attended  the  congress  at  Albany  to 
devise  the  best  means  of  defending  the 
country  against  the  French.      He  drew 
up  a  plan  of  union  for  defence  and  gene- 
ral government,  which  was  adopted  by 
the  congress.   It  was  however  rejected  by 
the  board  of  trade  in  England,  because  it 
gave  too  much  power  to  the  representa- 
tives of  the  people,  and  it  was  rejected 
by  the  assemblies  of  the  colonies  because 
it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  presi- 
dent general.    After  the  defeat  of  Brad- 
dock  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a  regi- 
roeht,  and  he  repaired  to  the  frontiers, 
and  built  a  fort.     In  1757  he  was  sent  to 
England  as  the  agent  of  Pennsylvania 
and  while  residing  there  was  appointed 
agent  of  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  and 
Georgia.     He  now  received  the  reward 
of  his  philosophical  merit.    He  was  cho- 
sen a  fellow  6f  the  royal  society,  and 
was  honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor 
oflaws  by  the  universities  of  St.  An- 
drews, Edinburgh,  and  Oxford,  and  his 
correspondence  was  sought  by  the  most 
eminent  philosophers  of  Europe.    Dur- 
ing his  residence  in  England  he  published 
a  pamphlet,  showing    the  advantages, 
which  would  spring  from  the  conquest  of 
Canada,  and  he  formed  that  elegant  in- 
strument,which  he  called  the  Harmonica. 
He  returned  in  1762,  and  resumed  his 
seat  in  the  assembly  ;   but  in  1764  was 
again  sent  to  London  as  an  agent  for 
the  province  to  procure  a  change  of  the 
proprietary  government.    In  1766  he  was 
examined  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons respecting  the  repeal  of  the  stamp 
act ;  and  there  he  evinced  the  utmost 
possession  and  an  astonishing  accuracy 


and  extent  of  information.  Daring  the 
same  and  the  following  year,  by  visiting 
Holland,Germany,and  France,  he  became 
acquainted  with  mostof  the  literary  char- 
acters of  Europe.  In  1779  some  letters  of 
Hutchinson^  Oliver,  and  othera  in  Ma»- 
sachusetts  falling  into  his  hands,  he  sent 
them  to  the  legislature  of  that  state  ;  but 
he  ever  refused  to  tell  how  he  procured 
them.  It  is  now  known,  that  he  receiv- 
ed them  from  Dr.  Williamson.  He  re- 
turned to  America  in  1775  and  the  day 
after  his  arrival  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  fe^nt  to  the  camp 
before  Boston  to  confirm  the  army  in 
their  decisive  measures,  and  to  Canada 
to  persuade  the  citizens  to  join  in  the 
common  cause.  In  this-mission  however 
he  was  not  successful.  He  was  in  1776 
appointed  a  committee  with  John  Adam* 
and  Edward  Rutledge  to  inquire  into 
the  powers,  with  which  k>rd,  Howe  was 
invested  in  regard  to  the  adjustment  of  ouf 
differences  with  Great  Britain.  When 
his  lordship  expressed  his  concern  at 
being  obliged  to  distress  those,  whom  he- 
so  much  regarded,  Dr.  Franklin  assured 
him,that  the  Americans,  out  of  reciprocat 
regard,  would  endeavor  to  lessen,  a» 
much  Bs  possible,  the  pain,  which  he 
might  feel  on  their  account,  by  taking- 
the  utmost  care  of  themselves.  In  the 
discussion  of  the  great  question  of  inde- 
pendcn/cehe  was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the 
measure.  He  was'  in  the  same  year  cho- 
sen president  of  the  convention,  which 
met  in  Philadelphia  to  form  a  new  con- 
stitution for  Pennsylvania.  The  single 
legislature  and  the  plural  executive  seem 
to  have  been  his  favorite  principles.  In  the 
latter  end  of  the  year  1776  he  was  sent  to 
France  to  assist  in  negotiation  with  Mr. 
Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane.  He  had 
much  influence  in  forming  the  treaty  of 
alliance  and  commerce,  which  wa^  signed 
Feb.  6, 1778,  and  he  afterwards  comple- 
ted ft  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  with 
Sweden.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Ad- 
ams, Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens,  he 
signed  the  provisional  articles  of  peace 
Nov.  SO,  17S2,  and  the  definitive  treaty 
Sept.  80, 1 78S.    While  he  was  in  France 


.-#;a  ■ 


FRANKLIN. 


he  was  appointed  one  of  the  comminion- 
era  to  examine  Metmer's  animal  magnet- 
iim  in  1784.  Being  desirous  of  returning 
to  hia  native  country  he  requested,  tliat 
an  ambassador  might  be  appointed  in  his 
place,  and  on  the  arrival  of  his  successor, 
Mr.  Jefferson,  he  immediately  sailed  for 
Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived  in  Sept. 
1785.  He  was  received  with  universal 
applause,  and  was  soon  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  supreme  executive  council. 
In  1787  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  grand 
convention,  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  Some  of  the 
articles,  which  composed  it,  did  not  alto- 
gether please  him,  but  for  the  sake  of 
union  he  signed  it  In  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  the  first  president  of  two 
excellent  societies,  which  were  establish- 
ed in  Philadelphia  for  alleviating  the  mis- 
erics  of  public  prisons,  and  for  promoting 
the  abolitioii  of  slavery.  A  memorial  of 
the  latter  society  to  congress  gave  occa- 
sion to  a  debate,  in  which  an  attempt  was 
made  to  justify  the  slave  trade.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  Dr.  Franklin  published 
in  the  federal  gazette  March  25, 1789  an 
essay,  signed  Historicus,  communicating 
a  pretended  speech,  delivered  in  the  divan 
of  Algiers  in  1687  against  the  petition  of 
a  sect,  called  Erika  or  Purists,  for  the 
abolition  of  piracy  and  slavery.  The  ar- 
guments, urged  in  favor  of  the  African 
trade  by  Mr.  Jackson  of  Georgia,  are 
here  applied  with  equal  force  to  justify 
the  plundering  and  enslaving  of  Europe- 
ans. In  1788  he  retired  wholly  from 
public  life,  and  he  now  approached  the 
end  of  his  days.  He  had  been  afflicted 
for  a  number  of  years  with  a  complication 
of  disorders.  For  the  last  twelve  months 
he  was  confined  almost  entirely  to  his  bed. 
In  the  severity  of  his  pains  he  would  ob- 
serve, that  he  was  afraid  he  did  not  bear 
them  as  he  ought,  and  he  expressed  a 
grateful  sense,  of  the  many  blessings,  re- 
ceived from  the  Supreme  Being,  who  had 
raised  hun  from  his  humble  origin  to 
such  consideration  among  men.  He  died 
April  17,  1790,  aged  34.  He  had  only 
two  children ;  William  Franklin,  who 
was  governor  of  New   Jersey,  .and   a 


daughter,  who  married  Win.  Bache. 
The  following  epitaph  was  written  by 
himself  many  years  previously  to  his 
death ;  probably  suggested  by  Wood- 
bridge's  lines  on  John  Cotton ; — 

The  body  of 

Benjamin  Franklin,  printer. 

Like  the  corer  of  »n  old  book, 

Ita  content!  turn  out , 

And  ilript  nf  ita  lettering  and  gilding, 

Liei  here  food  for  wornie  ; 

Yet  (he  work  itMlfihall  not  be  k>it, 

For  it  will,   (ai  he  believed),  appear  once  more 

,   In  a  new 

And  more  beautiful  edition, 

Corrected  and  amended 

by 

The  Author. 

But  although  he  thus  expressed  his  hope 
of  future  happiness,  yet  from  his  memoirs 
it  does  not  appear,  whether  this  hope  was 
founded  upon  the  mediation  of  JeSus 
Christ.  Some  have  even  considered  him 
as  not  unfriendly  to  infidelity  ;  but  the  fol- 
lowing anecdote  seems  to  prove,that  in  his 
old  age  he  did  not  absolutely  reject  theacrip- 
tures.  As  a  young  gentleman  was  one 
day  ridiculing  religion  as  a  vulgar  preju- 
dice he  appealed  to  Dr.  Franklin,  expec- 
ting his  approbation.  ''  Young  man," 
said  the  philosopher  emphatically,  "  it  is 
best  to  believe."  President  Stiles  addres- 
sed a  letter  to  him,  dated  Jan.  38, 1790,in 
which  he  expressed  a  desire  to  be  made 
acquainted  with  his  sentiments  on  Chris- 
tianity. The  following  is  an  extract  from 
it.  "  You  know.  Sir,  I  am  a  Christian  ; 
and  would  to  heaven,  allothers  were  as  I 
am,  except  my  imperfections.  As  much 
as  I  know  of  Dr.  Franklin,  I  have  not  an 
idea  of  bis  religious  sentiments.  I  wish 
to  know  the  opinion  of  my  venerable 
friend  concerning  Jesus  of  Nazareth. 
He  will  not  impute  this  to  impeTtinence,or 
improper  curiosity  in  one,  who  for  many 
years  has  continued  to  love,  estimate,  and 
reverence  his  abilities  and  literary  char- 
acter with  an  ardor  of  affection.  If  I 
have  said  too  much,  let  the  request  be 
blotted  out  and  be  no  more."  To  this 
Dr.  Franklin  replied  March  9,  but  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death  :  "  I  do  not 
take  your  curiosity  amiss,  and  sliall  en- 


FRANKLIN. 

deavor,  in  a  few  worda,  to  gratify  it. — 
As  to  Jesua  of  Nazaretli,  my  opinion  of 
whom  you  particularly  desire,  I  think 
the  system  of  morals  and  his  religion,  as 
he  left  them  to  us,  the  hest  the  world  ever 
saw,  or  is  likely  to  see;  but  I  apprehend  it 
has  received  various  corrupting  changes; 
and  I  have,  with  most  of  the  present 
dissenters  in  England,  some  doubts  as  to 
his  divinity."  It  mi>y  not  be  unnecessary 
to  remark,  that,  it  we  may  credit  Dr. 
Priestley,  Dr.  Franklin  was  not  correct 
in  estimating  the  sentiments  of  a  majori- 
ty of  the  dissenters  in  England.  To 
Thomas  Paine  concerning  the  proposed 
publication  of  his  age  of  reason  Dr.  F. 
wrote, — ^"I  would  advise  you  not  to  at- 
tempt unchaining  the  tiger,  but  to  burn 
this  piece  before  it  is  seen  by  any  other 
person. — If  men  are  so  wicked  with  relig- 
ion, what  would  they  be,  itvithout  it  7" 

Dr.  Franklin  acquired  a  high  and  de- 
served reputation  as  a  philosopher,,  for 
his  philosophy  was  of  a  practical  and 
useful  kind,  and  he  seemed  to  be  continu- 
ally desirous  of  advancing  the  welfare  of 
society.  In  company  he  was  sententious 
and  not  fluent,  and  he  chose  rather  to 
listen  to  others,  than  to  talk  himsclK 
Impatient  of  interruption,  he  often  men- 
tioned the  custom  of  the  Indians,  who 
always  remain  silent  for  some  time,  be- 
fore they  give  an  answer  to  a  question. 
When  he  resided  in  France  as  a  minister 
from  this  country,  it  has  been  thought, 
that  he  was  somewhat  intoxicated  by  the 
unbounded  applauses,  which  he  received, 
and  was  too  much  disposed  to  adopt  the 
manners  of  the  French.  One  of  his  col- 
leagues was  immersed  in  the  pleasures  of 
a  voluptuous  city,  and  between  himself 
and  the  other,  Mr.  Lee,  there  was  some 
collision. 

He  published  experiments  and  observa- 
tions on  electricity,  made  at  Philadelphia, 
in  two  parts,  4to.  1733  ;  new  experiments, 
1754 ;  a  historical  view  of  the  constitution 
and  government  of  Pennsylvania,  1759  ; 
the  interest  of  Great  Britain  considered 
with  respect  to  her  colonies,  1760  ;  his 
experiments  with  the  addition  of  explan- 
atory notes,  and  letters  and  papers  on 


FREEMAN. 


8M 


philoaophical  subjects,  1769  ;  political, 
miscellaneous,  and  philosophical  pieces, 
1779 ;  and  several  papers  in  the  transac- 
tions of  the  American  philosopliical  soci- 
ety. Two  volumes  of  his  essays,  with 
his  life,  brought  down  by  himself  to  the 
year  1780,  were  published  in  England  in 
1799.  A  collection  of  his  works  was  first 
published  in  London  in  1806,  entitled, 
the  complete  works  in  philosophy,  poli- 
tics, and  morals  of  Dr.  Franklin,  firat 
collected  and  arranged,  with  a  memoir  of 
him,8  vol  Svo.—Frmkliti't  Itfe;  Holme** 
life  of  Stilea,  309,  SIO. 

FRANKLIN,  William,  the  last  royal 
governor  of  N.  Jersey,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  was  born  about  17SI.  He 
was  a  captain  in  the  French  war,  and 
served  at  Ticonderoga.  After  the  peaee 
of  Paris  he  accompanied  his  father  to 
England.  Going  to  Scotland,  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  Earl  of  Bute,  who 
recommended  him  to  Lord  Halifax,  and 
by  the  latter  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  N.  Jersey  in  176S.  He  continued  in 
office,  firm  in  loyalty,  till  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution,  when  the  whigs,  in  Ju- 
ly 1776,  sent  him  to  Connecticut.  On 
his  release  he  sailed  to  England,  and  ob- 
tained a  pension  for  his  losses.  He  died 
in  England  Nov.  17,  1818,  aged  82. 
His  first  wife  was  a  West  Indian;  by 
whom  he  had  a  son  ;  his  second  wife  was 
a  native  of  Ireland.  His  son,-  William 
Temple  Franklin,  editor  of  the  works  of 
Dr.  F.,  died  at  Paris  May  S5,  1838.^ 
Pub.  ehar.  iv,  189-308. 

FREEMAN,  Nathaniel,  a  physician 
and  brigadier  genera|,was  a  descendant  of 
Edmund  F.,an  early  settler  of  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  and  whose  sons,  John  and  Ed- 
mund, married  the  daughters  of  gov. 
Prince.  He  was  born  at  Dennis  in  Apr. 
1741,  and  soon  afterwards  his  father  re- 
moved to  Mansfield,  Con.  Having  stud- 
ied medicine  with  Dr.  Cobb  of  Thomp- 
son, he  settled  in  Sandwich.  Being  a 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  he  performed 
various  important  services  for  his  coun- 
try as  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  as 
colonel  of  the  militia.  He  was  also  regis- 
ter of  probate  47  years  and  judge  of  the 


FREEMAN. 


FRENCH. 


eommon  pleu  80  ycara.  At  the  age  of 
0S  he  retired  flrom  the  practice  of  physic. 
He  died,  leavini^but  little  property,  Sept. 
SO,  1837,  aged  66.  By  two  marriages 
he  had  30  children,  18  of  whom  lived  to 
adult  age.  He  was  a  brother  of  Jona.  F. 
of  Hanover,  N.  H.  He  had  collected  a 
large  library  in  medicine  and  theology. 
In  early  life  he  joined  a  calvinistic  church ; 
in  his  meridian  he  became  a  follower  of 
Priestley  ;  at  a  later  period  he  returned  to 
his  first  faith,  in  which  he  lived  many 
years  and  died. — Thaeher^$  med.  biog. 

FREEMAN,  Samuel,  judge,  a  descen- 
dant of  Sam.F.ofWatertownin  16S0,was 
the  son  of  Enoch  Freeman,  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  and  of  probate, 
who  died  at  Portland  Sept.  3,  1788,  aged 
81.  He  was  born  at  Portland  June  15, 
1743  ;  was  judge  of  probate  many  years  ; 
and  died  at  Portland  in  June  18St,  aged 
88.  He  published  the  town  officer,  6th 
ed. ;  American  clerk's  mag.  6th  ed.  1805. 
FRELINGHUYSEN,  Theodore 
James,  minister  of  the  reformed  Dutch 
church  at  Raritan,  New  Jersey,  came 
from  Holland  in  the  year  1730,  His 
cealous  labors  in  preaching  the  pure  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel,  especially  in  inculca- 
ting the  necesfiity  of  an  entire  renovation 
of  the  corrupt  heart,  were  eminently  use- 
ful in  a  number  of  towns.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  €it  Dutch  ministers 
in  17S8,which  formed  the  plan  of  b  coetus, 
or  assembly  of  ministers  and  elders  in  this 
country,  though  subordinate  to  the  claasis 
of  Amsterdam.  This  proposition  convul- 
sed the  Dutch  churches  in  America,  for  it 
was  apprehended,  and  the  apprehension 
was  verified,  that  these  churches  would 
be  led  in  time  to  throw  off*  entirely  their 
aubjection  to  a  distant  ecclesiastical  body, 
Mr.  Frelinghuysen  was  an  able,  evangel- 
ir«l,  and  eminently  successful  preacher. 
He  died  in  1764,  leaving  five  sons,  all 
ministers,  and  two  daughters  itiarried  to 
ministers.  Among  his  sons  were  Rev. 
Theodore  P.,  minister  of  Albany,  elo- 
quent, active,  and  pious,  succeeded  by 
Westerlo,  and  Rev.  John  F.,  who 
preached  at  Raritan.—CArt«fian'«  mag. 
«.4,  5  ;  Pritue'a  Chriit.  hi$^.  far  1744. 


FRELINGHUYSEN,  Frederie,  gen- 
eral, a  senator  of  the  U.S.  ,wa8  the  son  of 
Rev.  John  F.,  of  Raritan,  and  grandson 
of  the  preceding.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1770.  In  the  war  of  the 
revolution  he  fought  for  his  country.  Aa 
a  captain,  it  is  said,  that  in  the  battle  of 
Trenton  Dee.  1776  he  shot  Rhalle,  the 
Hessian  commander.  He  waa  a  member  of 
the  old  congress  before  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  in  17S9,  and  waa  after- 
wards under  the  administration  of  Wash- 
ington a  senator  from  New  Jersey.  Of 
Princeton  college  he  was  one  of  the  trus- 
tees. He  died  in  April  1304,  aged  about 
53.  His  son,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  of 
Newark,  is  now  one  of  the  senators  from 
New  Jersey,  and  is  known  for  his  earnest 
sup|)ort  of  charitable  and  religious  insti- 
tutions. 

FRENCH,  Jonathan,  minister  o(  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  a  descendant  of  John  F., 
who  lived  in  Dorchester  in  1639,  was  born 
at  Braintree  Jan.  30,  1740  ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1771  ;  was  ordained 
Sept.  33,  1773,  as  successor  of  Samuel 
Phillipa;  and  died  July  38, 1809,  aged  69. 
His  daughter  married  Rev.  Sam.  Stearns 
of  Bedford;  his  son,  Jonathan,  is  the  min- 
ister of  North  Hampton,  N.  H.  At  the 
age  of  16  Mr.  French  was  a  soldier,  a 
drummer,  in  the  French  war,  and  after- 
wards was  stationed  as  a  sergeant  at  Cas- 
tle William,  near  Boston.  His  desire  to 
obtain  an  education,  although  at  an  un- 
common age,  was  encouraged  by  several 
literary  gentlemen,  with  whom  he  became 
acquainted  at  the  castle.  Gov.  Bow- 
doin  liberally  assisted  him.  In  the  revo- 
lutionary war  he  partook  of  the  patriotic 
spirit  of  that  period.  On  hearing  of  the 
battle  of  Breed's  hill  he  took  his  musket 
and  his  surgical  instruments  and  repaired 
to  the  army.  He  was  a  faithful,  useful 
preacher.  During  his  ministry  506  were 
added  to  the  church.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon against  extortion,  1777  ;  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  Daniel  Oliver,  1787  ;  of  Abiel 
Abbot,  1795  ;  of  James  Kendall,  1800 ; 
of  Jona.  French,  1801  ;  at  the  election, 
1796  ;at  a  thanksgiving,  1798  ;  at  a  lec- 
ture, l90b.-^jSldeHU  memoirt  of  F. 


ederie,  gen- 
•  the  ton  of 
d  grandson 
aduated    at 
war  of  the 
)unlry.    As 
he  battle  of 
Rhalle,  the 
a  member  of 
adoption  of 
d  waa  ailer- 
on of  Waah- 
Jeraey.     Of 
B  of  the  trus- 
4,  aged  about 
inghuyaen  of 
lenatora  from 
or  his  earnest 
tligious  inati- 

inister  ol  An- 
of  John  F., 
QS9,  was  born 
;  graduated  at 
was  ordained 
«or  of  Samuel 
1809,  aged  69. 
Sam.  Stearns 
Ian,  is  the  min- 
L  H.    At  the 
»  a  soldier,  a 
ar,  and  after- 
rgeant  at  Cas- 
Hia  desire  to 
}ugh  at  an  un- 
ged  by  several 
lom  he  became 
Gov.  Bow- 
In  the  revo- 
)f  the  pfttriotjc 
tearing  of  the 
ok  his  musket 
its  and  repaired 
ythful,  useful 
listry  506  were 
published  a  ser- 
'7  ;  at  the  ordi- 
787  ;  of  Abiel 
Kendall,  1800; 
It  tha  election, 
798  ;  at  a  lec- 
loiri  of  F. 


FRISBIE. 

FRI8BIE,  Levi,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mms.,  was  theaon  of  Elisha  F.  of  Bran« 
ford,  Conn,  and  was  born  in  April  1748. 
In  17i67,  having  the  character  of  a  pious 
youth  of  protnising  talents,  he  waa  pla- 
ced'under  thepatronageof  Dr.  Wheelock, 
with  a  apecial   view  to  the  misaionary 
aervMe.    He  entered  Yale  college,  wheito 
he  continued  more  than  three  yeera  ; 
but  his  collegial  studies  were  completed 
at   Partinouth  college,   where   he  waa 
graduated,  in.  the  first  claas,  in  i'771. 
In  June  177^  he  and  David  Macelure  set 
out  on  a  mission  to  the  Delaware  Indians 
west  of  the  Ohio,  and  he  returned  in 
October  1778.    He  waa  ordained  in  1775, 
and  then  continued  his  missionary  career. 
After  ettending  hia  iabora  to  different 
parts  of  the  country  and  into'Canada,  the 
convulsed  state  of  America  obstructed 
Kis  progress.    He  was  settled  the  minis- 
ter of  the  first  chuVch  in  IpsWich,  as  suc- 
cessor of  Nathaniel  Rogers,  Feb.  7, 1776, 
and  after  a  miifistry  of  thirty  years  he 
died  Feb.  35,  1806,  aged  57.    His  widow 
died  April  1838,  aged    77.    He  war  a 
Ikithful,  evangelical  preacher,  whose  la- 
bors at  difi'erent  periods  it  pleased  God  to 
render  eminently  useful.    His  discerning 
nAnd  was  strengthened  by  a  close  applica- 
tion to  study,   and  furnished  with  the 
most  useAil  knowledge ;  and  all  his  acqui- 
sitions were  consecrated  to  moral  and  re- 
ligious purposes.    His  life  displayed  the 
humility,  meekness,  and  benevolence  of 
the  christian.     Interesting  and  instructive 
in  conversation,  remarkably  tender  of  the 
character  of  others,  upright,  sincere,  and 
affectionate  in  all  the  relations   of  life, 
he  was  respected  and  beloved.    His  dis- 
trust of  himself  led  him  to  place  his  entii'e 
dependence. upOn  God,,  and  to  ascribe  all 
hope  to  the  riches  of  divine  mercy  in  Je- 
sus, the    Redeemer.    He  published  an 
oration  on  the  peace,  1783  ;  on  tbedcatli 
of  Moses  Panions,  1784;  two  sermons  on 
a  day  of  public  fasting  ;  at  a  thanksgiv- 
ing ;   an  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ; 
before    the  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel    among   the  American^  Indians, 
1804. — Hund'nf  (on'«  fun.   »er.  ;  Pano- 
pliit,  1. 471 ,  473;  Wheeloek's  narrativei. 
51 


FRONTENAC. 


401 


FRISBIE,  Levi,  profesk  f  moral 
phikMophy  at  Harvard  colfegt- ,  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at 
Ipawich  in  1784.  After  graduating  in 
1803  he  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law  ; 
but  an  afieotion  of  his  eyes»  whksh  pro* 
ved  to  bs  a  permanent  evil,  obliged  him 
to  desist.  In  184)5  he  Was  appointed 
latin  tutor,  and  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  1817.  He  died  at  Cambridge 
July  9,  183S.  He  was  an  admirable 
teacher  and  lecturer.  His  inaugural  ad- 
dress was  publiahed  in  1817,  and  after  his 
death .  professor  Norton  published  bis 
Miicdlaneous  writings,  with  notices  .of 
bis  life  and  character,  8vo.  1898. 

FROMENTIN,  EUgius,  senator  of 
the  U.  S.  from  Louisiana,  was  elected  in 
1813,  and  was  succeeded,  by  James 
Brown  in  1819.  In  1831  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Winston  as  judge  of  th^  criminal 
court  of  Orleans;  and  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  western  district  of  Florida. 
Gen.  Jackson,  the  governor,  having  de* 
manded  in  vain  certain  documents  of  eol. 
Callava,  the  late  Spanish  governor,  threw 
him  into  prison, 'from  which  he  Was  relie- 
ved by  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  granted 
by  judge  Fromentin.  This  act  of  judicial 
authority  occasioned  a  long  and  bitter  al« 
tercation  with  the  general,  who  claimed 
the  supreme  power.  For  the  sake  of  qui« 
etnesii  judge  jT.  resigned  his  office  and  re- 
turned to  the  practice  of  the  law  at  New 
Orleans,  where  he  died  of  the  yellow 
fever  Oct.  6,  tS^i.  His  wife  died  the 
preceding  day.  They  had  no  children. 
He  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  insta- 
bility of  human  affairs.  He  published 
observations  on  a  bill  respecting  land  ti- 
tles in  Orleans. 

FRONTENAC,  Louis,  count,  gov- 
ernor general  of  Canada,  succeeded  Court 
cellea  in  1678,  and  in  the  Spring  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  built  upon  lake  Ontario  the 
fort,  which  bore  .-his  name.  He  waa  re- 
called in  168$,  but  was  reinstated  in  his 
office  in  1689.  He  died  Nov.  38,  1698, 
aged  T7.  His  exertions  conduced  in  a 
great  degree  to  the  protection  ^d  prose 
perity  of  Canada  ;  but  he'  was  a  man  of 
haughty  feelings,  suspicious,  revengefuJ, 


PR08T.  '^^ 


FULTON. 


! 


«nd  outrageoui.  Notwithatandinf  his 
profetMioM  <^  regard  to  religion,  it  was 
very  evident,  that  he  was  almost  com- 
pletely under  the  influence  of  ambition. 
—CharUvoin;  i.  444-460,  648-570 ;  ii. 
48,  987  ;  Holme$. 

FROST,  Edmund, missionary  to  Bom- 
bsy,  was  ■  native  of  Brattleborough,  Vt. 
and,  after  graduating  at  Middlebnry  col- 
lege, studied  theology  at  Andover.  He 
was  ordained  at  Salem  Sept  35,  1833, 
and  embarked  with  Itis  wife,  a  native  of 
Cheater,  N.  H.,  on  the  87th  for  Calcut- 
ta. June  38, 1 8S4  he  arrived  at  Bombay, 
and  joined  the  missionaries,  Mr.  Hall  and 
Mr.  Graves.  But  he  died  of  a  pulmona- 
ry complaint  Oct.  18, 1935. 

FRYE,  Jonathan,  chaplain  to  capt. 
Lovewell's  company,  Was  a  native  of  An- 
dover and  graduatnl  at  Harvard  college 
in  1738.  In  Lovewell's  fight  with  the 
Indians  at  Pigwacket,  or  Fryeburg,  in 
May  173b«  he  was  killed. 

FRYE,  Simon,  judge,  was  among  the 
first  settlers  of  the  town  of  Fryeburg, 
Maine,  where  he  died  in  Nov.  1823,  aged 
83.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  revolution 
and  sustained  various  important  offices ; 
was  a  member  of  the  council,  and  judge 
of  the  common  pleas  for  York,  and.  chief 
justice  of  Oxford.  He  reared  up  a  numer- 
ous family. 

FULLER,  Samuel,  a  physician,  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  Plymouth  in  1630, 
was  a  regularly  educated  physician.  His 
practice  extended  to  Massachusetts.  A 
prevailing  sickness  called  him  to  Salem  in 
1638  andrl639.  Besides  being  a  surgeon 
and  physiciaii,  he  was  also  a  useful  diea- 
con  of  the  church.  He  died  of  a  fever 
at  Plymouth  in  1633.— TAocAcr. 

FULTON,  Robert,  a  celebrated  engi- 
neer, was  pf  Irish  descent  and  was  bom 
in  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  county, 
Penns.,  in  1765./  His  genius  disclosed 
itself  at  an  early  period.  He  was  attrac- 
ted to  the  shops  of  mechanics ;  and  at 
the  age  of  17  he  painted  landscapes  and 
portraits  'n  Philadelphia.  Thus  he  was 
enabled  in  part  to  purchase  a  small  farm 
for  his  widowed  mother.  At  the  age  of 
91  he,  by  the  advice  of  his  friends,  repaired 


to  London  to  place  himself  nnder  the 
guidance  of  Mr.  West,  the  painter,  and 
by  him  was  kindly  received  and  admitted 
as  an  inmate  of  his  house  for  aevefal 
years.  Proneeuting  his  busineaa  as  a 
painter,  he  spent  two  years  in  Devon- 
shire, where  he  became'  acquainted  with 
the  duke  of  Bridgewater  and  with  lord 
Stanhope,  well  known  for  his  attachment 
to  the  mechanic  arts.  In  1708  he  enga- 
ged in  the  project  of  improving  inhind 
navigation,  and  in  1794  obtained  patent! 
for  a  double  inclined  plane,  and  forma* 
chines  for  spinning  flax  and  making  ropes. 
The  subject  of  canals  now  chiefly  occu- 
pied his  attention,  and  at  thitf  permd,  in 
1796,  his  work  on  canals  was  published. 
In  his  profession  of  n  civil  engineer  he 
was  groaily  benefited ;  >/  his  skill  in  draw- 
ing  and  painting.  Jrlu  went  toParin  in 
1707,:and,'beiDg  received  into  the  family 
of  Joel  Barlow,  he  there  spent  7  years, 
studying  rJiemistry,  physics,  and  mathe- 
matics, and  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the 
French,  Italian,  and  German  languages. 
To  him  Barlow  dedicated  his  Columbiad. 
In  DeCi  1797  he  made  his  first  experiment 
on  6ub-iiiarine  explosion  in  the  Seine,  but 
with.]  ..t  sui^cess.  His  plan  for  a  sub-ma- 
rine boat  v/as  afterwards  perfected.  In 
1801,  while  he  was  residing  with  his 
friend,  MK  Barlow,  he  met  in  Paris  chan- 
cellor Livingston,  the  American  minister, 
who  explained  to  him  the  imj^rtance  in 
America  of  navigating  boats  by  steam. 
Mr.  Fulton  had  already  conceived  the 
project  as  early  as  1798,  ae  appears  by  his 
letter  to  lord  Stanhope  ^pt.  30.  He  now 
engaged  anew  in  the  afiair,  and  at  the 
common  expense  of  hiolself  and  Mr. 
Livingston  built  a  boat  on  the  Seine  in 
1803,  and  successfully  navigated  the 
river.  The  principles  of  the  steam  en- 
gine he  did  not  invent ;  h6  claimed  only 
the  application  of  water  wheels  for  pro- 
pelling vessels.  In  Dec.  1806  he  returned 
to  thiti  country ;  and  he  and  Mr.  Living<- 
Bton  built  in  1807  the  first  boat,  the  Cler- 
mont, ISO  feet  in  length,  which  naviga- 
ted the  Hudson  at.  the  rate  of  5  milea  an 
hour.  In  Feb.  1809  he  took  out  his  first 
patent.    I  n  1 8 1 0  he  published  his  Torpe- 


FULTON. 


OADSDKN.  4I» 


under  the 
•inter,  and 
id  admitted 
Tor  iereml 
lincM  aa  • 
in  DeTon- 
ainted  with 
1  with  lord 
attachment 
9S  he  en^a* 
iving  inland 
ined  patent! 
and  forma- 
akingropea. 
shieflyoccu- 
ia  period,  in 
18  publiahed. 
engineer  he 
ikiU  in  draw- 
l  to-Parin  in 
;o  the  family 
^ent  7  years, 
and  mathe- 
vied  ge  of  the 
n  langoagea. 
a  Columbiad. 
It  experiment 
he  Seine,  but 
Iror  a  8ub-ma<- 
erfected.    In 
ng  with  his 
n  Paria  chi(n- 
cau  minister, 
mj^rtanee  in 
ta  by  steam, 
onceived  the 
ppears  by  his 
30.    He  now 
r,  and  at  the 
lelf  and  Mr. 
the  Seine  in 
lavigated  the 
the  steam  en- 

claimed  only 
lesla  for  pro- 
16  he  returned 

Mr.  Livhig- 
aat,  the  Cler- 

rhich  navigar 
of  5  milea  an 

k  out  hia  first 

ed  his  Torpe- 


do war.  In  1811  and  1813  he  built  two 
•team  ferry  boats  for  oroosing  the  Hud- 
son ;  he  eontrived  also  very  ingenious 
floating  docks  for  the  reception  of  these 
boatak  In  1818  heobtaiueda'patentfor 
•  sub-marine  battery.  Conceiving  the 
plan  of  a  ateam  man  of  war,  the  govern- 
ment in  March  1814  appropriated 
#880,000  for  oonittructing  it,  and  appoin- 
ted him  the  engineer.  In  about  4  months 
she  was  launched  with  the  name  of  FuW 
ton,  the  fiiat.  He  was  employed  in  im- 
proving his  sub-marine  boat,when  he  died 
suddenly  Feb.  34,  1815,  aged  50.  His 
wife,whom  he  married  in  1808,  was  Har- 
riet, daughter  of  Walter  Livingston. 
Hia  featurea  were  strong  and  interesting; 
his  nunners  easy ;  his  temper  mild ;  in 
hia  domestic  and  social  relations  he 
was  affectionate,  kind,  and  generous. 
The  two  inventions  of  the  cotton  gin  by 
Whitney  and  of  steam  navigation  by 
Fulton  have  an  incalculable  eflect  on  the 
prosperity  of  this  country,  and  may  show 
the  bearing  of  genius,  invention,  science, 
and  «killpn  national  wealth.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  brief  explanation  of  some  of  his 
inventions,  besides  the  steom  boat.  1.  By 
the  machine  for  making  ropes,  which  can 
stand  in  a  room  40  feet  square,  the  rope- 
yarns  are  put  on  spools  and  any  sized  cor- 
dage made  by  one  man.  3.  The  sub-ma- 
rine boat  had  a  main-sail  and  jib  like  a 
skrap;  the  mast  and  sails  couJd.be  taken  in 
and  the  boat  dive  under  water  in  one  min- 
ute,tt  be  rowed  and  steered  by  a  compass. 
Thus  atorpedo  could  be  fixed  to  the  bot- 
tom of  ships  of  war.  Mr.  F.  and  three 
others  continued  under  water  one  hour. 
He  supposed,  that  five  men  might  con- 
tinue under  water  six  hours  and  rise  15 
miles  iVom  the  place,  where  they  went 
down.  3.  The  torpedo  is  a  copper  case, 
containing  50  or  100  lbs.  of.  powder,  dis- 
charged by  a  gun  lock,  which  strikes  by 
means,  of  clock  work,  set  to  any  short 
time.  He  proposed  to  attach  it  to  a  rope 
of  60  or  80  feet,  and  to  fasten  it  by  a  gun 
harpoon  to  the  bow  of  a  vessel,  whose 
motion  would  draw  it  under  her  bottom 
and  thus  she  would  be  blown  up.  A  few 
row-boats,  each'  with  a  torpedo,  might 


attack  a  ahipof  war,  and  be  pretty  sure  to 
succeed.— Co<(/«n'«  Itft  of  Fultoni  En* 
eye.  aam. 

FURMAN,  Richard,  d.  D.,an  eminent 
baptist  minister  of  Charleston,  8.  C.,died 
Aug.  35, 1885.  He  had  b^n  nearly  40 
years  the  pastor  of  a  church  in  Charie»* 
ton,  having  previously  been  the  mini*-  ° 
ter  of  Statosburgh  from  1774  to  1787. 
He  furnished  Ramsay  with  a  statistical 
account  of  Camden,  and  published  a  aer- 
mon  on  the  death  of  Oliver  Hart,  1796. 

GADSDEN,  Christopher,  lieutenant 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  a  distin- 
guished friend  of  his  country,  Waa  born  in 
Charleston  in  1794.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress, 
which  met  at  New  York  in  Oct.  1765  to 
petition  against  the  stamp  act  He  was 
al86  chosen  a  member  of  the  congress, 
which  met  in  1774.  He  was  among  the 
first,  trho  openly  advocated  republican 
principles,  apd  wished  to  make  l^s  coun- 
try independent  of  tlie  monarchical  gov- 
ernment of  Great  Britain.  "  The  deci- 
sive genius' "  says  Ramsay, "  of  Christo- 
pher Gadsden  in  the  south  an4  of  John 
Adams  in  the  north  at  a  much  earlier  day 
might  have  desired  a,  con^)lete  separa- 
tion of  America  from  Great  Britain,  but 
till  the  year  1776,  the  rejection  of  the  sec- 
ond |)etition  of  congress,  and  theappear- 
anc9  of  Paine's  pamphlet,  common  sense, 
a  reconciliation  with  the  mother  country 
was  the  unanimous  wish  of  almost  every 
other  American.  "  During  the  siege  of 
Charleston  in  1780  he  remained  within 
the  lines  with  five  of  the  council,  while 
governor  Rutledge,  with  the  other  three, 
h(t  the  city  at  the  earnest  request  of  gen- 
eral Lincoln.  Several  months  after  the 
capitulation  he  was  taken  out  of  his  bed 
August  27th,  and  with  most  of  the  civil 
and  military  officers  transported  in  a 
guard  ship  to  St.  Augustine.  This  waa 
done  by  the  order  of  lord  Com^allis,  and 
it  was  in  violation  of  the  rights  of  pridon-> 
ers  on  parole.  Guards  were  left  at  their 
houses,  and  the  private  papers  of  some  of 
them  were  examined.  A  parole  was  of- 
fered at  St.  Augustine ;  butsuch  was  hia 
indignation  at  the  ungenerous  treatment, 


OAOE. 


OAINfi. 


which  h«  had  raoeived,  thaf  he  reAiM«l  to 
aoeept  it,  and  bore  «  eloae  conflnement  in 
the  CHtle  for  forty  two  weeks  with  the 
f  reateat  fortitude.  In  1783,  when  it  be- 
flame  neceaHry,by  the  rotation  entablished, 
to  ehooM  t  new  governor,  he  was  elected 
to  thia  office;  but  he  declined  it  on  ac- 
count of  his  age.  He  continued,  howev- 
er, hia  exertions  for  the  good  of  hia  coun- 
try both  in  the  aaaernbly  and  council,  and 
notwithstanding  the  injuriea  lui  had  suf- 
fered and  the  immenae  loaa  of  hia  proper- 
ty he  sealoualy  opposed  the  law  for  con- 
fiscating the  estates  of  the  adherents  to 
the  British  government,  and  contended, 
that  sound  policy  required  us  to  forgive  k 
forget.  He  died  Aug.  28,  1805,  aged  81 
years. — Boreen^i  fun.  itr. ;  Ramtay^B  rev, 
of  Car.  1. 35,  55,  61,  164;  ii.  135,  349. 

CAGE,  Thomas,  or  friar  Thomaa  of 
St.  Mary,  a  catholic  missionary,  was  an 
Irishman  educated  at  9t.  Omer's  and 
joined  the  Dominicans.  In  1636  he 
went  out  fVom  Spain  to  Mexico  with  a 
band  of  missionaries,  destined  for  the 
Philippine  islands  (  but  not  relishing  so 
distant  a  mission  he  fled  to  Gautimala, 
where  and  in  other  neighboring  places  he 
lived  as  a  missiotiary  to  thelndiana  10  or 
1 1  years.  In  1637  he  escaped  to  England 
and  became  a  protectant  minister  at  Deal. 
He  published  a  New  Survey  of  the  West 
Indies,  giving  an  account  of  his  mission  to 
New  Spain  and  of  his  travels  ;  second 
edit.l655',4tKadit.l69ei  4th  ed.in  French, 
1720.  It  is  a  Curious  and  interesting 
book ;  though  Clavigero,  an  Italian, 
might  well  after  the  laspe  of  100  years 
decry  it  and  represent  it  aa  full  of  false- 
hood, for  it  unvaiia  much  of  the  seerets  of 
Catholicism  and  describes  the  pope  asanti^ 
Christ. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of 
Masq.  appointed  by  the  king,  aller  the 
conquest  of  Canada  in  1760  was  appoin* 
ted  governor  of  Montreal.  At  the  depart- 
ure'of  general  Amherst  in  1763,  he  suc- 
ceeded him  aa  eommartder  inchief  of  his 
majesty's  forces  in  America  ;  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Mass.  and  arrived  at 
Boston  May  IS,  1774.  He  was  a  suita- 
ble instrutaent  for  executing  the  purposes 


of  a  tyrannical  miniatry  and  parlianrat. 
Several  regiments  aoon  followed  him,  and 
he  began  to  repair  the  fortiflcationa  upon 
Boston  neck.  The  powder  in  the  araen- 
al  in  Charlestown  was  aeized }  de(aoh« 
menta  were  aent  out  to  take  possssaioa  of 
the  atores  in  Salem  and  Concord ;  and 
the  battle  of  Lexington  became  the  aignal 
of  war.  In  May  1775  the  provinekl  con- 
greaa  declared  Gage  to  be  an  inveterate 
enemy  of  thfe  country,  diaqualified  fVom 
aerving  the  cok)ny  as  governor,  and  un- 
worthy of  obedience.  From  thia  time 
the  exerciae  of  hia  functiona  Wfia  confin- 
ed to  Boston.  In  June  he  issued  a  proc- 
lamation, o'flering  pardon  to  all  the  rebela, 
excepting  Samuel  Adams  and  John  Han- 
cock, and  ordered  the  use  of  the  martial 
law.  But  the  affair  of  Breed's  hill  a  few 
days  afterwards  proved  to  him,  that  he 
had  mistaken  the  character  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. In  Oct.  he  embarked  for  England, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  command  by 
sir  William  Howe.  His  conduct  towards 
the. inhabitants  of  Boston  in  promising 
them  liberty  to  leave  the  town  on  the  deliv- 
ery of  their  arms,  and  then  detaining 
many  of  them,  has  been  reprobated  for 
its  treachery.     He  died  in  England  in 

April  1787. Stedman,    i,  91^110; 

Oordon;  HQlmet;  Mar$hall,  i.  391, 
446;  II.  168,  185,276;  in.  21;  Warren, 
1. 127—182,  241. 

GAILLARD,  John,  senator  of  the 
U.  S.,  from  South  Carolina,  was  a  na- 
tive of  St.  Stephen's  district.  He  voted 
for  the  war  of  1812.  Called  repeatedly 
to  preside  over  the  senate  in  the  absence 
of  the  vice  president,  he  presided  with 
great  impartiality.  He  died  at  Watihing- 
ton  Feb.  26,  1836.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
vigorous  understanding  and  inflexible  in- 
tegrity ;  firm  in  friendship  ;  fixed  in  his 
political  principles ;  yet  in  all  the  conflicts 
of  parties  maintaining  the  courtesy, 
whiish  is  too  often  forgotten. 

GAINE,  Hugh,  n  bookseller  in  New 
York,  wa«  born  in  Ireland,  In  1753  he 
published  the  N.  Y,  mercury,  and  soon 
opened  a  bookshop  in  Hanover  equare,and 
continued  in  his  profitable  business  forty 
years.    He  di«d  April  25,  }807,  ag#d  81. 


OALE. 


OAMAOB. 


405 


parUuanit. 
sd  him,  and 
itiona  upon 
1  the  arten* 
id }  daUoh- 
KMMMiosof 
)ncord ;  mkI 
\e  the  rifnal 
>vineial  con- 
\n  inveterate 
lalified  fVem 
nor,  and  un- 
m  thia  time 
I  wa*  eonfin- 
Mued  a  proc- 
tll  the  rebels, 
td  John  Han- 
)f  the  martial 
ed'shiUafew 
him,  that  he 
of  the  AroerU 
1  for  England, 
command  by 
»nduct  towards 
in  promising 
ynonthedeliv- 
Iwn   detaining 
reprobated  for 
n  England  in 
,    I,  95—110; 
ihall,    I.   S91, 

lenator  of  the 
Una,  was  a  na- 
lict.    He  voted 
died  repeatedly 
in  the  abaeoce 
presided  with 
i  at  Wa^hing- 
ras  a  man  of  a 
id  inflexible  in- 
[p  ;  fixed  in  his 
all  the  conflicU 
the    courtesy, 

Ikaeller  in  New 
In  1752  he 

Icuryi  and  soon 
over  equare,8nd 
B  busipew  forty 
1 J807,  ag^d  81- 


In  the  poetical  version  ofhia  petition  at 
the  closti  oi'  the  war,  he  is  made  to  ex- 
press the  principle,  by  which  many  others 
have  been  found  to  be  governed: 

"Awl  I  nlwtiya  Mlhara  t*  (h«  iword,  (Imt    ii 

loni  ril, 
Asd  Mick  i<i  tiM  parly,  tlMi'tliks  to  bp  iirong- 
e»i." 
ThomM,  II.  109,901,483. 

OALE,  Benjamin,  a  physician,  was 
born  on  Long  Island  in  1715,  but  his  pa- 
rents soon  removed  to  Goshen  N.  Y. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1793. 
Having  studied  with  Jared  Eliot  of  Kill- 
ingsworth,  he  married  his  daughter,  and 
settled  in  that  town,  where  he  died  in 
1790,  aged  75.  He  was  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  agriculturist,  and  was  deeply 
concerned  also  in  politics.  He  invented 
a  drill  plough  ;  he  wrote  a  disAertation  on 
the  prophecies  ;  he  published  a  treatise  on 
the  inoculation  for  the  small  pox,  abont 
1750.  His  method  of  a  preparatory 
course  of  mercury  was  commended  in 
England.  The  same  was  employed  in 
1745  by  Dr.  Thompson  of  Penns.  and 
Dr.  Morison  of  Long  island. — In  the 
transactions  of  the  Royal  society  voL  55, 
he  published  hist,  memoirs  on  inocula- 
tion, and  account  of  the  cure  by  salt  of 
the  bite  of  the  rattle  snake.— TAacAer. 

G ALLISON,  John,  a  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Marblehead  in  Oct.  l788.  His 
mother  was  sister  of  judge  Sewall.  After 
practising  law  for  ashoTt^time  in  Marble- 
head,  he  removed  to  Boston,  where  for  a 
year  or  two  he  was  the  editor  of  the  Week- 
ly Messenger.  HediedDec.35,lS20,aged 
S3.  He  published  Reports  of  cases  deci- 
ded in  the  circuit  court,  3  vols.  1817;  ad- 
dress to  the  peace  society,  1320. 

GALLOWAYi  Joseph,  an  eminent 
lawyer  in  Pennsylvania,  was  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  that  province  in  May 
1764,  when  the  subject  of  a  petition  in 
favor  of  a  change  of  the  government  from 
that  of  a  proprietary  to  a  royal  govern- 
ment was  discussed.  John  Dickinson 
was  opposed  to  the  petition  and  Mr.  Gal- 
loway answered  hia  speech  with  much 
warmth.  Both  speeches  were  printed, 
and  Mr.  Dickinson  after  an  ineffectual 


challenge,  wrote  his  "  answer  to  a  piece, 
called  the  speech  of  Joseph  Galbway." 
After  having  been  for  some  time  speaker 
of  the  house  of  assembly,  he  was  appoior 
ted  a  member  of  the  first  congreari  in  1774. 
Ha  afterwards    deserted  the  American 
cause,  joining  the  British  at  New  York 
in  Dec.  1776,  and  remained  with  the  army 
till  June  1778.      His  counsels  and  exer- 
tions were  of  little  avail  against  the  reso- 
lute spirit  of  millions,  determined  to  be 
free.    By  his  own  account  he  abandoned 
an  esUte  of  the;  value  of  40,000/.     In 
1779  lie  was  examined  before'the  house  of 
common^  on  the  transactions  in  America, 
and  hia  representation  did  not  do  much 
credit  to  the  British  commanders.     H« 
died  in  England  in  Sept.  1803,  aged  79. 
The  preface  to  his  speech, which  was  pub- 
lished in  ]764,was  written  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, who  supported  the  same  cause.      It 
presents  a   history    of  the  proprietary 
government.      Mr.  Galloway  published 
also  observations  on  the  conduct  of  sir 
William    Howe,    in    which,    notwith- 
standing    his     attachments,     lie     dis- 
ck)ses  and  reprehends  the  shocking  bru- 
tality  of   the  British  .troops,  especially 
in  New  Jersey.    The  following  work,  it 
is  believed,  is  the  production  of  hia  pen  ; 
brief  commentaries  upon  such  parts  of  the 
revelation  and  other  prophecies,  as  imme- 
diately refer  to  the  present  times,  Lon- 
don, 1803.       He  published  a   letter  to 
Howe  on  his  naval  conduct ;  letters  to  a 
nobleman  on  the  conduct  of  war  in  the 
middle  colonies,  1779  ;,  reply  to  the  ob- 
servations of  gen.  Howe  ;  cool   thoughts 
on  the  consequences  of  American  inde- 
pendence ;   candid  examination  of  ^the 
claims  of  Great  Britain  and  her  cok)nies  ; 
reflections    on  the    American  rebellion, 
London,  1 780.— iitst.  eol.  ii.  93;  Month- 
ly rev.  XXXII.  67  ;  Ixi.  71 ;  Franklin'i 
workt,  III.  163. 

GAM  AGE,  William,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian in  Boston,  was  thf  |^on  of  Dr.^Wm. 
G.  of  Cambridge,  who  died  Jan.  1, 1821, 
aged  76.  He  graduated. at  Hahrard  col- 
lege in  1803,  and  died  Oct.  5,  |818,  aged 
37.  He  published  several  articles  in  the 
N.  E.  journal  of  medicine,  and  some  ac- 


GAMBOLD. 


GARDEN. 


eonnt  orthe  fetrer  or  1817  and  1818,  with 
nmarln  on  typhus. 

GAMBOLD,  John,MoraviaH  mission- 
ary, resided  at  Spring  Place  among  the 
Cherokees  in  18l7,when  he  was  yisited 
by  Mr.  Cornelius.  By  his  labors  Mr. 
Hicks  became  a  christian  convert.  In 
1887  he  resided  within  SO  miles  or  Spring 
Place  at  OoehelOgy,  and  in  that  year  lie 
died  ^xtv,  6th,  after  a  long  period  of 
weakness  and  suffering.  He  was  a  faith- 
flU  servant  of  his  master. 
GANNETT,CBleb,mini8ter  ofAmherat 
It  Cumberland,  N.  S.,was  6orn  in  Bridge- 
water,  Mads.,  Aug.  32,  1745  ;.  graduated 
•t  Harvard  college  in  1763 ;  and  vma  or- 
dained Oct.  13,  1767  ;  but  from  inade- 
quate support  returned  to  N.  E.  in  1771. 
For  some  years  he  was  a  tutor  in  the  col- 
ege,  and  steward  from  1 780  till  his  death, 
Apr,  35,  1818,'^aged  73.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  president  Stiles.  In  the 
transactions  of  the  AiAerioan  Academy^ 
Yols.  1.  and  ii,  he  published  observations 
of  an  eclipse,  and  two  papers  on  the  auro- 
ra borealis. — 3  Hitt.eol.  vni.  377-385. 

GANO,  Jbhn,  minister  in  New  York, 
«oUeeted  the  first  baptist  society  in  that 
ci^,  and  was  ordained  its  pastor  in  1763. 
Early  espousing  the  cause  of  his  country 
in  the  contest  with  Great  Britain,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  war  he  joined  the 
standard  of  freedom  in  the  capacity  of 
chaplain.  His  preaching  contributed  to 
impart  a  determined  spirit  to  the  soldiers, 
and  he  continued  in  the  army  tillthe 
eonclu^on  of  the  war.  When  a  lieuten- 
ant, afler  uttering  some  profane  expres- 
iiortf ,  accodted  him,  saying,  "  Good  mor- 
ning Dr.  Good  Man  ;"  he  replied — ''You 
pray  early  this  morning." — The  reproved 
man  said,  "  I  beg  your  pardon."—"  O," 
retorted  Mr.  G.,  "  I  cannot  pardon  you  ; 
carry  your  case  to  God."  He  left  his  so- 
ciety in  New  York  in  1788,  and  removed 
to  Kentucky.  He  died  at  Frankfort 
Aug.  10, 180'i,aged  77,  resigned  to  the 
divine  will,  and  in  the  hope  of  everlasting 
blessedness  in  the  presence  of  his  Redee- 
mer. His  son,  Steph.  Gano,  v.  D.,died 
at  Providence  Aug.  38,  1818,  aged  65, 
in  the  36th  year  of  his  ministry. — Me- 


moirs of  his  life,  written  principally  by 
himself,  were  published  in  13mo.  1806. — 
OaM't  memoirt. 

GANSEVOORT,  Peter,  jun.  briga-" 
dieir  general,  was  born  in  Alljany  July  17, 
1 7  49.  With  the  rank  of  major  he  accom- 
panied Montgomery  to  Canada  in  1775. 
He  commanded  at  fort  Stanwix,  as  colo- 
nel, when  it  was  besieged  by  St  Leger 
in  1777.  He  resolutely  defended  the  post 
from  Aug.  3  to  33,  until  the  approach  of 
Arnold  dispersed  the  Indians  &  gave  him 
relief.  For  his  gallant  defence  he  recei- 
ved the  thanks  of  congress.  In  1781  he 
was  appointed  brigadier  general  by  the 
state.  After  the  war  he  was  military 
agent  and  intrusted  with  other  offices. 
He  died  July  3, 1 8 1 3,  aged  63.  He  Was 
brave,  intelligent,  and  faithful,  and  highly 
respected.  In  Lempriere  he  is  said  to  have 
been  a  brigadier  of  ihe  U.  S.  in  1800  ; 
but  it  is  a  mistake  ;  it  was  Leonard  G., 
who  received  that  appointment,  and  who 
died  Aug.  1810. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  an  episcopal 
minister,  i^as  born  in  Scotland  in  1685  ; 
came  to  Charleston  about  1730;  and 
died  in  1756,  aged  70.  He  was  the 
iaithful  commissary  of  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don for  thie  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and  the 
Bahama  islands.  He  was  a  man  of  lear- 
ning and  of-  charity.  A  tenth  of  his  in- 
come he  gave  to  the  poor.  He  published 
six  letters  to  Mr.  Whitefield,  1740  ;  doc- 
trine of  justification  vindicated  ;  two^aer- 
mons,  1743. — Banuay,  ii.  10,  466. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  d.  d.,!*.  r.  s.,  a 
physician,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  A.  G.  of 
Birse,  Aberdeen,  who  died  about  1784. 
Having  studied  physic  at  Edinburgh,  he 
came  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  about  1750, 
and  by  his  practice  of  SO  years  acquired  a 
fortune.  In  1783  he  returned  to  Europe 
and  died  in  London  April  15, 1791,  aged 
63.  He  was  much  devoted  to  the  study 
of  nattaral  history,  particularly  of  botany, 
and  «aade  a  number  of  communications 
on  those  subjects  to  his  philosophical 
friends  in  Europe.  In  compliment  to  him 
the  greatest  botanist  of  the  age  gave  the 
name  of  Gatdenia  to  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful flowering  shrubs  in  the  world.     He 


ipally  by 
.  1806.— 

n.  briga-" 

July  17, 
le  accom- 

in  1775. 
K,  as  colo- 
St  Leger 
•d  the  post 
pproach  of 

gtiTe  him 
e  he  recei^ 
[n  1781  he 
fal  by  the 
as  military 
her  oiScefl. 
He  "Was 
,  and  highly 
said  to  have 
3.  in  ia09; 
Leonard  G., 
nt,  and  who 


an  -^ 

ind  in  1685  -, 

1790;  and 
He  was  the 
ishopof  Lon- 
rgia,  and  the 

man  of  lear- 
ath  of  his  in- 
Me  published 

1, 1740 ;  doc- 

led ;  two«er- 

tO,  466. 

D.,*.  B.  8.J  a 

ev.  A.  G.  of 
about  1784. 
idinburgh,  he 
about  1750, 
[ars  acquired  a 
\ei  to  Europe 
5, 1791,  aged 
to  the  study 
rfly  of  botany, 
immunications 
philosophical 
plimenttohim 

I  age  gave  *^ 
the  most  beau- 

e  world.     He 


GARDINER. 

introduced  into  medical  use  the  Virginia 
pink  root  as  a  vermifuge,  and  published 
in  1764«nQccount  of  its  medical  proper- 
ties, with  a  tfotanical  description ;  a 
second  edit.  1772. — I'AoeAer;  Ramiay*i 
review  oftnedieine,  4S,  44;  Miller's  ret- 
rotpect,  1. 319i 

GARDINER,  Sylvester,  a  physician, 
was  born  in  R.  Island  in  1717.  His 
grandfather  emigrated  from  .England. 
Having  studied  his  profession  several 
years  in  France  and  England,  he  prac- 
tised physic  very  successfully  iti  Boston: 
he  also  established  a  very  profitable  drug- 
ahdp.  Acquiring  great  wealth,  he  con- 
nected himself  with  the  Plymouth  land 
company,  and  purchased  extensive  tracts 
of'land  in  Maine.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  tiie  revolution  he  was  a  tory  re- 
fugee, and  of  hid  large  estate  was  able  to 
take  with  him  only  400/.  His  lands, 
about  100,000  acres, were  confiscated  and 
sold  at  auction ;  but  his  heirs,  through 
some  informality,  were  re-invested  with 
the  property.  After  the  war  he  return- 
ed to  Newport, where  he  died  of  a  malig- 
nant fever  Aug.  8,  1736,  aged  68.  He 
displayed  in  his  Hie  the  moral  virtiles  and 
a  regard  to  the  duties  of  religion.  In  his 
will  he  bequeathed  10  acres  and  a  small 
sum  of  money  for  the  episcopal  society  in 
Gardiner,  and  directed  the  small  house  of 
*  worship  to  be  finished  ;  but  it  was  soon 
burnt  by  an  insane  man,  Mc  Causland,  in 
179S. — Thacher  ;  Greenleaf't  eeelea. 
$ketehe$,m. 

GARDINER,  John  Sylvester  John, 
D.D.,  episcopal  minister  in  Boston,1>ecame 
assistant  to  Dr.  Parker  Apr.  13,  1792  and 
died  at  Harrowgate  springs,  England, 
July  26,  1830,  aged  65.  ,  He  was  distin- 
gui8l)ed  for  his  literary  attainments,  and 
7eak)U8  forwhat  he  regardsas  the  Armiu- 
ian  and  Trinitarian  tenets  of  the  episcopal 
church,  and  no  less  zealous  in  politics. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  J.  Bowers,  1802;  before  the  humane 
society;  before  the  charitable  fire  society, 
1803 ;  on  death  of  bp.  Parker,  1804;  of 
Geo.  Higginson,  and  Tho.  C.  Amory, 
1812;  pta  fast,  1808,  and  1812;  before 
a  fbmaie  asyluiii,  1809  ;    on  the  divinity 


GATES. 


407 


of  Jesus  Christ,  1810;  preservative 
against  unitarianism,  1811;  before theso* 
ciety  of  donations,  1813. 

GARDNER,  George,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard,  college,  was  gradyated  in  1763, 
and' was  a  merchant  in  Salem,  where  he 
died  in  1773,  bequeathing  to  the  college 
4,867  doll,  for  the  education  of  poor 
scholars  ;  1 ,466d.  to  the  poor  of  Salem; 
and  7,d33d.  to  the  marine  society  for 
{superannuated  seamen.  The  legacies 
became  dud  on  the  death  of  bis  brother,  .^ 
WeldG.,  inNov.  1801,  '^ 

GARRARD,  James,  governor  of 
Kentucky  from  1796  to  1804,  was  a  na- 
tiveof  Virginia  and  an  officer  of  tlie  rev- 
olution. He  '^s  among  the  first  adven- 
turous sutlers  of  Kentucky  and  died  at 
Mount  Lebanon,  Bourboa  aounty,  Jan. 
.19,  1822,  aged  73. 

GATES,  Horatio,a  major  general  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  a  na- 
tive of  England.  .  In  early  life  he  entered 
the  British  army,  and  laid  the  fbundation 
of  his  future  military  excellence.  He 
was  aid  to  gen.  Monkton  at  the  capture 
of  Martinico  ;  and  after  the  peace  of  Aix 
la  Chapelle  be  was  among  the  first  troops, 
which  landed  at  Halifax ,  under  general 
Cornwallist  H^was  witli  Braddock  at 
the  time-of  his  defeat  in  1755,  a^d  was 
shot  through  the  body.  When  peace 
was  concluded,  he  purchased  an  es^te  in 
Virginia,  where  he  resided  until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  American  war  in  1775, 
whea  he  was  appointed  by  congress  adju- 
tant general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general.  He  accompanied  Washington 
to  Cambridge,  when  he  went  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  army  in^that  place.  In  June 
1776  Gate's  was  appointed  to  the  com-  , 

mand  of  the  army  of  Canada.  He  was 
superseded  by  general  Schuyler  in  May 
1777,  but  in  August  following  he  todc 
the  place  of  this  ofHcer  in  the  northern 
department.  The  success,  which  attend-  -^ 
ed  his  arms  in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne 
in  October,  filled  America  with  joy.  Con- 
gress^passed  a  vote  of  thanks^and  ordered  a 
medal  of  gold  to  be  presented  to  him  by  the 
president.  His  conduct  towards  his  con- 
quered enemy  was  marked  by  a  delicacy, 


408 


■t. 


.  GATES. 


♦ 


4 


GE&. 


m 


which  does  him  the  highest  honor.  He 
did  not  permit  his  own  troope  to  witness 
the  mortification  of  the  British  in  depos- 
iting their  arms.  Aflcr  gen.  Lincoln  was 
taken  prisoner,  he  was  appointed  June  13, 
1780  to  the  command  of  the  southern  if- 
,  partment  August  16,  he  was  dereated 
^by  Cornwattisat  Gamde'n.  He  was  su- 
perseded Dec.  3,  by  gen.  Greene  ;  but 
was  in  1782  refitOred  to  his  cothmandi 
*  Ailer  the  peace  he  retired  to  his  farm 
in  Berkeley  county,  Virginia,  where  he 
remained  until  the  year  1790,  when  he 
went  to  reside  at  New  York,  having  firSit 
emancipated  his  slaves,'and  made  a  pecun- 
-iary  provision  for  such,  as  were  not  able 
to  provide  for  themselves.  Soine  of  them 
would  not  leave  him,  but  continued  in 
his  family.  On  his  arrival  at  New 
York  the  freedom  of  .the  city  was  pre- 
sented to  him.  In,  1800  he  accepted  a 
seat  in  the  legislature,  but  he  retained  it 
no  {dnger,  than  he  conceived  his  services 
might  be  useful  to  the  cause  of  liberty, 
which  he  never  abandoned.  His  political 
opinions  did  not  separate  him  from  many 
respectable  citizens,  wliose  views  differed 
widely  from  his  own.  He  died  April  10, 
1806,  aged  77.  His  widow  died  Nov.  20, 
1810.  A  few  weeks  before  his  death  he 
wrote  to  his  friend,  Dr.  Mitchill,  then  at 
Washington,  on  some  business,  and  dos- 
ed his  letter,  dated  Feb.  27,  1806,  with 
the  following  words: — "  I  am  very  weak, 
<ind  have  evident  signs  of  an  approaching 
dissolution.  But  I  have  lived  long  enough, 
^ince  I  have  lived  to  see  a  mighty  people 
animated  with  a  spirittobefree,  and  gov- 
erned by  transcendent  abilities  and  hon- 
or." He  retained  his  faculties  to  the  last. 
He  took  pleasure  in.  professing  his  attach- 
ment to  religion  and  his  firm  belief  in  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity.  The  will,  which 
was  madp  not  long  before  his  death,  ex- 
hibited the  humility  of  his  faith.  In  an 
article,  dictated  by  himself,  he  expre^ed 
a  sense  of  his  own  unworthiness,  and  his 
reliance,solely  on  the  intercession  and  suf- 
ferings of  the  Redeemer.  In  another 
paragraph  he  directed,  that  his  IvKly 
should  be  privately  buried,  which  was 
accordingly  done.    General  Gates  wag  a 


whig  in  iEngland  and  a  republican  in 
America.  He  was  a  scholar,  well  versed 
in  history  &'  the  Latin  classics.  While 
he  was  just,  hospitable,  and  generous,  and 
possessed  a  feeling  heart,  his  manners  and 
deportment  yet  indicated  his  military 
character. — Marshall,  u,iS1',  rti.  3,336, 
-278,386;  IV.  169-182,834,  696;  Bri$- 
lot,  nouv.  v^.  IT.  50  ;  Stedtnan,  i.  889, 
342  ;  II.  200,  233  ;  Gordon,  ii.  976,  572; 
lit.  391,  439,  473  ;    iv.  36. 

GAY,  Ebenezer,  d.  d;,  minister  of 
Hingbam,  Mass.  was  bom  Aug.  36, 1696. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1714,  and  ordained  June  11, 1718,  as  suc- 
cessor of  John  Norton.  The  first  tnin- 
ister  was  P.  Hobart.  These  three  min- 
isters preached  about  150  years.  Dr. 
Gay  died  March  18,  1787,  aged  90,  in 
the  69th  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Ware.  His  mental 
powers  were-  continued  to  him  in  an  un- 
common degree  till  his  death.  On  the 
day, which  completed  the  85tb  year  of  his 
age,  he  preached  a  sermon,  which  was 
much  celebrated  and  was  reprinted  in 
England.  ,  Dr  Chauncy  pronounces  him 
to  have  been  one  of  the  greatest  and  most 
valuable  men  in  the  country.  His  senti- 
ments were  not  so  rigid,  as  those  of  some 
of  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  ;  but  he 
was  Jealous  for  the  interests  of  practical 
goodness.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  Joseph  Green,  1725  ;of  Eb. 
Gay,  jun.  1742  ;  of  J.  Mayhew,  1747  ;  of 
J.  Dorby,  1752  ;  of  E.  Carpenter,  1753; 
ofG.  Rawson,  1755  ;  of  Bunker  Gay, 
1763;  of  C.  Gaiinett,1768  ;  at  the  artillery 
election  ;  on  the  transcendent  glory  of  the 
gospel,  to  which  is  added  a  pillar  of  salt  to 
season  a  corrupt  age,t728;  on  the  death  of 
John  Hancock,  1 744 ;  nt  the  election, 1745; 
at  the  convention,  1746;Dudleian  lecture, 
1759  ;  two  sermons  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Mayhew,  1766  ;  thanksgiving  sermon, 
1771  ;  the  old  man's  calendar,  l78h— 
Shute^a  fun.  her.  ;  Hi$t.  col.  x.  159; 
Mass.  cent.  March  30,  1787. 

GEE,  Joshua,  minisli  r  in  Boston,was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1717, 
and  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  or  old 
north  church,  as  collengue  with  Cotton 


*•  ■$> 


QEORGIA. 


41 


400 


Mather,  Dec.  18,  1733.  In  iJii  he  re- 
ceived fur  his  colleague  Samuel  Math- 
er, but  a  separation  occurred,  and  a  new 
church  was  built  for  Mr.  Mather.  He 
died  May  22,  1748,  aged  60.  His  wife, 
the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Rogers  of 
Portsmouth,  an  accomplished  woman, 
died  in  1730  aged  29.  A  sermon  on  her 
death  was  published  by  P.  Thacher.  He 
possessed  a  strong  and  penetrating  mind. 
His  po'./ers  of  reasoning  were  very 
uncommon.  Few  were  more  discern- 
ing, or  could  more  completely  develop 
a  subject.  He  possessed  also  a  con- 
siderable share  of  learning.  His  foi- 
ble was  a  strange  indolence  of  temper. 
He  preferred  talking  with  his  friends  to 
every  thing  else.  He  published  in  1743 
a  letter  to  Nathaniel  Eells,  moderator  oi' 
a  convention  of  pastors  in  Boston,  con- 
taining some  remarks  on  their  printed 
testimony  against  disorders  in  the  land. 
From  this  pamphlet  it  appears,  that  there 
was  present  in  the  convention  not  one 
third  of  the  pastors  of  Mass.  and  that  of 
these,  70  in  number,  but  a  small  majority 
voted  for  the  last  paragraph  of  the  testi- 
mony, which  caused  such  debates  res- 
pecting an  attestation  to  the  work  of 
God's  grace  in  a  remarkable  revival  of 
religion  among  the  churches.  Mr.  Gee 
complains  of  the  testimony,  that  it  is  par- 
tial ;that  it  speaks  of  the  prevalence  of  anii- 
nomianbut  not  of  Arminian  errors;  that  it 
holds  up  to  view  the  disorders  consequent 
upon  the  revival,  and  not  the  great  and 
beneficial  effects  of  the  revival  itself.  He 
was  one  of  the  assembly  of  mini8terB,who 
met  in  Boston  July  7,  1743,  and  gave 
their  attestation  to  the  progress  of  reli- 
gion in  this  country.  He  published  also 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Cotton  Mather, 
1728  ;  two  sermons,  entitled,  the  strait 
gate  and  the  narrow  way  infinitely  pref- 
erable to  the  wide  gate  and  the  broad 
way,  ni9.—Hittor.col.x.  157;  Prince's 
Chr.hiat.  i.  164. 

GEORGIA,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  was  originally  apart  of  Car- 
olina. It  was  granted  to  twenty  one 
trustees  on  the  ninth  of  June  1732  by 
king  George  II,  and  received  its  name 
63 


in  honor  of  him.  The  design  of  the 
founders  of  this  coldtiy  was  most  benevo- 
lent and  generous.  It  was  intended  to 
strengthen  the  province  of  Carolina,  to 
open  an  asylum  for  the  oppressed,  and  to 
attempt  the  conversion  of  the  natives. 
The  parliament  gave  10,000/.  to  encour- 
age the  design.  Th9  territory  was  by 
charter  erected  into  a  Separate  and  inde-^,, 
pendent  government  for  21  years,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  period^ch  a  form  of 
government  was  to  be  established,  as  the 
king  should  appoint.  The  trustees  en- 
gaged immediately  in  the  prosecution  of 
their  design.  Large  contributions  were 
obtained  lb,  the  assistance  of  the  poor, 
who  should  engage  in  the  settlement. 
Jan.  15,  1739  James  Oglethorpe,  one  of 
the  trustees,  at  the  head  of  upwards  of  a 
hundred  persons,  arrived  at  Carolina. 
He  proceeded  immediately  to  Savannah 
river,  and,  having  fixed  upon  a  spot  for 
commencing  the  plantation,  his  pe6p\e 
joined  nini  on  the  first  of  February.  On 
the  ninth,  with  the  assistance  of  rx)lonel 
"William  Bull  from  Ashley  river,  he  laid 
out  the  streets,  squares,  and  forty  lots  for 
houses,  and  the  town  was  called  Savan- 
nah, after  the  river,  so  denominated  by 
the  Indians.  A  fort  was  soon  completed 
for  the  safety  of  the  colony,  and  a  treaty 
was  concluded  with  the  eight  tribes  of 
the  lower  Creek  Indians.  He  told  the 
Indians,  that  he  came  "  to  settle  among 
them  for  their  benefit  and  instruction.  " 
Every  thing  seemed  to  promise  future 
prosperity  ;  but  some  regulations  were 
established,  which  tended  to  retard  its 
growth,  although  considerable  accessions 
were  received  from  Scotland  and  Germa- 
ny. In  1737  the  depredationsjcommitted 
by  the  Spaniards  on  the  English  by  sea, 
threatening  a  war  between  the  two  pow- 
ers, a  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  was 
sent  to  Georgia  for  the  protection  of 
that  colony.  In  1742  the  Spaniards  from 
Florida  invaded  Georgia  with  near  six 
thousand  men,  including  Indians ;  but 
the  military  skill  of  Oglethorpe,  under  a 
kind  providence,  was  the  means  of  saving 
the  colony.  The  charter  was  surrender- 
ed by  the  trustees  to  the  king  in  1752  in 


# 


410 


#-i^  ^^ 


m 


m 


consequuncti  of  the  languishing  state  of 
the  colony  and  of  th^complaints  of  tlie 
people.  The  fundamental  regulations 
were  ill  adapted  to  the  circumstances  of 
the  poor  settlers,  and  to  the  situation  of 
the  territory.  The  restrictions  upon  the 
descent  of  estates  drove  settlers  to  other 
colonies,  where  lands  coukl  he  obtained  on 
jietter  terms,  and  held  by  a  better  tenure. 
By  the  prohibition  of  negroes  the  culture 
v|||^of  the  lands  WM  rendered  difficult,  and  by 
forbidding  the  importation  of  rum  the 
colonists  were  cut  off  from  much  trade 
with  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as  from 
n  article,  which  was  thought  necessary 
to  health,  especially  by  those,  whose 
taste  was  eager  for  it.  A  royal  govern- 
ment was  now  established,  and  the  peo- 
ple were  favored  with  the  same  privileges, 
which  were  enjoyed  by  their  neighbors  in 
Carolina. 

From  1753  to  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1768  Georgia  struggled  with  many  diffi- 
culties, arising  from  the  want  of  credit, 
and  the  frequent  molestations  of  enemies. 
The  good  effects  of  the  peace  were  soon 
perceived.  From  this  time  it  flourished 
under  the  care  of  governor  Wright. 
This  colony  united  with  the  other  colo- 
nies in  opposition  to  Great  Britain  in  the 
summer  of^  1775,  and  appointed  delegates 
to  attend  the  continental  congress.  Du- 
ring the  war  it  was  overrun  by  the  Brit- 
ish troops,  and  the  inhabitants  were  obli- 
ged to  flee  into  the  neighboring  states  for 
safety.  Since  the  war  population,  agri- 
culture, and  commerce  have  increased 
with  great  rapidity,  though  the  frontiers 
have  suffered  much  from  the  frequent  at- 
tacks of  the  Creek  Indians.  A  treaty  was 
concluded  with  them  by  the  United 
States  August  13,  1790,  since  which  time 
immigrations  have  been  numerous. 

Georgia  by  an  act  of  the  legislature, 
passed  Jan.  7, 1795,  sold  to  four  different 
companies  about  twenty  two  million 
acres  of  its  western  territory,  and  the  pur- 
chase money,  amounting  to  five  himdred 
thousand  dollars^  was  paid  into  the  state 
treasury.  By  an  act  of  the  next  legisla- 
ture, passed  Feb.  13,  1796,  the  law  rela- 
ting to  the  sale  of  the  said  lands  was  de- 


GEORGIA. 

dared,  onMthe  ground  of  bribery  and  eor- 


•m 


ruption,  unconstitutional  and  void,  and 
the  records  were  ordered  to  he  burned. 
By  these   proceedings   the  purchasers, 
under  the  original  companies,  were  pla- 
ced in  &  most  unpleasant  situation.    The 
constitution  of  Georgia  was  revised  and 
adopted  in  its  present  form  by  a  conven- 
tion of  the  state  May  80,  1798,    By  the 
articles  of  this  constitution  the  governor 
is  to  be  elected  by  the  general  assembly 
for  the  term  of  two  years  ;  the  judges  of 
the  superior  court  to  be  chosen  for  the 
term  of  three  years,  and  to  be  liable  to 
removal  by  the  governor  on  the  address 
of  two  thirds  of  both  houses  of  the  legis- 
lature.   In  other  respects  the  constitution 
of  this  state  differs  but  little  from  that  of 
Massachusetts.    In  1802  Georgia  ceded 
the  sovereignty  and  her  rights  as  to  the 
Cherokee    lands    to    the    U.    S,    for 
1,250,000  doll,  and  the  U.  S.  agreed  to 
extinguish,  as  soon  as  conld  peaceably  be 
done  on  reasonable  terms,  the  Indian 
title.    In  1831  a  law  was  passed,  that  no 
white  person  should  reside  in  the  Chero- 
kee territory  withoat  a  license  from  the 
governor,  on  taking  a  certain  oath.    The 
design  of  the  law,  as  afterwards  avowed 
by  the  legislature,  waa"  in  order  toef!ect 
the  removal  of  the  Indians,"  and  particu- 
larly to  destroy  "  the  influence,"  meaning 
that  of  christian  missionaries  among  the 
Indians,  "  which  was  at  war  with  the  in- 
terest of  Georgia."    For  refusing  to'take 
this  oath  and  to  remove,two  missionaries, 
Rev.  S.  Worcester  and  Dr.  E.  Butler, 
who  had  entered  on  their  labors  by  en- 
couragement of  the  United  States'  gov- 
ernment, were  sentenced  in  1831  to  the 
penitentiary  for  four  years,  and  shut  up 
in  the  prison  house  of  Georgia.    Their 
case  was  brought  up  to  the  Supreme  court 
of  the  U.  S.  at  Washington,  and  by  that 
court  it  was  decided,  March  3,  1832,  that 
the  laws  of  Georgia  in  regard  to  theChe- 
rokees  were  "  null  and  void, "  being  re- 
pugnant to  the  constitution  of  the  J.  S. 
and  to  solemn  treaties  and  acts  of  the  na- 
tional government.    Such  is  the  state  of 
things  at  the  moment  of  sending  this  ar- 
ticle to  the  press.    It  remains  to  be  seen, 


I 


*!„- 


QERRISH. 

whether  Georgia,  agreeably  to  the  utter- 
ed wUhea  of  her  representative  in  covr 
gress,  will  madly  raise  thie  standard  of  re- 
bellion, or,  in  obedience  to  wiser  counsels, 
will  retrace  the  steps  of  injustice  and 
oppression  and  by  adhering  to  the  Union 
save  herself  from  abandonment  and  ruin. 
— tiewatt'i  aeouni  of  S.  C.  and  Oeorfiia; 
Wynne,  ii.  301-315;  Britith  emp.  in 
America,  i.  525-541  ;  Holmet. 

QERRISH,  Joseph,  minister  of  Wen- 
ham,  Mass.,  the  son  ol  capt.  Wm.  G.  of 
Newbury,  was  born  March  83,  1650  ; 
graduated  in  1669 ;  was  ordained  as  suc- 
cessor cf  A.  Newman  in  1673 ;  and  died 
Jan.  6,  1720,  aged  69.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  ofmaj.Waldron  of  Dover:  his 
son,  Joseph,  was  a  minister.  His  broth- 
ers, Benj.  of  Salem,  John  of  Dover,  and 
Moses  of  Newbury,  with  many  of  their 
descendants,  were  distinguished  men. 
John  D union  calls  him  Mr.  Geery:  his 
description  of  him  is  thus  given  ;~"  the 
philotopher  is  acute,  ingenious,  and  sub- 
tle. The  divine  curious,  orthodox,  and 
profound.  The  man  of  a  majcitie  air, 
without  austerity  or  sourness ;  his  aspect 
is  masterly  and  great,  yet  not  imperious 
or  haughty.  The  ekriitian  is  devout, 
without  moroseness  or  starts  of  holy  fren- 
zy and  enthusiasm.  The  preacher  is 
primitive,  without  the  accessional  colors 
of  whining  or  cant ;  and  methodical, 
without  intricacy,  or  affectation,  and, 
which  crowns  his  character,  he  is  A  man 
of  a  public  spirit,  zealous  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  Indians,  and  of  great  hospitali- 
ty to  strangers.  He  gave  us  a  noble 
dinner,  and  entertained  us  with  fiuch  plea- 
sant fruits,  as,  I  must  owa,  Old  England 
is  a  stranger  to."— 2  HiiLeol.  ii.  120. 

GERRY,  Elbridge,  vice-president  of 
thelJ.  S.,was  born  in  Msrblehead,  Mass., 
July  17,  1744.  His  father,  a  merchant, 
came  to  this  country  in  1730  and  died  in 
1774.  After  graduating  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1762,  he  devoted  himself  for  sev- 
eral years  to  commercial  pursuits,  and  ac- 
quired a  competent  estate.  Being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  in  1773,  he  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  important  committee  of 
inquiry  and  correspondence.     In  his  pat- 


GERRY. 


411 


riotio  labors  he  was  the  asNclate  of  Ad- 
ams, Hancock,  and  Warren.     The  pro- 
vincial congress  of  1775  appointed  him  on 
the  committee  of  public  safety  and  sup- 
plies.    The  committee  had  been  in  ae^ 
sion  at  Menotomy,  then  a  part  of  Cam- 
bridge.   Mr.  Gerry  and  col.  Oxne  were  in 
bed,  when  the  approach  of  the  British 
troops  induced  then^  to  flee  half  dressed   ^ 
to  a  neighboring  coifn-field,  where  thoy    * 
remained,  while  the  troops  searched  ev^ 
ry  apartment  of  the  house  in  order  to  findU 
them.    To  the  provincial  congress   he 
proposed  the  very  important  measure  of 
passing  laws  for  the  encouragement  of 
privateers  and  for  the  establishment  of  a 
court  of  admiralty;  and  he  and  Mr.  Sulli- 
van were  the  committee  to  draw  up  the 
act  for  that  purpose.    Elected  to  the  con- 
tinental congress,  he  took  his  seat  Feb. 
9, 1776,  and  continued  in  that  body  with 
some  intervals,  until  Sept.  1785.     He 
served  on  various  important  committees. 
His  skill  in  finance  rendered  him  particu- 
larly useful.    In  1787  he  was  deputed  to 
the  convention,  which  framed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  U.  S.      He  was  opposed  to 
the  plan  adopted,  deeming  the  executive 
and  judicial  powers  perilous,  and  some  of 
the    legislative  powers   ambiguous  and 
dangerous,  and  thinking  that  the  consti- 
tution had  few  federal  features  and  was 
rather  a  system  of  national  government. 
He  retainet.  his  objections.     In  1809  the 
writer  of  th    heard  him  express  his  opin- 
ion, that  the  j  resident  had  power8,which 
few  were  awart  of,  and  which,  he  hoped 
would  never  be  exerted.    Under  the  con- 
stitution he  served  four  years  as  a  member 
of  congress.     In  1797  he  was  appointed 
by  Mr.  Adams  minister  to  the  French  re 
public, with  Mr.Marshall  and  gen.  Pinck- 
ney.      When,  in  1798,  his  colleagues 
were  sent  away  from  France,  he  was  in- 
vited to  remain.     His  services  were  use- 
ful in  preserving  peace.    In  1810  he  was 
elected  governor  as  successor  of  Mr.  Gore, 
and  was  succeeded  in  1812  by  Mr.  Strong. 
By  mistake  Mr.  Goodrich  states,  that  he 
was  governor  in  1805.    March  4, 1818  he 
was  inaugurated  the  vice  president  of  the 
United  Slates,  Mr.  Madison  being  presi- 


i' 


#: 


•* 


413 


GIBBONS. 


GILES. 


dent.  He  died  suddenly  at  Washington 
Nov.  «3, 1814,  aged  70.  His  daughter 
married  James  T.  Austin  of  Boston,  the 
author  of  memoirs  of  his  Lifb. — Oood- 
rieh's  Hvei;  Austin'' a  life  of  Qerry. 

GIBBONS,  Edward,  general,  came  to 
this  country  as  early  as  1629  ;  in  a  few 
years  he  was  a  representative  of  Boston  ; 
IVom  1649  to  1651  he  was  major  general, 
in  which  office,  elective  by  the  people  an- 
nually like  that  of  governor,  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Robert  Sedgwick;  and  he 
died  Dec.  9,  1654.  He  was  a  worthy 
member  of  Mr.  Wilson's  church.  Hav- 
ing advanced  to  La  Tour  more  than 
9500/.,  secured  by  mortgage  of  his  fort 
and  lands  in  Acadia,when  D'Aulnay  cap- 
tured La  Tour's  fort,  raaj.  Gibbons  was 
by  the  loss  "quite  undone."— 2  Hist.  eol. 
VI.  498. 

GIBSON,  John,  general,  a  soldier  of 
the  French  and  revolutionary  wars,  was 
born  in  Lancaster,  Penns.,  in  May  1740, 
and  was  well  educated.  He  early  served 
under  gen.  Forbes  in  the  expedition  to 
fort  du  Quesue,which  was  occupied  Nov. 
25,  1773  and  called  Pittsburg.  Here  he 
remained  as  an  Indian  trader.  In  1763 
he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  and  adop- 
ted by  a  squaw,  whose  son  he  had  slain 
in  battle.  He  had  thus  opportunity  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  several  Indian 
languages.  On  being  released,  he  agaih 
settled  at  Pittsburg.  In  1774  he  was  an 
important  agent  in  making  the  Indian  trea- 
ty ,entered  into  by  gov.Dunmore.  On  this 
occasion  Logan's  celebrated  speech  was 
delivered,  of  which  col.  Gibson  was  the 
interpreter.  On  the  commencement  of 
the  revolutionary  war  he  was  appointed 
the  colonel  of  a  Virginia  regiment,  of 
which  he  was  in  command  at  the  close  of 
the  war.  Residing  at  Pittsburg,  he  was 
in  1788  a  member  of  the  Penns.  conven- 
tion ;  he  was  also  associate  judge  and 
maj.  gen.  of  the  militia.  In  1800  lie  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  territory  of  In- 
diana, gen.  Harrison  being  governor  ;  an 
office  which  he  held  till  the  territory  be- 
came a  state  in  1816.  Being  afflicted 
with  an  incurtlbie  cataract,  he  removed  to 
"  Braddoek's  fields,"  near  VincennS,  the 


residence  of  his  son  in  law,  George  Wal« 
lace,where  he  died  in  May  1822,  ag^tl. 

GILBERT,  Raleigh,  a  patentee  of 
N.  E.,  nephew  of  sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
commanded  a  vessel  in  the  expedition  of 
100  men,  who  attempted  a  settlement  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc  or  Kenne- 
bec in  1607.  They  sailed  from  Plymouth 
the  last  of  May;  arrived  at  Monhegan  isl- 
and Aug.l  1 ;  and  soon  landed  on  the  west 
shore  of  Kennebec  at  cape  Small  point, 
now  in  Phipsburg.  They  built  a  fort  and 
called  it  St.  George.  Dec.  5th  the  two 
ships  returned,  leaving  forty  five  persons. 
George  Popham  was  chosen  president  and 
Gilbert  the  admiral.  In  the  spring,when 
supplies  were  brought,  intelligence  was 
received  of  the  death  of  sir  John  Gilbert, 
to  whom  Raleigh  Gilbert  was  the  heir: 
he  therefore  determined  to  return,  and 
Mr.  Popham  having  died,  and  the  store 
house  being  burnt,  the  whole  colony 
went  back  with  him  to  England  to  the 
great  discouragement  of  "the  first  under- 
takers." 

GILES,  William  Branch,  governor  of 
Virginia,  was  for  many  years  a  member 
of  congress.  He  was  a  representative  as 
early  as  1796.  In  1802  he  \oted  for  the 
repeal  of  the  judiciary  law,  and  in  1812 
he  voted  for  the  war.  He  was  elected  to 
the  senate  in  Jan.  1811,  and  resigned  his 
office  in  Oct.  1815.  He  was  again  a  can- 
didate for  election  to  the  senate  in  1825, 
but  his  rival,  Mr.  Randolph,wa8  chosen. 
In  1826  he  was  chosen  governor  and  con- 
tinued in  office  till  1829.  He  died  at  his 
residence  the  Wigwam,  Amelia  county, 
Dec.  8,  1830,  at  aa  advanced  age.  He 
published  a  speech  on  the  embargo  laws, 
1808;  in  Nov.  1813  political  letters  to 
the  people  of  Virginia;  a  series  of  letters, 
signed  a  Constituent,  in  the  Richmond 
Enquirer  of  Jan.  1818,  against  the  plan 
for  a  general  education  ;  in  April  1824  a 
singular  letter  of  invective  against  presi- 
dent Monroe  and  Mr.  Clay  for  their 
"hobbies,"  "the  South  America  cause, 
the  Greek  cause.  Internal  improvements, 
and  the  Tariff."  In  Nov.  1825  he  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  judge  Marshall,  dis- 
claiming the  expressions,  not  the  general 


^' 


rgeWrt 
,  agedtl. 
tentee  of 
Raleigh, 
ledition  of 
jement  at 
)r  Kenne- 
Plymouth 
nhegan  isl- 
in  the  west 
mall  point, 
it  a  fort  and 
ith  the  two 
ve  persons, 
resident  and 
pring,when 
igence  was 
ihn  Gilbert, 
18  the  heir: 
return,  and 
id  the  store 
hole  colony 
jland  to  the 
B  first  under- 

,  governor  of 
rs  a  member 
esentative  as 
oted  for  the 
and  in  1812 
v&B  elected  to 
resigned  his 
1  again  a  can- 
nate  in  1825, 
jWas  chosen, 
rnor  and  con- 
e  died  at  his 
lelia  county, 
[ed  age.     He 
ihargo  laws, 
ical  letters  to 
ies  of  letters, 
le  Richmond 
inst  the  plan 
April  1824  a 
I  against  presi- 
[ay    for  their 
lerica  cause, 
iprovements, 
1825  he  ad- 
iMarshall,  dis- 
lot  the  general 


OILLEY. 

wntiments,  in  regard  to  Washington,  as- 
cribed to  him  in  debate  of  1796  in  the 
life  of  Washington,  v.  722. 

GILLEY,  John,  died  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  July  9,  181S,  aged  124.  He  was 
a  native  of  Ireland.  When  he  came 
to  fort  Western  about  1755  to  en- 
list as  a  [soldier,  capt.  Howard  deemed 
him  too  old.  He  had  enjoyed  fine 
health,  and  was  singularly  active  add 
vigorous.  In  1811  he  could  walk  foifir 
miles  to  the  bridge. 

GILM  AN,Tristram,niini8ter  of  Nortli 
Yarmouth,  Maine,  was  the  son  of  ^v. 
Nicholas  G.  of  Durham,  N.  H.,  yfMf 
died  Apr.  13,  1748,  aged  41,  and  a  des^- 
cendant  of  Edward  G.  of  Exeter.  Hi 
was  born  in  1735 ;  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  iq  1757  ;  was  ordained  Dec.  ^ 
1769  aa  successor  of  Edward  Brooks  f. 
and  died  April  1,  1809,  aged  74,  leaving 
seven  children.  His  successor,  Francis 
Brown,  married  his  daughter. — He  wasa 
faithful,  useful,  highly  respected  minister. 
A  revival  of  rcfligion  attended  his  labors  in 
1791  and  17^;  when  132  members  were 
added  to  the  church.  During  the  whole 
period  of  his  ministry  293  were  admitted, 
and  1344  baptized.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Maine  missionary  socie- 
ty.— Panopl.v.  1-4. 

GILMAN,  John  Taylor,  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  was  the  son  of  Nicho- 
las Gilman  and  Ann  Taylor,  daughter  of 
Rev.  John  Taylor  of  Milton,Mass.;  born 
at  Exeter  Dec.  19,  1753.  He  received, 
tho  usual  education  of  those,  who  were 
not  designed  for  the  learned  professions. 
The  morning  after  the  news  of  the  battle 
of  Lexington  he  marched  as  a  volunteer 
with  a  hundrcTi  others  to  Cambridge.  He 
was  also  employed  to  assist  his  father,the 
treas;irer  of  the  state.  In  Oct.  1780  he 
was  the  delegate  from  New  Hampshire 
to  the  covention  at  Hartford  to  provide 
for  the  common  defence.  After  being  a 
member  of  congress  in  1782,  he  succeed- 
ed his  father  as  treasurer  in  1 783.  When 
the  confederated  government  appointed 
three  commissioners  to  settle  the  ac- 
counts of  the  diflfereht  states,  he  was 
joined  with  Irvine  and  Kean.      On  rc- 


GIRARD. 


418 


signing  this  place  in  1791  he  was  re-cho- 
sen treasurer  of  N.  H.,  and  was  very 
faithful  and  useful.  In  1794  he  was  cho- 
sen governor  as  successor  to  Bartlett, 
and  was  annually  re-elected  until  1805, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Langdon.  He 
was  again  elected  in  1813,  and  the  two 
next  years,  but  declined  and  was  succee- 
ded in  1816  by  Plumer,  whom  he  had 
succeeded  in  1813.  The  legislature  in  a 
farewell  address  acknowledged  his  long 
and  important  services.  In  tho  political 
divisions  of  the  times  he  was  known  as  a 
decided  federalist.  He  died  at  Exeter  in 
Sept.  1828,  aged  14.—4mer.  tmn.  reg. 
1827-9.  jB.  182-194. 

GIRARD,  Stephen,  a  man  of  wealth, 
died  at  Philadelphia  Dec.  26,  1831,  aged 
83,   leaving  an  estate   of  10  or  15  mil- 
lions of  dollars.     He   was  a  native  of 
Bordeaux  in  France ;  came  to  this  coun- 
try before  the  nevolution ;  and  had  lived 
in  Philadelphia  about  50  years.    He  was 
first  a  cabin  boy ;  then  the  mate  of  a 
ship;  then   the  keeperof  a  tap  shop; 
afterwards  a  merchant  down  to  the  year 
1811  ;and  for  the  remainder  of  his  lifo 
a  banker.    The  notes  of  his  bank  were 
deemed  as  good,  as  those  of  any  iucor- 
pqrated   institution.      In  1811  he   pur- 
chased the  banking  house  and  1,200,000 
dol.  worth  of  the  stock  of  the  old  bank 
•of  the  U.  S.,  and  commenced  banking  in 
1812.    At  last  his  bank  capital  was  in- 
creased to  5  millions.    His  other  proper- 
ty was  in  real  estate  in  the  city,  stock  in 
,the  Schuylkill  navigation  and  Chesapeak 
canal    compataies,  lands  in  Mississippi, 
shipping,  &c.      He   owned  the    great 
square  between  11th  and  12th  and  Chest- 
nut streets.       His    particular  bequests 
amount  to  upwards  of  3  millions  ;  the 
residue  of  his  estate  is  given  to  Philadel- 
phia for  improvements  in  the  city.    The 
following  are  some  of  the  thomandt  of  dol- 
lars bequeathed;  2  to  a  brother;  10  to  sev- 
eral nephews  &  nieces;  10  to  the  orphans' 
dsylum;  10  to  purchase  wood  for  the  poor; 
10  to  the  society  of  ship  masters  ;    20  to 
the  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  ;  20  to 
the  freemason's  lodge  ;    30  to  the  Penns. 
hospital ;  1 10  to  the  city  ;  120  in  various 


414 


GIST. 


60DDARD. 


legaciea  to  individuals  ;  300  to  the  state 
for  internal  improvements;  and  itnilliotu 
for  a  college  for  poor  white  children.  The 
building  is  to  be  of  three  stories,  110  feet 
by  160,  to  be  erected  at  Peel  Hall,  on  the 
Ridge  Road,  Penn  township  ;    to  be  en- 
closed by  a  wall,  10  feei  high,  capped 
with  marble  "and  guarded  with  irons  on 
the  top."     The  scholars  are  to  be  or- 
phans from  Penns.,  N.  York,  (the  first 
port,  at  which  he  arrived,)  and  New  Or- 
leans, (the  first  port,  at  which  he  traded 
•s  first  officer,)  and  must  be  between  6 
and  teu  years  old ;    when   between  14 
and  18  years  old  they  are  to  be  bound 
out  by  the  corporation  of  the  city  to  me- 
chanical trades,  agriculture,  &c.     There 
is  also  the  following  provision,  "  I  enjoin 
and  require,  that  no  ecclesiastic,  mission- 
ary, or  minister  of  any  sect  whatever 
ahall  ever  holi  or  exercise  any  station  or 
duty  whatever  in  the  said  college  ;   nor 
shall  any  such  person  ever  be  admitted 
for  any  purpose,  or  as  visitor,  within  the 
premises,  appropriated  to  the  purposes  of 
said  college."     He  wished,  that  the  or- 
phans, after  they  left  the  college,  might 
adopt  "such  religious  tenets,  as  their  ma- 
turedreoion  may  enable  them  to  prefer." 
He  thus  wished  to  carry  into  effect  the 
exploded  project  of  Rousseau,  not  consid- 
ering, that  the  religious  sentiments  and 
character  are  necessarily  settled,  for  the 
most  part,  before  a  young  man  is  16  or 
18  years  of  age;   not  considering,  that 
whether  for  learning  or  religion  an  early 
frajntftg'  of  children  and  youth  is  impor- 
tant.   However,  while  ecclesiastics  may 
not  see  the  inside  of  Mr.  Girard's  iron- 
capped  college' walls,  bis  teachers  are  to 
inculcate  "the  purest  principles  of  morali- 
ty:" those  teachers  will  be  either  infidels 
or  christians;  if  christians,  thoy  will  teach 
their  pupils  the  only  pure  morality  from 
the  revfialed  code  of  moral  instruction  in 
the  New  Testav  jnt  of  Jesus  Christ,  in- 
cluding that  f&^/  and  love  of  God,  which 
constitute  the  sole  basis  of  moral  virtue.- 
H-'s  bequests  were  large ;    but  true  liber- 
ality may  be  seen  in  the  life  of  Solomon 
Goodell. 
GIST,  Mordecui,  a  brigadier  general 


in  the  American  war,  commanded  ont  of 
the  Maryland  brigades  in  the  battle  of 
Camden  Aug.  16^  1780.  In  Aug.  I78S 
he  defeated  a  party  of  the  British  at 
Combakee  ferry.  He  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  in  Sept.  1791— JlfortAa//,  iv. 
178 ;  Holmes. 

GLOVER,  Thomas,  published  in  vol. 
XI  of  transactions  of  the  royal  society  an 
Account  of  Virginia,  its  situation,  tem- 
perature, productions,  &c.  He  relates, 
that  when  alone  in  a  sloop  in  the  Rappa- 
hannoc,  3  leagues  from  the  mouth,  ha 
heard  |'a  great  rushing  and  flashing  of  the 
water,"  and  that  looking,  he  saw  near 
him  "  a  most  prodigious  creature,  much 
resembling  a  man,  standing  right  up  in 
the  water,  with  his  head,  neck,  shoul- 
ders, breast,  aud  waist  to  the  cubits  of  his 
arms  above  water.  His  skin  was  tawny 
much  like  that  of  an  Indian  ;  his  head 
pyramidal  and  sleek  without  hair;  his 
eyes  large  and  black,  and  so  were  his  eye- 
brows ;  his  mouth  very  wide,  with  a 
broad,  black  streak  on  th^  upper  lip,  tur- 
ning upwards  at  each  en'd  like  musta- 
Chios ;  his  countenance  gnm  and  terri- 
ble. "  Alter  gazing  a  sufficient  time  at 
Mr.  Glover,  the  animal  plunged  down, 
and  cast  his  tail  above  water,  like  the  tail 
of  a  fish.  He  speaks  also  of  a  dreadful 
storm  in  Aug.  1667,  which  lasted  3  days, 
destroying  the  tobacco,  &c. 

GODDARD,  William,  a  printer,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Giles  G.,  postmaster  at  New 
London,  Con.,  was  born  in  1740.  In 
1762  he  commenced  the  Providence  ga- 
zette; in  1766  he  went  to  Philadelphia 
and  commenced  the  Penn.  chronicle  un- 
der the  patronage  of  Joseph  Galloway ; 
in  1773  he  commenced  the  Maryland 
journal  at  Baltimore,  where  lie  formed  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  gen.  Cha. 
Lee,  who  bequeathed  him  a  part  of  his 
estate  in  Berkeley  county.  In  1775 
Franklin  appointed  him  comptroller  or  the 
prdt  ottice.  In  1792  he  relinquished  the 
journal,  and  afterwards  resided  in  R.  Isl- 
and. He  died  at  Providence  Dec.  -23, 
IS17,  aged  77.  He  married  a  Miss  An- 
gell  of  Providence,  taking,  as  bis  friends 
said,"an  angel  for  his  wife".  He  published 


Hamr 

ment 

Godfr 

Indian 

and  I 

fairs  ( 

acapu 

large  i 

i'lstrui 


10 


% 


OODFRET. 


'  •  ''I'l! 


415 


I  OM  of 

baUla  or 
iig.  178S 
kitiuh  at 
liarleston, 
lAaU,  IV. 

led  in  toI. 
society  an 
ition,  lem- 
le  relates, 
,he  Rappa- 
mouth,  he 
hingof  the 
e  saw  neai 
ture,  much 
ight  up  in 
eck,  Bhoul- 
cubite  of  his 
was  tawny 
n ;  his  head 
it  hair;  his 
rere  hia  eye- 
ride,  with  a 
pper  lipi  tur- 
like  musta- 
itj  and  terri- 
icient  lime  at 
inged  down, 
r,  like  the  toil 
>f  a  dreadful 
ited  3  days, 

printer,  the 
Uster  8t  New 
n  1740.     In 
jrovidence  ga- 
( Philadelphia 
I  chronicle  un- 
ih  Galloway, 
he  Maryland 
I  he  formed  an 
Ih  gen.  Cha. 
a  part  of  his 
ly.      In  1775 
iptrollerofthe 
[linquished  the 
jided  in  B.  Isl- 
■nce  Dec.  23, 
id  a  Miss  An- 
as his  friends 
He  published 


a  hiatory   of  the  P.  chronicle,  1770,— 
Thoma;  i.  437  ;  ii.  63, 134—140. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  tho  i     entorof 
Hadley's  quadrant,  was  by  trade  a  glazier 
in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.    The  extent 
of  his  education  was  only  to  read,  and 
write,  and  apply  the  common   rule*  of 
Arithmetic.    Having  met  with  a  mathe- 
matical book  he  was  so  delighted  with 
the  study,  that,  without  an  instrncter  he 
soon  made  himself  master  of  it,  and  ot' 
every  book  of  the  kind,  which  he  could 
procure  in  English.    Finding,  that  the 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  would  open  to 
him  new  treasures  of  mathematical  sci- 
ence, he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of 
that  language,  till  he  was  enabled  to  read 
a  Latin  author  on  his  favorite  subject. 
He  then  borrowed  Nswton*s  principia  of 
Mr.  Logan,  to  whom  about  the  year 
1730  he  communicated  his  invention  of 
the  quadrant.    The  royal  society  of  Lon- 
don, being  made  acquainted  with  it  in 
1732  by  means  of  Mr.  Logan,  sent  Mr. 
Godfrey  as  a  reward  household  furniture 
to  the  value  of  200^  Money  was  not  sent 
on  account  of  a  habit  of  intemperance,  to 
whwh  the  artist  was  subject.    The  fol- 
lowing is  an  account  of  the  invention  and 
of  the  method,    by  which  he  was  de- 
prived   of  the  honor  of  the  invention. 
While  replacing  a  pane  of  glass  on  the 
north  side  of  Arch    street,  opposite  a 
pump,  a  girl,  afler  filling  her  pail,placed  it 
on  the  path  way.  Turning  round,Godfrey 
observed  the  rays  of  the  sun  reflected 
from  his  window  intothf  bucket  of  water. 
He  was  thus  led  to  conceive,  that  il'  by 
reflection  he  couhl  draw  the  sun  down  to 
the  horizon,  he  should  have  an  instru- 
ment incomparably  superior  to  the  pig- 
yoke,  then  in  use.    He  formed  his  model 
in  wood,  and  carried  pieces]  to  Charles 
Hamm,  who  completed  for  him  an  instru- 
ment in  brass.    This  was  committed  to 
Godfrey's  brother,  a  captain  in  the  West 
Indian  trade,  who  on  arriving  at  Jamaica 
and  exhibiting  the  quadrant  to  some  of- 
fairs  of  the  British  navy,  was  tempted  by 
a  captain  Hadley  to  sell  it  to  him  for  a 
large  Bum  of  money.    Hadley  carried  the 
iuiitrumcnt  to  London  and  placed  it  in  the 


hands  of  hia  brother,  a  mathematical  in> 
■trument  maker  in  the  Strand,  and  ob> 
toined  a  patent. — According  to  another 
account  John  Hadley,  commanding  a  Tei> 
sel  in  the  Delaware,  was  allowed  to  aee 
the  instrument  and  took  a  description  of 
it.  The  American  Encyclopedia  atotea, 
that  May  IS,  1731  John  Hadley,  vice 
president  of  the  royal  society,  presented  a 
paper,  describing  the  quadrant,  and 
that  the  society  decided,  that  both  Had- 
ley and  Godfrey  were  entitled  to  the  hon- 
or of  the  invention.  Mr.  GodfVey  died 
in  Philadelphia  Dec.  1749.  He  was  a 
member  of  a  literary  club,  established  by 
Dr.  Franklin,  and  having  confined  his  at- 
tcntion  to  mathematical  pursuits,  he  waa 
almost  insufierable  in  conversation,  re- 
quiring an  unusual  precision  in  every 
thing,  which  was  said.  Continually  con- 
tradicting, and  making  trifling  distinc- 
tions.—.'tf»//cr'jre<r.  I.  468  ;  ^mer.  mag. 
for  July  and  d9ug'.I758;  Franklin'i  life; 
Pref.  to  Godfrey^ I  poena;  Bott.  cAron. 
Avg.  1,  1821  ;  Nat.  Reg.  iv.  165. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  a  poet,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
in  1736.  The  only  advantages  of  educa- 
tion, which  he  enjoyed,  were  found  in  a 
common  English  school.  Such  however 
was  his  desire  of  knowledge,  that  he  pro^ 
ecuted  his  studies  with  unwearied  dili- 
dence ;  and,  having  perused  the  best  of 
the  English  poets,  he  soon  exhibited 
proofs  of  poetical  talents.  He  had  a  fine 
ear  for  music,  and  a  toste  for  painting. 
After  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was 
put  an  apprentice  to  an  ingenious  watch- 
maker ;  but  the  muses  and  graces,  poe- 
try and  painting  stole  his  attention.  He 
devoted  all  his  hours  of  release  from  me- 
chanical labor,  to  writing  the  poetical 
pieces.which  \vere  published  in  the  Amer- 
ican magazine.  At  length  he  was  recom- 
mended to  a  lieutenant's  commission  in 
the  Pennsylvania  forces,  raised  in  1768 
for  an  expedition  against  fort  du  Queane. 
In  this  station  he  continued,  till  the 
troops  were  disbanded.  He  was  settled 
in  the  succeeding  spring  as  a  fac- 
tor in  North  Carolina,  where  he 
continued  upwards  of  three  years.    He 


411 


GODMAN. 


died  near  Wilmington  of  a  Tever,  occa- 
■ioned  by  violent  exercise  in  a  very  warm 
day,  Aug;.  3,  17U3,  aged  30.  With  an 
amiable  dispoaition  and  an  engaging  dif- 
fidence and  modesty  of  manners  ho  uni- 
ted an  integrity  of  character,  which  pro- 
cured him  esteem  and  respect.  The  pro- 
ductions of  his  pen  were  collected  by  his 
friend,  Mr.Evans,  and  published  in  1765, 
entitled.  Juvenile  poems  on  various  sub- 
jects, with  the  prince  of  Parthia,  a  trage- 
dy.— Recount  prtfixed  toptemi;  Amer- 
ican mu$.,  VI.  471,  472. 

GODMAN,  John,  D.,  an  eminent  an- 
atomist and  naturalist,  was  born  at  An- 
napolis in  Maryland.  His  parents  died, 
while  he  was  yet  young.  Being  without 
property,  he  was  indented  an  apprentice 
to  a  printer  in  Baltimore  ;  but,  disgusted 
with  the  employment,he  entered  as  a  sailor 
in  1813  in  the  flotilla,  then  stationed  in 
the  Chesapeak.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
being  allowed  to  folbw  his  own  inclina- 
tions, he  commenced  the  study  of  medi- 
cine at  the  age  of  15,  at  first  under  Dr. 
Lucket  of  Lancaster,  but  soon  under  Dr. 
Davidge  of  Baltimore,  professor  of  anato- 
my. He  was  indefatigable  in  his  toils  to 
acquire  learning.  Before  he  graduated, 
he  was  called  to  supply  the  place  of  his 
preceptor  in  the  anatomical  chair;  and  ho 
lectured  for  several  weeks  with  such 
enthusiasm  and  eloquence,  as  to  gain 
high  applause.  Soon  after  he  obtained 
his  degree,  he  settled  in  a  small  village  in 
Anne-Arundel  county  and  entered  with 
energy  upon  the  active  duties  of  his  pro- 
fession. At  this  period  he  commenced 
the  study  of  natural  history,  for  which  he 
ever  afterwards  had  a  strong  passion. 
He  removed  to  Baltimore,  and,  after  his 
marriage,  to  Philadelphia.  Being  invited 
t  ihe  professorship  of  anatomy  in  the  col- 
le(,e  of  Ohio,  he  spent  a  year  at  the  west 
and  then  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where 
hew'llingly  retired  from  the  field  of  prac- 
tice and  devoted  himself  to  scientific  pur- 
suits. Determined  to  be  a  thorough 
teacher  of  anatomy,  he  opened  a  room 
for  private  demonstrations,  and  in  the 
first  winter  had  a  class  of  70  students. 
His  incessant  toils  and  exposure  to  the 


foul  atmoephere  of  the  dissectinff  fioom 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  disease,  of 
which  he  died.  After  prosecuting  hia 
anatomical  labors  four  or  five  years, 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  anatomy  in 
Rutgers  medical  college  in  New  York. 
With  a  broken  constitution,  he  was  com- 
pelled, before  the  completion  of  his  sec- 
ond coursu  of  lectures,  to  retire  from  the 
school  and  to  seek  a  milder  climate.  Af- 
ter passing  the  winter  in  Santa  Cruz,  he 
settled  in  Germantown,near  Philadelphia. 
His  disease  was  still  advancing  ;  yet  with 
unabated  ardor  he  prosecuted  his  literary 
and  scientific  employments  not  for 
fame,  but  for  the  support  of  his  family 
and  the  welfare  of  his  fellow  men.  He 
died  April  17,  1830,  aged  31. 

Dr.  Godman  like  many  other  young 
physicians,    adopted    the   infidelity  and 
atheism  of  the  French  naturalists  of  the 
last  century.     For  a  time  he  not  only  re- 
jected revelation,  but  was  blind  to  the 
strong  proofs  of  the  existence  of  God, 
which  are  presented  continually    to  the 
eye  of  the  anatomist  and  the  student  of 
nature.    A  depraved,  unrenewed  heart 
extinguished  the  light  of  reason.    But, 
while  lecturing  at  New  York  in  the  win- 
ter of  1837,  he  visited  the  death  bed  of  a 
student  of  medicine,  in  whose  joyous  an- 
ticipations of  heaven  and  triumph  over 
death  he  saw  a  phenomenon,which  philos- 
ophy could  not  comprehend.     This  event 
led  him  to  read  the  Bible  ;  and  the  secret 
was  unfolded.    From  this  time  he  stud- 
ied   the    scriptures.    He   obtained  the 
Christian  hope  ;  and  he  died  in  peace,  in 
his  last  hour  commending  his  family  to 
the  Father  of  the  fatherless  and  the  wid- 
ow's God,  then  with  uplifted  eyes  and 
hands  and  a  beaming  countenance  resign- 
ing his  spirit  to  his  Redeemer.     In  one  of 
his  writings  he  says,  "  did  I  not  in  all 
things  feel  most  thoroughly  convinced, 
that  the  overruling  of  our  plans  by  an  all 
wise  Providence  is  always  for  good,  I 
might  regret,  that  a  part  of  my  plan  can- 
not be  executed.     This  was  to  state  a 
few  curious  incidents  from  among  the 
events  of  my  most  singularly  guided  life, 
which  in  addition  to  mere  novelty  or  pe- 


■» 


■«'■ 


OODMAN. 


OOERING. 


411 


jting  room 
(liBcoae,  of 
cuting  hit 
Bve  year», 
inatomy  in 
Jew  York. 
le  was  com- 
i  of  his  sec- 
ire  from  the 
imate.    Af- 
itaCruz,  he 
>hila(lelphia. 
g  ;  yet  with 
I  his  literary 
I     not     for 
of  his  family 
jv  men.    He 

other  young 
nfidelity  and 
iralists  of  the 
I  not  only  re- 
blind  to  the 
ence  of  God, 
lually    to  the 
he  student  of 
enewed  heart 
reason.    But, 
irk  in  the  win- 
leath  bed  of  a 
)8e  joyous  an- 
triumph  over 
jWhich  philoa- 
This  event 
and  the  secret 
time  he  stud- 
obtained  the 
d  in  peace,  in 
his  family  to 
18  and  the  will- 
lifted  eyes  and 
enance  resign- 
ler.     In  one  of 
id  I  not  in  all 
ily  convinced, 
ans  by  an  all 
^8  for  good,  I 
if  my  plan  can- 
was  to  stale  a 
m  among  the 
rly  guided  life, 
novelty  or  pe- 


CMllarity  of  character,  could  not  have  Alli- 
ed practically  to  illustrate  the  importance 
of  inculcatinir  correct  religious  and  moral 
principles  and  imbuing  the  mind  there- 
with fVom  the  very  earliest  dawn  of  intel- 
lect ;  from  the  very  moment,  that  the  ut- 
ter imbecility  of  infancy  begins  to  disap- 
peaH  "— "  NotwithsUnding  the  life  of 
neglect,  sinfulness,  and  perversion  of 
heart,  which  I  so  long  led,  before  it  pleas- 
ed Him  to  dash  all  my  idols  in  the  dust,  I 
feel  an  humble  hope  in  the  boundless 
meniy  of  our  blessed  Lord  and  Savior, 
who  alqne  can  save  the  soul  from  merited 
condemnation.  May  it  be  in  the  power  of 
those,  who  chance  to  read  these  lines,to  say, 
into  thy  hands  I  eommit  my  8pirit,for  thou 
hast  redeemed  me,  O  Lord !  thou  God  of 
truth.  "  In  the  laatsickneMof  his  IViend, 
Dr.  Judson,  an  infidel,  the  brother 
of  the  missionary  ,  he  addressed  to  him  a 
letter,which  was  the  means  of  his  tonver- 
sion,  pointing  out  the  way  of  conquering 
the  fear  of  death:  "Humiliation  of  pride, 
denii\!  of  self,  subjectionof  evil  tempenand 
dispositions,  and  an  entire  submission  to 
the  will  of  God  for  support  and  direction 
are  the  beat  preparatives  for  such  an  ap- 
proach."  He  says,  that  th^  Savior  in 
the  gospel  "  shows  how  awfully  corrupt 
is  man's  nature  and  how  deadly  his  pride 
and  stubbornness  of  heart,  which  causes 
him  to  try  every  subterAige  to  avoid  the 
humiliating  confession  of  his  own  weak- 
ness, ignorance,  and  folly.  But  the  same 
blessed  hand  has  stripped  d^th  of  all  his 
terrors,  which  brood^  arouiyi  the  grave,- 
and  converted  the  gloomy  receptacle  of 
our  mortal  remains  into  the  por'al  of  life 
and  light!  "— "  Philosophy  is  a  fool,  and 
pride  a  madman.  Many  persons  die  with 
what  is  called  man/y  ^rmneM ;— they 
put  on  as  smooth  a  face,  as  they  can,  to 
impose  on  the  spectators,  and  ditJUfmh. 
But  this  is  all  deception  ;  the  truestate  of 
their  minds  at  the  very  time^  nine  times 
out  of  ten,  is  worse  than  the  most  hoi^ri- 
ble  imaginings  even  of  hell  itself.->-But 
the  man,  who  dies  as  a  man  ought  to  die, 
is  the  humble  minded,  believing  chris- 
tian.—He  doei  not  die  tnqt\fitUy,  but 
he  retta  inJenu.  " 
53 


Dr.  Godroan  waaadisUnguishadMliot- 
ar.  With  a  limited  education  he  yat  ao» 
quired  •  knowledge  of  the  Latin,  Greek, 
French,  Spanish,  and  Italian  languages. 
His  industry  Was  astonishing.  It  was  hiW 
putpose  to  accomplish  thoroughly  what- 
ever he  undertook.  He  concentrated  all 
his  powera  upon  the  pursuit,  in  which  he 
was  engaged.  The  most  striking  char- 
acter of  his  mind  was  a  fertile  Amey,  jret 
controlled  by  a  sovnd  judgment  His 
talent  at  description  is  exhibited  in  his 
history  of  American  quadrupeds  and  his 
Rambles  of  a  naturalist.  His  addresses 
are  eompositions  of  highly-wrought  elo> 
quence.  AX  one  time  he  was  the  princi- 
pal editor  of  the  Philadelphi*  jonrnelof 
the  medkal  and  physical  sciences.  Ha 
wrote  the  artieles  on  natural  history  for 
the  American  Encyclopedia  to  the  end  of 
letter  C,  besides  numeroas  papen  in  the 
periodical  jouritels  of  the  dsy.  He  pub- 
lished the  western  quarterly  raportor  of 
medical  science.,  Iic;  Cincinnati,  1833; 
account  of  irregubrities  of  structure  and 
morbid  anatomy  ;  contributions  to  phys- 
iologiflhl  and  pathological  anatomy ;  Bell's 
anatomy,  with  notes  ;  anatomical  investi- 
gationsi  comprising  descriptionsof  various 
fascism  of  the  body,  1934 ;  Ameridin  natu- 
ral history,  with  engravings,  9  vols.  1838; 
addresses  on  various  public  oocasiona 
1839;  rambles  of  a  naturelist.-'Pri!^. 
SewalVteidogy. 

GOERINO,  Jacob,  minister  of  the 
German  Lutheran  church  in  York,  Penna. 
commenced  the  labors  of  the  sacred  office, 
when  only  30  yean  of  age,  and  it  pleased 
God  to  ffiv*  "uch  success  to  his  ftithflil 
exejrtions  at  this  early  period  of  lifo,  that 
a  revival  of  religion  always  attended  his 
preaching.  He  died  in  1807,  sged  63. 
He  was  a  president  of  the  synod  of  the 
German  Lutheran  church  in  the  stated  of 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia. 
He  was  a  man  of  profound'  srudition  ; 
and  among  the  bingusges,  with  which  h« 
wss  acquainted,  the  Hebrew  and  Arablq 
''were  his  fhvorites.  Though  warmly  in- 
terested in  his  country's  welfkre,  he  yet 
declined  a  ^ivil  station,  in  which  his  fel- 
low citizens  would  gladly   have  placed 


4lt 


GOPFE. 


GOODELL. 


bim,  dedicating  himwir  wholly  to  the 
ninktry.  Ha  died  in  the  Aill  tMurinoe 
of  obtaining  and  enjoying  a  perpetual 
happineia  through  the  merits  of  his  Re- 
daemer.— Brown'*  Jimer.  reg.  ii.  84,  86. 

GOFFE,  William,  one  of  the  judges 
of  king  Charles  I,  and  a  jtamt  general 
ander  Cromwell,  left  London  before 
Charles  II  was  proclaimed  and  arrived  at 
Boston  with  general  Whalley  in  July 
1^.  €k)vernor  Endioott  gave  thenk  a 
iViendly  reception.  But  when  the  act  of 
indemnity  arrived  in  Nov.,  and  their 
names  were  not  found  among  those,  to 
whom  pardon  was  oilered,  the  govern- 
ntent  of  Mass.  was  alarmed.  Perceiving 
thdr  danger,  they  left  Cambridge,  where 
they  M  resided,  Feb.  36,  1661,  and  ar- 
rived at  New  Haven  March  7th.  They 
were  hete  concealed  by4eputy  governor 
Leet,  and  Mr.  Davenport.  From  New 
Haven  they  went  to  West  Rock,  a  moua- 
tain  800  feet  in  Iteight  at  the  distance  of 
two  or  three  miles  Oom  the  town,  where 
they  were  hid  in  a  cave.  They  after- 
wards lived  in  concealment  at  Milfbrd, 
Derby,  and  Branford  ,  and  in  Octi  1664 
removed  to  Hadleyin  Moat.,  and  were 
concealed  for  16  or  16  years  in  the  house 
of  Mr.  Ruasel,  the  minister.  On  the  first 
of  Sept.  1676  the  town  of  Hadley  was 
ahirmed  by  the;  Indiana  in  the  time  of 
public  worship,  and  tlie  people  were 
thrown  into  the  utmost  confusion.  But 
suddenly  an  aged,  venerable  man  in  un- 
comoion  dress  appeared  in  the  midst  of 
them,  revived  their  courage,  and,  putting 
himself  at  their  head^led  them  to  the  attack 
and  repulsed  the  enemy.  The  deliverer 
of  Hadley  immediately  disappeared, and  the 
inhabitanu,  overwhelmed  with  aatoniah- 
meht,  supposed,  that  an  angel  had  been 
aent  for  tlieir  protection.  He  died  in 
Hadley »  it  is  thought,  about  the  year 
1679.  Uuder  the  oppreswon  of  constant 
fear  during  his  residence  in  this  country, 
his  mind  seems  to  have  found  some  relief 
in  the  consolatiops  of  religion. — 8tiU$^ 
hi$t.  (\fthejudge»;  Hutehinton,  t.  316~ 
fil9,  533;  Holmes. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,   Robert,  a  pa- 
(Hot  of  the  revolution,  was  graduated  at 


Philadelphia  college  in  I760,and  was  sfter* 
wards  sttorney  general  of  Maryland, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1768.  In  Aug. 
1776  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and  em- 
barked his  large  fortune  in  the  cause  of 
his  country.  He  died  at  Cambridge, 
Md.,  Dec.  81,  1788. 

QOOCH,  William  sir,  roaj.  general, 
and  governor  of  Virginia  iVom  1737  to 
1749,  sustained  an  excellent  character, 
and  was  popular  in  his  administration. 
He  had  superior  military  talents,  and 
conmnanded  the  forces  in  the  unsuccess- 
ful attack  on  Carthagena  in  1740. 

GOODELL,  Solomon,  a  man  of  liber- 
ality, died  at  Jamaica,  Vermont,  in  Sept. 
181 6,  aged  70.  At  no  time  was  his  prop- 
erty worth  6, 000  dollars.  He  was  a  far- 
mer, living  in  a  rude  spot  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Green  mountains  ;  all  his 
property  was  gained  by  severe  personal  la- 
bor, and  saved  by  strict  frugality  ;  yet 
his  liberality  was  such,  as  might  shame 
Mr.  Oirard,  the  possessor  of  16  millions 
of  dollars.  About  the  year  1800  he  gave 
100  dolls,  to  the  Con.  missionary  society, 
and  the  same  sum  for  several  successive 
years.  When  the  American  board  of 
foreign  missions  was  establislied,  he  sent 
notice,  that  he  wished  to  subscribe  500 
doll,  for  immediate  use  and  1,  QOO  A)r  the 
fund,  while  yet  it  was  not  in  his  power 
to  forward  only  50  doll,  as  earnest  money. 
He  Atlfilled  his  engagement,  and  paid  in* 
terest  on  the  proposed  1 ,000  until  he  made 
provision  for  its  payment  just  before  hii 
death,  adding  to  it  another  1,000.  The 
amount  of  his  donations  for  misuons  to 
the  heathen,  besides  other  charities,  was 
8, 696  doll.  He  had  also  provided  for  his 
children  and  his  wife.  He  was  a  baptidt, 
yet  most  of  his  donations  were  intrusted 
,to  the  hands  of  his  fellow  christians,  ml 
baptists.  In  this  way  he  proved,  that  he 
was  no  sectarian  :  not,  like  Mr.  Girard, 
by  contemning  all  teligionit  alike..  The 
power,  that  moved  him  to  his  self  deny- 
ing distributnns  in  his  life, — not,  liice 
Mr.  Gifard,  when  he  could  "hold  and  ac- 
cumulate no  longer, — was  a  settled  relig- 
ious principle  ;  a  conviction,  that  all  his 
property  was  the  gift  of  God  and  that  it 


d  WM  sftcr* 
Maryland, 
).  InA«B. 
u,  and  em- 
he  cauneof 
Cambridge, 

aj.  general, 
ore  1727  to 
It  character, 
minwtratton. 
UlenU,  and 
le  unauccew- 
1740. 

man  of  liber- 
lOQt,  in  Sept. 
waa  hia  prop- 
He  was  a  far- 
in  the  neigh- 
itaina  -,  all  li>a 
re  peraonal  la- 
rrugality ;  yet 
migKt  ahame 
or  16  millions 
'  1800  he  gave 
ionary  society, 
eral  succesuve 
ican  board  of 
•lialied,  he  sent 
subscribe  500 
l,000ibr  the 
>t  in  his  power 
sarnest  money. 
It,  and  paid  in- 
)  until  he  made 
ust  before  his 
r  1,000.     The 
for  missions  to 
charities,  was 
trovided  for  his 
.  was  a  baptint, 
were  intrusted 
christians,  not 
proved,  that  he 
e  Mr.  Girard, 
»n«  alike.    The 
0  his  self  deny- 
life,— not,  like 
ild  hold  and  ac- 
a  settled  relig- 
ion, that  all  his 
God  and  that  it 


GOODRICH. 

was  his  duty  to  employ  it  for  the  highest 
and  noblest  of  all  purposes  ,  that  of  pro- 
nwting  the  knowledge  of  the  gospel 
of  his  Redeemer  and  the  inef- 
fkble  bleasednesa  of  eternal  salvation 
thmugh  that  knowledge  among  his  fel- 
low men,  whom  he  waa  bound  to  love,  as 
he  loved  himself. 

GOODRICH,  Elieur,  d.  d.,  minister 
of  Durham,  Conn,  was  born  in  Wethers- 
fielJ  Nov.  6,  17S4,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  l7Mt.  He  was  ordained 
to  the  work  of  the  ministry  Nov.  34, 
1756.  Afler  his  character  as  an  excel- 
lent minister  and  a  friend  of  literature  was 
established,  he  was  chosen  in  1776  a  mem- 
ber of  the  corporation  of  Yale  college. 
He  died  at  Norfolk  in  Nor.  1707,  aged 
63.  Dr.  GkxNirich  conciliated  the  esteem 
of  his  acquaintance,  and  was  faithful  in  all 
the  relations  of  life.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  literary  and  scientific  acquire- 
ments, as  well  as  for  his  piety  and  patri- 
otism. As  a  preacher,  he  followed  the 
examples  of  the  apostles,  preaching  re- 
)>entance  and  f^tith.  He  taught  his  hear- 
ers, that  man  was  depraved,  and  guilty, 
and  lost,  condemned  by  the  law,  and  hav- 
ing no  hope  but  in  Christ,  and  that  salva- 
tion was  of  grace  and  not  of  works.— 
DmghVifun.  term. 

GOODRICH,  Chn  y,  iieut.  govern- 
or of  Con.,  the  son  i.i  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  DurliHui  Oct.  |20,  1759  ;  waa 
graduated  in  1776  at  Vale  college,  where 
he  was  a  tubn  from  1779  to  1781.  En- 
gaging in  i\kt  practice  of  the  law  at  Hart- 
ford, he  Boon  rose  to  eminence.  From 
1794  to  1800  he  was  a  representative  in 
congress,  and  senator  from  1807  until  his 
resignation  in  1818,  wh6n  he  was  chown 
Iieut.  g^overnor.  He  was  also  mayor  of 
Hartford.  He  died  suddenly  ofa  drop- 
sy in  the  heart  Aug.  18, 1915,  aged  55. 
He  survived  two  wives,  but  left  no  chil- 
dren. He  wasa  man  of  energy  of  mind, 
of  integrity,  moderation,  and  amenity  of 
manners.  Several  months  before  his 
death  he  applied  for  admission  to 
the  church,  but,  in  consequence  of  his 
infirmity  of  body,  had  not  been  re- 
ceived.   He  remarked,  "  a  moral  life  of 


UOOKIN. 


41* 


Itself  ia  nothlpj  for  the  Mhttion  of  the 
soul.  1  have  lived  a  moral  liA  in  the  re- 
timatlon  of  the  world  ;  but  I  am  a  bundle 
of  iniquity  in  the  sight  of  a  holy  God. 
If  there  were  not  an  atonement,  I  must 
be  condemned  and  miserable  forever.  "— 
Strong* »J\m.  urm. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  author  of  the  hist, 
collections  of  the  Indians  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  major  general  of  Mass.,  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Kent  in  England. 
He  came  to  Virginia  in  1631  with  hit 
father,  who  brought  cattle  to  the  colony 
Oom  Ireland,  and  who  established  him- 
self at  a  plantation,  called  Newport's 
News.  In  the  year  1643  Mr.  Thomson 
and  other  ministers  flrom  Miss;  were 
sent  to  Virginia  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
a  people,  but  little  acquainted  with  the 
trut^i.  When  they  were  forced  to  with- 
draw from  this  colony,  because  they 
would  not  conform  to  the  church  of 
England,  such  was  the  attachment  of  Mr. 
Gookin  to  their  preaching,  that  he  soon 
followed  them.  In  1644  he  removed 
with  his  family  to  New  England,  and 
settled  in  Cambridge,  that  he  might  en- 
joy the  ordinancea  of  the  gospel  in  their 
purity.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  wte 
appointed  captainof  the  roilitnry  compa- 
ny in  Cambridge,  and  a  member  of  the 
house  of  deputies.  In  1652  lie  was 
elected  asaistant  or  raagiHtraie,  and  four 
years  after  was  appointed  by  the  general 
court  superintendent  of  all  the  Indianq, 
who  had  submitted  to  the  government  of 
Mass.  He  executed  this  office  wdth  sueh 
fidelity,  that  ho  was  continued  4n  it  till 
his  death.  In  1636  he  visited  England, 
and  had  un  interview  with  Cromwell, 
who  commissioned  him  to  invite  the 
people  of  MasH.  to  transport  themselves 
to  Jamaica,  which  had  been  conquered 
from  the  Spaniards.  'In  1663  he  waa 
appointed,  .with  Mr.  Mitchell,  one  of 
the  licensers  of  the  printing  press  in 
Cambridge.  When  Philip's  war  com- 
menced in  1675,  several  severe  laws 
were  passed  against  the  friendly  Indiana, 
to  whom  religious  in"truction  had  been 
impart<)d,  through  apprehension,  that 
they  would  join  the  enemy,  and  the  rage 


li 


4m  GooKiir. 

of  the  people  aguiwt  their  red  colored 
brethren  wu  violent  and  alennin;.  Mr. 
Eliot  etood  forth  u  the  flriend  and  pro- 
tector of  the  Indians,  and  Mr.  Oookin, 
who  had  sealoualy  cooperated  with  Mr. 
EKot  in  his  benevolent  exertions,  and 
who  frequently  accompanied  him  in  his 
misaidnary  tours,  was  equally  their 
friend.  He  was  the  only  magistrate, who 
endeavored  to  prevent  the  outrages  of 
the  populace.  He  was  in  consequence 
mneh  abused,  and  even  insulted  as  he 
passed  the  streets ;  but  he  had  too  much 
of  the  elevation  of  Christian  virtue  to  feel 
any  resentment,  and  the  efiects  of  licen- 
tiousneei  did  not  inspire  him  with  the 
desire  of  abridging  the  liberties  of  the 
people.  He  aoon,  howfever,  recovered 
the  esteem  and  confidence,  which  he  had 
lost,  by-  firmly  resisting  the  attcnlpts, 
which  w^re  made  to  destroy  the  ebar' 
terofMass.  In  1081  hie  was  appointed 
major  general  of  the  colony,  and  he  con- 
tinued in  the  magistracy  till  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  charter  m  1686.  He  died 
Manh  19,1687,aged  75.  In  the  inscrip- 
tion upon  his  monument  in  the  burying 
ground  in  Cambridge,  which  is  yet  legi- 
bier,  his  name  is  written  Gookings.  Such 
was  his  poverty,  that  Mr.  Eliot  in  a  let- 
ter to  Mr.  Boyle,  not  long  after  his  de- 
eease»  solicits  that  charitable  gentleman 
to  bestow  ten  pounds  upon  his  widow. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  understanding, 
rigid  in  his  religious  and  political  opin- 
ions, sealouB  and  active,  of  inflexible  In- 
tegrity ind  teemphiry  piety,  disinteres- 
ted and  benevolent,  a  firm  patriot,'  and 
uniformly  and  peculiarly  the  friend  of 
the  Indiar  ,  who  lamented  his  death 
with  unfeigned  .sorrow.  His  two  sons, 
Daniel  and  Nathaniel,  were  ministers,  the 
former  of  Sherburne,  whose  care  extended 
also  to.  the  Indians  at  Natiek,  and  the  4at- 
ter  of  Cambridge, who  was  ordained  Nov. 
15,  168!l,  and  died  Aug.  7, 1693,aged  9S. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Brattle. 

Mr.  Oookin  wrote  in  1674  historical 
collections  of  the  Indians  in  New  Eng- 
land, which  remained  in  manuscript,  till 
it  was  published  by  the  Mass.  historical 
society  in  179S.    In  this  work  he  gives 


GORDON.* 

many  interesting  particulars  of  the  vari- 
ous tribes  of  Indians,  of  their  customs, 
manners,  religion,  and  government,  and 
of  the  exertions,  which  were  made  to 
civilize -them,  and  to  bring  them  to  an 
acquaintance  with  the  Christian  relig- 
ion. He  also  wrote  a  history  of  N.  E. ; 
but  it  is  not  known,  that  the  manuscript 
is  now  in  exfstence.— Hist  eo/.  i.  338, 
336;  VII.  9S',Holme$'  hiti  of  Cambridge  f 
JhOehiiuons  Jdagnalia,  u:  31  ;  Johnr- 
ton's  vofuf.  work.  prov.  109,  193; 
8tith,S0y 

GOOKIN,  Nathaniel,  minister  of 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
N.  Gookin  of  Cambridge,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1703.  He 
was  ordained  in.  1710  as  successor  of 
John  Cotton.  After  a  prudent  and 
faithful  ministry  of  about  34  years,  he 
died  in  1734,  aged  46.  His  sOn,  Nathan- 
iel, was  settled  in  North  Hampton,  N.H., 
in  1739  and  died  in  1766.  Mr.  Gookin 
published  three  sermons,  occasioned  by 
th6  earthquake  in  Oct.  1737,  to  which  is 
added  an  account  of  the  earthquake,  and 
something  remarkable  of!  thunder  and 
lightning  in  Hampton.-— Ht*t.  eoL vii.55; 
ShurfkJ^M  $erm.  at  ord.  of  Mr.  Oookin, 
1739. 

GORDON.  William,  n.'  d.,  minister 
of  Roxbury,lMa8S.,  and  a  historian  of  the 
American  war,  was  a  native  of  Hitchin, 
Hertfordshire,  England.  He  was  early 
settled  as  a  pastor  of  a  large  independent 
church  at  Ipswich,  but  after  many  years 
he  removed  in  consequence  of  some  un- 
easiness occasioned  by  his  reprehension 
of  the  conduct  of  one  of  his  principal 
bearers  in  employing  his  workmen  on 
public  business  on  the  Lord's  day.  After 
the  death  of  Dr.  David  Jennings  he  was 
chosen  to  be  his  successor  in  the  church 
at  old  gravel  lane,  Wapping.  Here  he 
might  have  continued  much  respected, 
but  in  the  year  1770  his  partiality  to 
America  induced  him  to  force  hiniseir 
away,  in  ord'^r  to  settle  in  this  country. 
After  having  preached  about  a  year  to 
the  third  church  in  Roxbury,  he  was 
ordained  its  minister  July  6, 1773.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  public  measures 


GORDON. 


OOROES. 


4U 


r  the  vati" 
r  custooit, 
iment,  and 
t  made  to 
them  to  an 
itian  relig* 
ofN.E.; 
manuacript 

,ot.  I.  338> 
Cambridge  f 
il ;  Johnr 
109,  193; 

minister   of 
ion  of  Rev. 
d  waagrad- 
1  1708.    He 
Bucceasor  of 
iTudent   and 
(4  years,  he 
lOn,  Nathan- 
ipton,  N.H., 
Mr.  Gookin 
ccasioned  by 
,  to  which  is 
thquake,  and 
,  thunder  and 
at.  eoL VII.55; 
Mr.  Oookin, 

D.,  minister 
stbrianof  the 
of  Hitchin, 
le  was  early 
independent 
many  years 
of  some  un- 
reprehension 
lis  principal 
woricmen  on 
's  day.    After 
mings  he  was 
in  the  church 
ng.    Here  he 
ich  respected, 
partiality  to 
force  himself 
this  country, 
out  a  year  to 
lury,  he  was 
6,1772.    He 
iblie  measures 


dnring  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  I  by  annuities  for  life,  1773 ;  a  aermon  at 
was  ehosen  chaplain  to  the  provincial  con-  a  fast;  at  two  thanksgirings,  177B;  be- 


giress  of  Maisaehusetts.    While  in  this 
office  he  preached  a  last  sermon,  which 
strongly .  expressed  his   political    senti- 
ments.   In  1776  he  formed  Um  design  of 
writing  a  history  of'the  great  events  in 
America.    Besides  other  sources  of  in- 
fonnation,  he  had  recourse  to  the  records 
of  congress,  and  to  those  of  Now  England, 
and  was  indulged  with  the  perusal  of  the 
papers  of  Washington,  Gates,  Greene, 
Lincoln,  and  Otho  Williams.    After  the 
concrusioa  of  the  war  he  returned  to  I^ia 
native  country  in  1786,  and  in  1789  pub^ 
lidied  the  work,  which  had  foit  a  number 
of  years  oceqpied  his  attention.'   It  pro- 
duced him  sop/.    After  spending  some 
time  in  London,  where  he  had  many' 
friends,  he  obtained  a  settlement  at  St. 
Neots  in'Hantingdonqhire. .  This  situa- 
tion was  much  inferior  to  either  of  the 
former  settlements',  which  he  had  enjoy- 
ed.   The  congregation  gradually  decli- 
ned in  conseqiience  of  his  "want  of  that 
popular  address,  to  which  they  had  been 
aeciistoraed,  and  of  the  failure  of  his  men- 
tal powers.    The  infirmity  of  his  ttiind 
was  at  length  so  visible,  that  his  ftiends 
advised  his  resignation,  and  raised  a  sub- 
scription for  him.    He  afterwards  return- 
ed to  Ipswich,  where  he  had  some  agreea- 
ble eonnexions  left    Here  he  preached  a 
few  occasional  sermons ;  but  his  memo- 
ry soon  failed  him  to  such  a  degree,  as  to 
render  him  unfit  for  all  public  service. 
After  living  to  experience  the  melanchol- 
ly  extinction  of  the  powers  of  his  mind, 
he  died  at  Ipswich  Oct.  19,  180'i,aged 
77. 

In  his  religious  sentiments  Dr.  Gordon 
was  a  strict  Calvinist ;  yet  he  possessed 
a  liberal  mind,  and  a  very  sociable  dispo- 
sition. He  was  even  sometimes  facetious. 
Though  his  temper  was  warn*.,  he  was 
yet  friendly  and  benevolent.  His  ser- 
mons were  composed  with  care ;  but  as 
they  were  written  in  a  very  systematical 
form,  and  were  read  with  slavish  adher- 
ence to  his  notes,  he  was' not  interesting 
as  a  preacher.  He  published  a  plan  of  a 
society  for  making  j^rovision  for  widows. 


fore  the  house  of  representatives,  1776  ; 
at  the  electiottj  1775 ;  before  the  general 
court  on  the  anniversary  of  independence, 
1777;  doctrine  of  universalsalvation  ex- 
amined and  shown  to  be  unseriptural, 
1789.    His  history  of  the  rise,  progress, 
and  ^tablishment  of  the  independence  of 
the  U.  S.  of  America  in  4  vol.  8vo.  1788, 
though  not  written  with  elegance,  is  al- 
lowed to  have  considerable  merit  as  a 
minute  and  in  general  a  faithful  narrative 
of  facis.    Before  he  came  to  this  country 
he  published  an  abridgment  of  president 
Edwards'  treatise  oh  the  afiections. — 
Pref.  to  hit  hitt.  of  the  «9^nmean  war  ; 
MotUMyrepoB.  London,  for' Nov., IWJ. 
CK)RGES,  Ferdinando.  sir,  proprietor 
of  the  province  of  Maine,  was  the  govern 
nor  of  Plymouth  and  an  early  member  of 
the  Plymouth  company  in  England.    In 
1606  he  and  chief  justice  Popham  sent 
out  Ghallons  in  a  ship  of  60  tons  for  dis- 
covery, but  the  vessel  was  captured  by 
the  Spaniards.    In  the  next  year  George 
Popham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert  were  sent 
out  to  the  KennebeCi    Ia  1610  he  sent 
capt  Dermer  to  Monhegan.    Dearous 
of  engaging  the  Scotch  in  the  settlement 
of  N.England,  he  promoted  the  patent 
of  Nova  Scotia  to  sir  Wm.' Alexander 
Sept.  10,  1631.    In  1632  the  council  of 
Plymouth,  established  by  new  chartei|in 
1630,  made  to  himand  J.  Mason  a  grant 
of  the  lands  between  the  Merrimac  and 
Sagadahoc,  reaching  back  to  the  lakes, 
called  Laconia.    The  next  year  a  settle- 
ment was  commenced  at  Pascataqua.    In 
1639  he  obtained  fVom  the  crown  a  con- 
firmatory grant  of  the  land  from  Pascata- 
qua to  Sagadahoc,  called  the  province  of 
Maine,  in  compliment  to  queen  Henriet- 
ta, who  held  as  her  estate  the  province 
of  Maine  iit  France.    He  was  miade  lord 
palatine.   -He  incorporated  the  village  of 
Agamenticus  or  York  into  a  city,  called 
^orgeana ;  but  the  colony  did  hot  "pros- 
per.   He  died  before  June  1647  and  his 
estate  fell  to  his  son,  John  Gorged,  who 
neglected  the  province,  so  that  in  1653 
they  placed  themselves  unddr  Massachu- 


«M 


OORGES. 


GORE.  :^ 


Mtto.  Ho  expended  90,000/.  in  his 
American  enterprises.  He  pubtiatied  a 
qarrative  of  liis  proceedings  relative  to 
the  settlement  of  N.  E.,  contained  in  the 
work  of  bis  grandson,  Foidinando,  1669. 
In  doting  his  narrative  he  asks,  "  wiiat 
can  be  more  pleasing  to  a  generous  nature,, 
than  to  be  exercised  in  doing  public  good; 
— and  what  monumentso  durable  as  erec- 
ting of  houses,  villages,  and  towns  ;  and 
what  more  pioosthan  advancing  of  chris- 
tian religion  amongst  people,  who  have 
not  known  the  excellency  thereof?^'  In 
this  work  Dr.  Belknap  found  materials 
for  his  history  of  Gorges.— Be/Ama/i's 
biog.  I.  S46r-S9S. 

GORGES,  Ferdinando,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,:  succeeded  to  the  rights  of 
his  father,  John.  On  the  restoration  he 
petitioned  the  king  againe*  the  Usurpation 
of  Massachusetts.  Commissioners,  Carr, 
&c.,  were  S(int  over  to  adjust  the  afiairs 
of  government.  But  in  1677  h6  was  in? 
duoed  to  sell  his  rights  to  Massachusetts 
for  1350(.  The  territory,  thus  acquired, 
was  first  fbrtned  into  the  two  counties  of 
York  and  Cumberland.  He  published  a 
description  of'  New  England,  entitled 
"  America  painted  to  tlie  life,"  London, 
1659,  containing  the  narrative  by  his 
grandfather,  as  well  as  descriptions  of  his 
own.  In  some  editions  Johnson's  Won- 
der Working  Providence  is  also  annexed. 
GORHAM,  Nathaniel,  president  of 
congress,  was  born  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  in  1738  fin4  died  June  11,  1796, 
aged  58.  He  was  often  a  member  of  the 
fegislature,  and  in  1784  was  elected  to 
confri'ess.  He  was  also  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  several  years, 
As  a'  member  of  the  convention  he  assis- 
ted in  forming  the  constitution  of  the  U. 
h.—EUiot. 

GORHAM,  John,  m.  d.,  physician  in 
Boston,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1801,  9nd  studied  his  profession  at  Edin- 
burgh. In  1809  he  was  appointed  ad- 
junct professor  of  cheinistry  and  materia 
medica  at  Cambridge  ;  and  in  1816  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  He 
>died  suddenly  March  39,  1829,  aged  46. 
He  published  inaugural  address,  1817  ; 


elements  of  chemical  science,  3  vols.  8vo. 
1819. 

GORE,  Christopher,  governor  of  Bla»- 
saehusetts,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1758, 
andwasthesonofa  respectable  mechanic, 
who  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolutun, 
as  he  adhered  to  the  royal  government, 
wei>t  to  Halifax  but  afVerwards  returned 
to  Boston.     He  was  graduated  in  1776, 
and  aider  studying  law  with  judge  Lowell, 
engaged  in  extensive  and  lucrative  prac- 
tice.    In   1789  he  wAs  appointed  firat 
United  States  attorney  for  the  district^of 
Mass.,  in  the  execution  of  which  office  he 
met  with  difficulties,  but  he  resolutely 
pursded  the  coarse  of  duty.    In  1796  he 
was  appointed  colleague  yrith  William 
Pinkney,    a    commissioner   under    the 
fourth  article  of  Jay's  treaty  to  settle  our 
claims  for  Spoliations.     By  his  efibrts, 
when  in  England,  he  recovered .  sums  to 
a  vast  amount  for  our  citizens ;  his  ar- 
gument on  that  class  of  captures,  which 
were  made  under  the  rule  of  1756,  was 
elaborate  and  powerful.    As  his  commis- 
sion lasted  nearly  eight  yean,  he  remain- 
ed abroad  till  1804.     In  the  preceding 
yter  he  had  been  left  by  bis  intinlate 
friend,  Rufus  King,  minister  to  England, 
charge  d'afiaires.     After  his  return  he 
was  chosen,  in  1809,  gov.  of  Mass.,  as 
successor  of  Sullivan ;   but  the  next  year 
the  people'  chose  Mr.  G«rry  in  his  place, 
in  1814  he  was  appointed  senator  to  con- 
gress, in  which  capacity  he  served  about 
three  yeare,Si  then  withdrew  into  final  re- 
tirement.    His  residence  was  a  beautiful 
seat,  about  9  miles  from  Boston,  at  Wal- 
tham,  whence  he  was  accustomed  fre- 
quently to  walk  into  town.     An  excru- 
ciating disorder  embittered  his  last  years. 
He  died  March  1,  1827,  aged  68.     His 
friend,  Mr.  King,  died  the  next  month. 
Having  no  children  Mr.  €rore  left  valu- 
able bequests  to  the  American  academy 
and  the  Historical  society,  of  which  he 
was  a  member  ;   and  he  made  Harvard 
college,  of  which  he  had  been  a  fellow  or 
trustee,  his  residuary  legatee.    With  the 
literature  of  the  day  he  had  kept  himself 
familiarly  acquainted,  and  he  was  an  ex- 
cellent classical  scholar.     His  mind  was 


i#;Mi* 


GORTON. 


df^tl^ 


4tl 


tTols.  8vo. 

lor  orMsa- 
tnin  1758, 
3  mechanic, 
revolutioii, 
overnment, 
1b  returned 
ed  in  1776, 
Ige  )>>well, 
irative  prac- 
tointed  firat 
e  district  ,of 
lieh  office  he 
a  reaolutely 
In  1709  he 
ith  William 
under    the 
to  settle  our 
'  his  efforts, 
red. sums  to 
sens ;  his  ar- 
ttures,  which 
sf  1756,  was 
I  his  commis- 
s,  he  remain- 
he  preceding 
bis  intiodate 
r  to  England, 
lis  return  he 
of  Mass.,  as 
the  next  year 
'  in  his  ptece. 
nator  to  con- 
served about 
r  into  final  re- 
iB  a  beautiful 
jton,  at  Wal- 
;u8tomed  fre- 
An  excTU- 
lis  last  years. 
_  68.      His 
next  month, 
ire  left  valu- 
|can  academy 
of  which  he 
lade  Harvard 
sn  a  fellow  or 
.    With  the 
kept  himself 
le  was  an  ex- 
[iB  mind  waa 


acute  and  discriminating  ;  his  morals 
pure  ;  his  manners  dignified  and  elegant. 
He  published  a  masonic  oration,  178S. — 
Jlmer.  ann,  reg.  li^-^,p.  3S9'S41. 

GORTON,  Samuel,  the  first  settler 
of  Warwick,  R.    Island,  came  to  this 
country  in  1696,  and  in  a  few  years  occa- 
sioned much  disturbance  in  the  church  of 
Boston  by  the  wild  sentiments  on  reli- 
gion, which  V  advanced.    He  soon  went 
to  Plymouth,  in  which  cotony  he  was 
subjected  to  corporal  punishment  for  his 
errors,  and  whence  he  removed  in  June 
1688  to  R.  Island.     At  Newport  he  re- 
ceived the  saipe  discipline  on  account  of 
his  contempt  of  the  civil  authority. .    He 
purchased  some  land  near  Pawtuxet  river, 
in  the  south  part  of  Providence,  in  Jan. 
16<{1.    Under  the  cover  of  this  purchase 
he  encroached  upon  the  lands  of  others, 
and,  complaints    having    been   enter^ed 
against  him  in  the  court  of  Massachu- 
.u'.  he  was  required  to  submit  himself 
*    t'^  jurisdiction  of  that  colony,  and  to 
.i.i«ver  for  his  conduct.     This  summons 
he  treated  with  contempt ;  but  being  ap- 
prehensive, tiiat  he  was  not  in  a  place  of 
safety,  he  crossed  the  rivet  at  the  close  of 
1649,  and  with  eleven  others  purchased 
of  Miantunnomu,  the  Narragansett  sa- 
chem, a  tract  of  land  at  Mishawomet,  for 
which  he  paid  144  fathoms  of  wampum. 
The  deed  was  signed  Jan.  17, 1643.  The 
town,  of  which  he  now  laid,  the  founda- 
tion, was  afterwards  called    Warwick. 
In  May  following  he  and  his  party  were 
seized  by  order  of  the  general  court  of 
Mass.,  and    carried  to    Boston,  where 
he  was  required  to  answer  to  the  charge 
of  being  a  blasphemous  enemy  of  the  gos- 
pel and  its  ordinances,  and  of  all  civil  gov- 
ernment.   His  ingenuity  embarrassed  the 
judges,  for,  while  he  adhered  to  his  own 
expressions,  which  plainly  contradicted 
the  opinions  which  v«ere   embraced  in 
Massachusetts,  he  yet,  when  examined 
by  the  ministers,  professed  a  coincidence 
with  them  generally  in  their  religious 
sentiments.    The  letter,  which  he  wrote 
to  the  governor  before  his  seizure,  was 
addressed  "  to  the  great,  honored,  idol 
gentleoasn  of  Massachusetts,"  and  was 


filled  with  reproaches  of  the  magistrates 
and  ministers  ;  but  in  his  examination  he 
deelared,  that  he  had ,  reference  only  to 
the  corrupt'  state  of  mankind  in  general. 
He  had  asserted,  that  Christ   sufiered 
actually betbre'he  suffered  under  Pilate; 
but  his  meaning  was,  as  he  said,  that  the 
death  ofChrist  was  actual  to  the  faith  of 
the  fathers.    The  OrdinanceSjKe  thought, 
were  abolished  af\er  the  revelation  was 
written,  and  thus  he  could  adrnit,  tfiat 
they  were  the  ordinances  of  Christ,  be- 
canse  they  were  established  for  a  short 
time  by  Kim.     But  this'equivoeatioa  did 
not  avail  him.      His  opinions  were  un- 
duuuledly  erroneous.    All  the  magistrates 
but  three  were  of  opinion,  that  he  should 
be  put,  to  death,  but  the  deputies  were  in 
favor  of  milder  measures.    Gorton,  with, 
a  number  of  his  companions,  was  sen- 
tenced to .  imprisonment  and  hard  l^bor, 
and  prohibited  from  passing  the  limits  of 
the  tbwn,  to  which  he  wad  sent,  and  from 
propagating. his  heresies  under  pain  of 
death.     Aflec  a  few  months,  the  dissatis- 
faction of  many  people  with  his  imprison*- 
ment  and  other  causes  induced  the  court 
to  substitute  banishment  in  its  place.    In 
1644  h^  went  to  Ei\gland  with  a  deed  from 
the   Narragansett  Indians,  transferring 
their  territory  to  the  kipg  ;   and  \ie  ob- 
tained an  order  from  parliament,  securing 
to  him  the  peaceable  possession  of  his 
lands.     He  arrived  at  Boston  in  1648, 
and  t^iice    prpceedjed  to    Shawomet, 
which  he%:alled  Warwick  in  honor,  of  the 
earl  of  Warwick,  wha  had  given  him 
much  assistance  in  affecting  his  object. 
Here  he  officiated  as  a  minister,  and  dis- 
sejuinated  his  doctrinep,  in  consequence 
of  which  a  large  part  of  the  descendants 
of  his  Ibllowers  have  neglected  all  reli- 
gion to  the  present  day.     He  died  after 
the  year  1676  at  an  advjinced  age.  With- 
out the  advantages  of  education,  he  made 
himself  acquainted  with  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  languages,  that  he  might  better 
understand  the  scriptures,  though  he  had 
afiected  to  despise  human  learning.     He 
violently  opposed  the  quakers,  as  their 
principles  were  hostile  to  hJs  antinomian 
sentiments.    He  believed,  that  the  aufTer- 


-# 


GOSNOLD. 


«RA1|AM. 


ing«  of  Ghrist  were  within  hia  children, 
and  that  he  was  u  inuoh  in  this  T7orld  at 
one  time  as  at  another  ;  that  all,  whiuh  is 
related  of  I.iu,  is  to  be  taken  in  a  8pirr'''ial 
tense ;  that  he  Was  incarnate  in  Adnin, 
nnd  was  the  image  of  God,  wherein  he 
was  created.  He  published  simplicity'o 
defence  against  the  ueven  headed  policy, 
which  war4  answered  by  Mi.  Wins'ow  ) 
antidote  against  Pharisaical  teachers; 
aaftmarsh  returned  from  the  dead,  1655  ; 
a  glass  for  the  people  of  New  England. 
-r-Winthr(^,  S09-S18,  S25;  .Morton, 
117-120.;  Hutehimon,  i.  7a,  117-1!24, 
549;  ColUetMit.  ne.  ix.  S5-S8;  HQlme$; 
Callender,  36,  57;  Magnolia,  viji.  11. 

GOSNOLD,  Bartholomew,  an  .intrep- 
id mariner  of  the  west  of  England,  sailed 
from  Falmouth  for  the  coast  of,  America 
March  26,  1608.  Instead  of  approach- 
ing t.his  country  )>y  the  way  of  the  West 
Indies,  he  was  the  first  Englishman,  who 
directly  crossed  the  ocean.  He  diseoyered 
land  May  14th,&a  capeonthe  15th,  near 
which  he  caught  a  great  number  of  cod, 
from  which  circumstance  he  named  the 
bnd  cape  Cod.  The  Indiins,  which  he 
met  at  different  places,  wore  ornaments 
of  copper,  arid  used- the  pipe  and  tobacco; 
He  passed  bandy  Puint,  &  in  a  few  days 
came  to  an  island,  which  he  named  Mar- 
tha's Vinejrard,  as  there  were  many  vines, 
upon  it.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been, 
not  the  island,  which  now  bears  that 
name,  bui  thj  small  island,  which  is  call- 
ed No  man's  land.  He  resided  tWee  weeks 
on  the  most  western  of  the  Elizabeth 
islands,  on  which  he  built  a  fort  and  store 
house.  But,  finding,  that  he  had  not  a 
supply  of  provisions,  he  gave  up  the  de- 
sign of  mdcing  a  settlement;  The  cellar 
of  his  stt»re  house  was  discovered  by  Dr. 
Belknap  in.  1797.  After  his  return  to 
England,  he  embarked  in  an  expedition  to 
Virginia;  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
council.  B'iit  he  died,sodn  after  hisarri- 
val,  Aug.  33,  1607.— .Bc/Zcna/i,  ii.  100- 
133  ;  Holmes',  Purehas,  iv.  1690  ;  v. 
1646-1653  ;  Stith,  30,  35,  45;  Brii.  em- 
pirei  I.  353  ;  Harris'  voy.  i.  616  ;  Unto. 
At'sJ.  XXXIX.  369,  370. 

GRAHAM,  John,  first  minister    of 


Southbury  in  Woodbury,  Coll.,  a  i*e. 
scendant  of  oneof  the  iiarqnii*:of  Moat* 
rose,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1694, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow.  He  came  to 
th^  country  about  1790  or  |7S6,  bnt  was 
not  settled  at  doutbhury  until  Jan.  27, 
1738,  if  TrurabuU  is  right,  though  he  had 
probably  been  there  some  years;  After 
a  ministry  of  40  years  or  more  he  died  in 
1773,  aged  79.  He  was  a  faithfU,  ekh* 
quent  ministet.  Dr.  TrumbuU  qiaaks  of 
him  as  favoring  the.  revival  in  1741. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Chauncy  of  Hadley,  Mass;  Three  of  his 
sons,  graduates  of  1740, 1747,  and.  1760, 
wer&  ministers ;  John  of  Suffiald,  Chaun* 
ity  of  Fishkilj,  N.Y.  and  Richard  Crouch 
of  Pelham,  Mass.  His  daughter.  Love, 
married  Rev,  Jona.  Lee  of  Salisbury. 
His  sons,  Andrew  and  Robert,  were  phy- 
sicians^;  the  latter  lived  at  White  Plains, 
and  was  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  and  Judge  of  the  admiralty 
court. — Mr.  G.  wrote  in  1733Rbalhid 
ajgainst  tbe  church  of  England  in  Con.. 
He  published  also  a  tract  on  the  same 
subject,  and  a  rejoinder  to  Johnson's  an- 
swer.— Life  o/'JoAtMon,70,  71. 

GRAHAM,  Andrew,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  patriot  of  the  revplntk>n, 
jras  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
for  many  yearis  the  representative  of 
Woodbury.  He  was  the  aurgeon  of  the 
troops  in  the  action  at  Danbury ;  and  ui 
the  battle  of  the  White  Pluns  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  not. released  till  the  surren- 
der of  Cornwallis..  He  died  in  1785. 
John  Andrew  Graham,  1,1..  d.,  of  the 
city  of  N.  York,  is  his  fourth  son.-^-Crfo- 
^am's  Vermont,  6,  7. 

GRAHAM,  Isabella,  a  pk>us  and  be- 
.evolent  lady  of  New  York,  was  born  in 
Scotland  July  39,1742 ;  in  1765  she  mar- 
ried Dr.  John  Graham,&  accompanied  him 
with  his  regiment  to  Niagara,  and  thence 
to  Antigua,  where  he  died,in  l774.  She 
came  in  1789,  to  N..  York,  where  for 
many  years  she  superintended  a  school 
for  the  instruction  of  young  ladies.  By 
her  eflbrts  the  widow's  society,  the  or- 
phan asylum  society,  and  the  society  for 
the  promotion  of  industry  wcro  institu- 


# 


}&.,  a  fie. 

in  16*4, 

[e  caine  to 
16,  bat  was 
jl  Jan.  ST, 
ugh  he  had 
n;     AAer 
3  he  died  ia 
lithAd,  elo- 
lUapaakaof 
it  in  1741. 
f  Rev.  Mr. 
rhree  of  his 
,  and  1760, 
ield,Chaiiii- 
;ard  Crouch 
hter,  Love, 
;    Salisbury, 
t,  were  phy- 
fhiie  Plains, 
«i»rt  of  «oni- 
tie  admiralty 
17S3  a  ballad 
ind  in  Con., 
on  the  same 
bhnaon's  an* 
.71. 

an  eminent 
e  revplution, 
ng,  and  was 
isentative  of 
irgeon  of  the 
ury }  and  in 
ns  was  taken 
the  surren- 
ied  in  1785. 
u  D.,  of  the 
h  Bon.-^Gfro- 

tkma  and  be- 
,wa8  born  in 
^765  8hemar- 
smpanied  him 
a,andthenee 
nl774.  She 
where  for 
ded  a  school 
g  ladies.  By 
ciety,  the  or- 
tc  society  for 
wero  institu- 


GRAQAIkl^ 

ted.  She  died  July  S7,  1814.  Mr. 
Bethure  married  her  daughter.  Dr. 
Mason  published  interesting  memoirs  of 
her  life. 

GRAHAMt  John,  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  court  of  Brazil,  died  at 
Washington  August  6,  1830,  aged  46. 
His  ill  health  had  induced  him  to  return. 
While  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Virginia^  he  was  appointed  secretary  to 
thd  American  legation  in  Spain ;  afler- 
wards  secretary  for  the  territory  of  Itoui- 
siana ;  then  chief  clerk  in  the  department 
of  state.  In  1818  he  went  on  a  mission 
with  Rodney  and  Bland  for  political  in- 
formation to  Buenos  Ayree.  His  long 
and  valuable  report  was  made  Nov.  5, 
1818  and  is  among  the  printed  state  pa- 
pers. His  worth  was  attested  by  letters 
of  Madison  and  Monroe,  published  in 
Nat.  Intel.  Aug.  39,  1830. 

GRANGER,  Gideon,  postmaster  gen- 
eral, of  the  U.  S.,  was  bom  at  Sufiield, 
Con.,  July  1^,  1767,  the  son  of  Gideon 
Graham,  and  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1787.  He  soon  became  emi- 
nent L^  a  lawyer.  Through  his  exertions 
in  the  legislature  Connecticut  is  chiefly 
indebted  for  its  large  school  fund.  In 
1801  Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  post 
master  general  in  the  place  of  J.  Haber- 
sham, in  which  office  he  continued  till 
1814,when  being  displaced  and  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Meigs,  he  removed  to  Canan- 
daigua,  N.  Y.  As  a  member  of  the  sen- 
ate of  N.  Y.  in  1819  he  promoted  internal 
improvements.  He  gave  1000  acies  of 
land  for  the  canal.  He  died  Dec.31, 1823. 
His  wife  was  the  sister  of  Mr.  Pease,  as- 
sistant postmaster  general.  He  was  tall, 
dignified,  and  commanding,  yet  afliible  ; 
a  man  of  integrity  and  distinguished 
tnlents.  His  political  writings  were  un- 
der the  signature  of  Senectus,  on  the 
school  fond,  and  of  Algernon  Sidney  in 
1809  and  Epaminondas  in  1820,  in  favor 
of  the  administrations  of  JefTeison  and  of 
gov.  Clinton. 

GRASSE,  Francois  Joseph  Faol,count 

de,  commander  of  the  French  fleet  in  the 

American  service  in  the  revolutionary  war, 

died  in  France  Jan.  15,  1788,  pjged  (>5. 

54 


GRAYSON. 


4S» 


His  family  were  exiles  in  the  revolution 
of  France.  His  son  in  1795  commanded 
a  man  of  war  in  the  British  service. 

GRAY,  William,  lieut.  gov.  of  Mass., 
an  eminent  merchant,  was  born  in  Lynn 
of  humble  parentage  about  1751.  He 
was  early  an  apprentice  to  Samuel  Gard- 
ner, and  th'n  to  Richard  Derby,  mer- 
chants of  Salem.  Entering  upon  com- 
mercial pursuits  at  a  favorable  period,  he 
conducted  his '  business  with  sound  judg- 
ment and  unwearied  industry.  Though 
he  acquired  a  vnry  large  fortune,  his  sim- 
ple habits  remained  unaltered.  In  the  pe- 
riod of  the  embargo  in  1808  he  abandoned 
the  party,  to  which  he  had  been  attached, 
and  espoused  the  side  of  the  government, 
and  it  is  said,  that  the  political  excite- 
ment, awakened  against  him,  induced 
him  to  remove  to  Boston.  In  1810  he 
was  elected  lieutenant  governor,  Mr. 
Gerry  being  chosen  governor.  He  died 
Nov.  4, 1835,  aged  74.  Mrs.  Gray  died 
in  1833.  His  eldest  son,  William  R.,  has 
since  died. 

GRAYDON,  Alexander,  naval  cap- 
tain in  the  revolutionary  war,  afler  the 
peace  entered  on  the  profession  of  the  law 
and  lived  in  Dauphin  county,  Penns. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia  May  3,  1818, 
aged  66.  He  published  Authentic  me- 
moirs of  a  life  chiefly  passed  in  Penns. 
&c.,  ISll. 

GRAYSON,  William,  a  senator,  of 
the  U.  S.,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
was  appointed  a  representative  to  Cong<«ss 
from  that  state  in  1784,  and  continued  a 
number  of  yesrs.  In  June  1788  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention, 
which  was  called  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
sidering the  present  constitution  of  tlie 
U.  S.  In  that  assembly,  rendered  illus- 
trious by  men  of  the  first  talents,  he  was 
very  conspicuous.  His  genius  united 
with  the  eloquence  of  Henry  in  opposing 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  While 
he  acknowledged  the  evils  uf  the  old  gov- 
ernment, he  was  afraid  that  the  proposed 
government  would  destroy  the  liberty  of 
the  states.  His  principal  objections  to  it 
were,  that  it  took  from  the  states  the  sole 
right  to  direct  taxation,  which  was  the 


ti*"*  ■'   f 


%■ 


436 


GREEN. 


highest  act  ofsoverin'gnty ;  that  the  lim- 
its between  the  national  and  state  author- 
ities were  not  sufficiently  defined  ;  that 
they  might  clash,  in  which  case  the  gen- 
eral government  would  prevail ;  tliat 
there  was  no  provision  against  raising 
such  a  navy,  as  was  more  than  sufficient 
to  protect  our  trade,  and  thus  would  ex- 
cite the  jealousy  of  European  powers  and 
lead  to  war ;  and  that  there  were  no  ade- 
quate checks  against  the  abuse  of  power, 
especially  by  the  president,  who  was  re- 
sponsible only  to  his  counsellors  and  part- 
ners' in  crime,  the  members  of  the  senate. 
After  the  constitution  was  adopted,  colo- 
nel Grayson  was  appointed  one  of  the  sen- 
ators from  Virginia  in  1789.  Hia  col- 
league Was  Richard  Henry  Lee.  He  died 
at  Dumfries,  whither  he  had  come  on  his 
way  to  the  congress,  March  12,1790,  and 
his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  family 
vault  at  Rev.  Spence  Graybon's.  His 
great  abilities  were  united  with  unim- 
peached  integrity. — Gazette  ofU^  S.  i, 
d95  ;  Debates  in  Virginia  convention. 

GREEN,  Samuel,  a  printer,  the  son 
of  Percival  Green  of  Cambridge,  was  15 
years  old,  when  he  arrived  in  16S0.  He 
succeeded  to  the  business  of  Daye  in 
printing  at  Cambridge  about  1649,  and 
died  Jan.  1,  1702,  aged  8i3.  He  was  a 
pious  and  benevolent  man.  He  had  19 
children .  His  descendants  were  a  race  of 
printers  ;  living  in  Boston,  New  London, 
Norwich,  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  al- 
so in  Vermont  and  Maryland.  He  prin- 
ted the  laws  in  1660  ;  and  also,  at  the 
expense  of  about  1200/.,  paid  by  the  com- 
missioners in  New  England,  the  follow- 
ing in  the  Indian  language  ; — tue  psal- 
ter, Eliot's  catechism,  Baxter's  call,  the 
New  Testament,  and  1000  copies  of  the 
Bible,  1683.  A  second  edition  of  the 
Bible,  begun  in  1680,  was  completed  in 
1686.  Thomas  gives  a  long  list  of  the 
books  printed  by  him. — Thomas,  i.  235- 
264. 

GREEN,  Bartholomew,  a  printer,  has 
been  generally  regarded  as  the  son  of  the 
preceding  ;  but  Farmer  thinks,  he  was 
not.  He  began  business  in  Boston  in 
1690  ;  and  commenced  a  weekly  paper, 


the  Boston  News-Letter,  Apr.  1704  for 
John  Campbell,  postmaster,  and  after  18 
years  published  it  on  his  own  Meount. 
This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  the 
British  colonies.  Like  his  llither  he  was 
distinguished  for  piety  and  benevolence, 
and  was  a  deacon  of  the  old  south  church. 
He  died  Dec.  28, 1732.  His  son,  Bar^ 
thotomew,  a  printer  in  Boston,  was  the 
grandfather  of  Joseph  Dennie.— Thomas, 
I.  283,  321. 

GREEN,  Timothy,  a  printer,  the 
son  of  John  G.,  and  grandson  of  Samuel 
G.  of  Cambridge,  after  conducting  a  press 
13  years  in  Bdston,  removed  to  N.  Lon- 
don in  1714  by  encouragen^ent  of 
the  government  of  Con.,  having  a 
salary  of  60/.  a  yea?.  He  was  pious 
and  benevolent,  cheerful  and  facetious. 
Of  the  church  at  New  London  he  was  a 
deacon.  He  died  May  5,  1757,  aged  78. 
Three  of  his  sons  were  printers. 

OREEN,  Joseph,  apoet,was  born  in 
Boston  in  1706;  graduated  at  Harv.college 
in  1726  ;  &  ai\erwards  devoted  himself  to 
commercial  pursuits.  He  had  a  vein  of 
humor  and  satire,  which  he  freely  in- 
dulged, associated  with  a  club  of  wits, 
not  sparing  the  measures  of  the  govern- 
ment ;  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  revo- 
lution he  went  to  England,  ^nd  died  in 
1730,  aged  74.  He  wrote  a  burlesque 
on  a  {)salm  of  Mather  Byles  ;  he  ridiculed 
the  freemasons  in  the  Entertainment  for 
a  winter's  evening  in  1750 ;  he  wrote 
also  the  Land  bank ;  account  of  the  cele- 
bration of  St.  John  ;  and  lamentation  on 
Mr.  Old  Tenor.— ^cc.  A.poet.  i.  133- 
139. 

Gr.EEN,  Francis,  a  merchant  in  Bos- 
ton, son  "f  Benj.G.of  Halifax.was  gradua- 
ted atHarvard  college  in  1760.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revolution  he  repaired  to 
England.  On  his  return  in  1799  he  resi- 
ded at  Medford,  where  he  died  April  21, 
ie'^'»,  aged  67.  Having  two  children, 
who  were  deaf  and  dumb,  he  placed  them 
at  Edinburgh  under  the  care  of  the  Mr. 
Braidwopds.  He  published  a  dissertation 
on  the  art  of  imparting  speech  to  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  London,  1783.  After  his  re- 
turn he  wrote  essays  on  the  same  subject 


n.-t . 


»■' 


>>i''" 


"'% 


% 


OREEN. 

in  the  newspaper*,  and  translated  the  letp 
ten  of  the  Abb^  L'  Ep<$e. 

ORSiKN,  John,  »  physician,  was  the 
son  of  Or.  Thomas  6.,  who  was  a  native 
ofMa'den,  Mass.,  and  ons  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Leicester,  having  his  first  lodg- 
ing in  the  cave  of  a  rock.  Born  in  1736, 
he  studied  with  his  self  taught  father;  set- 
tled at  Worcester:  and  was  extensively 
employed.  He  died  Nov.  ^0,  1799,  aged 
63.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  brig- 
adier Haggles  of  Hardwick  :  he  had  ma- 
ny children.  His  son,  John,  a  physi- 
cian, mpre  distinguished,  than  himself, 
was  born  in  1763  and  died  at  Wor- 
cester, Aug.  11,  1808,  aged  45.  Never 
in  his  practice  was  he  known  to  accept 
the  profier  of  strong  drink  for  his  refresh- 
ment.— Thaeher. 

GREENE,  Nathaniel,  a  major  general 
of  the  army  of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  in 
Warwick,  R.  Island,  about  the  year  1 740. 
His  parents  were  quakers.    His  father 
was  an  anchor  smith,  who  was  concerned 
in  some  valuable  iron  works,  and  transac- 
ted m  uch  husiness.    Whiln  he  was  a  boy, 
he  learned  the  Latin  languagechiefly  by  his 
own  unassisted  industry.  Having  procur- 
ed a  small  library,  his  mind  was  much  im- 
proved,though  the  perusal  of  military  his- 
tory occupied  a  considerable  share  of  his  at- 
tention, such  was  the  estimation,  in  which 
his  character  was  held,  that  he  was  at  an 
early  period  of  his  life  chosen  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  R.  Island.    Afler  the 
battle  of  Lexington  had  enkindled  at  once 
the  spirit  of  Americans  throughout  the 
whole  continent,  Mr.   Greene,  though 
educated  in  the  peaceful  principles  of  the 
friends,  could  not  extinguish  the  martial 
ardor,  which  had  been  excited  in  his  own 
hreast.    Receiving  the  command  of  three 
regiments  with  the  title  of  brigadier  gen- 
eral, he  led  them  to  Cambridge  ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  quakers  renounced 
all  connexion  with  him  as  a  member  of 
their  religious  body.    On  the  arrival  of 
Washington  at  Cambridge,  he  was  the 
first,  who  expressed  to  the  commander  in 
chief  his  satisfaction  in  his  appointment, 
and  he  soon  gained  his  entire  confidence. 
He  was  appoint^   by  congress  major 


GREENE. 


437 


general  in  Aug.  i776.  In  the  battles  of 
Trenton  Dec.  36th  and  of  Princeton 
January  8, 1777  he  was  much  distinguish- 
ed. He  commanded  the  leil  wing  of  the 
American  army  at  the  battle  of  German^ 
town  Oct.  4th.  In  March  1778  he  was 
appointed  quarter  master  general,  which 
of^vC  he  accepted  on  condition,  that  hia 
rank  in  the  army  should  not  be  affected, 
and  that  he  shoul''  retain  his  command 
in  the  time  of  action.  This  right  he  ex- 
ercised June  38th  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth. His  courage  and  skill  were 
again  displayed  August  89th  in  Rhode  Is- 
land. He  resigned  in  this  year  the  office 
ofquarter  master  general,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  col.  Pickering.  Afler  the  dis- 
asters, which  attended  the  American 
arms  in  S.  Carolina,  he  was  appointed  to 
supersede  Gates,  and  be  took  the  com" 
mand  in  the  southern  department  Dec.  3, 
1780.  Having  recruited  the  army, 
which  had  been  exceedingly  reduced  by 
defeat  and  desertion,  he  sent  out  a  de- 
tachment .  under  the  brave  general  Mor- 
gan, who  gained  the  important  victory  at 
the  Cowpens  Jan.  17,  1781.  Greene 
effected  a  junction  with  him  February  7, 
butonaccoun'  of  the  superior  numbers 
of  Corcwallis  he  retreated  with  great  skill 
lo  Virginia.  Having  received  an  acces- 
1  to  his  forces,  he  returned  to  N.  Caro- 
olina,  and  in  the  battle  of  Guilford  March 
1 5th  was  defeated.  The  victory  howev- 
er was  dearly  bought  by  the  British,  for 
their  loss  was  greater  than  that  of  the 
Americans,  and  no  advantages  were  de- 
rived from  it.  In  a  few  days  Cornwailis 
began  to  march  towards  Wilriiigton, 
leaving  many  of  his  wounded  behind  him, 
which  had  the  appearance  of  a  retreat, 
and  Greene  followed  him  for  some  time. 
But,  altering  his  plan,  he  resolved  to  re- 
commence offensive  operations  in  S.  Car- 
olina. He  accordingly  marched  directly 
to  Camden,  where,  April  25th,  he  was 
engaged  with  lord  Rawdon.  Victory  in- 
clined for  some  time  to  the  Americans ; 
but  the  retreat  oftwo  companies  occasion- 
ed the  defeat  of  the  whole  army.  Greene 
retreated  in  good  order,  and  took  such 
measures    as  effectually  prevented  lord 


% 


% 


:».' 

^ 


,..¥fi 


4K 


GREENE. 


Rtwdon  from  improving  hit  txusceu,  and  ■ 
v^lilfc^^him  in  the  beginning  of  May  to 
retire  beyond  the  Sante*     While  he  waa 
iu  the  neighborhood  of  Santee,  Greene 
hung  in  one  day  eight  soldiers,  who  had 
deserted    '"om    his    army.      For  three 
months  uiterwards  there  was  no  instance 
of   desertion.     A  number  of  forts  and 
garrisons  in  South  Carolina  now  fell  into 
his  hands.    He  commenced  the  siege  of 
Ninety-six  May  32d,  but  he  was  obliged 
on  the  approach  of  lord  Rawdon  in  June 
to  raise  the  siege.    The  army,  which  had 
been  highly  encouraged  by  the  late  suc- 
cess, was  now  reduced  to  the  melancholy 
necessity  of  retreating  to  the  extr<>Tnity  of 
the  state.   The  American  commander  was 
advised  to  retire  to  Virginia  ;  but  to  sug- 
gestions of  this  kind,  he  replied;  "I  will 
recover  S.  Carolina,  or  die  in  the  at- 
tempt."   Waiting  till  the  British  forces 
were  divided,  he  faced  about,  and  lord 
Rawdon  was  pursued  in  his  turn,  and  was 
oflfered  battle  aAer    he  reached  his  en- 
campment at  Orangeburgh,  but  he  de- 
clined it.     Sept.  8th  Greene  covered  him- 
self with  glory  by  the  victory  at  the  £u- 
taw  springs,  in  wb'ch  the  British,  who 
fought  with  the    utn>v<st   bravery,    lost 
1100  men,  and  the  Americans  about  half 
that  number.    For  his  good  conduct  in 
this  action  congress  presented  him  with  a 
British  standard  and    a  golden    medal. 
This  engagement  may  be  considered  as 
closing  the  revolutionary  war  in  S.  Caro- 
lina.   During  the  remainder  of  his  com- 
mand he  had  to  struggle  with  the  greatest 
difficulties  from  the  want  of  supplies  for 
histroops.    Strong  symptoms  of  mutiny 
appeared,  but  his  firmness  and  decision 
completely  quelled  it. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  Rhode  Island,  where  the  great- 
est dissensions  prevailed,  and  his  endea- 
vors to  restore  harmony  were  attended 
with  success.  In  Oct.  1785  he  sailed  to 
Georgia,  where  he  had  a  considerable  es> 
tate  not  far  distant  from  Savannah, 
Here  he  passed  his  time  as  a  private  citi- 
zen, occupied  by  domestic  concerns. 
While  walking  without  an  umbrella,  the 
intense  rays  of  the  sun  overpowered  him, 


ORIDLEY. 

and  occasioned  an  inflammation  of  the 
brain,  of  which  he  died  June  19,  17M, 
aged  46.     In  Aug.  following  eongresa 
ordered  a  monument  to  be  erected  to  hi* 
memory  at  the  seat  of  the  federal  gov- 
ernment.   His  widow  married  Phineas 
Miller,  the  co-partner  of  Eli  Whitney, 
inventor  of  the  cotton  gin.   His  youngest 
daughter,  Mrs.  Louisa  C.  Shaw,  died  at 
Cumberland  island  in  Apr.  18S1.    His 
eldest  surviving  brother ,Wm.,  died  at  E: 
Greenwich  in  Oct.  1836,  aged  88.    He 
possessed  a  humane  and  benevolent  dis- 
position, and,  abhorring  the  cruelties  and 
excesses,  of  which  partizans  on  both  sides 
were  guilty,  uniformly  inculcated  a  spirit 
of  moderation.     Yet  he  was  resolutely 
severe,  when  the  preservation  of  disci- 
pline rendered  severity  necessary.    In  the 
campaign  of  1781  he  displayed  the  pru- 
dence, the  military  skill,  the  unshaken 
firmness,  and  the  daring  courage,  which 
are  seldom  combined,  and  which  place 
him  in  the  first  rank  of  American  officers. 
His  judgment  was  correct,  and  his  self 
possession  never  once  forsook  him.     In 
one  of  his  letters  he  says,  that  he  was 
seven  months  in  the  field  without  taking 
ofi'his  clothes  for  a  single  night.      It  is 
thought,  that  he  was  the  most  endeared 
to  the  commander  in  chief  of  all  his  as- 
soc.iates  in  arms.     Washington  often  la- 
mented his  death  with  the  keenest  sorrow. 
— Hillhoiue's  oral,  on  hit  death;  ^mer- 
iean  mtu.  u.   in.  vii.  Jlfosii.  mag.  iv. 
616,671  ;  Gordon;  ManhaUs  Ramtay'i 
S.  C.   II. 5  Holmes;   Stedman,  ii,  876; 
Warren,  in.  56-59. 

GREENUP,  Christopher,  governor 
of  Kentucky,  after  Shelby  and  Garrand, 
from  1804  to  1808,  when  he  was  succee- 
ded by  Charles  Scott.  He  was  a  brave 
patriot  of  the  revolution  and  participa- 
ted in  the  perils  of  war.  He  was  for 
years  a  faithful  and  able  member  of  the 
state  and  national  legislature.  He  died 
at  Frankfort  in  May  1818.  In  the  pub- 
lic estimation  hei  was  the  most  useful  man 
in  Kentucky. 

GRIDLEY,  Jeremy,  attorney  general 
of  the  province  of  Mass.,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  In  1725.    He  was  edi- 


ORIDLEY. 


GRIFFIN. 


tor  of  the  weekly  relieana),  r  newspaper, 
which  eomnenced  in  Boston  Sept.  37, 
1781,  and  continued  only  for  one  year. 
He  aoon  became  pre-eminent  as  a  lawyer, 
and  was  appointed  king's  ottornpy.  In 
this  capacity  he  in  1761  defended  the  writ» 
of  assistance,  which  the  custom  house 
officers  had  applied  for  to  tho  superior 
court,  and  by  which  they  wonid  be  au- 
thorized to  enter  at  their  discretion  sus- 
pected houses.  He  was  opposed  with 
great  fo'^  of  argument  by  his  former  pu- 
pil, Mr.  Otis.  He  died  Sept.  10,1767, 
bring  colonel  of  the  first  regiment  of  mili- 
tkA,  and  grand  master  of  the  free  masons. 
His  strength  of  understanding  and  his 
extensive  knowledge,  particularly  his  inti- 
mateacquaintance  with  classical  literature, 
gave  him  the  first  rank  among  men  of  in- 
tellect and  learning),  while  his  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  canon  and  civil  law 
placed  him  at  the  head  of  his  profession. 
He  possessed  at  the  same  time  a  sensibili- 
ty of  heart,  which  endeared  him  to  all 
who  were  connected  with  him  in  social 
and  domestic  life.  His  fortitude  in  his 
last  moments  resulted  from  the  principles 


of  religion. — Hist.  eol.  in.  801  ;  v.  212  ;  'constitution  he  was  a  judge  of  the  dis- 


Boiton  pott  boy, Sept.  14,1767;  Jtftnot,  i. 
88—90  ;  Oordon,i,  141. 

GRIDLEY,  Richard,  maj.  general, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Boston  in  1711.  In  1746  he  was  engi- 
neer in  the  reduction  of  Louisbourg.  In 
1755  he  again  entered  the  army  as  cl^ief 
engineer  and  colonel  of  irifantiy.  Under 
Winslow  he  was  concerned  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  Crown  point  in  1756,  and  construc- 
ted the  fortifications  on  lake  George. 
He  served  under  Amherst  in  1758,  and 
was  with  Wolfe  on  the  plains  of  Abra- 
ham. For  his  services  Magdalen  island 
was  given  him,  with  half  pay.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  was 
appointed  chief  engineer.  He  skilfully 
laid  out  the  works  in  fortification  of 
Breed's  hill,  the  day  before  the  battle  of 
June  17th,  in  which  he  was  wounded. 
He  died  at  Stoughton  June  20,  1796, 
aged  84.  His  daughter,  Jane, who  mar- 
ried Elijah  Hunt  of  Northampton,  died 
ia  19IS,  aged  80. 


GRIDLEY,  Elnathan,  a  miasionary 
at  Smyrna,  was  born  in  Farmiagton, 
Con. ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1830  ;  and  studied  theology  at  Andover. 
He  also  studied  physic.  He  was  ordain- 
ed as  a  mlBBionary  Aug.  25,  1835,  and  sail- 
ed with  ! .  •.  Brewer  Aug.  16, 1826.  After 
his  arrival  at  Smyrna,  lie  studied  Modern 
Greek  and  TurkMh.  In  June  1837  he 
accompanied  a  friend  to  Endurouk,  a 
Greek  village,  6  miles  from  Caisaria,  i.i 
the  interior  of  Asia  Minor.  There  he 
died  Sept.  37,  1S27,  aged  81.  Proposing 
to  ascend  mount  Argeus,  which  is  about 
13,000  feet  high,  covered  with  perpetual 
snows,  he  witii  much  fatigue  Sept.  18th 
approached  within  300  or  400  feet  of 
the  summit,  when  he  was  prevented  from 
advancing  by  perpendicular  rocks.  Ths 
next  day  he  suffered  from  the  head  ache 
and  soon  feL  a  victim  to  a  malignant 
fever,  occasioned  probably  by  his  impru- 
dence.— Mis$.  herald,  Apr.  1828. 

GRIFFIN,  Cyrus,  president  of  con- 
gress, was  a  native  of  England  ;  in  1778 
he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Virginia,  and  again  in  1787.    Under  the 


trict  court  from  Dec.  1789  for  31  years. 
At  his  first  court  John  Marshall  was  ad- 
mitted as  counsel.  He  died  at  York 
town  Dec.  IC,  1810,  aged  63. 

GRIFFIN,  Edmund  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed writer,  was  the  second  son  of  George 
Griffin,  and  was  born  at  Wyoming, 
Penns.  Sept.  10,  1904.  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  col.  Zebulon  Butler  who 
commanded  in  the  defence  of  Wyoming, 
when  it  was  desolated  by  the  British  and 
Indians  in  1778.  His  parents  removing 
to  New  York,  he  was  at  the  age  of  13 
placed  under  the  instruction  of  David 
Graham  of  that  city.  With  unequalled 
ardor  he  now  pursued  the  various  branch- 
es of  study,  gaining  the  highest  rank  in 
the  school.  In  this  school  it  was  an  excel- 
lent arrangement,  which  required  fre- 
quent exercises  in  composition.  Young 
Griffin  wrote  9  little  volumes  of  essays, 
and  thus  acquired  a  rich  flow  of  language 
and  remarkable  copiousness  and  energy 
of  thought.    At  the  age  of  14,  Mr.  Gra- 


j.™ 


i- 


GRIFFIN.      • 

hun't  Mhool  being  ditcontimieil,  he  was 
trantCprred  to  that  of  Mr.  Nelson,  a  cele- 
brated blind  teacher.  In  183S,  at  the 
■gfl  of  18,  he  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  with  the  highest  honors  of  his 
class.  After  prosecuting  the  study  of  law 
about  two  months  in  the  office  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  determined  to  prepare  for  the 
ministry,  and  entered  on  his  studies  in 
the  seminary  of  the  episcopal  church, 
although  none  of  his  family  were  then 
epiaeopalians.  One  motive,  which  influ- 
enced him  in  his  choice,  was  his  repu(;- 
nance  to  the  doctrines  of  calvinidm.  In 
Aug.  1826  he  was  admitted  to  deacon's 
orders,  and  soon  became  an  assistant 
preacher  in  the  church  in  Hamilton 
square  and  also  associate  with  Dr.  I, veil. 
In  the  hope  of  promoting  his  ultimate 
iisefulness  he  visited  Europe  in  1828. 
Arriving  in  Nov.  at  Paris,  he  there  pas- 
sed two  months,  and  crossed  the  Alps 
into  Italy.  He  set  sail  on  his  return 
April  1,  1830,  and  in  the  short  passage  of 
16  days  reached  New  Yorlc.  Being  im- 
mediately invited,  in  the  absence  of  the 
professor,  to  deliver  in  the  college  a 
course  of  lectui'.A  on  the  history  of  litera- 
ture, he  performed  this  service  in  May 
and  June.  The  lectures,  which  are  pub- 
Ikhed,  related  to  Roman  and  Italian  and 
English  literature,  and  are  "  a  noble 
monument  of  promptitude,  diligence,  and 
knowledge."  From  a  journey  of  recrea- 
tion he  returned  to  New  York,  Aug. 
S5th,  and  three  days  after  was  seized 
with  an  acute  disease,  an  inflammation  of 
the  bowels,  which  terminated  his  Ufe 
Sept.  1,  18S0,  at  the  age  of  26.  He  died 
in  meek  submission  and  joyful  trust  in  the 
Redeemer,  admonishing  others  to  pursue 
the  course  to  a  blessed  immortality.  On 
reviving,  after  a  spasm,  which  seemed  to 
be  fatal,  he  said  with  a  smile  of  inexpres- 
sible sweetness,  "I  did  not  get  off  that 
time ;"  but,  checking  himself,  he  added, 
"  that  was  a  rebellious  thought ;  I  must 
wait  Gtod's  time  to  die."— He  was  buried 
by  the  side  of  his  bek>ved  sister.— Lan- 
guage cannot  depict  the  desolation, 
which  must  have  come  over  the  heart  of 
a  lather,  enthusiastically  attached  to  a 


ORISWOLD. 

son  of  such  promise.  Such  a  bk}W, 
however  alleviated  by  the  memorials  uf 
the  genius  and  by  tlvs  virtuous  fame  of 
the  departed  youth,  would  aeem  tn  be 
insuflisrable  without  the  hope  of  a  re-un- 
ion in  the  world  of  holiness  and  joy. — 
Probably  America  cannot  boast  of  any 
young  man,  who  at  so  early  a  period 
reached  such  a  height  of  learning  and 
eloquence.  He  had  taste,  and  feeling, 
and  enthusiasm  ;  and  his  powers  of  de- 
scription are  unrivalled.  His  poetical  ta- 
lents were  of  a  high  order.  Two  vol- 
umes of  his  works  have  been  published, 
with  the  title  Remains  of  Rev.  Edmund 
D.  Griffin,  compiled  by  Francis  Griffin  ; 
with  a  biographical  memoir  of  the  de- 
ceased, by  John  Mc  Vickar,  d.  d.,  3 
vols.  8vo.  1891.  Among  the  pieces  in  his 
Remains  are  his  lectures  and  a  journal  of 
his  travels. 

GRIFFITTS,  Samuel  Powell,  m.  d., 
a  physician  in  Philadelphia,  was  born  in 
that  city  July  21,  1759.  His  medical  ed- 
ucation was  completed  during  his  resi- 
dence of  3  years  in  Europe.  After  his 
return  he  practised  more  than  40  years 
till  his  death.  May  12,  1836,  aged  67. 
He  was  a  quaker.  Every  morning  he 
read  the  N.  Testament  in  Greek  or  Lat- 
in. He  was  seldom  absent  from  religious 
meetings.  During  the  prevalence  of  the 
yellow  fever  in  various  years  he  never 
deserted  his  post.  Yet  he  believed  the 
fever  to  be  contagious.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  Dispensary  and  other  chari- 
table societies  were  promoted  by  his  ef- 
forts. Of  the  Eclectic  repertory  he  was 
one  of  the  editors. — Thacher,  i.  275- 
285. 

GRIMKE,  John,  F.,  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  S.  Carolina,  was  a  colonel 
in  the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  died  in 
1819.  He  published  a  revised  edition  of 
the  laws  of  S.  C.  to  1789  ;  on  the  duty 
of  justices  of  the  peace ;  a  probate  direc- 
tory. 

GRISWOLD,  Roger,  governor  of 
Con.,  was  the  son  of  Matthew  Griswold, 
who  was  chief  justice,  and  the  governor 
after  Trumbull  from  1784  to  1785,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Huntington.     He 


♦  1 


GR08. 


HAKLUYT. 


#1 


a  blow, 
oriala  uf 
fame  of 
m  t(i  be 
a  re-un- 
id  joy.— 
t  of  any 
a  period 
ling  and 
,  feelinif, 
re  of  de- 
Mtical  ta- 
["wo  vol- 
ublished, 
Edmund 
I  Griffin  ; 
if  the  de- 

D.   Dm    ^ 

eces  in  hia 
journal  of 

^ell,  M.  D., 
13  born  in 
nedical  ed- 
{  his  reai- 
After  his 
I  40  years 
aged  67. 
lorning  he 
ekor  Lat- 
m  religious 
ence  of  the 
he  never 
slieved  the 
establish- 
ther  chari- 
ly hia  ef- 
ory  he  was 
sr,  I.  37fr- 

of  the  BU- 
as  a  colonel 

He  died  in 
edition  of 
n  the  duty 
obate  direc- 

overnor  of 
Griswold, 
le  governor 
1795,  when 
igton.     He 


was  born  at  Lyme  May  31,1769;  his 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  gov.  R.Woi- 
oott.  Having  graduated  at  Vale  college 
in  1780,  ha  studied  law.  In  1794  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  was 
for  many  yeara  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  federal  party.  In  1801  he  declin- 
ed the  appointment,  offered  him  by  Mr. 
Adams,  of  secreUry  at  war ;  probably 
because  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson 
would  in  a  few  days  remove  him.  in 
1807  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  uf  the  state.  He  was  also 
lieut.  gov.  from  1809  till  May  181 1,  when 
he  was  elected  governor  in  opposition  to 
Mr.  Treadwell.  He  refused  to  place  4 
companies  under  gen.  Dearborn,  at  the 
requisition  of  the  president,  for  garrison 
purposes,  deeming  the  requisition  uncon- 
stitutional, as  they  were  not  wanted  "to 
repel  invasion,  &c."  For  4  or  5  years  he 
was  afflicted  with  paroxysms  of  suffering. 
He  died  at  Norwich,  Oct.  35,  1812,  aged 
60:  his  body  was  removed  to  Lyme.  An 
eulogium  on  him  was  pronounced  at  New 
Haven  by  D.  Daggett  before  the  general 
assembly.  His  successor  was  John  Cot- 
ton Smith. 

GROS,  John  Daniel,  d.  d.,  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  in  Columbia  college, 
and  minister  in  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  was  a 
German.  During  the  revolutionary  con- 
flict he  was  a  mini^iter  of  a  Dutch  reform- 
ed church  on  the  frontier  of  the  state, 
and  was  exposed  to  many  perils.  After 
the  war  he  removed  to  N.  York.  ^^-^  -^i- 
ed  at  Canojoharie  May  25, 1813,  aged  'id. 
He  published  Natural  principles  of  recti- 
tude &c.  a  systematic  treatise  on  moral 
philosophy,  8vo.  1795. 

6UNN,  Alexander,  d.  o.,  minister  of 
the  reformed  Dutch  church  at  Blooming- 
dale,  New  York,  died  Sept.  18,  1839. 
His  widow  died  in  idSl.  He  published 
memoirs  of  the  late  Dr.  Livingston. 

GWINNETT,  Button,  a  member  of 
congress,  was  born  in  England  about 
1733,  and  afler  he  came  to  this  country 
purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Geor- 
gia and  devoted  himself  to  agricultural 
pursuits.  Elected  to  congress  in  1776, 
he  signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 


At  this  period  he  was  a  eompetitor  with 
col.  Lackland  M>Intoah  for  the  oftee  of 
brigadier  general,  and  formed  •  wttled 
hostility  to  his  successful  rival.  Being 
afterwards  president  of  the  council,  ha 
nominated  a  subordinate  officer  to  the 
command  of  an  expedition  against  Flori- 
da. The  expedition  failed,  and  by  conse- 
quence Mr.  Gwinnett  failed  to  be  elected 
governor  in  May  1777.  In  the  mortifi- 
cation of  hia  adversary  M'Intosh  exulted. 
In  the  result  Mr.  G.  challenged  him. 
Fighting  at  the  distance  of  13  feet,  both 
were  wounded,  and  Mr.  G.  died  of  his 
wounds  May  37,  1777,  aged  44.  In  hia 
miserable  death  may  be  seen  the  efTeots 
of  envy,  rivalry,  and  hatred.  Had  he 
podsessed  the  spirit  of  the  gospel,  he 
would  not  thus  have  perished.  Had  he 
been  governed  by  moral  and  religious 
principles,  he  might  have  been  the  orna- 
ment of  his  state. — Ooodrieh'$  lne$, 

HABERSHAM,  Joseph,  postmaster 
general  of  the  U.  S.  was  the  son  of  James 
H.,  a  merchant  of  Savannah,  who  died  at 
Brunswick,  N.  J.  August  39,  1775.  He 
served  with  reputation  in  the  revolution- 
ary war  and  had  the  rank  ri  lieut.  colonel.^ 
In  1785  he  waa  a  member  of  congress ; 
in  1795  he  was  appointed  postmaster 
general,  but  resigned  the  place  in  1800. 
In  l!^02  he  was  president  of  the  Branch 
bank  in  Savannah,  where  he  died  Nov. 
1815,  aged  65. 

HAINES,  Charles  G.,  adjutant  gener- 
al of  New  York,  was  born  in  Canterbury, 
N.  H.,  and  was  early  thrown  upon  the 
resnurcesof  his  own  mind.  He  gradua- 
ted at  Middlebury  in  1816.  In  1818  he 
removed  to  the  city  of  New  York.  As  a 
lawyer  he  was  respectable  ;  but  his  tal- 
ents were  of  a  popular  kind,  and  he  gave 
himself  to  politics.  He  supported  Mr. 
Clinton.  No  young  man,  perhaps,  ever 
acquired  so  much  influence.  He  died  of 
the  consumption  at  Bloomingdale  July  S, 
1825,  aged  32.  His  writings  were  num- 
erous. He  published  considerations  on 
the  canal,  1818;  memoir  of  T.  A.  Emmet, 
1829 N.  Y.  Statesman,  JulyS. 

HAKLUYT,  Richard,  a  geographer, 
was  born  in  1553  and  died  1616.  He  was 


'«.%. 


413 


HALE. 


HALL. 


% 


buried  at  WestmiiMiter  abbey.  To  him 
airWftlter  Raleigh  anigoed  hit  patent  for 
diacoveriea  in  America  k.  he  was  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  company.  Purchaa  made  UM 
of  hia  maniiaeripta.  He  published  Voya- 
gea,  navigationa,  trafflquea,  and  diacovei^ 
iea  of  the  English  nation,  fol.,  S  vols. 
1M9-1600;  Virginia  richly  valued,  by  the 
deaeription  of  Florida,  1 600.  An  edition 
of  hia  workii  was  published,  5  vols.  4to. 
180»-1813. 

HALE,  John,  flrat  minister  of  Beverly, 
Maas.,  the  son  of  Robert  H.,  was  born  at 
Charleatown  June  9,  1696;  graduated  in 
1657  ;  was  ordained  Sept.  30,  1667,  and 
waa  chaplain  in  the  expedition  to  Canada 
in  1690.  He  died  May  15,  1700,  aged 
68.  Hia  son,  James,  minister  of  Ash- 
ford,  Con.,  died  in  Oct.  1743,  aged  56. 
In  the  witchcraft  delusion  of  1693,  begin- 
ning in  the  family  of  Mr.  Parris,  he  was 
deluded  and  approved  of  the  judicial 
measures.  'His  modest  inquiry  into  the 
nature  of  witchcraft  was  published  in 
1703.  His  account  of  the  witchcraft  was 
made  use  of  by  C.  Mather,  in  Magnalia, 
Ti.  79. 

HALE,  Nathan,  captain,  a  revolution- 
ary officer,  was  a  descendant  of  the  prece- 
ding. He  waa  the  son  of  Richard  H.  of 
Coventry,  Con.  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1779  with  high  reputation. 
In  the  war  he  commanded  a  company  in 
nol.  Knowlton's  regiment,  and  was  with 
the  army  in  the  retreat  from  Long  Island 
in  1776.  Washington  having  applied  to 
Knowlton  for  a  discreet  and  enterprising 
officer  to  penetrate  the  enemy's  camp  and 
procure  intelligence.  Hale  passed  in  dis- 
guise to  the  British  camp,  but  on  hia  re- 
turn was  apprehended  and  carried  before 
lord  Wm.  Howe,  by  whom  he  was  order- 
ed for  execution  the  next  morning.  He 
waa  denied  a  bible  and  the  aid  of  a  cler- 
gyman. The  letters,  full  of  fortitude  and 
resignation,  which  he  had  written  to  his 
mother  and  sister,  were  destroyed.  He 
was  hung,  regretting,  that  he  had  but  one 
life  to  lose  for  his  country  ;  though  exe- 
cuted in  a  brutal  manner  as  a  spy,  he  was 
firm  and  composed.  In  education  and 
talents  he  was  superior  perhaps  to  Andre, 


who  died  alio  as  a  spy :  in  patriotic  devo- 
tion to  hia  country,  haiarding  in  her  sa- 
cred cause  not  OB\f  Ufa  but  honor  and 
home,  no  one  waa  ivparior  to  him. 
Dwight  honored  him  by  soma  Unea  on  hia 
death.— .4m«r.  Renutnb.  1783,  p.  866  ; 
Kru^p'i  Utt.  354-355. 

HALL,  Lyman,  governor  of  Georgia, 
waa  a  native  of  Conn.,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1747.  Having  atudied 
medicine,  he  established  himself  at  Sun- 
bury,  Georgia.  He  early  and  zealously 
espoused  the  cause  of  his  country.  Hia 
efforts  were  particularly  useful  in  indu- 
cing the  Georgians  to  join  the  American 
confederacy.  In  May  1775  he  waa  a 
mc-mber  of  congress,  and  signed  thedecls- 
ration  of  independence,  and  continued  in 
that  body  to  the  close  of  1780.  While 
the  British  had  possession  of  Georgia, 
they  confiscated  hrn  property.  In  1789 
he  was  elected  governor ;  the  next  year 
he  was  aurceeded  by  J.  Houston.  He 
died  in  Feb.  1791,  aged  66.  Though 
WMrm  and  enthusiastic,  he  had  the  gui- 
dance of  a  sound  judgment. — Goodriek'i 
livei. 

HALL,  Gordon,  first  American  mis- 
sionary at  Bombay,  was  a  native  of 
Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  and  was  gradua- 
ted at  Williams'  college  in  1808.  Hav- 
ing studied  theology,  he  refused  an  invi- 
tation to  aettlein  Con.,  saying  "wo  is 
me  if  I  preach  not  the  gospel  to  the  hea- 
then." Offering  himself  as  a  missionary 
to  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners 
for  missions,  he  was  ordained  at  Salem, 
with  Neweil,Judson,  Nott,and  RiceFeb. 
6,  1812,  and  in  the  same  month  sailed  for 
Calcutta.  Another  band  of  missionaries 
consisting  of  Bardwell,  Meigs,  Poor, 
Richards,  and  Warren  sailed  for  Ceylon 
in  Oct.  1813,  followed  by  Graves  and 
Nichols  in  1817,  and  by  Winslow,  Spaul- 
ding,  Woodward,  and  Dr.  Scudder  in 
1819.  Mr.  Hall  arrived  at  Bombay  in 
Feb.  1819  ;  and  there  spent  19  years  in 
his  benevolent  toils,  with  a  purpose  unal- 
tered and  zeal  unquenched.  He  had  jast 
revised  the  New  Testament  in  Mah- 
ratta,  when,  as  he  was  on  a  journey  in 
the  interior,  he  was  seized  with  the  chol- 


*r 


* 


.^ug 


ifi-''         M.  §-mK 


HALL. 


HAMILTON. 


leriran  mis- 


en,  which  proved  fktal  in  8  nr  9  honn. 
He  died  March  SO,  IIM,  agud  about  86. 
Hia  wife  wu  ■  ntiv*  of  England.  He 
waaa  man  of  (rwt  A>tm  of  mind  and  de- 
ciaion  ofeharacter,  of  ardent  piety  and  of 
entire  devotedneoa  to  the  woric  of  a  mi»- 
aionary.  His  vigorous  frame  and  habits 
of  life  fitted  him  to  endure  the  hardships 
of  a  missionary.  His  qualifications  of 
every  kind  for  the  worit,  to  which  he  de- 
voted his  life,  were  very  uncommon.  His 
appeal  to  the  American  christians  in  behalf 
of  the  13  millions,  speaking  the  Mahratta 
language,  was  published  in  the  Miss. 
herald  Oct  189l6.  He  wrote  also,  with 
Newell,  the  Conversion  of  the  world,  or 
the  claims  of  600  millions  be,  3d  ed. 
1818.  The  N.  Testament  in  Mahratta 
was  printed  at  the  mission  press  in  Bom- 
bay in  1836.— JtfMf.  her.,  Oct.  1836. 

HALL,  John  E.,  editor  of  the  Port 
folio,  died  at  Philadelphia  June  1839,  aged 
44.  He  published  American  law  journal, 
6  vols,  1808-1817. 

HALLOCK,  Jeremiah,  minister  of 
Canton,  Con.,  was  born  on  Long  Island 
March  1758,  and  served  as  a  soldier  in 
the  revolutionary  war.  He  died  June  8, 
1836,  aged  68.  For  his  piety  he  was  pe- 
culiarly distinguished.  Hia  life  was 
written  by  Cyrus  Yale. 

HAMILTON,  Andrew,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  died  Aug.  4,1741. 
He  had  been  speaker  of  the  house  of  as- 
sembly, but  he  resigned  this  office  in 
1789  on  account  of  his  age  and  infirmi- 
ties. He  filled  several  stations  with  hon- 
or, integrity,  and  ability.  In  Zenger's 
trial  at  New  York  he  acquired  much  rep- 
utation as  a  lawyer.  His  son,  James 
Hamilton,  was  repeatedly  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  between  the  years  1 748  and 
1771.— ProtMJ'f  kilt.  Penfu.  ii.  316-219. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  first  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  of  the  U.S.,of  Scotch 
or  English  descent,  was  born  in  the  isl- 
and of  Nevis  in  1767.  At  the  age  of 
16  he  accompanied  his  mother  to  New 
York,  and  entered  a  student  of  Columbia 
college,  in  which  he  continued  about  8 
years.  While  a  member  of  this  institn- 
tion  the  first  buddings  nf  his  intellect 
55 


gave  presages  of  his  future  rminenoe. 
The  contest  with  Great  Britaia  cal- 
led forth  the  first  talent*  on  each  side, 
and  his  juvenile  pen  asserted  the  claims  of 
the  colonies  against  very  respectable  wri- 
ters. His  papers  exhibited  such  evidence 
of  intellect  and  wisdom,that  they  were  as- 
cribed to  Mr.  Jay.  At  the  age  of  18  he 
entered  the  army  a*  an  officer  of  artillery, 
The  first  sound  of  war  awakened  hia 
martial  spirit,  and  as  a  soldier  he  soon 
conciliated  the  regard  of  hia  brethren  in 
arms.  It  was  not  long  before  he  attrac- 
ted the  notice  of  Washington,  who  in 
1777  selectee  ^im  as  an  aid  with  tiierank 
of  lieutenant  colonel.  Thr  iighout  the 
campaign,  which  terminated  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Lord  Cornwallis,  b  '  commanded 
a  battalion  of  light  infr.  fry.  At  ;he 
siege  of  York  in  1781,  when  the  e<  'nd 
parallel  was  opened,  two  redoub<.^,'.s  h.ch 
flanked  it  and  were  advanced  thrx?  Hun- 
dred vards  in  front  of  t'  British  works, 
very  much  annoyed  th  ,ao;  in  the  tren- 
ches. It  was  resolvet  to  possess  them, 
and  to  prevent  jealousies  the  attack  of  the 
one  was  committed  to  the  Americans  and 
of  the  other  to  the  French.  The  de- 
tachment of  the  Americans  was  comman- 
ded by  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette,  and 
colonel  Hamilton,  at  his  own  earnest  re* 
quest,  led  the  advanced  corps,  consisting 
of  3  battalions.  Towards  the  close  of  the 
day,Oct.  14th,  the  troops  rushed  to  the 
charge  without  firing  a  single  gun.  The 
works  were  carried  with  but  little  loss. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  Cornwallis, 
Hamilton  ». tithed  his  sword,  and,  being 
encumUi :  with  a  family  destitute  of 
funds,  at  the  age  of  twenty  five  applied 
to  the  study  of  the  law  in  New  York.  In 
thi-:  f^^rofession  he  soon  rose  to  distinction. 
But  his  private  pursuits  could  not  detach 
him  from  a  regard  to  the  public  welfare. 
The  violence,  which  was  meditated 
against  the  property  and  persons  of  all, 
who  remained  in  the  city  during  the  war, 
called  forth  his  g3nerous  exertions,  and 
by  the  aid  of  governor  Clinton  the  faith- 
less and  revengeful  scheme  was  defeated. 
In  July  1793  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
congress.    He  was  chairman  8f  the  com- 


1 


iJh 


m 


%■■ 


434 


•#■ 


V  ;Vi-..'kki^.^l: 


HAMILTON. 


%A'iM:, 


mittee,  which  reported  a  resolution  to 
provide  a  sinltiner  fund  to  pay  the  nation- 
al debt.  In  1786  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  of  New  York,and  he 
introduced  and  ably  supported  the  bill  for 
acceding  to  the  assumed  independence  of 
Vermont.  A  more  important  aflbir  now 
demanded  his  talents.  After  witnessing 
the  debitii/  of  the  confederation  he  was 
fully  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  an 
efficient  general  government,  and  he 
was  appointed  with  two  others  in  1787 
a  member  of  the  federal  convention  for 
New  York.  He  assisied  in  forming  the 
constitution  of  our  country.  It  did  not 
indeed  completely  meet  his  wishes.  He 
was  afraid,  that  it  did  not  contain  suffi- 
cient Ineans  of  strength  for  its  own  pre- 
servation, and  that  in  consequence  we 
should  share  the  fate  of  many  other  re- 
publics and  pass  through  anarchy  to  des- 
potism. He  was  in  favor  of  a  more  per- 
manent executive  and  senate.  He  wished 
for  a  strong  government,  which  would 
not  be  shaken  by  the  conflict  of  different 
interests  through  an  extensive  territory, 
and  which  should  be  adequate  to  all  the 
forms  of  national  exigency.  He  was  ap- 
prehensive, that  the  increased  wealth  and 
population  of  the  states  would  lead  to 
encroachments  on  the  union,  and  he  an- 
ticipated the  day,  when  the  general  gov- 
ernment, unable  to  support  itself,  would 
iall.  But  believing  the  constitution  to 
be  incomparably  superior  to  the  old 
confederation,  he  exerted  all  his  tal- 
ents in  its  support,  though  it  did  not 
rise  to  his  conception  of  a  perfect  system. 
By  bis  pen,  in  the  papers  signed  Fublius, 
and  by  his  voice  in  the  coivention  of 
New  York  in  the  summer  of  1788  he  con- 
tributed much  to  its  adoption..  When 
the  government  was  organized  in  1789, 
Washington  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  treasury.  In  his  reports  he  proposed 
plans  for  funding  the  debt  of  the  union 
and  for  assuming  the  debts  of  the  reac- 
tive states,  for  establishing  a  bank  and 
mint,  and  for  procuring  a  revenue.  He 
wished  to  redeem  the  reputation  of  his 
couQtry  by  satisfying  her  creditors,  and 
combiDe  with  the  government  such  a 


monied  interest,  as  might  facilitate  it« 
operations.  But  while  he  opened  sour^ 
ces  of  wealth  to  thousands  by  establish- 
ing public  credit,  and  thus  restoring  the 
public  paper  to  its  original  value,  he  did 
not  enrich  himself.  He  did  not  take 
at 'vantage  of  his  situation,  nor  improve 
the  opportunity  be  enjoyed  for  acquiring 
a  fortune.  Though  accused  of  amassing 
wealth,  he  did  not  vesta  dollar  in  the 
public  funds. 

In  the  early  stage  of  the  administration 
a  disagreement  existed  between  Mr. 
Hamilton  and  the  secretary  of  state,  Mr. 
Jefferson,  which  increased  till  it  issued  ir; 
such  open  hostility,  and  introduced  such 
confusion  in  the  cabinet,  that  Washing- 
ton found  it  necessary  to  address  a  letter 
to  each,  recommending  forbearance  and 
moderation.  Mr.  Hamilton  was  appre- 
hensive of  danger  from  the  encroachment 
of  the  states  and  wished  to  add  new 
strength  to  the  general  government; 
while  Mr.  Jefferson  entertained  little 
jealousy  of  the  state  sovereignties,  and 
was  rather  desirous  of  checking  and 
limiting  the  exercise  of  the  national  au- 
thorities, particularly  the  power  of  the 
executive.  Other  points  of  difference 
existed,  and  reconciliation  could  not  be 
effected.  In  the  beginning  of  1793,  after 
intelligence  of  the  rupture  between  France 
and  Great  Britain  had  been  received, 
Hamilton,  as  one  of  the  cabinet  of  the 
president,  supported  the  opinion,  that  the 
treaty  with  France  was  no  longer  bind- 
ing, and  that  a  nation  might  absolve  itself 
from  the  obligations  of  real  treaties, 
when  such  a  change  takes  place  in  the  in- 
ternal situation  of  the  other  contracting 
party,  as  renders  the  continuance  of  the 
connexion  disadvantageous  or  dangerous. 
He  advised  therefore,  that  the  expected 
French  minister  should  not  be  received 
in  an  unqualifled  manner.  The  secreta- 
ry of  state  on  the  other  hand  vras  of  opin- 
ion, that  the  revolution  in  France  had 
produced  no  change  in  the  reUtions  be- 
tween the  two  countries,  and  could  not 
weaken  the  obligation  of  treaties ;  and 
this  opinion  was  embraced  by  Washing- 
ton.   The  advice  of  Hamilton  was  fol* 


'  .■* 


litate  iiM 
led  aour- 
Betabliah- 
oring  the 
«,  he  did 
not  Uke 
:  improve 
acquiring 
'amaasing 
u  in  the 

iniatration 
veen   Mr. 
state,  Mr. 
it  isaued  in 
duced  Buch 
Washing- 
eaa  a  letter 
!arauce  and 
was  appre- 
croachment 
0  add  new 
jvernment ; 
ained    little 
igntiea,  and 
ecking   and 
national  au- 
Dwer  of  the 
>f  difference 
»uld  not  be 
|f  1798,  after 
reen  France 
tn  received, 
>inet  of  the 
|ion,  that  the 
longer  bind- 
ibsohre  itself 
il    treaties, 
tee  in  the  in- 
contracting 
lance  of  the 
ir  dangerous, 
he  expected 
be  received 
The  secreta- 
wasofopin- 
France  had 
relations  be- 
.    could  not 
xeatiea;  and 
y  Waahing- 
ton  was  fol« 


-J'UV-r'Jf:    .*    5i 


HAMILTON.      *i*"»-^'^  ' 


f^W 


towed  in  regard  to  the  insurrection  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1794,  and  auch  a  detach- 
ment was  sent  out  under  his  own  com- 
mand, that  it  was  suppressed  withont 
effusion  of  blood.  He  remained  but  a 
short  time  afterwards  in  office.  As  his 
property  had  been  wasted  in  the  public 
aervice,  the  care  of  a  rising  family  made 
it  his  duty  to  retire,  that  by  renewed  ex- 
ertions in  his  profession  he  might  provide 
for  their  support  He  accordingly  re- 
aigned  hia  office  on  the  last  of  Jan.  1795, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wolcott. 
Not  long  after  this  period,  as  he  was  ac- 
cuaed  of  peculation,  he  was  induced  to 
repel  the  charge,  and  in  doing  this  he 
thought  it  r.oceasaiy  to  disclose  a  circum- 
stance, wtich  it  would  have  been  more 
honorable  to  his  character  to  have  left  '  t 
oblivion.  This  was  an  adulterous  con- 
nexion with  a  Mrs.  Reynolds,  while  he 
was  secretarj'  of  the  treasury.  When  a 
provisional  army  was  raised  in  1798  in 
consequenceof  the  injuries  and  demands 
of  France,  Washington  suspended  his 
acceptance  of  the  command  of  it  on  the 
condition,  that  Hamilton  should  be  his 
associate  and  the  second  in  command. 
This  arrangement  was  accordingly  made. 
After  the  adjustment  of  our  dispute  with 
the  French  republic,  and  the  discharge 
of  the  army  in  the  summer  of  1800,  he 
returned  again  to  his  profession  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  In  thia  place  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days. 

In  June  1804  colonel  Burr,  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  addressed  a 
letter  to  Hamilton,requiring  his  acknowl- 
edgment or  denial  of  the  use  of  any  ex- 
pression derogatory  to  the  honor  of  the 
former.  This  demand  was  deemed  inad- 
mi88ible,and  a  duel  was  the  consequence. 
After  the  close  of  the  circuit  cojrt,  the 
parties  met  at  Hoboken  July  lltb,  and 
Hamilton  fell  on  the  same  spot,  where 
his  son  a  few  years  before  h&<^  fkllen,  in 
obedience  to  the  same  principle  of  honor, 
and  in  the  same  violation  of  the  laws  of 
God  and  of  man.  He  was  carried  into 
the  city,  and  being  desirous  of  receiving 
the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper,  he 
immediately  sent  for  Dr.  Mason.     As 


the  principles  of  his  church  prohibited 
him  from  administering  the  ordinance  in 
private,  this  minister  of  |the  gospel  in- 
formed Hamilton,   that   the  sacrament' 
was   an  exhibition  and   pledge  of  the 
mercies,  which  the  Son  of  God  has  pur- 
chased, and  that  the  absence  of  the  sign 
did  not  exclude  from  the  mercies  sip^rified, 
which  were  accessible  to  him  by  fhith  in 
their  gracious  Author.     He  replied,  "I 
am  aware  of  that.    It  Is  only  as  a  sign, 
that  I  wanted  it."    In  the  conversation, 
which  eraued,  he  disavowed  all  intention 
of  taking  the  life  of  colonel  Burr,  and 
declared  his   abhorrence  of  the   whole 
transaction.    When  the  sin,  of  which  he 
had  been  guilty,  was  intimated  to  him, 
he  assented  with  strong  emotion ;  and 
when  the  infinite  merit  of  the  Redeemer, 
as  the  propitiation  forsin,the  sole  ground 
of  our  acceptance  with  God,  was  sugges- 
ted, he  said  with  emphasis,  "^I  have  a 
tender  reliance  on  the  mercy  of  the  Al- 
mighty through  the  merits  of  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ."    Bishop  Moore  was  af- 
terwr^rds    sent   for,  and,  after  making 
suitable  inquiries  of  the  penitence   and 
faith  of  general  Hamilton,  and  receiving 
his  assurance,  that  he  would  never  again, 
if  restored  to  health,  be  engaged  in  a 
similar   transaction,  but  would  employ 
all  his  influence  in  society  to  discounte- 
nance the  barbarous  custom,  administered 
to  him  the  communion.     After  this  hia 
mind  was  composed.     He   expired  July 
12, 1804,  aged  about  47.      His  wife,  a 
daughter  of  general  Schuyler,  survived 
him,  with  several  children.      Like  his 
antagonist,  Mr.  Burr,  he  was  small  in 
person  and  short  in  stature. 

In  assigning  the  reasons  for  accepting 
the  challenge  of  col.  Burr,  while  he 
seems  to  intimate  his  apprehensions,  that 
the  debility  of  the  general  government 
would  be  followed  by  convulsions,  he  al- 
so alludes  to  the  demand,  which,  in  such 
an  event,  might  be  made  upon  his  mili- 
tary talents.  His  words  are, "  the  ability 
to  be  in  future  useful,  whether  in  resis- 
ting mischief  or  effecting  good,  in  those 
crises  of  our  public  aflairs,  which  seem 
likely  to  happen,  would  probably  be  in- 


■  -  i' 


•■v1^|^-> 


4S< 


HAMILTON. 


HANCOCK. 


■epanble  from  a  conformity  with  public 
prajudice  in  this  particular. '"  With  all 
his  preeminence  of  talents  he  is  yet  a 
melancholy  proof  of  the  influence,  which 
intercourse  with  a  depraved  world  has  in 
perverting  the  judgment.  In  principle 
he  was  opposed  to  duelling,  hia  con- 
science was  not  hardened,  and  he  was 
not  indifferent  to  the  happiness  of  his 
wife  and  children  ;  but  no  consideration 
was  3t  rong  enough  to  prevent  him  from 
exposing  his  life  in  single  combat.  His 
own  views  of  usefulness  were  followed 
in  contrariety  to  the  injunctions  of  his 
Maker  and  Judge.  He  had  been  for 
some  time  convinced  of  the  truth  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  it  was  his  intention,  if  his 
life  had  been  spared,  to  have  written  a 
work  upon  its  evidences. 

He  published  the  letters  of  Phocion, 
which  were  in  favor  of  the  loyalists  after 
the  peace,  in  two  pamphlets,  1794.  The 
Federalist,  a  series  of  es8ays,which,  under 
the  signature  of  Publius,  appeared  in  the 
public  papers  in  the  interval  between  the 
publication  and  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  which 
was  designed  to  elucidate  and  support  its 
principles,  was  written  by  him  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Jay  and  Mr.  Madison. 
The  Washington  City  Gazette  Dec.  32, 
1317,  states  indirectly  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Madison  himself,  that  Hamilton 
wrote  all  the  numbers  excepting  numbers 
3,  3,  4,  5,  &  64,  which  were  written  by 
Mr.  Jay  ;  and  numbers  10,  14,  17,  18, 
19,  31,  37  to  58  inclusive,  62  &  63,  which 
were  written  by  Mr.  Madison.  This 
work  has  been  published  in  two  volumes, 
and  is  held  in  the  highest  estimation. 
His  reoorts  while  secretary  of  the  treasu- 
ry are  very  long,  and  display  great  pow- 
ers of  mind.  Some  of  them  are  preser- 
ved in  the  American  museum.  In  the 
report  upon  manufactures  he  controverts 
the  principles  of  Adam  Smith.  In  the 
papers  signed  Pacificus,  written  in  1793, 
labile  he  justified  the  proclamation  of 
neutrality,  he  also  supported  his  opinion, 
that  we  were  absolved  from  the  obligation 
of  our  treaties  with  France,  and  that  jus- 
tice was  on  the  side  of  the  coalition  of  the 


European  power  sfor  the  re-ettabliahment 
of  the  French  monarchy.  A  series  of 
essajrs  in  defence  of  the  British  treaty 
under  the  signature  of  Camillus,  was 
written  by  him  in  the  summer  of  1795. 
He  published  also  observations  on  certain 
documents  &c.  being  a  defence  of  him- 
self against  the    charge  of   peculation, 

1797  ;  the  stand,  or  essays  signed  Titus 
Manlius,  designed  to  awaken  this  coun- 
try to  a  sense  of  its  danger  from  France, 

1798  ;  and  a  letter  concerning  the  public 
conduct  and  character  of  his  excellency 
John  Adams,  president  of  the  United 
States,  1800.  In  this  letter  he  endeavors 
to  show,  that  the  venerable  patriot,  who 
was  more  disposed  than  himself  to  main- 
tain peace  with  France,  was  unworthy 
of  being  replaced  in  the  high  station, 
which  he  occupied.  His  writings  were 
collected  and  published  in  three  vols.  1810. 
— Maton'i  oral,  on  his  death  ;  NoWt 
discourse ;  Morris' fun.  oration;  Otis* 
eulogy ;  Ernes'  sketch }  Marshall,  v. 
131,350-360,  607-611. 

HAMILTON,  Paul,  secretary  of  the 
navy  of  the  U.  S.,  was  the  governor  of 
S.  Carolina  from  1804  to  1806,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Charles  Pinckney.  He 
wa;>  r,»:iatary  of  the  navy  in  the  adminis- 
tratir>r  f^i*  Mr.  Madison  from  1809  to 
1813;  and  he  died  at  Beaufort  June  SO, 
1816.  He  was  a  patriot  of  the  revolution. 

HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Lex- 
ington, Massachusetts,  was  born  in  1670, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1689.  He  was  ordained  Nov.  3,  1698. 
After  a  ministry  of  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury, he  died  very  suddenly  Dec.  6, 
1753,  aged  81.  Two  of  his  sons  were 
ministers,  one  of  whom,  Ebenezer,  was 
settled  as  his  colleague  Jan.  3, 1733,  and 
died  Jan.  38,  1740.  Mr.  Hancock  pos- 
sessed a  facetious  temper,  and  in  general 
his  wit  was  used  with  discretion.  Being 
a  friend  to  peace  he  exerted  himself,  and 
with  success,  to  preserve  harmony  in  his 
parish.  By  his  brethren  in  the  ministry 
he  was  highly  respected  and  beloved,  and 
as  he  was  for  many  years  senior  minister 
I  in  the  county,  his  services  were  frequent- 
'  ly  requested    in  ecclesiastical  councils. 


»   ,   i 

liihment 
leriM  of 
h  treaty 

lU8,    WW 

of  1795. 

in  certain 
of  him- 

iculation, 

ted  Titus 

his  coun- 

i  France, 

the  public 

sxeellency 

le  United 

endeavors 

.triot,  who 

If  to  main- 
unworthy 

{h  station, 

itingtt  were 

vols.  1810. 

th  ;  NoWb 

lion;  0(M' 

arthall,  v. 

itary  of  the 
governor  of 
)6,  when  he 
[ckney.    He 
the  adminis- 
»m  1809  to 
)Tt  June  SO, 
t  revolution, 
iter  of  Lex- 
orn  in  1670, 
d  college  in 
jv.  3,  1698. 
n  halfacen- 
ily    Dec.  6, 
a  sons  were 
lenezer,  was 
2, 1733,  and 
ancock  pos- 
d  in  general 
don.    Being 
himself,  and 
rmony  in  his 
the  ministry 
beloved,  and 
lior  minister 
ire  frequent- 
l1  counciti. 


HANCOCK. 


487 


He  bad  given  the  charge  to  twenty  one 
ministers.  He  retained  uncommon  vigor 
to  the  last.  He  published  the  election 
sermon,  1733 ;  a  sermon  preuchol  in  Bos- 
ton, 1734  ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  son, 
1736 ;  at  the  installation  of  T.  Harring- 
ton 1748. — ^ppletan's  Jun.  $erm. 

HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1719.    He  was  ordained  as  successor  of 
Joseph  Marsh  Nov.  3,   1736.    He  died 
May  7, 1744,  aged  41.     Possessing  good 
talents,  he  applied  with  diligence  to  the 
studies  of  the  ministerial  office.    During 
the  revival  of  religion  in  America  a  short 
time  before  his  death,  it  was  his  wish  to 
guard  his  people  against  what  he  consider- 
ed as  enthusiasm  on  the  one  hand,  and 
against  infidelity  and  inditTerence  to  reli- 
gion on  the  other.    After  a  life  of  up- 
rightness and  sobriety,  he  expressed  in 
his  last  moments  the  satisfaction,  which 
he  felt  in  the  testimony  of  a  good  con- 
science, and  looked  for  the  mercy  of  the 
Lord  Jesus  to  etetnal  life.    He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  £.  Quincy, 
1738  ;  a  century  sermon,  Sept.  16, 1739 ; 
on  the  good  work  of  grace,  1743 ;  an  ex- 
postulatory  and  pacific  letter  in  reply  to 
Mr.  Gee,  1743;  the  Examiner,  or  Gilbert 
against  Tennent,  1748. — Qay^sfun.aer. 
HANCOCK,   Thomas,  a  benefactor 
of  Harvard  college,  was  the  son  of  Mr. 
Hancock  of  Lexington,  and  died  in  Bos- 
ton Aug.  1,   1764.    His  portrait  at  full 
length  is  in  the  philosophy  chamber  of 
the  college.    His  nephew,  the  late  gov- 
ernor Hancock,  inherited  most  of  his  pro- 
])erty  ;  but  he  bequeathed  1000/.  sterling 
for  founding  a  professorship  of  the  He- 
brew and   other   oriental  languages  in 
Harvard  college ;  1000/.  to  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel  among  the  In- 
dians in  North  America ;  and  600/.  to 
the  town  of  Boston  towards  erecting  a 
hospital  for  the  reception  of  such  persons, 
as  are  deprived  of  their  reason.    Stephen 
Sewall,  the  first  Hancock  professor  of 
Hebrew  in  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
was  inducted  into  his  office  in  1765. — 
Ann.  reg.  for  1764, 116;  Holmet. 


HANCOCK,  John,  ll.  d.,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  Mr.  Han- 
cock of  Braintree,  was  born  about  the 
year  1 737.   He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1754.    On  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  Thomas  Hancock,  he  received  a 
very  considerable  fortune,  and  soon  be- 
came an  eminent  merchant.    In  1766  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives for  Boston  with  James  Otis, 
Thomas  Gushing,  and  Samuel  Adams. 
The  seizure  of  his  sloop,    Liberty,  in 
1768  for  evading  the  laws  of  trade  occa- 
sioned a  riot,  and  several  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  customs  narrowly  escaped 
with  their  lives.  As  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  assumed  a  more  serious 
shape  and  afiairs  were  hastening  to  a  cri- 
sis, he  evinced  his  attachment  to  the 
rights  of  his  country.    He  was  president 
of  the  provincial  congress  in  1774.    June 
13th  of  the  following  year  general  Gage 
issued  his  proclamation,  offering  pardon 
to  all  the  rebels,  excepting  Sam.  Adams 
and  John  Hancok,  "whose  offences,"  it  is 
declared,  "  are  of  too  flagitious  a  nature  to 
admit  of  any  other  consideration,  than  that 
of  condign  punishment.  "    Mr.  Hancock 
was  at  this  time  a  member  of  the  contin- 
ental congress,  of  which  he  was  chosen 
president  May  34th  in  the  place  of  Peyton 
Randolph,  who  was  under  the  necessity 
of  returning  home.    In  this  ofiice,  as  the 
head  of  the  illustrious  congress  of  1776,  he 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
In  consequence  of  the  ill  state  of  his  health 
he  took  his  leave  of  congress  in  Oct.  1777, 
and  received  their  thanks  Tor  his  unremit- 
ted attention  and  steady  impartiality  in  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  his  office..    Henry 
Laurens  was  his  successor. 

On  the  adoption  of  the  present  consti- 
tution of  Massachusetts,  he  was  chosen 
the  first  governor  in  Oct.  1780,  and  was 
annually  re-elected  and  continued  in  that 
office  till  Feb.  1785,  when  he  resigned. 
In  1787  he  was  again  chosen  in  the  place 
of  Mr.  Bowdoin  and  remained  in  the  chair 
till  his  death,  Oct.  8,  1793,  aged  56.  His 
administration  was  very  popular.  It  was 
apprehended  by  some,  that  on  his  acces- 
sion the  dignity  of  government  would  not 


• 


»■ 


488 


UANCOCK. 


# 


HARDENBERGH. 


f: 


i 


be  sufficiently  maintained;  but  hia  lan- 
guage on  aasuming  the  chair  was  manly  H 
decisive,  and  by  hia  moderation  &  leni- 
ty the  civil  oonvulsion  was  completely  qui- 
eted without  the  shedding  of  blood  by  the 
hand  of  the  civil  magi»trate.    Fourteen 
persons,  who  received  sentence  of  death, 
were  pardoned.    In  his  public  speeches  to 
the  legislature  he  acquitted  himself  with  a 
degree  of  popular  eloquence,  which  is  sel- 
dom equalled.    In  one  of  his  last  acts  as 
govBAor  he  supported  in  a  dignified  man- 
ner the    sovereignty    of  the   individual 
states.    By  a  process  commenced  against 
Massachusetts  in  favor  of  William  Vassal, 
he  was  summoned  by  a  writ  to  answer  to 
the  prosecution  in  the  court  of  the  United 
States.    But  he  declined  the  smallest  con- 
eession,  which  might  lessen  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  state,  whose  interests  were 
intrusted  to  his  care,  and  he  supported 
his  opinion  with  firmness  and  dignity. 
Litigations  of  this  nature  vrnre  soon  af- 
terwards precluded  by  an  amendment  of 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.— 
Mr. Hancock  is  represented  as  not  possess- 
ing extraordinary  powers  of  mind,  and  as 
not  honoring  the  sciences  very  much  by 
his  personal  attentions.    But  lie  was  easy 
in  his  address,  polished  in  his  manners, 
afiable,  and  liberal ;  and  as  president  of 
congiess  he  exhibited  a  dignity,  imparti- 
ality, quickness  of  conception,  and  con^ 
stant  attention  to  business,  which  secured 
him  respect.    As  the  chairman  of  a  delib- 
erative body,  few  could  preside  with  such 
reputation.    In  the  early  periods  o''  his 
public  career,  it  has  been  said,  that  he 
was  somewhat  inconstant  in  his  attach- 
ment to  the  cause  of  his  country.  Though 
this  representation  should  be  true ;  yet 
iVom  the  commencement  of  the  war  the 
part,  which  he  took,  was  decided  and  uni- 
form, and  his  patriotic  exertions  are  wor- 
thy of  honorable  remembrance.     By  the 
suavity  of  his  manners  and  his  insinua- 
ting address  he  secured  an  almost  une- 
qualled popularity.    He  could  speak  with 
ease  and  propriety  on  every  subject.     Be- 
ing considered  a  republicpn  in  principle 
and  a  firm  supporter  of  the  cause  of  free- 
dom, whenever  he  consented  to  be  a  candi- 


date forgoverncr,he  was  chosen  to  thatof- 
ficeby  an  undiputed  majooty.  In  private 
life  he  was  charitable  and  generous. 
With  s  large  fortune  he  had  also  a  dispo- 
sition to  employ  it  for  useful  and  benevo- 
lent purposes.  The  poor  shared  liberally 
in  his  bounty.  He  was  also  a  generous 
benefactor  of  Harvard  college.  He  pub- 
lished an  oration,  which  he  delivered  on 
the  Boston  massacre,  1774.— ThaeherU 
serm.  on  his  death;  Gordon,  i.  508.  331; 
II.    "'  '"    ~"     '""      '" 


3Vj  I".  18—21,  493  ;  Warren,  i. 
312—215,  430 ',Minot'$hi$t.  in$ur.  179, 
184  ;  Holme$. 

HANSON,  John,  president  of  con- 
gress from  1731  to  1783,  was  a  delegate 
from  Maryland  and  a  distinguished  friend 
of  his  ccuntry.  He  died  in  Prince  George 
county  Nov.  13,  1783. 

HANSON,  Alexander  Contee,  a  sena- 
tor of  the  U.  S.,  was  the  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  and  the  son  of  Alex.  F.  H., 
chancellor  of  Maryland,  who  died 'Jan. 
23,  1806.  He  edited  with  Mr.  Wagner 
the  Federal  republican  at  Baltimore. 
The  printing  establishment,  after  the 
declaration  of  war  in  1812,  was  attacked 
by  a  mob,  on  which  occasion  Mr.  Han- 
son's friends,  gens.  Lingan  and  Lee, were 
wounded.  Elected  to  congress  in  the 
Game  year,  he  was  a  distinguished  oppo- 
serof  the  administration.  In  1816  ho 
was  appointed  a  senator  in  the  place  of 
gen.  Harper ;  and  died  at  Belmont]  Apr. 
23,  1819,  aged  38.  At  the  age  of  24,  in 
Jan.  1810,  he  was  guilty  of  the  folly  and 
crime  of  fighting  a  duel,  occasioned  by 
political  controversy,  with  capt.  Gordon 
of  the  navy. 

HARDENBERGH,Jacobus  R.,d.  d., 
first  president  of  Queen's  college  in  New 
Jersey,  was  a  native  of  this  country.  He 
was  not  favored  with  many  advantages 
in  the  early  part  of  his  education,  yet 
with  a  powerful  mind  and  habits  of  per- 
severing application  he  made  great  pro- 
gress in  knowledge.  He  was  ordained  by 
that  party  in  the  Dutch  churches,  which 
was  denominated  the  Coetus,  and  was 
its  most  distinguished  and  able  supporter. 
He  cheerfully  exerted  himself  with  Dr. 
Livingston  in  1771 ,  when  he  was  minister 


>thator- 
I  private 
enerout. 
a  dispo- 
benevo- 
liberally 
generous 
He  pttb- 
ivered  on 
['haeher't 
508.831; 
'orrcti}  I. 
HUJ-.  179, 

t  of  con- 
i  delegate 
ihed  friend 
ice  George 

ee,  a  eena- 
Ison  of  the 
5X.  F.  H., 
)  died 'Jan. 
r.  Wagner 
Baltimore, 
after  the 
la  attacked 
Mr.  Han- 
a  LeCjWere 
resa  in  the 
shed  oppo- 
n   1816  ho 
le  place  of 
mont  j  Apr. 
ge  of  24,  in 
16  folly  and 
ssioned  by 
pt.  Gordon 

u8K.,i>-n., 
ege  in  New 
untry.    He 
advantages 
ucation,  yet 
bits  of  per- 
e  great  pro- 
ordained  by 
ches,  which 
and  was 
e  supporter, 
f  with  Dr. 
Bvas  minister 


HARMAR. 

of  Raritan,  to  heal  the  division  of  the 
Dutch  churches,  and  a  union  was  comple- 
ted in  the  following  year.  After  the 
charter  of  Queen's  college  at  New  BruiiB- 
wick  was  obtained  in  1770  he  was  the 
first  president  and  died  in  that  office  in 
Nov.  1790.  This  institution  was  design-' 
ed  for  educating  young  men  for  the  min- 
istry^ Dr.  Hardenbergh's  piety  was  ar- 
dent ;  his  labors  indefatigable ;  and  his 
ministry  greatly  blessed. — Chittian't 
mag-.  II.  13,  370.  » 

HARMAR,  Josiah,  brigadier  general, 
in  1784  conveyed  to  France  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  definitive  treaty.  In  1785  he 
was  appointed  colonel  and  commander  of 
the  forces  on  the  north  western  frontier. 
In  the  war  against  the  Indians  he  march- 
ed Sept.  30,  1790  frop  fort  Washington, 
and  had  an  army  of  1453  men.  His  de- 
tachment had  several  engagements  with 
Indians.  In  the  last  col.  Harding  was 
defeated,  near  Chillicothe,  with  the  loss  of 
maj.  Fontaine,  aid  to  the  general,  and 
maj.  Wyllys,  and  upwards  of  180  men. 
The  Indians  lost  120  warriors  and  300 
wigwams  burnt.  After  this  defeat,  cal- 
led Harmar's  defeat,  he  returned  to  fort 
Washington  :  St.  Clair  was  in  command 
the  next  year.  He  died  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, near  Philadelphia,  in  Aug.  1S13. 

liARMON,  Johnson,  colonel,  a  com- 
mander against  the  Indians  in  Maine,  was 
a  native  of  York  and  served  under  col. 
Westbrook  in  his  expedition  to  the  upper 
falls  of  the  Androscoggin  in  Feb.  1723; 
and  in  Sept.  was  at  Arousic,  under  col. 
Walton.  In  Aug.  1724  he  and  col. 
Moulton  proceeded  against  the  Indian 
village  of  NorridgewdCK,  and  killed  father 
Ralle,  and  dispersed  the  Indians.  He  re- 
sided in  his  last  days  at  Harpswell,  where 
he  died  and  where  his  descendants  re- 
main. 

HARPER,  Robert  Goodloe,  major 
general,  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  near  Fredericksburg,  Virginia, 
in  1765.  His  parents,  who  were  poor, 
emigrated,  when  he  was  young  to  Gran- 
ville, North  Carolina.  At  the  age  of  15 
he  joined  a  troop  of  horse  and  served  for 
a  short  lime  under  Greene.     While  a 


HARPER. 


4sa 


member  of  Princeton  college,  where  he 
graduated  in  1785,  he  was  a  teacher  of 
one  or  two  of  the  lower  classes.     He 
soon  afterwards  embarked  for  Charleston, 
S.  C,  where  he  arrived  a  stranger,  with 
but  a  dolkir  or  two  in  his  pocket.     A 
gentleman,  of  whose  son  he  had  been 
the  teacher,  offered  him  his  assistance 
and  friendship,  and  introduced  him   to 
a   lawyer,  with    whom  he  studied  the 
profession  of  the  law.      In  a  year  he  be- 
gan the  practice.    He  settled  in  thi  inte- 
rior, and  soon  entered  upon  public  life 
and  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress. 
In  that  body  he  became  very  distinguish- 
ed.    He  was  an  earnest  supporter  of  the 
measures     of  Washington,    and    was 
known    as  a  decided  federalist.      Afier 
the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  in  1801  he 
retired  from  congress,  and,  having  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Charles  Carroll,  he 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  the  law  at 
Baltimore.    He  was  employed  in  the  de- 
fence of  judge  Chase,  when  he  was  im- 
peached.     It  was  by  Maryland,  that  he 
was  elected,  a  membet  of  the  senate.    In 
1819  and  1820  he  visited  England, France, 
and  Italy  with  his  family.     After  his  re- 
turn he  engaged  with  zeal  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  American  colonization 
society.  After  being  engaged  in  the  prece- 
ding day  in  a  cause  of  the  circuit  court, 
he  died  suddenly  Jan.  15, 1825,  aged  60. 
He  had  been  subject  to  the  angina  pec- 
toris: having  breakfasted,  he  arose  from, 
the  table  and  was  standing  with  a  news- 
paper in  his  hand,  when  he  suddenly  fell, 
and  died  before  ni'^'^^cal  aid  could  be  pro- 
cured.   It  is  wor:  >,  of  remark,  that  he 
had  just  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for 
election  to  congress  in  the  autumn  of  the 
next  year;    so  uncertain  and  vain  are 
the  hopes  of  men  in  regard  to  the  future. 
One  of  the  Reportsof  the  colonization  soc. 
contains  a:   able  &  long  discus8ion,which 
he  wrote.      He  published  also  addrt  '<■  en 
the  British  treaty,  1796  ;    observa..>t.i 
on  the  dispute  between  the  U.  S.  and 
France,  1797;  letter  on  the  proceedings 
of  congress  ;  letters  to  his  constituents, 
March  1801  ;  correspondence  with  Rob- 
eit  Walsh  respecting  Germany  ;  addreaa 


*^r 


vt 


w 


440 


HARRIS. 


HARRISON. 


f 


m 


on  the  RuBsian  victories,  iSls  ;  on  the 
triumphs  in  Germany,  1814.  Some  of 
his  addresses  and  speech'??  were  collected 
in  r  vrolume. — £«iej,'e/.  Jimer. 

HARRIS,  Sankut-i,  a  baptist  minister, 
called  the  apostle  of  Virginia,  was  born 
in  Hanovi^r  eounly  Jan.  13,  1734.  Re- 
moving to  Pittsylviinia  co.,  he  there  sus- 
tained various  oiRros,  was  col.  of  the 
militia,  captain  of  Mayo  fort,  and  ccm- 
missioner  for  the  fort  anH  army.  Hn  was 
baptized  about  1758.  ]ii<!  soon  preAr'^pd 
diligently,  but  was  not  ordained  'in til 
1769.  His  pious  zeul  met  the  usual  return 
of  peraecution.  He  wnf  once  pulii'd 
down  iVoni  his  stand,  as  he  was  preach- 
iix;^,  end  draeiSfed  by  the  hair,  and  once 
kiiocK.«MJ  down.  Having  much  proiwrty, 
■M  i\!^ov*]  v,h(?  greo  tr  part  to  charitable 
puipnses.  fn  his  pnwcr  over  the  affec- 
tionui  ( (  his  hearers  ho  %va8  thought  to 
boeijciy'  to  Whitefidd.  The  Virginians 
sny,  he  sucined  to  pour  fourth  streams  of 
lightning  from  his  eyes.  His  worldly 
oflicea  he  resigned,  as  he  ascribed  to  them 
the  diminution  of  hts  religious  enjoy- 
ments. In  1774  the  general  association 
of  separate  baptists,  wishing  to  re-estab- 
lish the  primitive  order,  as  mention- 
ed Ephcs.  4:  11.,  chose  Mr.  Harris 
apo$ile,  nnu  ordaiiicd  him  by  the  hands  of 
every  minister  in  that  body.  No  other 
instance  of  such  an  extraordinary  appoint- 
ment is  reco!lectc-1.  Tht  following  anec- 
dotes may  illustiato  his  character. 
Meeting  a  pardoned  criminal,  who  shew- 
ed him  his  pardon  received  at  the  gallows, 
lie  asked,  "  Have  you  shotrn  it  to  Jesus 
Christ?"  "No,  Mr.  H.,  I  want  you  to  do 
it  for  me."  Accordingly  the  old  man  dis- 
mounted and  kneeled,  and,  with  the  par- 
don in  one  hand  and  the  other  on  the 
offender's  head  rendered  thanks  and  pray- 
ed for  God*s  pardon. — He  once  requested 
a  debtor  to  pay  him  in  wheat,  as  he  had 
a  good  crop  ;  but  the  mar  replied  that  he 
did  not  intend  to  pay  until  he  was  sued. 
Unwilling  to  leave  preaching  to  attend  a 
vexatioir  suit,  he  wrote  a  receipt  in  full 
and  pr>  fed  it  to  the  man,  saying,  ho 
had  8'  •  ain  the  court  of  heaven  ;  he 
should  jeax'e  the  alTuir  with  the  head  ot 


church,  with  whom  he  might  settle  an- 
other day.  The  man  soon  loaded  hie 
waggon  and  sent  the  wheat. — Benedict, 
it.980-SS9. 

HARRK),  Tu'.'.kei,  m,  v.,  a  p'  "."lician 
of  Charle(?!t'i>,  S  0,,  was  borr  in  that 
\sity  in  ll  17  ;  iU.died  at  Edvubnfgh ; 
w^rved  his  country  as  a  phvsiciur,  \  ,  l!)o 
r'volution  IV  wai  ,  and  .I'.etli  Ji;  6, 
It^'Il,  aged  7!^i,  He  sustaineuan  t^xcel- 
leni.  oharaciur  md  was  known  as  a  Uriend 
of  ral^ioii.  He  published  some  epsays  in 
the  medical  journal  of  Philadelphia, — 
Thacher'n  mcd.  i/iog. 

iiAFRiSON,  Robert  Prison,  apat- 
rJr.tofthe  revolution,  fiuctam-'d  the  of- 
fice Oi'i'hicf  justice  of  >  gCiieral  court 
ol  Maryland.  tie  declined  in  1780  the 
appointment  of  judge  of  the  Supreme 
court  nftheU.  S.,  and  died  at  his  resi- 
dence on  the  Potomac,in  Charles  county, 
April  -2,  1790,  aged  45.  His  talents 
were  distinguished,  and  he  enjoyed  in  a 
high  dej^rec  the  confidence  of  his  fellow 
citizen;). 

HARRISON,  Benjamin,  gov.  of  Vir- 
ginia,wai3  a  patriot  of  the  revolution.  His 
father  an  I  grandfather,  having  the  name 
ol'  Benjamin,  lived  at  Berkeley,  on  the 
banks  of  James  river,  in  view  of  the  sea- 
port of  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  His 
father,who  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Carter,  surveyor  general,  was  killed  with 
two  of  his  daughters  by  lightning. 
About  1764  he  becAme  a  member  of  the 
legislature  and  in  1774  a  member  of  con- 
gress, in  which  body  for  several  years  he 
rendered  important  services.  On  signing 
the  declaration  of  independence,  being 
quite  corpulent,  he  said  to  Mr.  Gerry, 
who  was  slender  and  thin,  afier  putting 
his  name  to  the  instrument, — "when  the 
time  of  hanging  shall  come,  I  shall  have 
the  advantage  of  you  ;  it  wil'  be  over 
with  mo  in  a  minute ,but  you  will  be  kicking 
in  the  ai  mlf  an  hour  after  I  am  gone." — 
In  17^"  rt^igned  his  seat  in  congress 
From  '0  1784  be  was  the  popular 

gove  Virginia,  and  was  succeeded 

/"  TV  .     .  He  ^as  afterwards  a  member  of 
'■.\  '.I  i.i  ?ntion  for  adopting  the  constitu- 
;    '•    :  the  V.  S.     He  died  of  the  gm  \  in 


wconc 
tantsi 
public  I 
terest, 
Anieri( 


^'# 


settle  an- 
oaded  hi* 
-Benedict, 

p^'/sicitn 
rr  in  that 
;d">h>vtgh ; 
ciur, »  ,  I'lo 
i  v' ',»■:;  ft, 
unn  <f%ee\- 

as  a  firiend 
ne  epsays  in 
iadelphia. — 

Mon,  apat- 

Ti«d  the  of- 

iueral  court 

in  n89  the 

he  Supreme 

1  at  his  resi- 

irles  county, 

His  talents 

enjoyed  in  a 

of  his  fellow 

,  gov.  of  Vir- 
volution.  His 
ing  the  name 
^eley,  on  the 
w  of  the  sea- 
imond.      His 
ghter  of  Mr. 
as  killed  with 
,     lightning, 
iember  of  the 
'mber  of  con- 
veral  years  he 
On  signing 
idencCj  being 
Mr.  Gerry, 
afier  putting 
, — ««when  the 
.,  I  shall  have 
will  be  over 
will  be  kicking 
am  gone."— 
tin  congress 
s  the  popular 
ivBfl  succeeded 
ds  a  member  of 
^  the  constitu- 
'ofthcgoi.  in 


s 


«' 


HARRISON. 

April  1791.  Hit  health  had  been  impair- 
ed by  his  free  manner  of  living.  His  wife 
was  £liKabeth,  daughter  of  ol.  William 
Baaaett.  His  third  son  is  gen.  Willian 
Henry  Harrison  distinguished  in  the 
Indian  war,  governor  of  Indiana,  and 
more  recently  minister  to  Mexico.— 
Qoodrieh't  Uve$. 

HARRISON,  Benjamin,. a  tall  man, 
was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  died  in 
Georgia  in  April  1318,  aged  44.  He  was 
by  accurate  measurement  seven  fee|,t  two 
inches  and  a  half  in  height. 

HAR1\  William,  minister  of  Saybrook, 
Oon,,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1732  and  ordained  Nov.  17,  1736.  He 
first  gave  the  name  of  Hopkintonian  to 
curtain  doctrines,  which  be  opposed. 
Dr.  Hopkins  replied  to  his  dialogue.  He 
published  nature  of  regeneration,  1743  ; 
with  Jona.  Todd,  narrative  of  procee- 
dings ^t  Wallingford,  in  regard  to  the 
settlement  of  J.  Dana,  1759  ;  remarks  on 
dang'jrous  errors,  against  the  Hopkins- 
iar.s,  1770;  a  dialogue,  and  a  sermon, 
which  was  never  preached  and  never  will 
be,  against  the  sarae;  remarks  on  Ed- 
wards' dissertation  on  the  nature  of  vir- 
tue, 1771,  which  was  answered  by  Dr. 
Hopkins  ;  a  treatise  of  qualifications  for 
the  sacraments,  1772. 

HART,  Oliver,  minister  of  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  was  born  at  Warminster, 
Bucks  county,  Pcnns.,  July  5,"  17S3. 
At  ihe  age  of  eighteen  he  was  impressed 
with  the  importance  of  religion  and  was 
baptized.  He  was  ordained  at  South- 
ampton Jet.  18,  1749,  and  in  the  same 
year  went  to  Charleston,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  C hauler,  and  was  minister  of 
the  baptist  church  in  that  city  for  30 
years.  In  such  estimation  was  his  char- 
acter for  patriotism  and  talents  held  by 
the  council  of  safety  of  Carolina,  that  at 
the  hnginning  of  l>ie  revolution  he  was 
af;;i'>  ied  Ity  ?hcm,  with  William  Ten-t 
■".'r..,  to  visit  tiiw  frfintiers  in  order  to 
.concile  some  of  thu  r'saffected  inhabi- 
tants to  the  change,  which  occurr  1  in 
public  affairs,  in  Feb.  1 780  the  warn:  in- 
terest, which  he  took  in  promoting  the 
American  revolution,  induced  him  to 
56 


HART. 


441 


leave  Charleston,  lest  he  should  fkll  into 
the  hands  of  the  British,  who  were  about 
to  besiege  the  city.  In  Dec.  following 
he  was  settled  at  Hopewell  in  New  Jer- 
sey, where  he  remained  till  his  death 
Dec.  81,  1795,  aged  72. 

Mr.  Hart  possessed  strong  powers  of 
mhid.  His  imagination  was  lively  and 
his  judgment  soqnd.  Though  not  favor- 
ed with  a  liberal  educalion>  by  diligent 
study  and  habitual  reflection  he  became 
very  respectable  for  his  knowledge  of 
Christian  truth.  He  was  a  uniform  ad- 
vocate of  the  doctrines  of  free  and  sove- 
reign grace.  As  a  preacher  hia  manner 
was  pleasing  and  his  delivery  animated. 
As  a  citizen  he  was  a  firm  and  decided 
patriot.  He  possessed  a  liberal  spirit  and 
exhibited  the  beneficence,  which  he  te- 
commended.  In  his  last  moments  he  en- 
joyed the  consolations  of  the  gospel,  rest- 
ing his  hopes  upon  the  righteeusneas  of 
Christ.  He  publislied  several  sermona 
and  tracts,  namely,  dancing  exploded  ;  a 
discourse  on  the  death  of  William  Ten- 
nent ;  the  Christian  temple;  a  circular  let- 
ter on  Christ's  mediatorial  charaetsir  ;  A- 
merica's  remembvancer ;  a  gospel  church 
portrayed  ;  and  a  thanksgiving  sermon, 
1789.  He  had  a  turn  ibr  poetry,  and 
wrote  much,  though  none  of  his  produc- 
tions ,were  published.  Many  oT  his  pa- 
pers and  of  his  best  books  were  d/Katroyed 
by  the  British  army. — Rogert*  and  Fur- 
man'i  diteowtei  on  hit  death. 

HART,  Johuj  a  patriot  of  the  revolu- 
tion, was  th()  son  of  Edward  Hart  of 
Hopewell,  New  Jer9ey.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  congress  of  1774,  and  in 
1776  signed  the  declaration  pf  indepen- 
dence. In  the  latter  part  of  this  year  hia 
farm  was  pillaged  by  the  enemy  and  his 
family  dispersed.  The  dlarm  and  dis- 
tress of  these  occurrences  caused  the 
death  of  his  wife,  whose  name  was  Scud- 
der.  After  the  evacuation  of  New  Jer- 
sey he  again  collected  his  family  ;  but  hisi 
health  was  now  failing  him,  and  he  died  at 
Hopewell  in  1780,  leaving  uany  children. 
Hf  in  his  religiousprofession  wab  a  baptist, 
and  sustained  an  excellent  character. 
Great  confidence  was  reposed  in  the  wis- 


m 


.-w- 


442 


HART. 


doin  and  judgmeul    '>r  "  honeat    John 
Hart."— OoodrtcA'*  iijei, 

HART,  Levi,  d.  d.,  minister  of  Pres- 
ton, Conn.,  was  the  son  ofThomas  H.  of 
Southington,  and  was  g^raduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1760.  While  a  member  of  col- 
lege he  made  a  public  profession  of  that 
religion,  which  regulated  his  whole  life. 
Having  pursued  the  study  of  divinity  for 
some  time  with  Dr.  Bellamy,  whose 
daughter, Rebecca,  he  afterwards  married, 
he  was  settled  Nov.  4,  1762  as  the  min- 
ister of  the  second  church  in  Preston. 
Here  he  continued  to  perform  the  various 
duties  of  the  sacred  office  until  a  short 
time  before  his  death,  Oct.  37, 1806,  aged 
69.  Receiving  from  the  gift  of  God  a 
sound  and  vigorous  mind,  it  was  much 
improved  by  his  scientific  and  literary  ac- 
quisitions. Many  young  men  were  train- 
ed up  by  him  A)r  the  ministry.  As  he 
uuited  a  keen  discernment  of  chav.icter  to 
a  social  and  communicative  turn  of  mind, 
and  was  always  governed  by  the  desire  of 
promoting  the  interests  of  religion,  he 
was  very  useful  in  his  private  intercourse 
with  his  people,  as' well  as  in  his  public  la- 
bors. He  sought  out  the  abodes  of  afflic- 
tion, of  poverty  ,and  ofdistress;  and,while 
he  soothed  the  poor  by  fiis  conversation, 
he  was  enabled  also  by  an  exact  economy 
to  contribute  something  from  a  small  sal- 
ary for  the  relief  of  their  wants.  Hisdis- 
position  was  placid  ;  his  manners  amiable 
and  unassuming  ;  and  in  the  various  rela- 
tions of  life  he  was  faithful  and  affection- 
ate. He  engaged  zealously  in  the  support 
of  missionary  institutions,  and  the  pro- 
gress of  the  gospel  was  the  theme  of  his 
correspondence  with  a  number  of  resjiec- 
table  friends  of  religion  in  Europe.  He 
published  a  sermon,  preached  to  the  cot- 
poration  of  freemen  in  Farmington,  1774  j 
election  sermon,  1786  ;  on  the  death  of 
his  wife,  1739  ;  on  the  death  of  Di .  Hop- 
kins, 1803. — Panop.  and  mitt.  mag.  i. 
387,  388. 

HARVARD,  John,  the  founder  of 
Harvard  college,  died  in  Charlestown,  in 
16S8,aoon  ailer  hia  arrival  in  this  country. 
He  had  been  a  minister  in  England  and 
he  preache   u  short  tirne  in  Charlestown. 


HAVEN. 

He  left  a  legacy  of  779/.  to  tlie  sehool  at 
Newton,  or  Cambridge.  The  next  yew 
the  general  court  constituted  it  a  college. 
The  first  president  was  Mr.  Dunster. — 
Precisely  190  years  after  his  death  a 
granite  monument  was  erected  to  hia 
memory,  Sept.  36, 1838,  on  the  top  of  the 
burying-hill  in  Charlestown.  On  this 
occasion  Edward  Everett  delivered  an 
address  to  a  large  company,  including  the 
officers  and  students  of  the  college. 
The  expense  was  provided  fbr  by  the 
payment  of  one  dollar  each  by  many  grad- 
uates. The  monument  is  a  solid  obelisk, 
15  feet  high,  four  feet  square  at  the  bot- 
tom, two  at  the  top,  weighing  13  or  13 
tonsjbrought  from  the  quarry  at  Quiney. 
On  the  eastern  face  is  the  name  of  Har- 
vard in  high  relief ;  beneath  it  is  an  in- 
scription in  English  on  a  white  marble 
tablet  and  on  the  tablet  of  the  west  side, 
looking  toward  the  college,  an  inscription 
in  Latin. — Magnolia,  iv.  136  ;  EvereWt 
addreify  Hut.  col  1.343;  Neal,i.  199; 
ilo/me<,  1. 347;  HuleAttuon,  i.  90. 

HAVEN,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  wasbomin  Framing- 
ham,  Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1737,  and  was 
graduatea  at  Harvard  college  in  1749. 
During  a  revival  of  religion,  his  mind  waa 
impressed  by  the  truths  of  God,  and  he 
was  a  great  admirer  of  the  preachers, 
whose  labors  appeared  to  be  blessed  by 
the  Holy  Spirit.  He  was  ordained  May 
6,  1753,  and  dir4  March  8, 1806,  aged  78. 
His  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Appleton  of  Cambridge.  His  second  wife, 
who  closed  his  eyes,  died  herself  in  a  few 
hours  afterwards.  They  were  both  bu- 
ried at  the  same  time,  and  12  children 
followed  them  to  the  grave.— -Dr.  Ha- 
ven possessed  respectable  talents*  and 
was  acquainted  with  various  departments 
of  science.  His  mind  was  rather  spright- 
ly, than  inclined  to  abstruse  researches 
and  deep  investigation.  Having  paid  con- 
siderable attention  to  the  study  of  physic, 
his  usefulness  was  thus  increaaed  among 
hia  people.  In  his  theological  sentiments 
he  was  moderately  Calvinistic,  though  in 
the  latiei  part  of  hia  life  he  possessed  a 
spirit  of  cati  ■  c      -  n  and  charity  so  exces- 


1760 


.skHW 


HAVEN. 


HAWKINS. 


44t 


lo  exces- 


■jve,  u  led  him  privately  to  speculate 
with  Dr.  Chauncy  on  the  sentiment  of 
univenal  restitution.  But  he  never  pro- 
claimed this  sentiment  from  the  pulpit, 
and  he  declared,  that  he  never  meant  to 
risk  his  salvation  on  that  ground.  He 
excelled  in  the  tender  and  sympathetic. 
In  scenes  of  affliction  and  sorrow  he  was 
a  son  of  consolation,  On  funeral  occaaions, 
for  variety,  copiouuness,  tendernevis,  and 
pertinency  of  address  he  was  rarely 
equalled,  and  he  was  often  instrumenial 
in  awakening  the  careless  and  convineini; 
the  unconvinced. 

He  published  the  following  sermons ; 
at  the  request  of  ministers  of  N.  H., 
1760  ;  on  the  death  of  George  II  and  the 
accession  of  George  III,  1761  ;  on  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  and  the  declaration 
ofpeace,176S;  at  the  ordination  of  Jeremy 
Belknap,  1767;  on  the  death  of  Henry 
Sherburne,  1767  ;  of  B.  Steven8,l791;at 
Cambridge,  1771 ;  at.  Medfield,  1771  ; 
at  the  election,  1786;  on  the  rea- 
sonableness and  importance  of  prac- 
tical religion,  1794;  the  Dudleian  lec- 
ture, 1798  ;  ailer  the  ordination  of  T. 
Alden,  as  his  colleague,  1800. — Buekmitir 
fter'f  termon  on  hi$  death. 

HAVEN,  Jason,  minister  of  Dedham 
Ma8s.,wasbornat  Framingham March  IS, 
173S,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
llBge  in  1 7  54.  He  was  ordsined  pastor  of 
thefirst  church  in  Dedham  Feb.  5,  1756. 
In  histoid  age  his  impaired  health  render- 
ing a  colleague  necessary,  Joshua  Bau« 
was  ordained  March  16,  180S.  Mr.  Ha- 
ven died  May  17,  1803,  aged  70.  He 
was  furnished  with  talents  for  the  accepta- 
ble discharge  of  the  various  duties  of  the 
sacred  office.  His  discourses  were  very 
evangelical ;  he  was  eminent  in  prayer ; 
and  his  appearance  and  manners  uniformly 
sceorded  with  his  station.  Besides  several 
smaller  works,  he  published  the  following 
sermons ;  on  the  thanksgiving,  1758 ;  at 
*ih:  artillery  election,  1761  ;  at  a  private 
meeting,  1761 ;  at  the  ordination  of  Ed- 
ward B'-ooks,  1764 ;  of  E.  Wnrd,  l77l  ; 
of  IWr  ■  -ett,  1774;  of  S.  Paimtsr,  1792 ; 
ele  .  .^rmon,  1769;  on  tho  death  of 
Mrs.    'anuait  Richards,  1770  ;  of  Sam- 


uel Dunbar,  1783  ;  a  sermon  to  his  own 
people  40  years  after  his  ordination,  Feb. 
7, 1796.— Pfcii«M'  term,  on  hit  death. 

HAVEN,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  editor 
of  the  Portsmouth  journal,  grandson  of 
Dr.  S.  Haven  of  Portsmouth,  was  the 
son  of  Nathaniel  A.  H.,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  in  1809  and  died  March 
1831  aged  69.  He  was  born  Jan.  i  i, 
1790;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1807;  settled  us  a  lawyer  at  Portsmouth 
and  died  of  the  scarlet  fever  June  8, 1836, 
aged  36.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  John 
Haven,  survived  with  five  children.  He 
wrote  some  pieces  of  poetry,  and  many 
valuable  articles  for  the  journal,  which  ha 
edited  from  1831  to  1825.  He  wrote 
also  ibr  the  N.  A.  review.  He  was  • 
member  of  one  of  the  churches  in  Porta* 
mouth  and  for  six  years  superintended  a 
sabbath  school.  His  Remains,  with  a 
memoir  by  Geo.  Ticknor,  was  published 
1827 .—JT.  H.  hilt  eol  ii.  239-235. 

HAWKINS,  John,  an  Indian  chief, 
sagamore  of  Pennaook,  had  thu  name  oi 
Hancaroagus,  but  the  English  called  him 
Hawkins,  Hakin8,or  Hogkins-  He  killed 
uaj.Waldion  and  his  family,  ^y  Church 
>' .  wife  was  taken  prisoner  'a  1690. 
rhe  following  letter  to  the  govu. .  .^  of 
N.  H.  May  15,  1(;'5,  is  a  specim<'u  r .' 
his  English  learning: — "Honor  govemoir, 
my  friend,-~'You  my  friend  I  desire  your 
worship  and  your  power,  because  I  hope 
you  can  do  som  great  matters  tliis  one.  I 
am  poor  and  naked  end  I  have  no  men  at 
my  place  because  I  afraid  allwayes  Mo- 
hogs  he  will  kill  me  every  duyand  night. 
If  your  worship  when  piease  pray  help 
me  you  no  let  Mohogs  kill  me  at 
my  place  at  Malamake  river  called 
Panokkog,    and    NuttnV'/o^, .  will 

submit  your  worship  and  jOu*  pow- 
er.— And  now  I  want  poucler  and  such 
alminishon,  shatt  and  gun8,because  I  have 
forth  at  my  horn  and  I  plant  theare. 
This  all  Indian  hand,  but  pray  you  do 
consider  your  humble  servant  JOHN 
HOGKINS."  In  another  letter  he  said, 
"if  my  Indian  he  do  you  long  pray  you 
no  put  y(.'ir  law  because  som  my  In- 
dians fooll,  som  men  much  love  drunk 


i'  ^^ 


444 


HAWKINS. 


IIAWLEV. 


thm  he  no  know  what  he  do,  may  be  he 
do  miachief  when  he  drunk  ifao  pray  you 
muat  let  me  know  what  be  dune  becauae  I 
will  ponia  him  what  he  have  done."  He 
eailed  himaelf  "I  'lim  aogmon." — Far- 
NMr't  Belki    .       j. 

HAV'i.  if'S,  i1eij|,.'ain,  colonol,  kjng 
a  uaeiai  Jtjent  Tor  Indian  atTairt,  died  at 
the  Civ>eK  agency  in  May  1816.  On  the 
■ett'ement  of  his  accounta  by  hia  brother, 
there  was  found  a  balance  due  from  the 
government  of  200,000  doltara.  His  nar- 
rative of  the  Creeks  was  publishc  ^•,r" 
the  public  documents  in  De< .  uOi. 

HAWLEY,  Joseph,  distinguished  ax 
a  statesman  and  patriot,  was  born  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1743.  He  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  hia  native  town. 
In  this  science  he  became  a  great  profi- 
cient and  was  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed counsellors  in  the  province.  Among 
his  other  studies  he  attained  to  such  an 
eminence  of  knowledge  in  political  history 
ai.J  the  principles  of  free  government, 
that  during  the  disput»s  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  colonies  he  was  regarded 
aa  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  Ameri- 
can liberty.  His  integrity  both  in  public 
and  in  private  life  was  inflexible,  and  was 
not  even  questioned  by  his  political  oppo- 
nente.  He  was  repeatedly  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  but  refused  in  every 
instance  to  accept  the  office,  as  he  pre- 
ferred a  seat  in  the  liouse  of  representa- 
tivesjwhere  his  character  for  disinterested 
patrioti<*m  and  his  hold  and  manly  elo- 
quence fe&ve  him  an  ascendi  ncy,  which 
haa  seldom  been  equalled.  He  was  first 
elected  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1764.  In  the  latter  part  of  1776  major 
Hawlejr  was  afflicted  with  hypuchondria- 
cal  disorders,  to  which  he  had  been  fre- 
que»tly  subject  in  former  periods  of  his 
life  ;  and  after  this  he  de  'ined  public  bu- 
siness. He  died  Marrl  lO,  17S8,  aged 
64  years.      A  letter,  w  he    vrote  in 

WeO,  preserved  in  the  I'teof  l-.dwards, 
does  him  the  highest  lioior,  for  it  proves 
him  not  iiicapable  of  humbling  himself  for 
fais  failings.  He  had  been  active  in  ef- 
fecting the  removal  of  Mr,  Edwards  ffoina 


Northampton,  and  he  deplores  the  part, 
which  he  took  in  that  affair. 

HAWLEY,  Gidwm,  many  years  a 
missionary  to  the  Indians,  was  a' native  of 
Connecticut  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1749.  He  commenced  his 
missionary  labors  in  Februray  1753,  at 
Stockbridge.  In  September  he  made 
an  excursion  to  Schoharie  in  the  country 
of  the  Mohawk  lndian8,&  al\erhis  return 
to  Stockbridge  he  opened  hia  school  again 
at  the  beginning  of  winter  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  Mr.  Edwards.  Here  he  was 
the  ii..  tructcr  of  the  children  of  a  number 
of  Mohawk,  Oneida,  and  Tuscarora  fami- 
lies, and  preache<l  to  them  on  the  sabbath. 
It  being  determined  by  the  commiasiontiS 
for  Indian  affairs  in  Boston  to  establish  a 
mission  in  the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  or 
Indiana  of  the  six  nationn,  he  engaged  in 
the  plan.  In  May  1753  he  commenced  his 
journey  towards  the  wilderiwss,  accom- 
panied by  Timothy  Woodbridge,  a  gen- 
tleman of  abilities,  and  of  great  influence 
among  the  Indians.  Having  visited  sir 
William  Johnson  at  his  seat  upon  the  Mo- 
hawk river  and  secured  his  patronage, 
they  proceeded  *.ov  .  ids  the  head  of  th^ 
Sus(]uehaunah,  adoring  every  night  and 
morning  that  kind  providence,  which  at- 
tended and  preserved  them  in  the  recesses 
of  the  fbrest.  On  the  fourth  of  June 
they  reached  the  place  of  their  destination, 
Onohoghgwage,  or  aa  it  is  sometimes 
called Oughquauga,upon  the  Susquehan- 
nah  river.  Here  an  interview  was  held 
with  the  Indians,  who  gave  them  a  good 
reception.  July  31,1754  Mr.  Hawley 
was  ordained  at  Boston,  that  his  useful- 
ness might  be  increased  by  being  author- 
ized to  administer  the  ordinances  of  the 
gospel.  He  soon  returned  to  Onohoghg- 
wage, and  wnsthero  till  May  1756,  when 
the  French  war  obliged  him  to  withdraw 
from  that  country.  He  went  to  Boston 
in  June,  and,  entering  as  chaplain  in  the 
regiment  of  colonel  Gridley,  he  soon  join- 
ed the  army  above  Albany,  which  was 
destined  against  Crown  point.  After  the 
campaign  he  made  an  attempt  to  return 
to  the  place  of  his  mission,  but  was 
deterred  by  the  dangers  of  the  enter- 


HAY. 


HAYNE. 


445 


he  part, 

years   » 
native  of 
at  Yale 
iced    hin 
1753,  at 
le     made 
ei  country 
his  return 
ioola(ifain 
er  the  pa- 
re he  was 
fa  number 
irora  fami- 
le  sabbath. 
miasiontiS 
eatablish  a 
roquois,  or 
ingaged  in 
menced  his 
88,  accom- 
dge,  a  gen- 
it  influence 
visited  (fir 
)on  the  Mo- 
patronflge, 
lead  of  the 
f  night  and 
,  which  at- 
the  recesses 
h  of  June 
destination, 
sometimes 
Susquehan- 
was  held 
hem  a  good 
Ir.  Hawley 
his  useful- 
ling  author- 
noes  of  the 
Onohoghg- 
1756,  when 
to  witlidraw 
to  Boston 
iplain  in  the 
hesoonjoin- 
which  was 
After  the 
ipt  to  return 
but  was 
the  enter- 


prJse.     A  church  was  estaWiihed   here 
by  Dr.    Forbes  in   1762,      In    Decem- 
ber    Mr.      Hawley      went    to    Stock- 
bridgfe,  where  he  spent  the  winter.     In 
1757  the  commissioners  of  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  persuuded  him  to 
visit  the  tribe  of  Indians  at    Marshpee, 
whose  pastor,  Mr.  Briant,  had  been  dis- 
missed, and  who  were  dissatisfied  with 
the  labors  of  Mr.  Smith.      Here  ho  was 
installed  April   10,  1753,  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  being  occupied  in 
this  place  more  than  half  a  century  in 
benevolent    exertion    to    enlighten  the 
darkened  mind,  and  to  promote  the  salva- 
tion of  his  Indian  brethren.      He   died 
Oct.  3, 1807,  uged  80  years.      In  his  last 
sickness  he  observed,  "  I  have   hope  of 
acceptance  with  God,  but  it  is  founded 
wholly  on  free  and  sovereign  grace,  and 
not  at  all  on  my  own  works.     It  is  true, 
my  labors  have  been  many  ;  but  they 
have  been  so  very  imperfect,  attended 
with  so  great  a  want  of  charity  and  hu- 
mility, that  I  have  no  hope  in  them  as  the 
ground  of  my  acceptance."    An  exten- 
sive correspondence  was  the  source  of 
much  satisfaction  to  him.     As  a  mission- 
niy  he  was  peculiarly  well  qualified,  for 
there  was  a  dignity  in  his  manner,  and 
ai<  authority  in  his  voice,  which    had 
preat  influence  with  the  Indians.      He 
jjublished  in  the  collections  of  the  histori- 
cal society  biographical  and  topographical 
;   ecdotes     respecting     Sandwich    and 
Marshpee,    and    an    interesting  letter, 
giving  a  narrative  of  his  journey  to  Ono- 
hnghgwage. — PanopHst,  in.  431;  Hitt. 
CO/.  III.  188-193;  IV.  50-67. 

HAY,  George,  judge  of  tlie  U.  S. 
court  for  the  eastern  district  of  Virginia, 
was  for  many  years  attorney  of  the  U. 
S.,  in  which  capacity  he  was  the  prose- 
cutor of  Aaron  Burr.  As  a  Virginia 
legislator  he  was  distinguished.  On  his 
return  from  the  Springs,  whither  he  was 
induced  to  repair  by  ill  health,  he  died  in 
Albemarle  county  Sept.  18,  1830.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  president  Mon- 
roe. His  political  writings,  signed 
"Hortensius,"  gave  him  some  celebrity. 
He   wrote   also  a  treatise  against  the 


iiBury  lawa  and  the  life  of  John  Thomp- 
son ;  a  treatise  ii  emigration,  1814,  of 
which  a  review  was  ascribed  to  J.  Low- 
ell. 

HAYNE,  Isaac,  a  patriot  of  the  revo- 
lution, was  a  native  of  S.  Carolina.    In 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  lived  on  his 
plantation,  with  an  ample  fortune; yet 
he  served  as  a  captain  of  artillery,  being 
also  a  senator  in   the  legislature.      Dis- 
gusted with  the  promotion  of  a  younger 
oflicer  over  him,  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion and  served  as  a  private  soldier  at  the 
siege  of  Charleston.    At  its  capitulation 
May   13,   1780  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
but  was  allowed  to  return  home  on  pa- 
role, under  an  enga^^ement  not  to  bear 
arms.      In  1781  he  was  required  by  the 
Britidh  commander  to  bear  arms  or  to 
return  to  Charleston  ;  he  refused  to  do 
either,  but  at  length  was  induced  to  re- 
pair to  the  city  on  the  assurance  of  be- 
ing allowed  to  return,  when  he  should 
engage  to  demean  himself  as  a  British 
subject  so  long  as  a  British  army   occu- 
pied the  country.    At  Charleston  he  was 
threatened  with  close  confinement,  un- 
less   he  subscribed  a  declaration  of  his 
allegiance  to   the  British  king  with  an 
engagement  to  bear  arms    in  support  of 
the   royal  government.     He  subscribed 
the  declaration  but  expressly  objected  to 
the  clause,  requiring  him  to  bear  arms, 
and  was  assured,  that  this  would    not 
be  required.     Thus  he  was  able  to  return 
to  his  family  sick  with  the   small  pox. 
One  of  his  children  was  dead  and   his 
wife  soon  expired.    Afler  a  time  he  was 
summoned  to  repair  to  the  British  stan- 
dard in  disregard  <<!  (he  assurance  he  had 
received.     Deeming  hltvsclf,    in  conse- 
quence, absolved  from  rns  engagement, 
he  joined  the  Ameri("a'i  army  in  command 
of  a  regiment,  and  in  July  1781  sent  out 
a  detachment,  which  captured  gen.  Wil- 
liamson.     For  his  recovery  the  whole 
British  cavalry  was  ordered  out,  and  col. 
Hayne  fell  into  their    hands.    He  was 
thrown  into  prison  in  Charleston ;  and 
soon  ordered  by  lord   Rawdon  and  icol. 
Balfour  to  be  hanged  for  taking  arms  a- 
gainEt  the  British  government,  after  he 


HAYNES. 


HVZFN. 


had  become  a  ■ulyeot.  The  wntence, 
notwiUutanding  varioui  petitioM  and 
the  entreetiea  of  hia  children  on  their 
kneea,  waa  executed  Aug.  4,  1781.  On 
the  morning  of  hia  execution  he  delivered 
to  hia  aon  of  18  yeara  aome  papera  to  be 
aent  to  congreaa ;  and  added — "  go  then 
to  the  place  of  my  execution  and 
raeeive  my  body."  Thua  fell  in  the 
bloom  or  life  a  brave  officer  and  good  cit- 
ii«n.  Oen.  Greene  iaaued  a  proclamation 
Aug.  SMtb,  aaying  he  ahould  make  repri* 
aala.  Lord  Rawdon'a  pamphlet  in  juati- 
fication  of  hia  conduct  waa  examined  in 
the  firat  number  of  the  Soiithern  Review. 
The  minute  hiatory  of  thia  affair,  given 
by  Lee,  particularly  the  letter  of  col. 
Hayne  to  lord  Rawdon  and  col.  Balfour, 
cannot  fail  to  awaken  atrong  feelinga  of 
indignation  at  the  conduct  of  thoae  offi- 
eera,  who  ordered  hia  execution.  Col. 
Hayne  waa  not  a  apy,  who  might  be 
forthwith  executed.  He  waa  either  a 
priaoner  of  war  or  a  Britiah  aubject.  If 
a  priaoner  of  war,  he  could  not  be  exe- 
cuted for  hia  lawful  conduct  in  the  cxer- 
eiae  of  arma:  if  a  Britiah  aubject,  he  had  a 
right  to  a  formal  trial.  The  court  of  in- 
quiry waa  not  a  court  of  trial.  Beaides, 
aa  he  returned  to  hia  home  in  the  charac- 
ter of  a  Britiuh  aubject ;  when  the  coun- 
try weat  of  the  Ediato,  -in  which  he 
lived,  fell  under  the  protection  of  the  A- 
inerican  arma,  hecoukl  no  longer  be  con- 
sidered aa  a  Britiah  aubject.  The  effect 
of  liia  execution  waa  to  aharpei)  by  pity 
.md  .revenge  the  aworda  of  the  Ameri- 
cans.— Lee'a  memotrt,  ii.  353-374  ; 
HoHMoy,  1.  45S-460 ;  Bemev^.  for 
1783, />.  131. 

HAYNES,  John,  governor  of  Maasa- 
ehuaetts.&  ofConnecticut,waaanativeof 
Eaaex  in  JGngland,  and  arrived  at  Boston 
in  company  with  Mr.  Hooker  in  1633. 
He  waa  aoon  chosen  an  assistant,  and  in 
1635  governor.  The  next  year  he  was 
■uceeeded  by  Mr.  Vane.  In  1636  he  re- 
moved to  Connecticut,orwhich  colony  he 
was  one  of  the  principal  foitndera.  He 
was  elected  its  first  governor  in  April 
|j6S9,  and  waa  replaced  in  this  office  eve- 
ty  second  year,  which  was  as  often  as  the 


constitution  wouiU  permit,  till  his  death 
in  1654.  He  was  diatinguNhed  for  his 
abilities,  prudence,  piety,  and  public  spir- 
it, being  eonaidered  aa  in  no  reapect  infe- 
rior to  governor  Winthmp.  Hia  eatate 
and  Ulenta  were  devoted  to  the  ijitereata 
of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  Ha  pakl 
atrict  attention  to  fhmily  worahip,  and 
the  religious  instruction  of  hia  chiklren. 
Hia  aon,  Joseph  Haynes,  waa  the  minis- 
ter of  the  first  church  in  Hartford  ;  but 
the  name  is  now  extinct.— TVumMT* 
Conn.,  I.  84,  333,  334  ;  Magnolia,  ii.  17; 
Hii/eAtn«on,  i.  34,  43,  53 ;  Holme: 

HAYWARD,  Lemuel,  m.  d.,  physi- 
cian in  Boston,  was  bom  in  Braintree  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1768. 
He  waa  a  fellow  atudent  with  Eustis 
under  Warren.  He  commenced  the 
practice  at  Jamaica  plain  ;  was  appointed 
aurgeon  in  the  general  hoapital  of  the 
army  in  1775  ;  and  removed  in  1788  to 
Boston,  where  he  died  March  30,  1831, 
aged  73.  He  was  an  excellent  physician 
and  iVom  early  life  a  professor  of  the 
Christian  religion.— TAocAer's  mtd. 
biog. 

HAYWOOD,  Henry,  a  minister  in 
South  Carolina,  arrived  in  Charleaton 
from  England  in  1789,  from  which  tinie 
till  hia  death  in  1755  he  was  minis- 
ter to  the  Socinian  Baptiata  in  that  city. 
He  translated  into  English  Dr.  Whitby's 
treatise  on  original  ain,  and  had  prepared 
for  the  press  a  large  volume  in  defence  of 
Dr.  Whitby  ogainst  Dr.  Oill,  and  also  a 
catechism. — Miller,  ii.  865. 

HAZARD,  Ebenezer,  post  master 
general  of  the  U.  S.,  waa  a  native  of 
Philadelphia,  and  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1763.  In  1783  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Bache  as  postmaster,  and  continued 
in  office  until  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution in  1789.  He  died  June  18, 1817, 
aged  73.  His  daughter  married  Ebenezer 
Rockwood  of  Boston.  He  published  a 
valuable  work  in  reference  to  American 
history,  which  is  often  quoted,  namely, 
Historical  collections,  3  vols.  4to.  1793, 
1794  ;  also  remarks  on  a  report  concern- 
ing the  western  Indians,  in  3  Hiit.  eol.\y^ 

HAZEN,  Moses,  brigadier  general,  o 


army. 


HEATH. 


HENDRICK. 


44T 


\\n  detth 
I  for  hit 
iblie  tpir* 
xsct  inrf- 
[n  MUte 
!  ijiterMta 
Ho  paid 
ihip,  and 
I  children, 
the  minit- 
trord ;  but 
VumMT* 
Ito,  11.17; 
me*. 

D.,  physi- 
lintree  and 
B  in  1768. 
ith  Euttii 
jnced    the 
I  appointed 
tital  of  the 
in  178S  to 
I  30,  1831, 
tt  phycician 
nor  of  the 
ker'«    med. 

minister  in 
Charleaton 
which  time 
WM  minit- 
in  that  city, 
r.  Whitby's 
ad  prepared 
n  defence  of 
,  and  also  a 

)08t   master 
a  native  of 
it  Princeton 
e  succeeded 
continued 
the  consti- 
nelS,  18n> 
ed  Ebenezer 
published  a 
lo  American 
ted,  namely) 
4to.  1793, 
jrt  concern- 
Hiit.  coJ.iv. 
;r  general,  a 


■oldier  of  the  revolution,  commanded  a 
eorpa,  called  "  congress's  own  regiment." 
He  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  80,  1803, 
aged  60. 

HEATH,  William,  major  general  in 
the  army  of  the  revolution,  was  born 
March  3,  1787  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  of 
which  town  one  of  his  ancestors  waa  a 
settler  in  1686,  and  was  bred  a  farmer. 
In  1775  he  was  appointed  provincial 
brigadier  and  also  brigadier  of  the  U.  S., 
June  33,  and  Aug.  9,  1776  major  general. 
When  the  army  removed  to  N.  York,  he 
commanded  near  King's  bridge.  In  1777 
he  was  intrusted  with  the  command  of 
the  eastern  department  near  Bo8ton,&  the 
prisoners  of  Saratoga  fell  under  his  care. 
In  June  1779  he  returned  to  the  main 
army,  and  commanded  the  troops  on  the 
Hudson,  and  in  that  station,  for  the 
most  part,  he  remained  imtil  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  1798  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  probate  for  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk. He  was  several  times  one  of  the 
electors  of  president.  Ho  died  at  his  seat 
in  Roxbury  Jan.  34,  1814,  aged  77.  He 
published  Memoirs  of  maj.  gen.  Heath, 
containing  anecdotes,  details  of  skirmish- 
es, battles,  &c.  during  the  American  war, 
8vo.  1798.  Notwithstanding  the  indica- 
tions of  an  excusable  vanity  and  simplicity, 
it  exhibits  him  as  an  honest,  faithful  pat- 
riot, and  presents  many  interesting  occur- 
rences of  the  war.  He  says  of  himself, 
"  he  is  of  middling  stature,  light  complex- 
ion, very  corpulent,  and  bald-headed." 
He  was  the  last  surviving  maj.  general  of 
the  war. — Heath'i  memoiri, 

HECKEWELDER,  John,  a  Mora- 
vian missionary,  was  born  in  Bedford, 
England,  March  13, 1743,  and  came  with 
his  father  to  Pennsylvania  in  1754.  He 
was  bred  a  cooper  and  joiner.  In  1771 
he  commenced  his  benevolent  labors 
amongst  the  Indians,  and  was  devoted  to 
their  instruction  for  many  years,  amidst 
many  perils  and  hardships.  Such  men, 
and  not  blood-stained  warriors,  are  deser- 
ving of  honor,  though  they  seek  it  not. 
In  1786  he  returned  to  Bethlehem  in 
Pennsylvania.  As  he  had  acquired  a  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  Delaware  language 


and  WM  well  acquainted  with  Indian 
affairs,  he  was  repeatedly  requested  by 
Washington  to  accompany  missions  i» 
the  Indians  fbr  pacific  purposes.  In  1797 
he  went  to  Ohio  in  order  to  superintend 
the  remnants  of  his  Indian  congiegatioDf 
to  whom  congpreas  had  granted  lands  on 
the  Muskingum.  In  1810  he  returned  to> 
Bethlehem,  where  ho  died  Jan.  81,  1838, 
aged  nearly  80.  Dr.  Wistar  persuaded 
him  to  communicate  to  the  worhl  the 
result  of  his  observations.  He  published 
Correspondence  with  Mr.  Du  Ponceau 
concerning  the  languages  of  the  Indians, 
1819  ;  account  of  the  history,  manners, 
&c.  of  the  Indian  nations  lie.  in  transact, 
of  hist,  committee  of  Am.  phil.  soc.  toL 
I. ;  this  was  translated  into  French, 
1833;  communications  on  the  same  sub- 
jects, 1833;  some  papers  for  Barton's 
med.  journal ;  a  paper  on  the  bird  Nine- 
Killer,  and  the  big  naked  hear,  Amer. 
phil.  tr.  vol.  4, ;  on  the  beaver,  vol.  6.  ; 
narrative  of  the  missions  among  the  Del- 
aware and  Mohegan  Indians,  1881 ; 
words  and  dialogues  of  Delaware  Indians 
in  Philadel.  historical  trans.,  vol.  i.  He 
wrote  also  books  and  pamphlets  in  the 
German  language,  and  led  many  manu- 
scripts.— Eneye.  Amer. 

HEMMENWAY,  Moses,  d.  d.,  min- 
ister of  Wells,  Maine,  a  descendant  of 
Ralph  H.,  who  lived  in  16S4  at  Roxbury, 
was  born  in  Framingham,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1755  ;  wns  ordain- 
ed  Aug.  8, 1759  ;  and  died  April  5,  181 
aged  about  75,  having  been  a  minister  i 
years.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Jeffords,  one  of  his  predecessors,  died 
Nov.  1834,  aged  84.  Ke  was  a  faithfiil 
preacher  and  a  learned  theologian.  His 
controversies  were  conducted  with  fair- 
ness and  candor.  He  published  7  sermons 
on  the  obligation  of  the  unregcnerate  to 
strive  for  eternal  life,  1767;  a  pamphlet 
on  the  same  subject,  against  Dr.  Hopkins, 
pp.  137,  1773  ;  remarks  on  Hopkins' 
answer,  pp.  166,  1774;  at  the  election, 
1784 ;  discourse  concerning  the  church, 
1792;  at  the  ordination  of  M.  Cai«f, 
n^b.—GreenhaPi  thetehet,  ap.  4-9. 

HENDRICK,  a  Mohawk  chief,  was 


448 


HENING. 


HENRY. 


the  son  of  a  Motiegan  chief,  called  the 
Wolf,  by  a  Mohawk  woman.  He  mar- 
ried Hunnis,  daughter  ofa  Mohawk  chief. 
He  waa  consulted  in  1751,  by  the  commis- 
sioners of  Mass.,  on  the  prnject  of  remo- 
ving the  Mohawks  to  Stockbridge  to  be 
intructed  by  Mr.  Edwards.  There  were 
then  about  13  chiefs  of  the  tribe  of  the 
Cauneeyenkees  or  proper  Mohawks  ;  7 
living  at  Caunaujohhaury  and  6  at  Te- 
wauntaurogo.  The  other  tribes  were  the 
Oneiyutas,  of  which  the  village  Onoh- 
quaiiga  was  300  miles  from  Albany,  the 
Tuscaroroes,  the,  Quiuquuhs,  the 
Onoontaugas,  the  Chonuntoowaunees  or 
Senecas,  the  three  last  'being  chiefly  in 
the  French  interest.  He  attended  the 
congress  at  Albany  for  a  treaty  with  the 
6  nations  in  June  1754.  In  the  next 
yySLt  heji)ined  sir  Wm.  Johnson  with  a 
I  ody  of  300  Mohawks  and  marched  to 
meet  baron  Dieskau.  When  it  was  as- 
certained, that  the  enemy,  after  marching 
from  South  Bay  to  the  Hudson,  4  miles 
from  fort  Edward,  were  now  advancing 
to  attack  Johnson  at  fort  Wm.  Henry  or 
fort  George,  a  council  of  war  was  called 
Sept.  8.  It  was  proposed  to  send  a  de- 
tachment to  meet  the  enemy  ;  when  the 
number  was  mentioned  o  Hendrick,  he 
replied, — "  if  they  are  to  fight,  they  are 
too  few  ;  if  they  are  to  be  killed,  they  are 
too  many."  When  it  was  proposed  to 
send  out  the  detachment  in  3  parties, 
Hendrick  took  three  sticks,  and  said, 
"  put  these  together,  and  you  can't  break 
them  ;  take  them  one  by  one  and  you  will 
break  them  easily."  From  respect  to  his 
judgment  1200  men  were  sent  out,  com- 
manded by  col.  Williams.  At  Rocky 
brook,  4  miles  from  fort  George,  they  fell 
into  an  ambuscbde,  because  Hendrick  had 
been  too  late  sent  out  as  a  flank  guard  ; 
and  in  the  action  the  old  and  valiant  war- 
rior and  faithful  friend  of  the  English  was 
mortally  wounded. — Holmet,  ii.  63  ; 
Dwight,  III.  863  ;  Mante,  35,  37. 

HENING,  William,  presiding  judge 
of  the  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia,died  at 
hi«  seat  in  Chesterfield,  Virginia,  in  Feb. 
1824,  aged  89.  He  was  a  revolutionary 
jiatriot  and  an  upright  judge. 


HENING,  William  Walker,  clerk 
of  the  chancery  court  for  the  Richmond 
district,  Virginia,  died  March  81,  1838. 
With  great  industry  and  research  he  col- 
lected the  sratutes  of  Virginia  down  to 
1792.  He  published  the  New  Virginia 
justice,  called  Hening's  justice,  3d  ed. 
1820;  Statutes  at  large,  being  a  col- 
lection of  all  the  laws  of  Virginia  from 
the  first  session  in  1619,  13  vols.  8vo. 
1823  ;  and,  with  Wm.  Munford,  Reports 
in  the  supreme  court  of  appeals,  4  vols. 
1809-181 1.  He  was  also  the  editor  of  Fran- 
cW  Maxims  of  equity. 

HENNEPIN,  Louis,  a  French  mis- 
sionary, was  born  in  1640 ;  embarked  for 
Quebec  in  1 675 ;  and,  during  6  or  7  years 
explored  Canada  and  Louisiana.  In  1680 
he  was  taken  prisoner  150  leagues  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  and  carried  into 
the  country  of  the  Naudowessies  and  Is- 
sati.  He  gave  the  name  of  the  falls  of 
St.  Anthony  and  the  river  St.  Francis. 
He  published  Description  de  la  Louisiane, 
12mo.  1683  ;  the  same  in  Dutch,  1688  ; 
New  discovery  of  a  vast  country  in 
An[ierica,  with  a  continuation,  London, 
1698  ;  Nouveau  voyage  dans  I'Amerique 
Sept.  12mo.  1711  et  niO.—SehookrafVt 
trav.  Intr. 

HENRY,  Patrick,  governor  of  Virgin- 
ia, aiid  a  most  eloquent  orator,  took  an 
early  and  decided  part  in  support  of  the 
rights  of  his  country  against  the  tyranny 
of  Great  Britain.    In  the  year  1765  he 
was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  Virgin- 
ia, and  he  introduced  some  resolutions, 
I  which  breathed  a  spirit  of  liberty,  and 
'  which  were  accepted  by  a  small  majority 
'  May  29.  These  were  the  first  resolutions 
I  of  any  assembly  occasioned  by  the  stamp 
act.     One  of  the  resolutions  declared,  tha* 
the  general  assembly  had  the  exclusive 
right  and  power  to  lay  taxes  and  imposi- 
tions upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  colony. 
Such  was  the  warmth,  excited  in  the  de- 
bate, that  Mr.  Henry,  after  declaiming 
against  the  arbitrary  measures  of  G.  Brit- 
ain,added-"C8esar  had  his  Brutu8,Charle8 
the  first  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the 

third , "  when  the  Speaker  of  the 

house  cried  out  "  treason !  "  and  the  cry 


HENRY. 


449 


ker,  clerk 
Richmond 
i81,183S. 
rch  he  col- 
B  down  to 
V  Virginia 
ice,  3d  ed. 
ling  a  col- 
rginia  from 
vols.  8vo. 
rd,  Reports 
ilsj  4  vols. 
torofFran- 

•"rench  mis- 
mbarked  for 
6  or  7  years 
m.    In  1680 
eagues  from 
carried  into 
ssies  and  Is- 
•  the  falls  of 
St.  Francis. 
la  Louisiana, 
>utcb,  1688  ; 
country    in 
jn,  London, 
,8  I'Amerique 
SchoolcrafVi 


lor  of  Virgin- 
took  an 
pport  of  the 
the  tyranny 
rear  1765  he 
y  of  Virgin- 
resolutions, 
liberty,  and 
mall  majority 
st  resolutions 
by  the  stamp 
declared,  tha' 
he  exclusive 
s  and  imposi- 
f  the  colony, 
ed  in  the  de- 
declaiming 
esofG.  Brit- 
rutus.Charles 
George  the 
eaker  of  the 
and  the  cry 


r 


was  echoed  from  every  part  of  the  house. 
Mr.  Henry  finished  the  sentence  with 
firm  emphasis — "may  profit  by  the  exam- 
ple.   If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of 
it."    Mr.  Henry  led  a  paper  for  his  exe- 
cutors, in  whii-h  he  speaks  of  the  resolu- 
tions of  1765,  which  closes  with  these 
words— "  If  they  [the  people]  are  wise, 
they  will  be  great  and  happy.    If  they  are 
of  a  contrary  character,  they  will  be  mis- 
erable.    Righteousness  alone  can  exalt 
Ihem  as  a  nation.    Reader,  whoever  thou 
art,  remember  this ;  and  in  thy  sphere 
practise  virtue  thyself  and  encourage  it  in 
others.  "    He  was  elected  in  1774  one  of 
the  deputies  from  Virginia  to  the  first 
congress,  and  was  in  this  year  one  of 
the  committee,  which  drew  up  the  peti- 
tion to  the  king.  In  May  1775,  af\er  lord 
Dunmore  had  conveyed  on  board  a  ship  a 
part  of  the  powder  from  the  magazine  of 
Williamsburg,  Mr.  Henry  distinguished 
himself  by  assembling   the  independent 
companies  of  Hanover  and  King  William 
counties,   and   directing  them   towards 
Williamsburg  with   the  avowed  design 
of  obtaining  payment  for  the  powder,  or 
of  compelling  to  its  restitution.      The 
object  was  effected,  for  the  king's  receiv- 
er general  gave  a  bill  for  the  value  o*" 
the  properly.    The  governor  immediate- 
ly fortified  his  palace,  and  issued  a  procla- 
mation, charging  those,  who  had  procur- 
ed the  bill,  with    rebellious    practices. 
This  only  occasioned  a  number  of  county 
meetings,  which  applauded  the  conduct 
of  Mr.  Henry,  and  expressed  a  determi- 
nation to  protect  him.     In  Aug.  1775, 
when  a  new  choice  of  deputies  to  congress 
was  made,  he  was  not  re-elected,  for  his 
services  were  now  demanded  more  exclu- 
sively in  his  own  state.    After  the  de- 
parture of  lord  Dunmore  he  was  chosen 
the  first  governor  in  June  1776,  and  he 
held  this  office  several  succeeding  years, 
bending  all  his  exertions  to  promote  the 
freedom  and  independence  of  his  country, 
In  the  beginning  of  1778  an  anonymous 
letter  was  addressed  to  him  with  the  de^ 
sign  of  alienating  his  aflections  from  the 
commander  in  chief,     He  enclosed  it  to 
Washington  both  to  evince  his  friendship 
57 


and  to  put  him  on  his  guard.  In  another 
letter,  written  a  few  days  aAerwards, 
when  he  had  heard  of  a  plan  to  efiect  the 
removal  of  Washington,  he  says  to  him, 
"  while  you  face  the  armed  enemies  of 
our  liberty  in  the  field,  and,  by  the  fkvor 
of  God,  have  been  kept  unhurt,  I  trust 
your  country  will  never  harbor  in  her 
bosom  the  miscreant,  who  would  ruir  her 
best  supporter ;  but  when  arts,  unworthy 
of  honeot  men,  are  used  to  defame  and  tra- 
duce you,  I  think  it  not  amiss,  but  a  duty 
to  assure  you  of  that  estimation,  in  which 
the  public  hold  you.  " 

In  June  1778  be  was  a  member,  with 
other  illustrious  citizena  of  ■"'IrginiB,  of 
the  Gor.vention,  which  was  appointed  to 
consider  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States ;  and  lie  exerted  all  the  force  of 
his  masterly  eloquence,  day  after  day,  to 
prevent  its  adoption.  He  contended  that 
changes  were  dangerous  to  liberty  ;  that 
the  old  confederation  had  carried  us 
through  the  war,  and  secured  our  inde- 
pendence, and  needed  only  amendment ; 
that  the  proposed  government  was  a  cou- 
solidated  government,  in  which  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  states  would  be  lost,  and 
all  pretensions  to  rights  and  privileges 
would  be  rendered  insecure  ;  mat  the 
want  of  a  bill  of  rights  was  an  essential 
defect ;  that  general  warrants  should 
have  been  prohibited  ;  and  tiiat  to  adopt 
the  constitution  with  a  view  to  subsequent 
amendments  was  only  submitting  to  ty- 
ranny in  the  hope  of  being  liberated 
froir  it  at  some  future  time.  He  there- 
fore offered  a  resolution,  containing  a  bill 
of  rights  an^^  amendment  for  the  greater 
security  of  liberty  and  property,  to  be  re. 
ferred  to  the  other  states  before  the  rati* 
fication  of  the  proposed  form  of  govern-, 
ment,  His  resolution  however  was  not 
accepted,  The  argument  of  Pendleton, 
Randolph,  Madison,  and  Marshall  pre- 
vailed against  the  eloquence  of  Henry, 
and  the  constitution  was  adopted,  though 
by  a  small  majority.  Mr.  Henry's  bill  ol 
rights  and  his  amendments  were  then  ac- 
cepted and  directed  to  be  transmitted  to  the 
several  states.  Some  of  these  amendments 
have  been  ingrafted  into  the  federal  oon- 


'150 


HENRY. 


Btitution,  on  which  account  as  well  as  on 
account  of  the  lessons  of  experience  Mr. 
Henry  in  a  few  years  lost  in  a  degree  his 
repugnance  to  it.  As  he  had  opposed  the 
constitution  with  all  the  force  of  his  elo- 
quenee,  because  endangering  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  states,  his  support  of  the 
constitution  afterwards  presents  a  me- 
morable example  to  all  the  nulHfiers  of 
the  constitution,-to  all,  who  would  resist 
the  supreme  law  of  the  land  and  endanger 
the  union.  He  offered  himself  a  short 
time  before  his  death  a  candidate  for  the 
house  of  delegates,  and  in  his  address  said 
to  the  people, — in  consequence  of  some 
proceedings  of  the  assembly, — "  The  state 
has  quitted  the  sphere,  in  which  she  has 
been  placed  by  the  constitution.  What 
authority  has  the  County  of  Charlotte  to 
dispute  obedience  to  the  laws  of  Virginia.^ 
And  is  not  Virginia  to  the  Union  what 
the  County  of  Charlotte  is  to  herf  Op- 
position on  the  part  of  Virginia  to  thp 
acts  of  the  Federal  Government  must 
beget  their  enforcement  by  military  pow- 
er. This  will  produce  civil  war;  civil  war, 
foreign  alliances  ;  and  foreign  alliances 
must  end  in  subjugation  to  the  powers 
called  in.  Pause  and  consider.  Rush 
not,  I  conjure  you,  into  a  condition,  from 
which  there  is  no  retreat.  "  "You  can 
never  exchange  the  present  government 
but  for  a  monarchy.  If  the  Administra- 
tion have  done  wrong,  let  us  all  go  wrong 
together,  rather  than  split  into  factions, 
which  must  destroy  that  union,on  which 
our  existence  hangs.  "  After  the  resig- 
'<ation  of  Mr.  Randolph  in  Aug.  1795  he 
was  nominated  by  president  Washington 
as  secretary  of  state,  but  considerations  of 
a  private  nature  induced  him  to  decline 
the  honorable  trust.  In  Nov.  1796  he 
was  again  elected  governor  of  Virginia, 
and  this  oiHce  also  he  almost  immediately 
resigned.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1 799  he  was  appointed  by  president  Adams 
as  an  envoy  to  France  with  Messrs. 
Ellsworth  ami  Murray,  His  letter  in 
reply  to  the  8e,:retary  of  state  is  dated  in 
Charlotte  county  April  16th,  and  in  ii  he 
speaks  ofa  severe  indisposition,  to  which 
)ie  was  then  subject,  and  of  his  advanced 


age  and  increasing  debility,  and  adds, 
"  nothing  short  of  absolute  necessity 
eould  induce  me  to  withhold  my  little  aid 
from  an  administration,  whose  abilities, 
patriotism,  and  virtue  deserve  the  grati- 
tude and  reverence  of  all  their  fellow  citi- 
zens. "  Governor  Davie  of  North  Car- 
olina was  in  consequence  appointed  in  his 
place.  He  lived  but  a  short  time  after 
this  testimony  of  the  respect,  in  which 
his  talents  and  patriotism  were  held,  for 
he  died  at  Red  Hill  in  Charlotte  county 
June  6,  1799,  aged  nearly  63.  By  his 
first  wife  he  had  6  children,  of  whom  2 
survived  him  ;  by  his  second  wife  he  had  6 
sons  and  3  daughters,  who  survived  him. 
By  judicious  purchases  of  lands  he  left 
his  family  rich.  His  widow  married  the 
late  judge  Winston  and  died  in  Halifax 
county  Feb,  15,  1881. 

He  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,of  ar- 
dent attachment  to  liberty,  and  of  most 
commanding  eloquence.  The  Virginians 
boast  of  him  as  an  orator  of  nature.  Hia 
general  appearance  and  manners  were 
those  ofa  plain  farmer.  In  this  character 
he  always  entered  on  the  exordium  of  an 
oration.  His  unassuming  locks  and  ex- 
pressions of  humility  induced  his  hearers 
to  listen  to  him  with  the  samn  easy  open- 
ness, with  which  they  would  converse 
with  an  honest  neighbor.  After  he  had 
thus  disarmed  prejudice  and  pride  and 
opened  a  way  to  the  heart,the  inspiration 
of  his  eloquence,  when  little  expected, 
would  invest  him  with  the  authority  ofa 
prophet.  With  a  mind  of  great  powers 
and  a  heart  of  keen  sensibility,  he  would 
sometimes  rise  in  the  majesty  of  his  geni- 
us, and,  while  he  filled  the  audience 
with  admiration,  would  with  almost 
irresistible  influence  bear  along  the  pas* 
sions  of  others  with  him. 

in  private  life  he  was  as  amiable  and 
virtuous,  es  he  was  conspicuous  in  hia 
public  career.  He  was  temperate.  He 
never  uttered  a  profane  expression,  dis- 
honoring the  name  of  God.  He  was 
kind  and  hospitable,  friendly  to  his  neigh- 
bors, punctual,and  ikithful  to  his  promise. 
Yet  it  was  thought,  that  the  love  of  mon- 
ey was  too  strong  a  passion  in  his  heart, 


HENRY. 


451 


ad  adds, 
neceesity 
little  aid 
abilities, 
Lhe  grati- 
iUow  citi- 
orth  Car- 
ted in  his 
ime  after 
in  which 
9  held,  for 
te  county 
.    By  his 
f  whom  2 
fe  he  had  6 
vived  him. 
ds  he  left 
larried  th© 
in  Halifax 

lents.of  ar- 
id of  most 
s  Virginians 
iture.    His 
uners  were 
is  character 
irdiumuf  an 
sks  and  ex- 
his  hearers 
'  easy  open- 
converse 
\er  he  had 
pride  and 
inspiration 
expected, 
ithority  of  a 
reat  powers 
he  would 
of  liis  geni- 
le  audience 
ith  almost 
ig  the  pas* 

amiable  and 
:uous  in  his 
perate.  He 
ression,  dis- 
He  was 
to  his  neigh- 
his  promise, 
love  of  mon- 
in  his  heart, 


rendering  him  exorbitant  in  his  fees,  and 
leading  him  to  partake  in  the  profit  of  the 
Yazoo  speculation  ;  and  that  he  was  also 
too  vain  of  his  wealth.    If  this  be  true,  it 
will  detract  from  his  excellence  of  charac- 
ter.   He  said  to  a  friend,  just  before  his 
death,  who  found  him  reading  the  Bible, 
"here,  "  said  he,  "is  a  book    worth 
more  than  all  the  other  books,  that  were 
ever  printed ;  yet  it  is  my  misfortune 
never  to  have  found  time  to  read  it ,  with 
the  proper  attention  and  feeling,till  lately. 
I  trust  in  the  mercy  of  heaven,  that  it  is 
not  yet  too  late. "      He  was  not  a  mem- 
ber of  anv  church.    His  principles  of  lib- 
erty and  regard  to  Christianity  led  him  to 
deplore  the  practice  of  slavery.     On  this 
subject,  in  a  letter  written  in  1773,  he 
inquires, "  is  it  not  amazing,  that  at  a 
time,  when  the  rights  of  humanity  are 
defined  and  understood  with  precision, 
in  a  country  above  all  others  fond  of 
liberty;  that  in  such  an  age  and  such 
a  country   we  find  men,    professing   a 
religion,  the  most  humane,    mild,  gen- 
tle, and   generous,  adopting  a   princi- 
ple, as  repugnant  to  humanity,  as  it  is 
inconsistent  with  the  bible,  and  destruc- 
tive to  liberty? — Would  any  one  believe, 
that  I  am  master  of  slaves  of  my  own 
purchase.^  I  am  drawn  along  by  the  gen- 
eral inconvenience  of  living  here  without 
them.    I  will  not — I  cannot  justify  it. — 
I  believe  a  time  will  come,  when  an  op- 
portunity will  be  offered  to  abolish  this 
lamentable  evil.    Every  thing  we  can  do 
is  to  improve  it,  if  it  happens  in  our  day; 
if  not,  let  us  transmit  to  our  descendants, 
together  with  our  slaves,  a  pity  for  their 
unhappy  lot,  &  an  abhorrence  of  slavery." 
In  anothe :  letter  to  Archibald  Blair,  writ- 
ten a  few  months  before  his  death,  after 
lamenting  the  violence  of  parties  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  reprobating  French  infidelity, 
and  manners,  and  poliiics,  he  adds,  "  I 
am  too  old  and  infirm  ever  again  to  under- 
take public  f'oncerns.    I  live  much  retir- 
ed amidst  a  multiplicity  of  blessings  from 
that  gracious  Ruler  of  ail  things,  to  whom 
I  owe  unceasing  acknowledgments  I'br 
his  unremitted  goodness  to  me. — And  if 
I  were  permitted  to  add  to  the  catalogue 


one  other  blessing,  it  should  be,  that  my 
countrymen  should  learn  wisdom  and  vir- 
tue, and  in  this  thev  ^^y  ^  know  the 
things,  that  pertain  to  their  pease."  Mr. 
Wirt's  very  interesting  life  of  Henry 
was  published,  3d  edit.  8vo  1818. — 

HENRY,  Alexander,  a  traveller,  was 
born  in  N.  Jersey  in  Aug.  1739.  In 
1760  he  accompanied  the  expedition  of 
Amherst,  and  was  present  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  fort  de  Levi,  near  Ontario,  and 
the  surrender  of  Montreal.  In  descend- 
ing the  river  he  lost  S  boats  of  merchan- 
dize and  saved  his  life  by  clinging  to  the 
bottom  of  one  of  them .  Immediately  af- 
ter the  conquest  of  CaiiRu.^  in  his  enter- 
prising spirit  he  engaped  in  the  fur  trade. 
He  visited  the  upper  lakes  in  17C0,  and 
during  16  years  travelled  in  the  north- 
western parts  of  America  and  was  in 
many  scenes  of  hardship  and  peril.  He 
died  at  Montreal  April  4,  1824  aged  84. 
He  was  a  man  of  warm  affections,  domes- 
tic habits,  and  a  generous  mind.  He 
published  an  interesting  book,  written 
with  simplicity.  Travels  in  Canada  and 
the  Indian  territories,  between  the  years 
I760and  1776, 8vo.  N.  York,  1809. 

HENRY,  John  Joseph,  presiding 
judge  of  the  second  district  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  the  son  of  Wm.  H.,  of  Lancas- 
ter, a  skilful  mechanic,  inventor  of  the 
screw  auger,  and  commissary  of  the 
iroops  at  the  beginning  of  the  war. 
He  was  born  November  4,  1758. 
At  the  age  of  17  he  entered  the  ar- 
my in  1775  and  accompanied  Arnold 
ti  -fiugh  the  wilderness  of  Maine  to  Que- 
bec. In  the  attack  on  the  city  he  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  Having 
afterwards  studied  law,  he  practised  from 
1785  till  1793,  when  he  was  appointed 
judge.  He  died  about  the  year  1810  at 
Paxton,  Dauphin  county,  aged  52.  His 
wife  was  the  sister  of  Stephen  Chambers. 
His  interesting  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion across  the  wilderness  to  Quebec  was 
published  at  Lancaster,  12mo.  1812. 

HENRY,  T.  Charlton;  d.  d.,  minis- 
ter of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  the  son  of 
Alexander  Henry  of  Philadelphia,  presi- 
dent   of  the   sabbath  school  union,  and 


% 


4&S 


HERKIMER. 


•in»  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  iu  I 
1814.  He  was  the  pastor  of  the  2d ,  prcs- 
byterian  church  at  C,  and  died  O'lt.  5, 
1827,  aged  37.  For  talents,  acquisitions, 
holy  zeal,  and  usefulness  in  the  miiaslry 
few  are  uuperior  to  him.  He  published 
on  inquiry  into  the  consistency  of  popular 
amusements  with  a  profession  of  Christi- 
unity,  1825  ;  Letters  to  a  friend  to  relieve 
an  anxious  inquirer,  with  memoirs  by 
Th.  Lewis,  London. 

HERKIMER,  general,of  the  militia  of 
N.  York,  was  of  German  descent.  When 
St.  Leger,  in  1777,  invested  fort  Stanwix, 
afterwards  called  fort  Schuyler,  at  the 
head  of  Mohawk  river,  Herkimer,  with 
the  militia  of  Tryon  county,  hastened  to 
the  relief  of  col,  Gansevoort.  On  his  ap- 
proach he  was  ambuscaded  in  August, 
about  Smiles  from  the  fort,  near  Oneida 
creek.  Though  mortally  wounded  in  his 
legs,  he  seated  himself  upon  a  stump  and 
heroically  encouraged  his  men  to  the  fight; 
but  his  party  was  defeated  with  the  loss 
of 400  men.  Congress  ordered  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  .—Holmes,  ii.  270  ; 
Hist.  col.  II.  108. 

HERRERA,  Antonio  de,  a  Spanish 
historian,  was  born  in  1559  and  died  in 
1625.  He  published  in  Spanish  a  general 
history  of  the  West  Indies,  1601,  also 
1615.  The  same  has  been  published  in 
various  editions  and  languages.  It  gives 
an  account  of  discoveries  from  1492  to 
1553.  The  history  of  America,  tr.  by  J. 
Stevens,  was  published  at  London,  2d. 
edit.  6  vols.  1740. 

HERSEY,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian of  Hingham,  Mass.  and  a  benefactor 
of  Harvard  college,  was  graduated  at  that 
seminary  in  1728,  and  died  Dec.  9,  1770, 
aged  62.  His  widow  married  capt,  Der- 
by of  Salem,  and  in  fulfilment  of  his 
wishes  established  an  academy  at  Hing- 
ham,  calling  it  Derby  instead  of  Hersey 
academy.  Dr.  H.  was  remarkably  hu- 
mane and  benevolent,  and  had  extensive 
practice  as  a  surgeon.  He  bequeathed  to 
the  coUege  lOOOi.  towards  founding  a 
professorship  of  anatomy  and  surgery. 
His  widow  also  gave  the  same  sum  for 
the  aamopurpoae.    Dr.  Warren  was  the 


HEWES. 

first,  who  was  establiohed  on  this  founds- 
tion.-~Ho/me». 

HERSEY,  Abner,  an  eminent  pbyii" 
cian  of  Barnstable,  Mass,  was  the  brother 
of  the  preceding,  the  son  of  James  Her-< 
sey.  He  studied  physic  with  his  bro- 
ther,  James,  of  Barnstable  and  on  his  de- 
cease succeeded  to  his  practice.  Dr^ 
Thacher  was  his  pupil.  He  had  many 
singularities.  His  dress  was  loose,  lined 
throughout  with  baize.  He  had  a  great 
coat  made  of  7  calfskins,  to  protect  him 
from  the  rain.  He  was  hypochondriacal, 
capricious,  whimsical,  and  churlish  ;  and 
domestic  peace  was  a  stranger  to  his  fa- 
mily. He  died  Jan.  9,  1787,  aged  65, 
leaviiig  no  children.  He  bequeathed  to 
Harvard  college  500/.  towards  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  professorship  of  the  Iheorv 
and  practice  of  physic.  The  first  pro- 
fessor in  this  department  was  Dr.  Wa- 
lerhouse.  Dr.  Hersey  also  bequeathed 
about  500/.  the  interest  of  which  he  direc- 
ted to  be  applied  annually  to  the  purchase 
of  religious  publications,  which  should  be 
distributed  in  all  the  towns  on  cape  Cod. 
He  directed  what  books  should  be  selec- 
ted for  a  hundred  years  ;  after  the  expira- 
tion of  which  time  the  ministers  and  dea- 
cons of  the  13  parishes,  to  whose  care 
his  donation  is  intrusted,  are  authorized 
to  select  any  religious  books  at  their 
pleasure,  excepting  on  every  fourth 
year.  On  the  petition  of  the  parties  the 
legislature  authorized  the  division  of  the 
property  among  the  churches  interest- 
ed.—  Thacher. 

HE  WATT,  Alexander,  published  an 
Historical  account  of  S.  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  3  vols.  Lond.  1779. 

HEWES,  Joseph,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  born  in  1730  in  N.  Jersey. 
His  parents  were  quakers.  He  was 
well  educated,  but  did  not,  as  Goodrich 
represents,  graduate  at  Princeton  college. 
At  the  age  of  30  he  settled  as  a  merchant 
at  Edenton,  N.  Carolina.  In  1774  he 
was  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  committee  to  state  the 
grievances  of  congress.  Although  a 
merchant,  he  entered  heartily  into  the 
plan  of  non-importation.    He  signed  the 


HEYWARD. 


HICKS. 


4U 


declaration  of  independence  in  1776,  and 
remained  in  congreis,  with  the  exception 
of  a  year,  till  his  death  at  Philadelphia 
Nov.  10,  1779,  aged  49.  He  left  a  large 
Tortune  but  no  children.  It  is  said,  that 
when  in  1775  the  quakers  put  forth  a 
*'  testimony "  against  the  proceedings 
of  congress,  he  withdrew  from  the  sect. 
— Ooodrieh?!  livet ;  Ene.  Amer. 

HEYWARD,  Thomas,  judge,  a  pa- 
triot of  the  revolution,  was  born  at  St. 
Luke's,  S.  Carolina,  in  1746,  the  son  of 
col.  Daniel  H.,  a  wealthy  planter.  Hav- 
ing studied  law  at  the  temple  in  London, 
he  spent  some  years  in  a  tour  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe.  On  his  return  he  prac 
tised  law.  In  1775  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  cr  igress  in  the  place  of  Mr. 
Rutledge,  and  iu  1776  signed  the  declara- 
tion of  independence.  In  1778  he  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  civil  and  criminal 
courts.  At  the  capture  of  Charleston 
May  12,  1780  he  bore  arms  and  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy,  and  was  sent  to 
St.  Augustine.  His  plantation  was  plun- 
dered, end  he  lost  ISO  slaves,  who  were 
probably  transported  to  Jamaica.  Hav- 
ing at  last  permission  to  sail  to  Philadel- 
phia, he  narrowly  escaped  drowning, 
having  fallen  overboard.  In  1798  he  re- 
linquished his  judicial  duties.  He  died 
March  1809  aged  63.  By  his  two  wives, 
whose  names  were  Matthews  and  Savage, 
he  had  children.  With  an  ardent  dispo- 
sition he  yet  had  a  sound  judgment,  and 
was  honest,  firm,  and  fearless. — 3iog. 
Jimer. ;  Goodrich. 

HIACOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in 
New  England,  who  was  converted  to 
Christianity  and  a  minister  at  Martha's 
Vineyard,  lived  upon  this  island,  when  a 
few  English  families  first  settled  there  in 
1642.  Under  the  instruction  of  Thomas 
Mayhew  he  eagerly  received  the  truths 
of  the  gospel.  Having  learned  to  read,  he 
in  1645  began  'o  teach  his  copper  colored 
brethren  the  Christian  doctrines,  and  he 
did  not  labor  in  vain.  A  number  of  them 
were  soon  impressed  with  a  sense  of 
their  guilt  in  living,  as  they  had  lived, 
and  sought  for  pardon  from  hiro,  who  is 
the  propitiation  for  the  sins  of  the  world. 


The  aachems  anci  ptwawa,  or  pricats,  did 
not  observe  this  progress  of  Chriatianity 
with    indifference.     While    tlie    latter 
threatened  to  destroy  all  the  praying  In- 
dians  with  witclicriiil,   their    menaces 
were  particularly  directed  againat  Hia- 
coomes ;  but  he  eaid  to  them, "  I  believe 
in  God  and  put  my  trust  in  him,  and 
therefore  all  the  pawawa  ccn  do  me  no 
hurt."    In  1650,  when  he  lost  a  young 
child,  the  funeral  was  performed  in  the 
English  manner.    The  mourners  did  not 
discolor   their   faces,   nor   deposit   any 
utensils  or  goods  in  the  grave,  nor  howl 
over  the  dead.    Afler  the  death  of  Mr. 
Mayhew  in  1657,  he  continued  his  benev- 
olent labors,  though  he  greatly  lamented 
the  loss  of  that  good  man,  by  whom  he 
had  been  enlightened  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  truth,and  whose  instructions  gave  him 
the  power  of  instructing  others.    August 
33,  1670,  an  Indian  church  was  regular- 
ly formed  on  Martha's   Vineyard,  and 
Hiaa)omes  and  Tackanash  were  ordained 
its  pastor  and  teacher  by  Eliot  and  Cot- 
ton.   Hiacoomes  survived  his  colleague, 
and  died  about  the  year  1G90,  aged  near 
80.    In  1698  his  son,  John  Hiacoomes, 
was  a  preacher  and  school  master  at  As- 
sawampsit,  or  Middleborough. — He  was  a 
faithful  and  successful  minister,  slow  in 
speech,  grave  in  manners,  and  blameless 
in  his  life.    He  was  courageous  in  repre- 
hending the  Indians  for  worshipping  their 
false  gods  and  adhering  to  their  pawaws. 
He  was  not  elated  by  the  high  office, 
which  he  sustained,  but  ever  continued 
humble.    At  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Ja- 
phet,  who  succeeded  Tackanash,  as  his 
colleague,  he  prayed,  imposed  bands,  and 
gave  the  charge  with  much  propriety. 
In  his   last  sickness  he  expressed  the 
hopes  of  a  christian ,  and  gave  good  ex- 
hortations to  those  around  ;  and  at  his 
death  he  without  doubt  entered  into  that 
rest,  from  which  many  of  the  learned  and 
refined,  who  love  not  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,    will    be    excluded.— Jtfoy/lew'« 
Indian eonv.  ;  Mather^ s magna,  in.  199. 
HICKS,  Elias,  a  quaker,  died  at  Jeri- 
cho, L.  Island,  Feb.  27,  1830,  aged  81. 
His  wife,  Jemima,  with  whom  he  had 


A. 


4M 


HIGGINSON. 


iLtt.i  tm  -.nM  1 


fn 


lived  in  harmony  58  years,  died  in  1820. 
— In  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  the 
cause,  by  some  new  doctrines,  which  he 
advanced,  of  a  great  discord  and  division 
among  the  Friends. 

HIGGINSON,  Francis,  first  minister 
or  Salem,  Mass.  ailer  receiving  his  educa- 
tion at  Emanuel  college  in  Cambridge, 
became  the  minister  of  a  church  at  Lei- 
cester  in  England.  Here  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  duties  of  his  ofRce,  bending 
all  his  efforts  to  produce  that  renovation 
of  heart  and  holiness  of  life,  without 
which  no  man  can  see  the  kingdom  of 
God .  While  his  popular  talents  filled  his 
church  with  attentive  hearers,  such  was 
the  divine  blessing  upon  his  labors,  that 
a  deep  attenvion  to  religious  subjects  was 
excited  among  his  people,  and  he  witnes- 
sed with  pleasure  the  progress  of  upright- 
ness, benevolence,  and  piety  among  the 
dishonest,  the  selfish,  and  the  impious. 
Becoming  at  length  a  conscient  ious  non- 
conformist to  the  rites  of  the  English 
church,  some  of  which  he  thought  not 
only  were  unsupported  by  scripture,  but 
corrupted  the  purity  of  Christian  worship 
and  discipline,  he  was  excluded  from  the 
parish  pulpit .  But  he  obtained  liberty  to 
preach  a  lecture  in  Leicester,  and  often 
attended  private  meetings  for  prayer  and 
religious  conference  with  a  number  of 
excellent  Christians.  As  the  spirit  of 
ecclesiastical  tyranny  became  more  jeal- 
ous and  rigorous,  information  was  lodged 
against  him,  and  while  he  was  daily  ex- 
pecting to  be  dragged  away  by  pursui- 
vants to  the  high  commission  court,  a 
kind  providence  interposed  remarkably  in 
his  favor,  and  provided  for  him  a  place  of 
security.  One  day  two  messengers  came 
to  his  house,  and  with  loud  knocks  cried 
out,  "where  is  Mr.  Higginson.?  We 
must  speak  with  Mr.  Higginson !"  His 
wife  ran  to  his  chamber  and  entreated 
him  to  conceal  himself;  but  he  replied, 
that  he  should  acquiesce  in  the  will  of 
Gcid.  He  went  donn,  and  as  the  mes- 
sengers entered  the  hall  they  presented 
him  with  some  papers,  saying  in  a 
rough  manner,  "  sir,  we  came  from  Lon- 
don, and  our  business  is  to  convey  you  to 


London,  as  you  may  see  by  those  papers." 
"  I  thought  so,"  exclaimed  Mrs.  Hig- 
ginson weeping  ;  but  a  woman's  tears 
could  have  little  effect  upon  hard  hearted 
pursuivants.  Mr.  Higginson  opened  the 
packet  to  read  the  form  of  his  arrest,  but, 
instead  of  an  order  from  bishop  Laud  for 
his  seizure,  he  found  a  copy  of  the  charter 
of  Massachusetts,  and  Ictcers  from  the 
governor  and  company,  inviting  him  to 
embark  with  them  for  New  England. 
The  sudden  transition  of  feeling  frbm 
despondence  to  joy  inspired  him  with  the 
same  good  humor,  which  induced  his 
friends  to  act  the  part  of  his  enemie8,and 
a  pleasant  interview  succeeded. 

Having  sought  advice  and  implored  the 
divine  direction,  he  resolved  to  accept 
the  invitation.    In  his  farewell  sermon, 
preached  before  a  vast  assembly,  he  de- 
clared   his    persuasion,    that    England 
would  be  chastised  by  war,  and  that  Lei- 
cester would  have  more  than  an  ordinary 
share  of  sufferings.      It  was  not  long  be- 
fore his  prediction  was  verified.      It  is 
not  meant,  that  he  claimed  the  power  of 
foretelling  future  events ;  but  he  could 
reason  with  considerable  accuracy  from 
cause  to  effect,  knowing  what  iniquity  is 
generally  followed  by  its  punishment,  and 
he  lived  in  an  age,  when  it  was  usual  for 
ministers  to  speak  with  more  confidence, 
and  authority,  and  efficacy,  than  at  pre- 
sent.   He  sailed  from  Gravesend  April 
35,  1629,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Skelton, 
whose  principles  accorded  with  his  own. 
When  he  came  to  the  land's  end,  he  cal- 
led his  children  and  the  other  passengers 
on  deck  to  take  the  last  view  of  their  na- 
tive country  ;   and  he  now  exclaimed, 
"  farewell  England,  farewell  the  church 
of  God  in  England,  and  all  the  Christian 
friends  there .    We  do  not  go  to  Ameri- 
ca as  separatists  from  the  church  of  Eng- 
land,   though  we  cannot  but  separate 
from  its  corruptions."    He  then  conclu- 
ded with  a  fervent  prayer  ibr  the  king, 
church,  and  state  in  England.    He  arri- 
ved at  cape  Ann,  June  27,  1629,  and 
having  spent  the  next  day  there,  which 
was  Sunday,  on  the  29th  he  entered  the 
harbor  of  Salem.     Julv  the  20th  was  ob- 


HIGGINSON. 


455 


served  as  a  day  of  fasting  by  tho  appoint- 1 
mentofgovernorEndicottiand  the  church 
then  made  choice  of  Mr.  Higginson  to 
bs  their  teacher,  and  Mr.  Skelton  their 
pastor.      Each  with  tho  asbistance    of 
some  of  the  graveet  members  of  ihe  church 
laid  his  hands  at  this  time  on  the  oth- 
er  with  prayer.    A  more  solemn  inves- 
titure took  place  Augu^nt  6th,  when  about 
30  persons  accepted  a  confession  of  faith 
and  church  covenant,  which    had  been 
drawn  up  by  Mr.  Higginson,  and  the 
two  ministers  were  again  ordained  by  the 
imposition  of  hands.     Governor  Bradford 
and  others  from  the  church  of  Plymouth 
gave  them  the  right  hand  of  fellowship. 
As  both  these  ministers  had  been  ordain- 
ed by  bishops  in  England,  and  as  Mr. 
Higginaon  professed  not  to  be  a  separate 
from  the  established  church,  this  ordina- 
tion cannot  be  considered  as  investing 
them  with  the  sacred  ofRce  but  only  as 
introducing  them  to  the  pastoral  care  of 
a  particular  flock.    Thus  auspicious  was 
the  commencement  of  the  settlement  of 
Naumkeak,  or  Salem  ;  but  the  scene  was 
soon  changed.    During  the  first  winter 
about  100  persons  died  and  Mr.  Higgin- 
son was  soon  seized  with  a  hectic,  which 
terminated  his  days  in  Aug.  1630,  aged 
43.    In  his  last  sickness  he  was  reminded 
of  his  benevolent  exertions  in  the  service 
of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.    To  consoling 
suggestions  of  this  kino   he  replied,  "  I 
have  been  an  unprofitable  servant,  and 
all  my  desire  is  to  win  Christ,  and  be 
found  in  him,  not  having  my  own  righ- 
teousness."    His  family,   consisting  of 
his  wife  and  eight  children,  whom  he 
was  about  to  leave  without  a  suitable  pro- 
vision for  1  heir  maintenance,  he  cheerfully 
commended  to  the  care  of  God,  being  ful- 
ly persuaded,  that  his  favor  would  attend 
them. 

He  was  a  7.ealous  and  useful  preacher, 
mild  in  his  doctrines,  but  strict  in  dis'-i- 
pline.  He  admittei'  none  into  the  church 
without  satisfactory  evidence,  that  they 
were  truly  religious,  and  excluded  the 
ignorant  and  immoral  from  the  table  of 
the  Lord.  In  his  deportment  he  was 
gravL'.nnd  pure  in  morals,  and,  though  not 


rash  in  his  decisions,  he  was  not  easily 
shaken  from  his  purposes.  In  his  perion 
he  was  slender  and  not  tall.  His  son, 
Francis  Higginson,  went  to  Europe,  and 
afler  residing  some  time  as  a  student  at 
Leyden,  was  settled  as  a  minister  at  Ker- 
by  Steven  in  Westmoreland,  England, 
where  he  died  about  the  year  1670,  aged 
54.  He  was  the  first,  who  wrote  against 
tie  quakers,  and  he  published  also  a  latin 
treatise  concerning  the  five  principal 
lights,  uncreated  and  created  light,  and 
the  light  of  nature,  grace,  and  glory. 

Mr.  Higginson  of  Salem  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage,  which  is  preserved 
in  Hutchinson's  collection  of  papers.  He 
wrote  also  a  short  account  of  that  part  of 
Massachusetts,  which  was  nowaettling, 
and  of  tho  Indians,  entitled,  New  Eng- 
land's plantatiOii,or  a  short  &  true  descrip- 
tion of  the  commodities  &  discommodities 
of  that  country,  1 630.  It  has  been  reprin- 
ted in  the  collections  of  the  hist,  society. 
This  curious  account  is  generally  correct, 
though  the  isle  of  slates,  and  the  marble, 
and  the  lions  existed  only  in  report  and 
imagination. — Magnolia,  i.  18, 19  ;  in. 
70-75;  Collect,  hitt.  toe.  i.  117-124; 
IX.  2-3 


VI, 


931,  242-244; 


HIGGINSON,  John,  minister  of  Sa- 
lem Mass.,  was  the  son  of  the  preced'ng, 
and  was  born  in  England  Aug.  6,  lb? 6. 
Some  time  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
with  whom  he  came  to  this  country  in 
1629,  he  was  the  instructor  of  a  school  at 
Haitford,his  mother  with  six  of  her  chil- 
dren being  somewhat  dependent  upon  his 
exertions  for  her  support.  Having  be- 
come a  preacher,  he  was  chaplain  at  Say- 
brook  fort  a  number  of  years.  In  1641 
he  went  to  Guilford,  and  prenched  about 
two  years  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Whit- 
field, whose  daughter  lie  married.  In 
1648  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  seven  pil- 
lars of  Guilford.  Thepracti.e  of  choo- 
sing from  among  the  brethren  seven  per- 
sons, who  were  called  pillars,  to  whom 
the  other  church  members  were  gathered, 
had  before  been  adopted  in  New  Haven 
and  Milford.  After  the  church  was  com- 
pletely orgaiiiml  in  Guilford  in  1649» 
Mr.  Higginson  was  elected  teacher  to  asr. 


411 


HIGQINSON. 


HILLIARD. 


tiat  Mr.  Whitfield  ;  but  he  was  not  or- 
dained. About  the  year  1650  Mr. Whit- 
field returned  to  England,  and  Mr.  Hi(r- 
ginson  remained  as  teacher  of  the  church. 
But  in  1669  he  lefl  that  town  with  the 
intention  of  revisiting  his  native  country. 
On  his  arrival  at  Salem  he  was  persuaded 
to  preach  one  year  in  the  church,  where 
his  father  had  been  settled,  and  was  or- 
dained in  Aug.  1660.  Here  he  continued 
near  half  a  century  t*'!  his  death  Dec.  9, 
1706,  aged  93.  He  had  been  73  years  in 
the  ministerial  ofRce.  His  colleague,  Mr. 
Nicholas  Noyes,  says  of  him    in   bis 

elegy,— 
"For  rich  array  cared  nol  a  fig, 
And  wore  Eliilia's  periwig; 
At  ninety  tliree  Imd  comely  face, 
Adorned  with  majesty  and  grace  :— 
Before  he  went  among  the  deail, 
He  children's  childrKn's  children  had." 

At  hia  ordination  the  hands  ot  the  dea- 
cons and  of  one  of  the  brethren  were  im- 
posed in  the  presence  of  the  neighboring 
churches  and  elders.  Whether  they 
united  in  this  ceremony  is  not  known , 
but  Mr.  Norton  of  Boston  gave  the 
right  hand  of  fellowship.  Mr.  Higgin- 
son  was  at  first  zealous  against  the  qua- 
kers,  and  he  lived  to  lament,  that  his  zeal 
was  so  warm.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
highly  respected.  Judge  Sewall  calls 
him,  "that  aged  and  venerable  divine ;" 
and  Dr.  Mather  speaks  of  him,  ia  the 
88th  year  of  his  age,  as  then  performing 
the  duties  of  his  office  with  such  manly, 
pertinent,  judicious  vigor,  and  with  so  lit- 
tle decay  of  his  intellectual  abilities,  as 
excited  admiration.  In  his  worldly  af- 
fairs he  was  often  embarrassed,  being  sup- 
ported during  part  of  his  ministry  by 
voluntary  contribution.  It  is  considera- 
ble evidence  of  his  good  sense  and 
of  his  benevolence,  that  he  took  no 
part  in  the  proceedings  relating  to  witch- 
craft in  1693.  Ho  published  an  election 
sermon,  entitled,  the  cause  of  God  and 
his  people  in  New  England,  1663  ;  our 
dying  Savior's  legacyof  peace  to  his  dis- 
ciples in  a  troublesome  world,  with  a  dis- 
course on  the  duty  of  Christians  to  be 
witnesses  unto  Christ,  unto  which  is  ad- 


ded some  help  to  self  examination, 
1686;  ail  attestation  to  Dr.  Mather's 
magnalia,  or  church  history  of  New 
England,  prefixed  to  that  work,  and  da- 
ted, 1697;  a  testimony  to  the  order  of  the 
gospel  in  the  churches  of  New  England 
with  Mr.  Hubbard,  1701  ;  an  epistle  to 
the  reader,  prefixed  to  Hale's,  inquiry  in- 
to the  nature  of  witchcraft,  1702  ;  a  pre. 
face  to  Thomas  Allen's  invitation  to 
thirsty  sinners  ;  the  deplorable  state  of 
New  England,  1708. — Magnalia  in.  66, 
76  ;  Collect,  hiit.  toe.  vi.  24S,  244,  359- 
394,  271,273. 

HILLHOUSE,  William,  judge,  was 
the  son  of  James  H.,  first  minister  of  the 
second  church  in  New  London,  now 
Montville,who  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  h 
was  installed  Oct.Sjl722,anddied  in  1740. 
He  was  born  i.i  1737,  and  was  for  50 
years  a  member  of  the  legislature  ;  for  40 
years  a  judge  oi'  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  also  judge  of  probate.  During 
the  revolutionary  war  he  was  one  of  the 
council  of  safety.  His  seat  in  the  council 
he  resigned  in  1808  and  died  at  Montville 
Jan.  12,  1816,  aged  87.  He  was  a  man 
of  integrity,  a  christian,  and  an  unshaken 
patriot. 

HILLHOUSE,  James  Abraham,a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer,thebrotherof  the  prece- 
ding,was  born  at  New  London  aboutl 739, 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1749,  and  was  tutor  from  1750  to  1756. 
He  afterward  practised  law  at  N.Haven, 
where  he  died  Oct.  3,  1775,  aged  46. 
His  widow,  Mary,  died  July  1933,  aged 
87.  He  had  a  high  reputation  as  an  advoi 
cate,  and  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the 
rights  of  his  country.  His  christian  life 
was  exemplary:  he  was  adorned  by 
meekness,  humility,  and  charity. — 
Holmes'  life  ofStilea,  66. 

HILLIARD,  Timothy,  minister  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  was  horn  in  Kensing- 
ton, N.  H.,  in  1746,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1764.  In  1768  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  of  castle  William, 
and  after  officiating  a  fbw  months  was 
elected  a  tutor  of  the  college,  in  which  he 
was  educated.  He  was  ordained  the 
minister  of  Barnstable  April  10, 1771,  at 


HINCKLEY. 


HITCHCOCK. 


4S7 


linatioD, 
father's 
if  New 
,  and  da- 
eroftho 
England 
epistle  to 
quiry  in- 
2 ;  a  pre. 
ation   to 
'.  state  of 
ia  III.  66, 
244, 259- 

idge,  was 
jter  of  the 
don,  now 
Ireland,  il 
^  in  1740. 
as  for  60 
ire;  for 40 
f  common 
!.    During 
Dne  of  the 
the  council 
L  Montville 
was  a  man 
n  unshaket) 


ham,a  dis- 
ftheprece- 
boutl729, 
college  in 
50  to  1756. 
N.Haven, 
aged  46. 
1922,  aged 
as  an  advo< 
jrter  of  the 
uistian  life 
domed  hy 
charity. — 

minister  of 
in  Kensing- 
graduated 
In  1768  he 
He  William, 
months  was 
in  which  he 
)rdained  the 
JO,  1771,  at 


the  McMMnr  of  Mr.  Orten  ;  but  afisr 
oontinuiay  !>>*  benevolent  eicrtions  in 
tMl  piMM  for  twelve  yeen,  ruepected  and 
baloiod  by  Ma  people«  be  wai  induced  in 
30W3iqMMe  of  his  in>i  ^red  baalth,  ocoo- 
■iaaed  by  the  d*in,   t .   of  the  sea  air,  to 
reqswNl*  diimiaaiOB,  v  .ieh  was  given 
Mm  Apr-'  80, 1788.     he  was  euooeedec'. 
byJohnMellen.    On  the  37  th  of  October 
he  WM  imtalled  at  Cambridge,  h  coI- 
ietgae  with  Dr.  Appleton.    He  was  pe- 
ciriiariy  wall  qualified  for  the  oonapiruous 
station,  in  whieh  by  divine  providenn*»  »<e 
was  now  placed ;  for  he  possessed  an  easy 
and  pieaaing  eiooution  and  a  devotional 
manner,  and  his  discourses  wore  pure  in 
language  and  replete  with  judicicri  sen > ". 
nantc,     ell  arranged,  instrucitve,  and 
t! .;  >  evangelical.     But  the  power  of  do- 
ii  r  ,',ood  was  continued  to  him  but  a  few 
^ean.    In  the  midst  of  his  usefulnesaand 
with  increasing  reputation  he  died  sud- 
denly May  9,  1790,  aged  43.      A  short 
time  before  he  expired,  he  expressed  his 
full  confidence  in  God,  and  said,  that  he 
enjoyed  those  consolations,  which  he  had 
endeavored  to  impart  to  others.     While 
he  was  respected  for  his  talents  and  ac- 
quisitions, and  made  himself  pieaaing  in 
social  intercourse,  he  also  posseaaed  an 
amiable   temper,   kind  and  sympathetic 
feelings,  and  the  genuine  benevolence  of 
the  gospel.     Though  firm  in  tho  main- 
tenance of  his  reUgious  sentiments,  he 
was  yet  conspicuous  for  his  candor.     He 
published  two  fast  sermons,  1774  ;  a  ser- 
mon at  the  execution  of  three  persons, 
1785 ;  at  the  ordination  of  Henry  Ware, 
1788 ;  of  Bezalcel  Howard ;  of  John  An- 
drews, 1789 ;   and  a  Dudleian  lecture, 
nU.—Wiltard'B  fuH-termoH;  Holmei' 
hiit.  of  Cambridge;  Collect,  hist.  toe. 
III.  16;  VII.  69-67. 

HINCKLEY,  Thomas,  the  last  gov. 
of  Plymouth,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  H., 
who  lived  in  Scituate  in  1636,  removed  to 
Barnsuble  in  1639,  and  died  in  1663. 
He  was  born  about  1630.  He  was  cho- 
sen governor  in  1680,  and  continued  in 
oice,exoept  when  interrupted  by  Andrus, 
tHi  the  auon  of  the  old  colony  with  Maae., 
in  169t.  He  died  at  Barnstable  in  1705, 
68 


ai?ed  75.  Among  the  manuscripts  of 
the  N .  England  or  old  south  ehureh  li- 
brary, whieh  ware  deposited  in  1817  in 
the  historical  library,  are  8  vols,  folio  of 
pcijers,  eolleetet' ^y  go».  Hinekiey. 

HINDE,doc  r,  ikmily  physician  of 
general  Wolfe,  was  a  Mtiva  of  Enfland, 
born  ii  1787,  and  naa  wHh  WoKe,  when 
he  fell  on  the  pWna  of  Abraten  fS^.  it, 
1769.  HeaflerwardaaattMiB  Virginia 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Patrick  kienry, 
whom  he  accompanied,  whea  ha mrehed 
nrr»<-  «t  lord  Dunmore.  His  piaatiee  as 
.ip>:;sioiaB  and  aurgeon  waa  asteaaive 
both  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  whither 
he  1  amoved .  He  died  ia  NfW|»rt«  Ky ., 
in  1839,  aged  93.  fidncated  an  apiaao- 
palian,  he  became  a  deist,  and  rkHaaled 
^•hristianity .  When  hia  wifo  and  dang b- 
ler  attached  themselves  to  the  Metho- 
dists, in  hid  rage  he  banished  hiadanghter 
from  his  hovse,  and  to  cure  hia  wife  of 
her  insanity  he  applied  a  blister  to  her 
spine.  But,  as  he  used  to  say,  'God 
turnetl  the  huge  blister  upon  Ua  own 
heart.'  Her  meekness  and  fortitude  nn- 
dci-  this  malignant  cruelty  awakened  hia 
attention  to  the  religion,  which  snstained 
her ;  and  in  the  result  he  became  a  Meth- 
odist. For  nearly  half  a  century  he  was 
a  devout  adherent  of  that  sect  of  Chria- 
tians.  No  waking  hour  ever  pasard, 
<'«ever  might  be  present,  in  which  he 
cii  .lot  utter  some  expression  of  admira- 
tiop  '>•*  the  christian  faith.  No  patient 
V  <ji  visited  without  first  praying  in  secret 
for  success,  nor  without  assembling  the 
family,  on  his  arrival  at  the  house,  and 
praying  for  the  recovery  of  the  aifik.— 
We»t.  joum .  med.  and  pkyt.  teietutet .  ' 

HITCHCOCK,  ^ad,D.  D.,  minister 
oi  Pembroke,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at 
K  f^ard  college  in  1743,  and  after  a  min- 
istry of  d5  years  died  Aug,  8,  1808,  aged 
85.  He  was  frank,  afiiible,  and  hospK- 
able :  in  his  okl  age  many  profited  by  his 
ins*  -.'ctioiis.  He  publi«hed  a  sermon  to 
a  mi...(ary  eonipany,  1757  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  £.  Hitchcock,  1771 ;  at  the  elec- 
tion, 1774;  anniversary  at  Ptymoqtb, 
DeCi  1774  ;  Imdleian  lecture,  1779. 

illTCHCOCK,  Enos,  d.  d.,  minister 


459 


HOAR. 


orProvii'''nce,  R.  Island,  wu  a  native  of 
Springf  V.  >  uiHaJM  and  ^us  graduated  at 
Harvaru  college  in  1767.  Ho  was  or- 
dained .1  1771  a  colleague  of  the  aged 
Mr.  Chipman,  pastor  of  the  second  church 
in  Beverly.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  war  his  zeal  for  his  country's  rights 
induced  him  to  become  a  chaplain  in  the 
American  army.  Believing,  that  his 
duty  to  the  public  and  to  his  lamily  re- 
quired, that  his  connexion  with  the 
church  in  Beverly  should  be  dissolved, 
he  was  dismissed  in  1780.  In  intervals 
ofieisnre  from  duty  in  the  camp  he 
preached  at  Providence,  and  was  installed 
Oct.  1,  1783.  He  died  Feb.  27,  1803, 
aged  58.  Distinguished  by  active,  ha- 
bitual benevolence  through  life,  at  his 
death  he  bequeathed  2500  dollars  for  the 
establishment  of  a  fund  for  the  support 
ofthe  ministry  in  his  society.  He  paid 
great  atterition  to  the  ed  ucation  of  youth, 
and,  while  lie  wrote  upon  the  subject,  he 
projected  and  p.-omoted  the  establishment 
of  free  schools.  He  was  an  excellent 
preacher  and  dieJ  in  peace.  He  publish- 
':il  a  hook  of  catectietical  instructions  and 
fortus  of  devotion  for  children  and  youth  ; 
Tneni!  irs  of  the  Bloomsgrove  family,  a 
v,ork  on  education,2vol.l2roo,l790;  a  aer- 
mnn  at  the  dedication  of  his  meetinghouse, 
lli^d  ;  an  essay  on  the  Lord's  supper  ; 
at  the  ordination  of  Jonathan  Gould, 
1793  ;  of  E.  Fiske,  1799  ;  on  the  death 
of  Washington ;  of  Mrs.  S.  Bowen, 
1800. — Tappan''$  term,  on  hit  death. 

HOAR,  Leonard,  m  .  o. ,  president  of 
Harvard  colllege,  was  graduated  in  that 
seminary  in  1650,  and  in  1653  went  to 
England  and  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in 
medicine  at  the  university  in  Cambridge. 
He  was  aflerwards  settled  as  a  minister  of 
Wensted  in  Sussex,  from  which  parish  he 
was  ejected  for  his  nonconformity  in  1662. 
He  returned  to  this  country  in  1672  and 
preached  a  short  time  as  an  assistant  to 
Thomas  Thacher,  at  the  south  church  in 
Boston.  In  July  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent, to  supply  the  loss  of  Mr.  Chauncy, 
and  was  inducted  into  this  office  Septem- 
ber 10th.  As  a  scholar  and  a  Christian 
he  was  very  respectable ;  but  being  defi- 


HOBART. 

cient  in  a  spirit  of  government  and  fklling 
under  the  displeasure  of  a  few  men  of  in- 
fluence in  the  neighborhood,  the  student* 
were  thuv  <  i.  ouraged  to  array  themselves 
against  hi  ^.  '^^id  his  situation  was  render- 
ed so  unpleasant,  that  he  was  under  the 
necessity  of  resigning  his  office  March  1 5, 
1675.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Oakes. 
The  injuries,  which  he  had  suffered,  visi- 
bly affected  his  health,  and  induced  a  con- 
sumption, of  which  he  died  Nov.  98, 
1675,  aged  about  45.  While  he  was 
president,  there  was  a  contributk)n 
through  the  colony  for  erecting  a  new 
building  for  the  college,  and  1895/.  were 
collected.  A  v(\luable  letterof  Or.  Hoar 
to  Josiah  Flint,  giving  him  direction  in 
his  studies,  is  published  in  the  collections 
ofthe  historical  society. — JItignalia,  iv. 
129  ;  Collect,  hittorieal  toeiety,  vi. 
100-108. 

HOBART,  Peter,  first  minister  of 
Hingham,  Mass.  the  son  of  Edmund  H., 
was  born  in  Hingham,  England,  in  1604, 
and  was  educated  at  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  After  he  began  to  preach, 
the  impositions  ofthe  prelatical  party  in- 
duced him  to  come  to  this  country.  He 
arrived  June  8, 1635,  and  in  Sept.  he 
began,with  a  number  of  his  friends,  anew 
plantation  at  Hingham.  Here  he  contin- 
ued till  his  death,  Jan.  20,  1679,  aged  74. 
Four  of  his  sons  were  respectable  minis- 
ters, Joshua  of  Southold,  L.  I. ,  Jeremi- 
ah of  Topsfield  and  Haddam,  Gershom 
of  Groton,  Mass.,  and  Nehemiah  of 
Newton.  His  grandson,  Nehemiah,  was 
minister  of  Cohasaet  from  Dec.  13, 1731 
to  his  death.  May  31,  1740;  and  his 
grandson,Noah,  was  minister  of  Fairfield, 
Con. — Magfialia,  in.  153-155  ;  Win- 
throp,  III.  222. 

HOBART,  Nehemiah,  minister  of 
Newton,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  wu 
born  Nov.  21,  1648,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1667.  After  preach- 
ing two  years  at  Newton,he  was  ordained 
Dec.  23, 1674,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Eliot, 
and  died  Aug.  12,  1712,  aged  63.  Mr. 
Cotton  succeeded  him.  He  was  humble, 
pious,  and  learned.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon entitled,  the  absence  ofthe  Comfor- 


ter dewrib 

v.  967-26! 

HOBAl 

field,  Con 
college  in  ] 
1788,  aa  tti 
In  a  few  ; 

Fairfield  c( 
worship,  m 
congregatii 
episcopal  i 
ministers  oi 
ministers  o 
this  he  was 
subject  of  p 
vindicate  it 
he  preached 
In  answer  i 
his  vindicat 
church  of  £ 
commenced, 
for  his  opf 
Wetmore,  ] 
He  contend( 
American  p 
by  any  laws 
to  tlieprelai 
the  south  pa 
was  not  pru( 
communion 
for  members 
es  to  separat 
schism.    He 
conduct  of 
the  gospel  ii 
misrepresenl 
This  contrc 
years.    Mr. 
»ged  67,  in  t 
He  buried  2 
rishioners. 
ried  Sept.  i 
His  relict, 
July  1798,  a 
husband,  as 
hislifeheex 
death  then 
Christian. 
«re  from  the 
ed  to  him,  tl 
his  reward, : 
tf  U8t,to  recei 


HOBART. 


41*9 


t«r  d«wrib«d  and  lamentod.— Hwf.  eol. 
V.  S67-969  ;  IX.  169. 

HOBART,  Noah,  miniater  of  Fair- 
field, Conn.,  waa  graduattd  at  Harvard 
college  in  1734,  and  wai  ordained  Feb.  7, 
1788,  aa  the  aucceaaor  ofJoaeph  Webb. 
In  a  few  yeara  a  number  of  peraona  in 
Fairfield  county  adopted  the  epjgcopalian 
worship,  aeparating  themselves  from  the 
congregational  churchea,  and  soiue  of  the 
episcopal  missionariea   represented    the 
ministers  of  the  country  as  not  the  true 
ministers  of  Christ.    In  consequence  of 
this  he  was  induced  to  write  upon  th' 
subject  of  presbyterian  ordination  and  t( 
vindicate  its  validity  in  a  sermon,  whici 
he  preached  at  the  close  of  the  year  1746. 
In  answer  to  him  Mr.  Wetmore  wrote 
his  vindication  of  the  professors  of  the 
church  of  England.    A  controversy  now 
commenced,  in  which  Mr.   Hobart  had 
for  his  opponents  Dr.    Johnson,    Mr. 
Wetmore,  Mr.  Beach,  and  Mr.  Caner. 
He  contended,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
American  plantations  were  not  obliged 
by  any  laws  of  God  or  man  to  conform 
to  the  prelatic  church,  as  established  in 
the  south  part  of  Great  Britain  ;  that  it 
was  not  prudent  to  embrace  the  episcopal 
communion  ;  and  that  it  waa  not  lawful 
for  members  of  the  New  England  church- 
es to  separate  from  them  and  produce  a 
schism.    He  also  animadverted  upon  the 
conduct  of  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel  in  foreign  parU,  and  upon  the 
misrepresentations   of  ita  misaionaries. 
This  controversy  lasted  a  number    of 
years.    Mr.  Hobart  died  Dec.  6,   1773, 
iged  67,  in  the  41st  year  of  his  ministry. 
Heburied  3  wivea.S  children,and  1093  pa- 
rishioners.   His  first  wife,  whom  he  mar- 
ried Sept.  23,  1735,  was  Ellen   Sloss. 
His  relict,  Prisciila,  died  at  Plymouth 
July  1798,  aged  92.      He  was  her  third 
husband,  as  she  was  his  third  wife.      In 
his  life  he  exhibited  tue  virtues  and  in  his 
death  the  resignation  and  peace  of  the 
Christian.    Not  long  before  his  depart- 
ure from  the  world,  as  some  one  remark- 
ed to  him,  that  he  was  going  to  receive 
his  reward,  he  replied,  "  I  am  going,  I 
tru8t,to  receive  the  mercy  of  God  through 


Jesua  Christ."  He  had  few  equals  in 
this  country  for  acuteneaa  of  genius  and 
learning.  A  sound  judgment,  a  retentive 
memory,  and  an  uncommonly  social  and 
communicative  temper  joined  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  books,  and  an  extensive  acquain- 
tance with  most  branches  of  science,  es- 
pecially with  history  and  divinity,  which 
were  his  favorite  studies,  rendered  hia 
CO  ersation  very  interesting  aud  useful . 
public  offices  of  religion  he  acquit- 
-If  with  graceful  dignity,  and 
V  mnity,  which  indicated  a  deep 

.uii  of  the  majesty  of  that  Being, 
"  nresence  he  appeared.     In  his 
\i,  m  addressed  himself  to  the  un- 

di'  ^  rather  than  to  the  imagination 

and  passions,  inculcating  the  great  doc- 
trines of  regeneration,  of  repentance  tow- 
ards God,  and  faith  in  Jesus  Christ,  and 
pressing  with  earnestness  upon  his  hear- 
ers the  necessity  of  that  holiness,  without 
which  no  man  will  be  admitted  to  heaven. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Noah  Welles,  1747  ;  a  serious  address 
to  the  members  of  the  episcopal  separa- 
tion in  New  England,  1748 ;  election 
sermon  1750 ;  a  second  address  to  the 
members  of  tho  episcopal  separation  in 
New  England,  l751 ;  a  vindication  of  the 
piece  entitled,  the  principles  of  congrega- 
tional churches  |(c.  applied  to  the  case 
of  the  late  ordination  at  Wallingford,  oc- 
casioned by  remarka  made  thereon  by 
Mr.  Hart,  1761.— ^FcHc»'  fun.  term.  -, 
Holmes- 

HOBART,  John  Sloss,  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  New  York,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  died  Feb.  4,  1805, 
aged  66,  having  sustained  through  life  a 
blameless  character.  During  the  late 
war  he  was  placed  in  some  of  the  most 
important  and  confidential  stations  in 
New  York.  Mr.  Jay,  Mr.  Hobart,  and 
Mr.  Yates  were  appointed  the  three 
judges  of  the  supreme  court,  first  appoint- 
ed after  the  revolution.  This  place  he 
held  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1798  he 
was  chosen  a  senator  of  the  U.  States 

HOBART,  John  Henry,  d.  d.,  biahop 
of  N.  York,  and  professor  of  theology  and 
eloquence  in  the  theological  seminary, 


*5,  '*  ■ 


^ 
^  ^ 

v^^^- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


•^' 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


Ut  Uii   12.2 

10    12.0 


^1^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRICT 

WIBSTER.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  •72-4S03 


f 


460 


HOBBAMOC. 


..i.»J!jli 


HOLDEN. 


WM  born  about  th<j  year  1776,  and,  after 
graduatiikf  at  Princeton  inl79Swa*atutor 
from  1796  to  1798.    After  being  for  some 
yeara  aaaistant  minister  of  Trinity  church, 
N.  Y.,  he  was  consecrated  biahop  May 
*9, 1811.    He  was  also  rector  of  Trinity 
parish.     The   parish   includes   Trinity 
church,  St.  Paul's  chapel,  and  St.  John's; 
and  the  rector  had  3  assistant  ministers. 
Dr.  Hobarfs  predecessors  in  the  rector- 
ship were  Wm.  Vesey  from    1696  to 
1746  ;  Henry  Barclay  from  1746  to  1764; 
Sam.  Anchmuty  from   1764  to  1777  : 
Charles  Inglis,  afterwards  bp.  of  N.  Sco- 
tia, from  1777  to  1783  ;  Sam.  Provoost 
ftom  178S  to  1800;   Benjamin  Moore 
from  1800  to  1816.    While  at  Auburn, 
in  the  performance  of  his  official  duties, 
he  died  suddenly  Sept.  19, 1830,  aged  54, 
and  was  buried  at  New  York.    His  no- 
tions concerning  the  necessity  ofepiscopal 
ordination  caused  him  to  be  ranked  among 
the  high<churcbmen.    He  had  a  contro- 
versy on  the  subject  with  Dr.  Mason, 
who  wrote  in  the  Christian's  magazine ; 
and  a  controversy  with  Rev.  J.  C.  Jqnes, 
an  episcopalian,  1811.    He  published  a 
companion  for  the  festivals  and   fasts, 
1804 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  ;  charge 
to  the  clergy,  1815 ;  address  to  the  N.  Y. 
Bible  and  common  prayer  book  society, 
1816 ;  to  the  episcopaltnissionary  society, 
1817;   aermons  in  3  vols.  8 vo.  London, 
1824 ;  a  discourse  comparing  the  U.  S. 
with  England,  1835. 

HOBBAMOC,  an  Indian,  was  a  Pi- 
nese,  or  chief  captain  of  Massassoit.  He 
repaired  to  Plymouth  in  July  1621  to 
live  among  the  settlers  as  their  friend 
and  he  proved  faithful  till  his  death.  He 
iras  the  guide  of  capt.  Standisb,  when  he 
went,  Ang.  14th,  against  Corbitant  at 
Namasket ;  and  he  fought  bravely  by  his 
side  in  163S.  He  also  accompanied  the 
governor  to  Manomet  in  1623  ;  and  was 
the  guide  of  Winslow  and  John  Hamp- 
den«  when  they  visited  Massassoit  in  the 
same  jear^  Hubbard  describes  him  as 
"  a  proper,  lusty  jroung  man." — Hist, 
eol.  i  Prince. 

HOBBYj  Wiinam,  minister  of  Rea- 
iding,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 


college  In  1795,  and  died  June  18, 1765, 
aged  57,  in  the  S3d  year  of  hia  ministry. 
His  natural  endowments  and  acquire- 
ments were  uncommon.  He  preached 
with  fluency,  and  copiousness,  and  fervor, 
and  much  promoted  the  cause  of  evangel- 
ical faith,  which  he  zealously  espoused. 
As  he  went  down  to  the  grave,  he  had  a 
joyful,  triumphant  hope  of  eternal  life. 
He  left  behind  him  a  serious  address  to 
his  people,  as  ftom  the  dead,  charging 
them  to  choose  as  his  sueeenor  a  faithful 
preacher  of  the  gospel,  which  is  in  Maso. 
miss.  mag.  v.  371-375.  He  published 
a  vindication  of  the  itineracy  and  conduct 
of  Whitefield,  1745  ;  self  examination  in 
its  necessity  and  advantages,  1746  ;  artil- 
ieiy  election  sermon,  1747  ;  vindication 
of  the  protest  against  Jonathan  Edwards' 
dismission,  1751. 

HOGE,  Moses,  d.  d.,  president  of 
Hampden  Sidney  college,  Virginia,  died 
at  Philadelphia  in  July  18S0,  aged  60. 
His  son,  Rev-  Samuel  Davies  Hoge,  pro- 
fessor of  natural  sciences  in  the  nniversi- 
ty  of  Ohio,  died  at  Athens,  Ohio,  Dec. 
35,  1836,  aged  33.  After  the  death  of 
Dr.  Hoge,  a  volume  of  his  sermons  was 
published. 

HOLBROOK,  Abiah,  a  schoolmaster 
in  Boston,  was  master  of  the  south  wri- 
ting school,  &  died  Jan.S7,1769,  aged  60. 
He  was  an  exemplary  Christian.  He 
brought  penmanship  to  a  perfection  before 
unknown  in  this  country.  A  specimen 
of  his  skill  is  in  the  library  of  Harvard 
college. 

HOLDEN,  Samuel,  a  benefiictor  of 
the  province  of  Mass.,  died  in  London  in 
1740.  A  sermon  on  his  death  was 
preached  in  Boston  by  Dr.Colman  before 
the  general  court.  Mr.  Holden  was  at 
the  head  of  the  dissenters  in  England, 
and  at  the  head  of  the  bank  of  England. 
Such  was  his  benevolence  and  regard  to 
religion,  that  he  sent  to  Dr.  Colman  39 
sets  of  Baxter's  practical  works  in  four 
massy  folios,  to  be  distributed  among 
our  churches.  The  amount  oj  his  char- 
ities for  promoting  the  gospel  and  other 
useful  purposes  waa  4,847/.  After  his 
death  his  widow  and  daughters  gave  in 


HOLLENBACK. 

thr-luDe  liberal  md  benevolent  ipirit 
6,SM(.  Holden  chapel  for  theeoUege  at 
Cambridge  wm  built  by  their  donation. 
Mr.  Holden  was  a  man  of  unreigned  piety. 
He  uyu  in  a  letter,  "  I  hope  my  treasure 
kin  heaven,  and  would  to  God  my  heart 
were  more  there.  Abstract  from  God 
and  futurity,  I  would  not  accept  of  an 
eternity  here  in  any  given  circumstances 
whatever." — CoInmni**  term. 

HOLLENBACK,  Matthias,  judge,  a 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  was  bom  in  1753 
and  was  an  early  settler  in  the  valley  of 
Wyoming.  When  the  valley  was  deso- 
lated by  the  Indians  under  Butler,  he  was 
one  of  the  few,  who  escaped,  while  his 
corps  was  mostly  destroyed.  In  the  revo- 
lutionary army  he  was  a  lieutenant,  and 
afterwards  engaged  in  the  profession  of 
the  law.  He  died  at  Wilkesbarre  Fdb. 
18,  1839,  aged  76.  He  had  a  sound 
judgment  and  much  decision  of  charac- 
ter. 

HOLLEY,  Horace,  l  l.  d.  ,  president 
of  Transylvania  university,  Kentucky, 
was  born  in  Salisbury,  Con.,  Feb.  13, 
1781  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1803  ;  in  1806  was  ordained  as  the  min- 
ister of  Greenfield  Hill,  Fairfield,  and  in 
1809  installed  the  minister  of  HoUis  street, 
Boston.  In  1818  he  became  the  presi- 
dent of  the  university  of  Kentucky  in 
Lexington,  but  was  induced  to  resign  his 
office  in  1837.  On  his  voyage  to  New 
York  he  died  of  the  yellow  fever  July 
31, 1837,  aged  46.  He  was  settled  in 
Connecticut  as  a  calvinist ;  but,  renounc- 
ing his  early  faith,  he  was  at  Boston  a 
unitarian.  In  Kentucky  his  religious  views 
occasioned  much  excitement.  Some 
accused  him  of  being  openly  a  deist. 
It  was  found,  that  the  college  would 
not  flourish  under  his  care.  He  pub- 
lished a  discourse  on  the  death  of  col. 
James  Morrison,  1833.  His  memoirs 
were  written  by  his  widow. 

H0LLIN6SHEAD,  William,  d.  d., 
minister  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  the  son 
of  Wm.  H.  ofWakefield,  Penns.  About 
the  year  1788  he  succeeded  Mr.  Tennent 
as  the  pastor  of  the  congregational  church 
in  Charleston,  where  he  died  Jan.  36, 


H0LLI8. 


4«1 


1817.  He  was  a  distinguished  tbeok)gian. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  opening  the 
new  meeting  house,  1787  ;  on  the  advan- 
tages of  public  wor^p,  1794 ;  comtnenft- 
orative  of  gen.  Mottluie,1805. 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  a  most  liberal 
benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  was  bom 
in  England  in  1659  of  pious  parenta,  and, 
being  impressed  by  religiovs  truth  and 
having  embraced  the  principles  of  the  bap- 
tists, was  baptized  in  1679.  He  died  in 
Feb.  1 731 ,  aged  about  73.  He  was  for 
many  years  an  eminent  merchant,  and, 
while  success  attended  his  exertnoa,  it 
pleased  God  to  incline  him  also  to  charit- 
able and  benevolent  deeds  in  proportion  to 
his  wealth.  He  founded  two  professor- 
ships in  Harvard  college,  the  professor- 
ship of  divinity  and  mathematics.  He 
also  presented  a  valuable  apparatus  for 
mathematical  and  philosophical  experi- 
ments, and  at  different  times  augmented 
the  library  with  many  valuable  books. 
In  1787  the  net  produce  of  his  donation, 
exclusive  of  gifts  not  vendible,  amount- 
ed to  4900/.,  the  interest  of  which  he  di- 
rected to  be  appropriated  to  the  support 
of  the  two  professors,  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  college,  and  to  ten  poor  students  in  di- 
vinity. The  liberality  of  Mr.Hollis  seem- 
ed to  proceed  from  a  pious  heart.  He  says 
ina  letter  after  speaking  of  some  of  his  ef- 
forts to  do  good,  "I  think  not  hereby  tobe 
justified.  My  rejoicing  is  in  Christ,my  God 
and  Savior.  "  He  also  ascribes  aU,  that 
he  was,  "  to  rich,  free,  and  sovereign, 
electing  love."  Being  a  Cslvinist  in  his 
sentiments,  he  required  hift  professor  of 
divinity  to  be  "of  sound  oi  orthodox  prin- 
ciples. "  Still  he  was  not  governed  by  a 
sectarian  spirit ;  he  did  not  require  the 
preference  of  his  own  baptist  denomina- 
tion ;  but  the  professorship  was  open  to 
every  one,  who,  in  his  view,  embraced 
the  important  and  fundamenul  doctrines 
of  the  gospel.  His  first  professor  was 
Dr.  Wigglesworth.  His  nephew ,  Thom- 
as HoUis,  who  died  in  1774,  had  a  most 
ardent  attachment  to  liberty,  and  endeav- 
ored to  promote  it  by  the  publication  and 
distribution  of  books,  which  vindicate  the 
rights  of  man.    His  benefactions  to  the 


4$i 


HOLMES. 


library  of  Ilorvnrd  oolleffe  Amounted  to 
•bout  1400/.->(7oIiiMM'<  and  fViggUa- 
^§rlh*turmmu,  Oreemeoed'*  diaetwru, 
md  Rudd>»  po«m  on  hia  dtMs  Jlfemoir* 
4f  T.  HoOit,  1. 1 ;  II.  698— 601;  JtfoTM'* 
tnuremtm,  <«.;  Holme: 

HOLMES,  Obadiah,  baptiit  minister 
of  Newport,  R.  Island,  wet  a  member  of 
the  chvreh  in  Salem  in  1659,  but,  being 
exeonmunioated,  became  a  baptist  and 
•ettled  at  Newport,  and  was  tbe  minister 
there  in  1668.  He  died  in  1683  aged  76. 
He  had  8  children.  His  descendanU  in 
1790  were  estimated  at  6,000.— Famer. 

HOLT,  John,  a  printer  in  N.  York, 
waa  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  settled  as  a 
meivhant  in  Williamsburg,  orwhich  place 
he  was  elected  mayor.  Being  unsuccess- 
ihl  in  buainesi,  he  repaired  in  1760  to 
New  York,  where  he  published  the  N. 
Y.  guetteapd  postboy,  and  in  1766  the 
N.  Y.  journal.  In  the  revolution  he 
was  a  firm  whig;  he  was  an  excellent 
writer  in  ikvor  of  his  country.  While 
the  British  had  possession  of  the  city,  he 
published  his  journal  at  Esopus  and 
Pooghkeepaie:  heinserteduitBurguyne's 
boaatflil  proclamation,  and  subjoined,— 
'*  pride  gteihhtf we  dalirwitiont  and  a 
hmighty  epirU  h^fwe  a  fail"  By  the 
enemy  he  lost  much  property.  He  died 
Jan.  80,  1784,  aged  64.  His  widow 
printed  a  memorial  of  him  on  cards, 
which  she  distributed  among  her  friends. 
— TAoMMu,  II.  106. 

HOLTEN,  Samuel,  president  of  con- 
fieas,  was  bom  in  Danvers,  Mass.,  June 
9, 1788,  and  settled  in  that  town  as  a 
pbysieian.  In  the  revolution  he  seabua- 
ly  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country.  In 
1778  he  was  elected  a  member  of  congress, 
and- continued  in  that  body  6  years.  He 
was  again  elected  in  1798 ;  and  in  1796 
was  appointed  judge  of  probate  for  the 
eonnty  of  Essex,  which  office  he  resigned 
ia  May,  1816,  after  having  been  in 
pdblie  stations  47  years.  He  died  in 
christian  peace  Jan.  3,  1816,  aged  77. 
With  a  majestie  form,  a  graceful  person, 
and  engaging  manners,  he  was  eminent- 
ly popular.  Of  all  the  public  and  private 
.virtues  he  was  a  bright  example ;  and 


HOLYOKBiHf 

he  was  pious  from  early  lile.— TJUwJUr. 

HOLYOKE,  Edward,  president  of 
Harvard  college,  was  graduated  in  thnt 
seminary  in  1706,  and,  after  being  a  tu- 
tor for  a  few  yean,  was  ordained  the  min- 
ister of  a  new  society  in  Marblehead  April 
36,  1716.  He  continued  in  this  place 
until  1787,  when  he  wm  elected  presi- 
dent. He  was  inducted  into  this  office  as 
the  successor  of  president  Wadsworth 
Sept.  38th.  He  died  June  1 ,  1769,  aged 
79,  retaining  the  vigor  of  his  mind  and 
conaiderable  strength  of  body,  and  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  his  station  until  a 
few  months  before  his  death.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Locke.  As  a,  minister 
of  the  gospel,  while  he  contended  for  the 
free  and  sovereign  grace  of  (Sod  in  our 
salvation,  he  waa  also  zealous  ibr  good 
works,  and  by  his  benevolence,  upright- 
ness, and  the  uniform  integrity  of  his 
conduct  he  exemplified  the  lessons,  which 
he  inculcated  upon  others.  His  excel- 
lence as  a  preacher  was  such,  as  gained 
him  a  high  reputation.  At  the  head  of 
the  university  he  possessed  a  digci^  pe- 
culiar to  himself.  His  majestic  appear- 
ance, his  speech,  and  demeanor  were  cal- 
culated to  impress  with  awe ;  but,  not- 
withstanding his  air  of  dignity  and  au- 
thority, he  was  humble  in  heart.  He 
sought  not  praise  men,  but  endeav- 
ored to  secure  ^X  irobation  of  God. 
Having  a  vigorukv  constitution,  and 
knowing  the  %%lue  of  time,  hia  hours 
were  appropriated  to  particular  duties, 
and  he  was  remarkable  for  his  punctuali- 
t;'  exactness,  and  order.  He  was  emi- 
nent in  the  various  walks  of  literature, 
but  he  principally  excelled  in  acquain- 
tance with  mathematics  and  natural  phi- 
losophy. He  published  an  election  ser- 
mon at.the  ordination  of  J.Diman,  1787 ; 
at  a  convention  of  ministers,  1741 ;  an- 
swer to  Mr.  WhitfieM,  1744.— ^fipfe- 
t<n>?»  *«rm.  on  hit  death;  SewaWe  wot, 
fimeb.  ;  Hi$t.  eol.  viii.  70—76;  x.  168; 
Holmet. 

HOLYOKE,  Edward  Augustus,  m.d., 
a  physician  of  Salem,  Mass.,  son  of  the 
preceding  was  born  in  Marblehead  Aug. 
IS,  1738,  graduated  at  Harvard  roUege 


HOLYOKE. 


Ji  '.1   iSi  v/fr-i^l 


HOOKE. 


in  1746,  and  died  at  Salem  March  81,  | 
1819,  aged  100  yean.    He  waa  born  just 
100  yean  after  the  aettlement  of  Salem. 
He  was  married,  first  in  1756,  and  a  sec- 
ond time  in  1759.    By  his  second  wife  he 
bad  13  children,  of  whom  only  Ssurvived 
him.    He  had  been  a  practising  physician 
in  Salem  79  yean ;  for  3  yean  he  had  no 
ease    excepting  a  whitlow  ;  for  many 
yean  he  hwl  ahnost  all  tlie  practice  in 
the  town  j  on  some  days  he  made  100 
▼isits,  and  at  one  period,  as  he  said,  there 
wasnot  a  dwelling  house  in  Salem,  which 
he  had  not  visited  professionally.    He  en- 
joyed during  his  long  life  almost  uninter- 
rupted health,  which  may  be  ascribed  to 
hie  exercise,  and  great  temperance,  to 
the  cahnneaa  and  cheerfulness  of  his  dis- 
position, his  virtuous  practice,  and  his  pi- 
ous sentiments.    On  his  centennial  anni- 
versary, Aug.  IS,  1838,  about  50  medical 
gentlemen  of  Boaton  and  Salem  gave  him 
a  public  dinner,  when  he  appeared  among 
them  with  a  firm  step  and  cheerful  look. 
He  smoked  bis  pipe  with  them  at  the  ta- 
ble,andgave  an  appropriate  toast  relating 
to  the  medical  society  and  its  members. 
A  memoir  of  hie  life  and  character    has 
been  published. 

HOLYOKE,  Samuel  Adams,  a  teach- 
er of  music,  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  in 
Feb.  1830.  He  published  Columbian 
repository  of  sacred  harmony ;  occasional 
music,  Exeter,  1803. 

HOMES,  William,  minister  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  was  born  in  166S  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  and  was  liberally  educa- 
ted. He  came  to  this  country  in  1686 
■nd  taught  a  school  3  yean  on  the  Yiue- 
ysrd ;  then  returned  to  Ireland  and  was 
ordained  in  1 693  the  minister  of  Strabane. 
He  came  again  10  this  country  in  1714 
and  in  1716  was  settled  at  Chilmark, 
where  he  died  June  30, 1746,  aged  83. 
He  was  a  learned,  judicious,  orthodox 
theologian,  attached  to  the  presbyterian 
forms,  and  eminently  pious.  He  pub- 
lished a  sermon  on  the  sabbath  ;  on  the 
public  reading  of  the  scriptures ;  on 
church  government,  1733;  on  secret 
prayer ;  on  the  government  of  christian 
families,  1747. 


HONEYWOOD,  St.  John,  a  poet^ 
was  born  in  Leicester,  Mass.,  in  1764^ 
His  father,  a  man  of  literature,  who- 
came  iVom  England,  died  as  a  surgeon  ink 
the  American  army  at  Ticonderoga  in 
1776.  By  the  generosity  of  individuals  he- 
was  educated,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale* 
college  in  1783.  Having  studied  law  at' 
Albany,  he  settled  in  the  practice  at  S»~ 
lem,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  SqiC.  1, 1799, 
aged  83.  His  miscellaneous  writings,; 
prose  and  verse,  were  published  in  1801» 
— Spec.  Am.  poet.  ii.  48. 

HONTANjBaron  la,a  tnveller,wasan 
officer  of  the  French  army  and  fint  went 
out  to  Quebec  in  1688.  For  4  yean  he 
was  stationed  chiefly  at  ChamUy,  fort 
Frontenae,  Niagara,  St.  Joseph  at  lakv- 
Huron,  and  the  Sault  de  St.  Marie.  In 
1688  he  was  at  Michilimackinae,  and 
at  Green  Bay  in  1689,  and  thence  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Missiasippi.  Some  of  his 
accounts  an  the  inventions  ofa  traveller, 
particularly  his  account  of  Long  river, 
which  he  ascended  84  days,  and  of  vari- 
ous tribes  of  Indians.  He  was  an  infi- 
del  as  to  religion.  His  travels  were  pub- 
lished in  French  3  vols.  13mo,  1706  ; 
and  in  Engl.  1733. 

HONYMAN,  Robert,  m.  d.,  •  physi- 
cian, was  a  native  of  Scotland  ;  for  some 
yean  was  a  surgeon  in  the  British  luvy ; 
came  to  this  country  in  1774  and  settled 
in  Louisa,  Virginia  ;  was  for  a  time  a 
surgeon  in  the  army  ;  and  after  most  skil- 
ful medical  toils  for  half  a  century  died  in 
1834.  HereadtheGreek,Latin,French» 
and  Italian,  and  with  unwearied  indus- 
try read  almost  all  the  most  valuable 
books  in  English,  making  extraordinary 
attainments  in  literature.  His  lifo  was 
honorable  and  upright. — Tkaeher. 

HOOKE,  William,  minister  of  New 
Haven,  after  he  came  to  this  country 
was  a  preacher  at  Taunton;was  settled  at 
N.  Haven  in  1644,  the  colleague  of  Da- 
venport ;  returned  to  England  in  1656 
and  was  Cromwells'  chaplain  ;  and  died 
March  31 ,  1677,  sged  76.  He  published, 
among  other  works.New  England'ji  tean 
for  old  England's  fears,  a  fast  Mhnon  at 
Taunton,  July  28, 1640.    Hiidescript. 


404 


im 


HOOKER. 


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NewtMMM  Gaaihitfga  OaloharAl»  being 
ofdaiaidhpihe  ianioaiiioR  of  the  hands 
of tha  hw»nm jotthe  ahupsh.  In  June 
llJt,4wMMaorad  with«  hpadiad  othem 


ta 


Oft 


neetieut  river,  wfaiob  they 
ibid,  having  tiwralled 


I»«hifri 

in  eatabUsUag  tha  otder  ( 
Hadisdafan 

lM7taffad«.  Aaba'i 
"laa  going  to 
then  ehiaad  his  om  ^rest 
with  a  aariia  en  Ma 
waa  aiaaMrhahly 
ting  piaasher.  WUh  a 
enpwssiwi  snaatsaanee,  aad'^i 
nNHMing  pfosinee,  be  QeHvaaafll  ina  iMtna 
ofGodn^  aaaalaad 
equaUsdi  i  He  appealed  with^ 
cai^  in  the  pa^t,  that  it' 
said  of  Mas,  that  *'  he  eovld  pwl  n  hing 
into  bia  poeket."  He  has 
thoLnthar,  and  Mr.  Cotton  j 
than  of  New  Ikighmd.  It 
toss,  it  eeeaaa,4e  prsaeh  unthoatMai 
On  a  viaitto  Massaehasette  inMay  MS9, 
hepwaehedon  the  Sabbath  at^ramhridgi, 
aad  governor  Wiathny  went  Sbam  Boa> 
ton  to  hear  him.  Having  aamed.  his  tent 
in  the  afternoon,  hie  praaaededabont  a 
qaarter  of  an  hour  with  gnat  loudness  of 
voice  k,  veliemence  oi  nwnaer,wheB  sad- 
denly  he  found  himself  entirely  al  a  loss 
what  to  say.  After  sevaml  iacCeetosI 
atteiiH>ts  to  pfoeeedj  be  observed  to  the 
sssembly,  thai  what  he  intended  to  have 
spoken  was  taken  from  Un,  aadrieqaesto 
iog  them  to  sing  a  psalm,  withdrew  for 
half  an  hour.  He  then  retamed  aad 
pieaahed  about  taro  hourawithwoadvfiil 
pertinency  and  vivaei^y.  After  the  ssr- 
raon,  he  said  to  eome  of  his  friends,  *'  we 
daily  eooAss,  that  we  can  do  nothing 
wtthoat  Chijat,  and  what  if  Christ 
should  pcovo  this  to  ba,  the  last 
beforathoiwhole  eongiagation? »  Dr. 
Ames  deoiared,  that  be  never  met 
with  Mr.  Hooker's  equal  eithor  in 
preaching  or  di^utation. 

While  be  iived  in  hie  nativeeountry  he 
was  invited  topreaobiiithe  giaatchaieh 
of  Leiea^r,  aad  on»  of  th»  ahisf  burgo- 
ses  set  a  fiddler  in  the  choteb  yaid  to  dis» 
turb  4h*  wonhip*  Mr.  Hooker  elevated 
hia  voice  to  spch^n  pitch  and  ipoitfrriiilb 


.BrnM^m 


HOOKER. 


4t» 


8*]ch  animation,  as  to  rouse  the  curiosity 
of  the  man  and  attract  him  to  the  church 
door.    There  he  listened,  and  such  sol- 
emn truths  reached  his  ears,  as  by  the 
blessing  of  God  were  the  means  of  his 
salvation.    Though  his  own  preaching 
was  generally  very  practical  and  experi- 
mental, he  advised  young  ministers  to 
preach  the  whole  system  of  divinity  both 
for  their  own  benefit  and  that  of  their 
people.    In  the  government  of  the  church 
he  would  propound  nothing  for  decision 
till  it  had  been  previously  considered  by 
some  of  the  principal  brethren,  and  said, 
"  the  elders  must  have  a  church  in  a 
church,  if  they  would  preserve  the  peace 
of  the    church.  "     Though    naturally 
irascible  in  his  temper,  he  acquired  a  re- 
markable command  of  his  passions.    He 
was  condescending,     benevolent,    and 
charitable.    It  was  no  uncommon  act  of 
beneficence  with  him  to  give  five  or  ten 
pounds  to  the  necessitous.      At  a  time, 
when  there  was  a  great  scarcity  at  South- 
ampton upon  Long  Island,  he  with  some 
friends  sent  the  inhabitants  a  small  ves- 
sel, freighted  with  corn.    His  benevo- 
lence was  united  with  piety.    One  day  in 
every  month  he  devoted  to  private  prayer 
and  fasting,  and  he  used  to  say,  that  pray- 
er was  the  principal  part  of  a  minister's 
work.    In  his  family  he  exhibited  a  lively 
devotion,  and  all,  who  resided  under  his 
roof,  were  instructed  and  edified  by  him. 
His  most  celebrated  work,  entitled,  a 
survey  of  the  sum  of  church  discipline, 
was  published  in  England  in  4to,  1648, 
under  the  inspection  of  the  famous  Dr. 
Thomas  Goodwin,  who  says,  "  as  touch- 
ing this  treatise  and  the  worthy  author  of 
it,  to  preface  any  thing  by  commendation 
of  either  were  to  lay  paint  upon  burnish- 
ed marble,  or  add  light  unto  the  sun.  " 
In  this  work  Mr.  Hooker  contends,  that 
each  church  has  in  itself  full  power  to 
exercise  all  church  discipline,  but  that 
there  is  a  necessity    for  consociations, 
which  may  proceed  against  a  church, 
pertinaciously  ofibnding,  with  a  sentence 
of  non  communion.    Mr.  John  Higgin- 
son  transcribed  from  his  manuscripts  about 
300  sermons  and  sent  them  to  England  ; 
59 


and  near  one  halfofthem  were  published. 
The  titles  of  some  of  his  discourses  and 
treatises  are  the  following  ;  the  soul's 
preparation  for  Christ ;  the  soul's  humil- 
iation ;  exaltation  ;  vocation  ;  implanta- 
tion ;  the  unbeliever  preparing  ;  of  self 
denial ;  duty  and  dignity  of  saints  ;  on 
the  Lord's  prayer ;  on  church  discipline ; 
four  treatises  on  the  carnal  hypocrite, 
the  church's  deliverance,the  deceitfulness 
of  sin,  the  benefits  of  afBictions,  1688  ; 
the  soul's  possession  ;  pattern  to  perfec- 
tion ;  saint's  guide ;  the  application  of 
redemption  ;  and  the  poor,  doubting 
Christian  drawn  to  Christ.  The  sev- 
enth edition  of  this  last  and  excellent 
work  was  published  at  Boston  in  1743. 
— Magnolia,  in.  58 — 68  ;  HUt.  eol. 
VII.  38—41  ;  TrumbulV$  Cotmeet.  i.  10, 
48,  55,  306  ; 

HOOKER,  John,  minister  of  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  was  a  descendant  of  the 
preceding,  being  his  great  grandson,  and 
was  a  native  of  Farmington.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1761,  and 
was  ordained  at  Northampton  in  1754. 
Afler  a  ministry  of  about  23  years  he  died 
of  the  small  pox  Feb.  6,  1777,  aged  48, 
deeply  regretted  by  the  people  of  his 
charge,  who  in  testimony  of  their  affec- 
tion and  his  virtues  erected  a  handsome 
monument  to  his  memory.  Having  ear- 
ly imbibed  the  genuine  spirit  of  Christi- 
anity, he  uniformly  exhibited  the  evidence 
of  it  in  his  life.  He  was  an  able  and 
faithful  minister,  of  distinguished  learn- 
ing, penetration,  and  prudence,  of  un- 
common suavity  of  temper  and  the  most 
engaging  manners.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon at  the  ordination  of  Thomas  Allen 
of  Pittsfield,  1764,  and  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  John  Hunt  of  Boston,  1776, 
both  of  which  sermons  furnixh  honora- 
ble testimony  of  his  piety  and  talents. 

HOOKER,  Asahel,  minister  of  Nor- 
wich, Con.,  a  descendant  of  Thomas 
H.,  was  born  in  Bethlem  in  1763.  Af- 
ter the  age  of  80  he  became  a  member  of 
the  church  in  Farmington,  whither  l^is 
^rents  had  removed.  His  own  efforts  to 
obtain  an  education  were  aided  by  the  be- 
nevolence of  others.  He  was  graduated  at. 


4M 


HOOPER. 


Yale  college  in  I78t  and  wu  ordained  in 
Sept.  1791  at  Ooahen,  where  in  1799  bis 
iabora  were  eminently  bleMed,  about  80 
peraona  being  added  to  tbej  ehuroh. 
There  waa  alao  a  revival  in  1807.  At 
thia  period  of  hia  life  about  SO  young  men 
atndied  theology  with  him.  In  conae- 
quenee  of  ill  health  he  waa  dismiaaed  in 
June  1810.  Jan  16, 18I9hewa8  inatalU 
ed  at  Chelaea,  or  Norwich  city,  aa 
the  succeaaor  of  Walter  King,  who 
had  been  dismisied.  But  he  died  the 
next  year,  April  19, 1818,  aged  61.  Hia 
wife  waa  Phebe,  daughter  of  Timothy 
Edwuda  of  Stockbridge.  Hia  only  son 
ia  now  minister  oi'Bennington,  Vermont. 
One  of  his  daughters  is  the  widow  of 
Eliaa  Cornelius. — Mr.  Hooker  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Alfred  Mitchell.  He  published 
5  occasional  sermons,  among  which  are 
a  sermon  at  the  election,  1806 ;  at  the 
ordination  of  John  Keep,  1806;  of  Jamea 
Beach,1806.— Paiiop/if(,xi.  43,  97,  146. 

HOOPER,  William,  minister  in  Boa- 
ton,  waa  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was 
first  settled.  May  18,  1787,  as  the  con- 
gregational minister  of  the  West  church, 
and  then  episcopal  minister  of  Trinity 
church  Aug.  38, 1747,  as  successor  of  A. 
Davenport,  the  first  rector.  He  died 
April  14,  1767.  His  successors  were 
Walter,  Parker,  and  Gardiner.  He  had 
talents  and  eloquence.  He  published  the 
Apostles  neither  impostors  nor  enthusi- 
asts, 1742 ;  asermon  on  the  death  of  Tho. 
Greene,  1768. 

HOOPER,  WilUam,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  son  of  the  preceding,  after 
graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1760, 
studied  law  with  James  Otis,  &  settled  at 
Wilmington,  N.  Carolina.  In  1774  he 
waa  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and 
drew  up  in  1775  the  address  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  Jamaica.  In  1776  he  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence.  His  em- 
barrassed private  afiirs  induced  him  to 
reaign  his  place  in  Feb.  1777.  He  died 
Oct.  1790,  aged  4».—Ooodrieh. 

HOPKINS,  Edward,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  was  an  eminent  merchant  in  Lon- 
don, and  arrived  at  Boston  with  Mr.  Da- 


HOPKINS. 

venport  in  the  summer  of  1 687.    He  aooo 
removed  to  Connecticut,  choosing  rather 
to  eatabliah  himself  at  Hartford,  than  to 
join  Mr.  Davenport  and  Mr.    Eaton, 
whose  daughter  in  law  he  married,  at 
New  Haven.    He  waa  choaen  a  magis- 
trate in  1639,  and  governor  of  Connecti^ 
cut  every  other  year  fVom  1640  to  1654. 
Mr.  Haynea  was  the  alternate  governor. 
He  afterwards  went  to  England, where  he 
was  chosen  warden  of  the  English  fleet, 
commissioner  of  the  admiralty  and  navy, 
and  a  member  of  parliament.    He  died  in 
London  in  March  1657,  aged  57.    Hia 
yoong  wife,  the  sister  of  David  Yale,  a 
merchant  of  Boston,  became  deranged  a- 
bout  1642  and  died  in  1698.    Governor 
Winthrop  says,  she  had  written  many 
books,  and  he  ascribes  the  loss  of  her  rea- 
son to  her  "  giving  herself  wholly  to  read- 
ing and  writing, "  and  he  adds,  that  if 
she  had  attended  her  househould  affiiirs 
and  not "  meddled  in  auch  things,  aa  are 
proper  to  men,  whose  minds  are  strong- 
er &c.  she  had  kept  her  wits, »» 

He  was  a  wise  and  upright  magistrate, 
and  a  man  of  exemplary  piety  and 
extensive  charity.  He  bequeathed  most 
of  his  estate  in  New  England,  estimated 
at  about  1000/.  to  trustees  in  Connecticut 
for  the  support  of  grammar  schools  in 
New  Haven  and  Hartford;  and  500/. 
out  of  his  estate  in  England  for  promot- 
ing the  kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  which 
donation  was  considered  aa  made  to  Har- 
vard college  and  the  grammar  school  in 
Cambridge,  and  by  virtue  of  a  decree  in 
chancery  was  paid  in  1710.  With  this 
money  real  estate  was  purchased  in  a 
township,  named  Hopkinton,  in  honor  of 
the  donor,  and  the  legislature  of  the  state 
has  made  such  addition  to  the  fund,  that 
six  bachek)TS  may  now  reside  at  Harvard 
college,  and  seven  boys  at  the  grammar 
school.— Jlfi^tio/M,  If.  S3— 36^;  Hutek- 
inim,  I.  83,  101;  Trumbull,  i.  341. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  minister  of  West 
Springfield,  Mass.,  waa  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1718,  and  was  ordained  in  1730. 
He  died  in  1755,  much  beloved  and  es- 
teemed. He  publiahed  historical  memoira 
relating  to  the  Housatunnuk  Indians,  or 


HOPKINS. 


•n  account  of  the  methods  used  for  the 
propagation  or  the  goapel  among  the 
heatheniah  tribe  under  the  ministry  of 
John  Sergeant,  &e.  4to,  1759.— Br«eA'« 
cttu,  (cnn. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Hadley,  Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
waa  born  Oct.  30,  1739 ;  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1749,  and  was  tutor  ; 
waaordained  Feb.  1755 ;  and  ailer  a  min- 
istry of  56  years  died  March  8,  1811, aged 
81.  His  first  wife  was  the  relict  of  Rev. 
Charlea  Williams  and  daughter  of  judge 
Porter ;  his  second  was  Miss  Margaret 
Stoddard.  Of  his  eight  children  by  his 
first  wife  6  were  married  to  ministers ;  8 
of  them  to  Drs.  Emmon8,Spring,  k  Aus- 
tin. His  character  k,  useful  labors  were  de- 
scribed by  Dr.  Lyman  in  a  funeral  sermon. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  d.  D.,an  eminent 
theologian,  from  whom  the  Christians, 
called  Hopkinsians,  derive  their  name, 
was  a  descendant  of  gov.  Hopkins  and 
was  born  in  Waterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  17, 
1731.    He  lived  with   his  parents,  em- 
ployed iu  the  labors  of  agriculture,  until 
he  entered  his  15th  year  ;  and  such  was 
the  purity  of  manners  among  the  youth 
of  this  phice,  that  he  never  heard  from 
any  of  them  a  profane  expression.     Af- 
ter having  been  placed  for  a  short  time 
under    the  tuition  of  Mr.  Graham  of 
Woodbury,    he    entered   Yale  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1741 .    While 
a  member  of  that  institution  he  made  a 
public  profession  of  religion.    He  diligent- 
ly studied  the  scriptures  and  was  constant 
in  his  secret  devotions ;  but  he  was  after- 
wards convinced,  that  he  did  all  this  with- 
out any  true  love  to  the  character  of  God, 
and  that  as  yet  he  was  ignorant  of  that 
religion,  which  has  its  seat  in  the  heart. 
It  was  during  the  remarkable  attention  to 
the  things  of  abetter  world,  excited  in 
the  college  and  town  of  New  Haven  by 
the  preaching  of  Mr.  Whitefield  and 
Gilbert  Tennent  in  the  year  1741,  that 
his  false  confidence  was  shaken.    Such 
was  the  extraordinary  zeal  for  religion, 
which  was  at  that  time  called  into  action, 
that  a  number  of  the  members  of  the  col- 
lege were  impelled  to  visit  their  fellow 


students  without  regard  to  the  distinction 
of  claasea,  and  to  speak  to  them  of  thfl 
imporUnt  concerns  of  eternity.    At  this 
period  David  Brainerd,  then  a  student, 
entered  the  room  of  Mr.  Hopkins,  and 
though  he  could  draw  nothing  flrom  him 
and  found  him  completely  reserved,  yet 
he  made  a  remark,  which  sunk  into  hii 
heart.    He  observed,  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble for  any  man  to  be  a  real  Christisn, 
who  was  not  sometimes  deeply  afiected  in 
contemplating  the  character  of  Chriat 
Mr.  Hopkins  couki  not  but  admit,  that  a 
warm  aflfection  for  the  Redeemer  woukl 
exist  in  those,  who  had  been  saved  by  him 
fVom  their  sins,  and,  as  he  was  conscious 
of  no  such  love  to  the  Son  of  God,  he  be- 
came convinced,  that  he  waa  destitute  of 
the  spirit  of  the  gospel.    The  sense  of 
his  ignorance  and  of  his  sin  impelled  him 
to  seek  instruction  and  supplicate  mercy. 
At  length  he  was  enlightened  with  the 
knowledge  of  the  way  of  salvation.    The 
character  of  Jesus  Christ,  as  a  mediator 
between  God  and  man,  filled  him  with 
joy,  to  which  he  had  before  been  a  stran- 
ger.   Stili  he  did  not  indulge  the  hope, 
that  he  was  a  christian.    His  mind  waa 
for  some  time  principally  occupied  by  the 
consideration  of  his  unworthiness,  help- 
lessness, and  guilt.    Many  whole  days  he 
spent  in  fasting  and  prayer.      In  Sept 
1741,  he  retired  to  his  father's  house,  and 
lived  a  recluse  for  a  number  of  months, 
except  when  he  could  hold  ict  ^course 
with  persons  zealous   in  religic.^,      In 
Dec.  he  went  to  Northampton,  to  p  .irsue 
the  study  of  divinity  with  Mr.  Eidwards. 
In  July  1743,  he  went  to  Houssatonnoc, 
now  Great  Barrington,  where  he  waa  or- 
dained Dec.  28, 174S.    At  this  time  there 
were  only  thirty  families  in  the  place. 
Here  he  continued  till  Jan.   18,  1769, 
when  he  was  dismissed  by  an  ecoleai- 
astical  council.    This  event  was  occasion- 
ed by  the  diminution  of  his  society  and 
the   want    of  support.     An   episcopal 
church  had  been  established  in  the  town 
in  order  to  escape  the  tax  for  the  main- 
tenance of  a  minister  of  the  gospel.    He 
was  again  settled  in  the  ministry  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  April  11, 1770.     There  were 


HOPKINS. 


cireuinttanccf,  attemling  liis  eatah- 
Ifahment  in  this  place,  which  were  remar- 
kable, and  which  prove,  that  the  hearuof 
ail  men  are  in  the  handa  of  Ood,  and  may 
be  turned,aa  the  rivera  of  water  are  turn- 
ed. After  he  had  been  with  this  people 
aome  time,  a  meeting;  was  called,  and  it 
waa  voted  not  to  give  him  an  invitation 
to  aettle  among  them.  Many  were  dia- 
aatiafiedwith  hia  aentimenta.  He  accor- 
dingly made  hia  preparationa  to  leave 
them,  and  on  the  aabhah  preached  a  Tare- 
well  diacouiae.  Thia  aermon  waa  ao  in- 
tereating  and  impreaaive,  that  a  different 
vote  waa  immediately  and  almost  unani- 


moualy 


and  he  consented  to  re- 


main. For  about  four  yeara  he  was  un- 
wearied in  the  diacharge  of  his  pastoral 
duties,  preaching  a  lecture  every  week  in 
addition  to  the  aer vices  of  the  sabbath, 
and  seizing  every  opportunity  to  impart 
religioua  inatruction.  The  war  of  the 
revolution  interrupted  his  bunevolent  la- 
bora.  In  Dec.  1776,  when  the  British 
took  poasosaion  of  Newport,  he  leil  the 
town^  and  retired  to  hia  family,  which  he 
had  before  aent  to  Great  Barrington. 
During  the  summer  of  1777  he  preached 
at  Newburyport  in  a  congregation,  which 
was  thought  to  be  the  largest  in  Ameri- 
ca. Its  pastor,  Mr.  Parsons,  died  a  short 
tine  before.  He  aflerwards  preached  in 
Canterbury  and  Stamford.  In  the  spring 
of  1780,  he  returned  to  Newport,  which 
had  been  evacuated  by  the  British  in  the 
fkll  of  the  preceding  year.  He  found  his 
ehttiteb  and  congregation  much  diminish- 
ed. The  meeting  house  had  been  made 
•  barrack  for  aoldiers.  That  portion  of 
his  fbrmer  society,  which  had  remained 
in  the  town,  had  become  so  impoverished, 
that  ke  had  no  prospect  of  a  mail  tenanee. 
Yet  such  was  his  benevolence,  that  he 
preached  to  them  a  year,  supported  en- 
tirely by  a  few  generons  friends,  and, 
when  he  received  a  pressing  invitation  to 
settle  at  Middleborough,  the  request  of 
kis  people  induced  him  to  decline  it. 
From  this  time  till  his  death  his  mainten- 
ance was  derived  entirely  from  a  weekly 
contribution  and  the  donations  of  his 
Aiesds,    Buthewasconteoted  with  his 


humble  circunistanocs,  and  in  a  situation, 
which  woukl  have  filled  most  minds  with 
the  greatest  anxiety,  he  cast  himself  up- 
on the  providence  of  Ood,  and  experienc- 
ed through  a  course  of  years  many  remar- 
kable interpositions  in  his  favor.     His 
wants  were  always  supplied.     Jan.  1799 
a  paralytic    affection  deprived  him  of  the 
use  of  his  limbs,  although  his  mental  pow- 
era  were  uninjured.    But  he  afterwards 
recovered  from  this  attack,  so  aa  to  be  able 
to  preach.   He  died  Dec  30, 1808  aged  33. 
Dr.  Hopkins  was  a  very  humble,pioua, 
and  benevolent  man.      His  views  of  his 
own  character  were  always  very  abasing. 
This  humility  pervaded  his  whole  con- 
duct.   It  preserved  him  from  that  over- 
bearing zeal,  which  is  the  of&pring   of 
self  confidence  and  pride.      In  hia  inter- 
course with  persons  of  sentiments,  differ- 
ent from  his  own,  he  exhibited  the  great- 
est mildness  and  candor.      Aa  truth  was 
his  object,  and  he  never  ditspuled  for  vic- 
tory, he  sometimes  carried  convictran  to 
an  opponent  by  the  ibrce  of  arguments. 
He  sympathisMl  in  the  distresses  of  oth- 
ers.   He   took  delight  in  relieving  the 
wants  of  the  poor.     Though  he  had  but 
little  to  bestow,  yet  many  were  gladden- 
ed by  his  liberality.    On  one  occasion  he 
contributed  100  dollars  for  promoting  the 
gospel  among  the  Africans.    His  life  wbs 
spent  chiefly  in  meditation:  his  preaching 
had  but  little  effect.     He  sometimes  de- 
voted to  his  studies  18  hours  in  a  day. 
With  respect  to  his  views  of   divine 
truth,  he  embraced  the  Calvinistic  doc- 
trines ;  and  it  is  principally  by  the  con- 
sequences, which  he  drew  from  these  doc- 
trines, that  his  name  has  been  rendered 
famous.    He  fully  admitted  the  doctrine 
of  the  entire  depravity  of  the  humaa 
heart  and  the  sinfulness  of  all  the  doings 
of  the  unregenerate ;  but  thought  there 
was  a  discordance  between  this  doctrine 
and  the  preaching  of  aome  of  the  Calvin- 
istic divines,  who  exhorted  the  unregen- 
erate as  such  to  perform  certain  acts  as 
the  appointed  way  to  obtain  that  grace, 
which   should   renew   their  hearts  and 
make  them  holy.     If  men  before  conver- 
sioxi  could  do  noihiog,  that  was  pleasing 


HOPKINS. 


to  Godtha  concluded,  they  could  do  noth- 
ing to  procure  the  influence*  or  the  Holy 
Spirit.     Inntead  therefore  of  exhorting 
einnen  to  um  the  means  of  grace  in  or- 
der to  obtain  the  divine  asaiatance  to  en- 
able them  to  repent,  when  it  was  ac- 
knowledged, that  in  the  uae  of  the  means 
of  grace  they  would  be  entirely  sinful, 
he  thought  it  a  sacred  duty,  incumbent 
on  the  ministers  of  the  gospel,  to  imitate 
the  preaching  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  their 
Master,and  to  call  upon  men  immediately 
to  repent  and  yield  themselves  to  the  love 
of  God.  He  thought,that  religious  advan- 
tages, if  in  the  use  of  them  the  unregen- 
erate  were  not  converted,  would  but  in- 
crease guilt,  as  in  this  case  there  would 
be  a  greater  resistance  to  the  truth.    An- 
other sentiment,  which  is  considered  as 
one  of  the  peculiar  sentiments  of  Dr. 
Hopkins,  is  that  the  inability  of  sinners  is 
moral  and  not  natural ;   but  this  is  only 
saying,  that  their  inability  consists  in  dis- 
inclination of  heart  or  oppositon  of  will  to 
what  is  good.     Combining  the  Calvinis- 
tie  doctrine,  that  God  has  foreordained 
whatsoever  comes  to  pass,  with  his  views 
of  the  nature  of  sin  as  consisting  entirely 
in  the  intention  or  disposition  of  the  mind, 
he  inferred,  that  it  was  no  impeachment 
upon  the  character  of  the  most  righteous 
disposer  of  all  events  to  say,  not  merely 
that  he  decreed  the  existence  of  sin,  but 
that  he  exerted  his  own  power  to  produce 
it  The  design  being  benevolent,  he  con- 
tended that  this  agency  is  no  more  an 
impeachment  of   the  divine  character, 
than  the  bare  permission  of  sin.    Thin  <a 
another  of  his  peculiarities.    In  thrn]  he 
differed  iVom  president   Edwards,  who 
maintained,  that  sin  was  "  not  the  fruit 
of  any  positive  agency  or  influence  of  the 
Most  High,"  and  who  said,  "  if  by  the 
author  of  tin  he  meant  the  sinner,  the 
agent,  or  actor  of  sin,  or  the  doer  of  a 
wicked  thing ;  so  it  would  he  a  reproach 
and  blasphemy  to  suppose  God  to  be  the 
author  of  sin ."    It  may  indeed  well  excite 
astonishment,  that  a  man  of  intelligence 
and  piety  should  be  so  bewildered  in 
metaphysics,  as  to  ascribe  to  God  the  ef- 
ficient production  of  all  sinful  volitions, 


and  yet  deem  himself  responsible  <br  aueh 
volitions.       From     his  views   of  the 
nature   of   holiness,  aa    consi^tfaif    in 
disinterested  benevolence,he  also  inferred, 
that  a  Christain  should  be  willing  to  per- 
ish forever,  to  be  forever  miserable,  if  it 
should  be  for  the  glory  of  Oodll  the  good 
of  the  universe,  that  he  should  encounter 
this  destruction .    Instead  of  the  Calvin' 
istic  doctrine  of  the  strict  imputation  of 
Adam's  sin  and  of  the  righteousness  of 
Christ,  he  chose  rather  to  adopt  the  lan- 
guage of  Bcripture,that  on  account  of  the 
first  transgression    men  were   made  or 
constituted  sinners,  and  that  men  are  jus- 
tified on  account  of  the  righteousness  of 
Christ  or  through  the  redemption,  which 
there  is  in  him. 

He  published  three  sermons,  entitled, 
sin  through  divine  interposition  an  ad- 
vantage to  the  universe,  and  yet  this  nO' 
excuse  for  sin  or  encouragement  to  it, 
1759  ;  an  inquiry  concerning  the  promi- 
ses of  the  gospel,  whether  any  of  them 
are  made  to  the  exercises  and  doings  of 
persons  in  an  unregenerate  state,  contain- 
ing remarks  on    two   sermons  by  Dr. 
Mayhew,    1765 ;     on    the   divinity  of 
Christ,  preached  in  Boston,  1768;   two 
sermons  on  Romans  vii.  7,  and  John  i. 
13,   1768,  republished,  1798 ;    the  true 
state  and  character  of  the  unregenerate, 
being  an  answer  to  Mr.  Mills,  1769 ;  an- 
imadversions on   Mr.   Hart's  dialogue, 
1770 ;  an  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  true 
holiness,  with  an  answer  to  Drs.  Hen^ 
menway  and  Mather,  177S ;  of  this  a 
second  edition  was  published  in  1791  ;  a 
dialogue,  shewing  it  to  be  the  duty  and 
interest  of  the  American  states  to  emanci- 
pate all  their    African   slaves,    1776 ; 
an  inquiry  concerning  the  future  state  of 
those,  who  die  in  their  sins,  1783  ;  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrines,  contained  in  divine  reve- 
lation, to  which  is  added  a  treatise  on  the 
millennium,  Svols.  8vo,  1793;  it  is  on 
this  system  of  divinity,  that  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  author  principally  rests  ;  the 
life  of  Susannah  Anthony,  1796  ;  the  life 
of  Mrs.  Osborn,  1798;  and  a  volume  of 
sermons.    He  left  behind  him  sketches  of 
his  life  written  by  himself,  a  dialogue  on 


470 


HOPKINS. 


IIOPKINSON. 


the  nature  ami  extrnt  or  tnio  Chrittian 
rabmiMion,  ami  an  addreu  to  profcMing 
Chriatiana,  all  or  which  were  published 
bjr  Dr.  ^eat  of  Stoekhridge  in  1806.— 
HepMiM'  life. 

HOPKINS,  Daniel,  o.  d.,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  waa  born  at  Waterbury 
Oct.  16|  1794  ;  waa  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1758;  removed  to  Salem, Mau., 
in  1766,  and  Tor  twelve  yean  was  chiefly 
employed  as  a  teacher  of  youth  ;  was  or- 
dained  aa  sueceaaor  or  Dr.  Whitaker, 
who  had  become  a  preshyterian,  in  Nov. 
1778;  and  after  a  ministry  of  36  yeara 
died  Dee.  14,  1S14,  aged  80.  He  was  a 
napected  and  useful  minister. — Panopl. 
XII.  43. 

HOPKINS,  Stephen,  governor  of  R. 
bhind,  waa  born  at  Scituate  March  7, 
1707  and  was  bred  a  farmer.  In  1743  he 
removed  to  Providence  and  engaged  in 
mercantile  business.  He  waa  from  1751 
to  1764  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court. 
In  1755  he  waa  elected  governor,  and 
remained  in  oflke,  excepting  four  years, 
till  1768.  In  1774  he  waa  a  member  of 
congreaa.  Hia  signature  to  the  declara- 
tkm  of  independence  indicates  a  trembling 
hand:  thia  was  owing  to  a  nervous  affec- 
tion. Hia  heart  did  not  tremble.  He 
retired  from  congresa  in  1779  and  died 
July  18,  1785,  aged  .78.  He  published, 
at  the  order  of  the  assembly.  Rights  of 
thecolonies  examined,  1765;  and  an  ac- 
count of  Providence,  in  3  Hist.  eol.  ix. 
166-SOa.— OoocfrteA. 

HOPKINS,  Lemuel,  a  physician,  a 
deacendant  of  gov.  Hopkins,  was  born  in 
Waterbury  June  19,  1750.  At  Litch- 
field, where  he  practised  physic  from 
1776  to  1784,  he  acquired  celebrity,  and 
the  singularity  of  his  appearance,  man- 
nen,  and  opinions  attracted  general  no- 
tice. About  the  year  1784  he  removed 
to  Hartford,  where  he  had  a  high  repu- 
tation and  extensive  practice  as  a  physi- 
.ciantill  hia  death,  Apr.  14,  1801,  aged 
.50.  It  ia  supposed,  that  his  erroneous 
piactice  in  his  own  case  was  the  cause  of 
his  death.  Apprehensive  of  the  pulmo- 
.nary  consumption,  for  a  pain  in  his  side 
he  waa  repeat^!/  bled,  against  the  re- 


monttrnnce  of  hia  medical  friends,  and  he 
otherwise  reduced  his  strength  ami 
brought  nn  a  hydmthorax.  His  widow 
died  at  N.  York  in  Sept.  1886.  He  waa 
tail,  lean,  atooping,  with  birge  feature*, 
and  light,  staring  eyes.  In  his  early 
life  he  admired  the  infidel  philosophera  of 
France ;  in  his  hist  days  he  read  the  Bi- 
ble. Aa  a  physician  he  waa  remarkable 
for  hia  unceasing  attentiona  to  his  pa- 
tients, sometimes  devoting  to  one  patient 
whole  daya  and  nighta.  Once,  on  being 
called  to  a  child  aick  with  the  scarlet 
fever  in  a  family,  to  which  he  waa  a 
stranger,  he  entered  the  room  without 
saying  a  word,  and,  seeing  the  chiU  load- 
ed with  bed  clothes  in  a  heated  room,  he 
seized  the  child  in  his  arms,  and  rushed 
out  of  the  house,  followed  with  cries  and 
broomsticks,  for  his  appearanoe  waa  un- 
couth and  ugly.  But  resting  in  a  eool 
shade,  he  called  for  wine,  and  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  the  child  restored  to 
health.  — He  was  a  man  of  learning  and  a 
poet.  He  wrote  for  Barlow  the 
beautiful  version  of  psalm  187,  begin- 
ning with  the  words,  "  Along  the  banks, 
where  Babel's  current  flows."  Associa- 
ted with  Trumbull,  Barlow,  Alsop,  and 
others,  he  wrote  parts  of  the  Anarchiad, 
the  Echo,  Political  Green  House,  the 
Guillotine,  and  other  essays.  Three  of 
his  productions  were  published  in  the 
American  poems, — the  Hypocrite's  hope, 
the  cancer  quack,  and  a  poem  on  Ethan 
Allen.  The  Anarchiad  waa  a  satirical 
political  poem  in  34  .-^umbera ;  and  these 
writings  appeared  in  the  newspapers 
from  1786  to  n9».—  Thaeker*$  med. 
biog.  }  Spec.  Ji.  poet.  i.  372-384 

HOPKINSON,  Francis,  district 
judge  of  the  United  States  for  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  born  in  that  state  in  1788. 
A  Her  passing  two  yeare  in  England,  he 
settled  at  Bordenton,  N.  J.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  in  which 
year  he  signed  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence. He  held  an  appointment  in  the 
loan  office  for  several  years,  and  al\er- 
wards  succeeded  George  Ross,  as  judge 
of  the  admiralty  for  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.   In  this  station  he  continued  till 


IIOPKINSON. 


HOWARD. 


471 


the  yMr  1796,  when  he  wm  appointed  by 
WHhington  a  judge  of  the  district  court. 
He  died  May  9, 1791.     He  waa  a  person, 
whoae  atature  waa  a  little  below  the  com- 
mon aite,  whoae  featurea  were  small,  but 
uncommonly  animated,  and  whoae  speech 
•nd  motions  indicated  the  activity  of  hia 
mind.    He  waa  distinguished  for  his  wit 
in  conversation  ;  but  it  was  mild  and 
elegant.    He  contributed  not  a  little  to- 
warda  promoting    the  independence  of 
America,  not  however  by  labored  discua- 
aiona,  but  by  hia  inimitable  humor  and 
aatire.    He  began  in  1776  with  a  small 
tract,  entitled,  a  pretty  story,  in  which  in 
an  allegorical  manner  he  exposed  the  ty- 
ranny oi' Great  Britain  towards  America, 
■nd  he  concluded  hia  contributiona  to  bis 
country  in  this  way  with  the  history  of 
the  new  roof,  which  ought  to  be  read 
with  intereat,  while  the  citizenn  of  the 
United  States  are  sheltered  under  their 
present  form  of  national    government. 
Hia  battle  of  the  kegs  has  been  much  ad- 
mired for  its  wit.    A  few  years  before  his 
death  in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the  as- 
sembly for  cutting   down  the  trees  of 
Philadelphia  in  order  to  guard  against 
fire  and  the  evils  of  stagnant  air,  he 
wrote  a  humorous  speech  of  a  standing 
member  of  the  assembly  against  the  act, 
and  rescued  the  devoted  trees  from  the 
impending  destruction.     His  satires  on 
newspaper  scandal  had  the  eflect  to  res- 
train for  a  number  of  months  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  press.    His  specimen  of 
modern  learning,  in  an  examination  of 
the  propertiea  of  a  salt  box,  is  a  piece  of 
exquisite  humor.    His  opinions  on  edu- 
cation were    somewhat   peculiar.     He 
often  ridiculed  in  conversation  the  prac- 
tice of  teaching  children  the  English  lan- 
guage by  neana  of  grammar.    He  consid- 
ered moat  of  the  years,  which  were  spent 
in  learning  Greek  and  Latin,  as  lost,  and 
he  held  several  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
which  are  taught  in  colleges,  in  great 
contempt.     To  his  poetical  talents  he 
united  uncommon  excellence  in  music, 
and  some  knowledge  of  painting.    Be- 
sidea  the  above  works,  he  published  sci- 
ence, a  poem,  1763.    After  his  death  his 


miscellaneous  essays  and  oceaaiomi  wrt- 
tinga  were  published  in  three  vols.  8vo, 
1799.— Jtfa«*.  mag.  iii.  75a-7M  ;  Jhur. 
miM.  III.  165  ;  ii.  S9. 

HORSMANDER,  Daniel,  ehief  jm- 
tice  of  New  York,  a  native  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, came  to  the  province  about  1780,  and 
waa  recorder  of  the  city  and  president  of 
the  council.  He  died  in  Sept.  1778,  and 
waa  buried  in  Trinity  church  yard.  Ha 
publiahed  the  N.  Y.  conspiracy,  or  the 
history  of  the  negro  plot,  1743  ;  repub- 
lished, 1810.  Of  the  conspiratora  to 
burn  the  city  14  were  burnt,  and  18  han- 
ged, with  10  whites. 

HOVEY,  Ivory,  minister  of  Plymouth, 
Maas.,  was  born  at  Topsfield  July  14, 
1714  ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1736  ;  and  was  ordained  miniater  of 
Meupoiset,  the  second  parish  of  Roches- 
ter, Oct.  39,  1740.  Having  devoted 
much  attention  to  theatudy  of  phyaie,  he 
in  1744  commenced  the  practice,  and 
was  the  principal  phyaician  of  Metapoiaet 
till  his  dismission  in  1765.  He  waa  af- 
terwards installed,  April  18,  1770,  at 
Monument  ponds  in  Plymouth,  when  he , 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
(lied  Nov.  4,  1803,  aged  89.  He  had 
preached  about  66  years,  and  during  that 
time  kept  a  journal,  deaigned  to  promote 
his  improvement  in  Christian  excellence, 
which  he  left  behind  him  in  about  7,000 
pages  of  short  hand.  Extracts  from  it 
are  preserved  in  the  Piscataqua  maga-^ 
zine.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  men» 
being  distinguished  for  meekness,  humili- 
ty, and  piety.  He  published  a  sermon 
on  leaving  Metapoiaet,  and  one  on  the 
subject  of  mortality. 

HOWARD,  Simeon,  d.  d.,  minister  in 
Boston,  was  born  at  Bridgewater,  May 
10,  1733,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1758.  He  was  afterwards  an 
instructer  of  youth  for  several  years. 
Soon  af\er  he  began  to  preach,  he  waa 
invited  to  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia, 
where  he  officiated  about  a  year.  In 
1766  he  waa  elected  a  tutor  of  Harvard 
college  ;  and  May  6,  1767  waa  ordained 
pastor  of  the  west  church  in  Boston,  as 
I  successor  to  Dr.  May  hew.     He  contin- 


472 


HOWARD. 


HOWE. 


ued  in  this  station  till  his  death  Aug.  13, 
1804,  aged  71,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Charles  Lowell.  He  heartily  engaged  in 
promoting  the  American  revolution,  and 
participated  in  the  joy,  experienced  on 
the  acknowledgment  of  our  indepen- 
dence. In  the  various  relations  of  life  he 
was  faithful  and  exemplary.  In  his  the- 
ological sentiments  he  differed  from  the 
first  fathers  of  the  New  England  ciiurch- 
es,  Ibr  he  rejected  the  system  of  Calvin. 
Towards  those,  who  differed  from  him, 
he  was  indulgent  in  his  thoughts,  and 
tolerant  in  his  conduct.  He  never  could 
approve  of  a  sarcastic  and  irreverent  way 
of  speaking  of  objects,  which  any  sincere 
believer  might  deem  sacred.  He  was  in- 
deed so  mild  and  gentle,  that  he  could  not 
express  severity,  which  he  never  felt. 
There  was  a  sirenity  upon  his  counte- 
nance, which  indicated  the  peace,  that 
constantly  dwelt  in  his  heart  He  was 
remarkable  for  humility.  While  he  nev- 
er mentioned  either  his  Virtues  or  his 
faults,  it  was  evident  to  all,  who  were 
intimately  acquainted  with  him,  that  he 
had  a  humble  sense  of  his  own  talents 
aid  moral  attainments.  He  was  endear- 
ed to  his  people,  for  he  interested  himself 
in  their  welfare,  and  endeavored  to  render 
them  virtuous  and  good.  All,  who  knew 
him,  were  delighted  with  the  modesty, 
mildness,  and  benevolence,  which  he  ex- 
hibited. He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
artillery  election,  1773  ;  on  the  death  of 
his  wife,  1777  ;  to  freemasons,  1778 ;  on 
not  being  ashamed  of  the  gospel,  occa- 
sioned by  the  death  of  Dr.  Winthrop, 
1779  ;  at  the  election,  1780  ;  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  T.  Adams,  n9l.—MontIUyan- 
<Ao/.  I.  476;  MI.  115-119, 

HOWARD,  John  Eager,  governor  of 
Maryland,  was  born  June  4,  1 752  in  Bal- 
timore county,  Maryland.  His  grand- 
father came  to  this  country  about  1685 
and  obtained  a  grant  of  land,  which  is  still 
in  the  family.  His  father,  Cornelius, 
married  Ruth  Eager,  grand  daughter  of 
George  Eager,  whose  estate,  procured 
soon  after  the  charter,  now  makes  a  con- 
si<lerable  part  of  the  city  of  Baltimore . 
Mr.  Howard  entered  the  army  in  1776  as 


a  captain  in  the  regiment  of  col  J.  C. 
Hall ;  in  the  following  years  he  was  pro- 
moted, till  finally  he  succeeded  lieut.  col. 
Ford  in  the  command  of  the  3d  Mary- 
land regiment — He  was  an  efficient  co- 
adjutor of  Greene  during  the  campaign  in 
the  south,  distinguishing  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Cowpens,  when,  says  Lee, "  he 
seized  the  critical  moment,  and  turned 
the  fortune  of  the  day;"  also  at  Guilford 
and  the  Eutaws.  He  was  in  the  engage- 
ments of  White  Plains,  Germantown, 
Monmouth,  Camden,  and  Hobkick's  hill. 
Having  been  trained  to  the  infantry  ser- 
\  ice,  he  was  remarkable  for  pushing  into 
close  battle  with  fixed  bayonet.  At 
Cowpens  this  mode  of  fighting  was  resor- 
ted to  for  the  first  time  in  the  war  ;  but 
afterwards  the  Maryland  line  was  often 
put  to  this  service.  In  this  battle  he  had 
in  his  hands  at  one  time  the  swords  of 
seven  officers,  who  had  surrendered  to 
him  personally.  On  this  occasion  he 
saved  the  life  of  the  British  general, 
O'Haro,  whom  he  found  clinging  to  his 
stirrup  and  asking  quarter.  When  the 
army  was  disbanded,  he  retired  to  his 
patrimonial  estate  near  Baltimore.  He 
soon  afterwards  married  Margaret,  the 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Chew  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  a  lady  ol"  courteous  manners  and  el- 
egant hospitality.  In  Nov.  1788  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  Maryland,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  office  three  years.  From 
the  autumn  of  1796  till  March  1808  he 
was  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  His 
estate  was  increased  in  a  high  degree  in 
value  by  the  growth  of  Baltimore,  which 
extended  so  as  to  embrace  in  its  streets 
the  shades,  which  sheltered  the  retired 
soldier.  His  old  age  was  the  object  of  re- 
gard and  veneration.  In  more  than  one 
letter  Washington  expressed  to  him  his 
confidence  and  esteem.  He  died  Oct.  12, 
1827,  aged  75  years,  ^mer.  ann.  reg. 
1826-7.  ;j.  137-139. 

HOWE,  George,  lord  viscount,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  sir  E.  Scrope,  second 
lord  viscount  Howe  in  Ireland,  He  com- 
manded 5000  British  troops,  which  ar- 
rived at  Halifiix  in  July  1757.  In  the 
next  year,  when  Abercrombie  proceeded 


HOWE. 


47t 


againat  Ticonderoga,  in  an  attack  on  the 
advanced  guard  of  the  French  in  the 
wooda  lord  Howe  fell  on  the  first  fire,  in 
July  1778,  aged  3S.  In  hiui,Bay8  Mante, 
"  the  afiui  of  the  army  seemed  to  expire." 
By  hi*  military  talents  and  many  virtues 
he  had  acquired  esteem  and  affection. 
Masaaohusetts  erected  a  monument  to  his 
memory  in  Westminster  Abbey  at  the 
expenae  otMOL—Holtnet.  ii.  83j  Monte, 
147. 

HOWE,  Richard,  earl,  an  English 
admiral,brotherorthepreceding,wa8  born 
in  17fiS,  and  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
aneeeeded  to  his  title  and  estate.  He 
commanded  the  Britiah  lieet,  which  ar- 
rived at  Staten  island  July  13, 1776,  and 
waa  one  of  the  commissioners  to  ofler 
proposals  of  peace.  In  July  1777  he  con- 
voyed the  970  transports,  in  which  the 
British  army  sailed  from  N.  York  to  the 
Chesa|ieak.  In  the  winter  he  repaired  to 
Newport,  as  a  safe  harbor.  This  place, 
when  threatened  by  the  Americans  and 
French,  he  relieved  Aug.  SO,  177S,  ar- 
riving from  N.  York  with  100  sail  of 
ships.  In  Sept.  he  resigned  the  com- 
mand to  admiral  Garobier.  June  1, 
1704  he  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
French.  He  died  Aug.  5, 1799.  A  se- 
vere Letter  to  lord  Howe  on  his  naval 
conduct  in  the  American  war  was  pub- 
lished in  1779,  in  all  probability  written 
by  lord  Sackville,  the  minister  or  secre- 
tary for  the  colonies.  This  short  letter 
of  50  pages  has  many  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  Junius,  both  in  peculiar  terms  and 
phrases  and  the  structure  of  sentences, 
strengthening  the  argument  to  prove 
Sackville  the  author  of  the  letters  of 
Junius.  The  writer  says,  "had  your 
lordship  and  your  brother  saved  the 
northern  army,  which  you  had  abundant 
power  to  do,  the  rebellion,  then  in  its  in- 
fant state,  must  have  been  suppressed  ; 
the  war  with  France  and  Spain  had  not 
ha^iened ;  and,  what  is  yet  of  more  mo- 
ment to  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  em- 
pire, that  faction,  which  is  daily  distrac- 
ting the  eonneila  of  state,  and  v.enohing 
asunder  the  union  of  power,  which  is 
meetaaiy  to  its  safeiv,  would  now  hide 
60 


its  monstrous  head  in  the  dark  cells  of  it« 
own  folly  and  treason."  He  published  a 
narrative  of  the  transactions  of  the  fleet, 
&c.  1779. 

HOWE,  sir  William,  general,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  waa  the  successor  of 
Gage,  in  the  command  of  the  British 
forces  in  America,  arriving  at  Boston  in 
May  1775  with  Burgoyne.  He  coin- 
manded  in  the  battle  of  Banker  Hill. 
In  Sept.  1776  he  took  possession  of  NeiT  ■■ 
York.  With  his  brother  he  was  a  com- 
missioner for  peace.  In 'July  1777  ha 
sailed  for  the  Chesapeak  $  entered  Phila- 
delphia Sept.  37th  ;  and  defeated  the 
Americana  at  Oermantown  Oct.  4th.  In 
May  1778  he  was  aucceeded  by  Clinton, 
In  the  house  of  commons  in  Dee.,  in  as* 
'^'^ning  his  reasons  for  quitting  the  com- 
mrad  in  America,  he  particularly  blamed 
lord  Sackville,  the  minister,  for  not  provi- 
ding re-inforcements,  nor  co-operating  in 
hie  plans,  &c.  In  1779,  lord  Sackville,  if 
he  was  the  author  of  the  letter  to  admi- 
ral Howe,  returned  the  invective.  He 
died  in  1814.  He  published  a  narrative 
as  to  his  command  in  N.  America,  8d  ed. 
1780. 

HOWELL,Richard,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  waa  a  native  of  Delaware,  but 
commanded  a  New  Jersey  regiment  from 
1776  till  1779,  when  in  consequence  of  a 
new  arrangement  of  the  army  he  resumed 
the  profession  of  the  law.  In  1788 
he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  supreme 
court, which  ofiice  he  held  till  June  1793, 
when  he  was  chosen  governor  of  the 
state.  To  this  place  he  was  eight  yeara 
successively  elected.  He  died  April  38, 
1 903,aged  47.  He  possessed  a  cultivated 
mind,  and  was  benevolent  in  his  life. 

HOWELI ,  David,  i,l.d.,  judge,  waa 
born  in  New  Jersey  about  1747  and  grad- 
uated at  Princeton,  1766.  Removing  to 
R.  Island,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  afterwards  of  law  in  the 
university.  Devoting  himself  to  the  prac* 
tice  of  the  law  at  Providence,he  was  cho- 
sen judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  waa 
also  a  member  of  the  old  congress ;  and 
in  181S  waa  appointed  districV  judge  fbr 
R.  Island,  which  office  he  6ustaiat;d  till 


474 


HOYT. 


HUDSON. 


hia  death,  July  S»,  1834,  aged  77.  He 
was  a  man  of  distinguished  talents  and 
learning. 

HOYT,  Ard,  missionary  to  the  Chero- 
kees,  vrn»  a  settled  minister  of  Wilkes- 
barre,  Pa.,  when  he  offered  his  services  to 
the  American  Board.  In  Nov.  1817  he 
proceeded  with  his  family  to  Brainerd, 
and  in  1834  to  Willstown,  where  he  died 
Feb.  i8,  1828,  aged  57.  He  died  very 
suddenly,  but  was  able  to  say,  lifting  his 
eyes  in  rapture  to  heaven,  "I'm  going." 
The  Cherokees  were  strongly  attached  to 
him.  By  his  labors  Catherine  Brown 
and  others  were  converted.  He  was  in- 
deed a  most  valuable  missionary.  His 
journals  were  read  with  great  interest. 

HUBBARD,  William,  minister  of 
Ipswich,  Mass.  and  a  historian,  was  born 
in  the  year  1631,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  the  first  class  in  1643. 
The  time  of  his  ordination  is  not  known, 
but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  the 
year  1757  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Gobbet. 
In  his  old  age  John  Rogers  was  settled 
with  him  in  1693.  He  died  Sept.  14, 
1704,  aged  83.  His  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Nathaniel  Rogers.  His  son  Na- 
thaniel, was  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
of  a  candid,  benevolent  mind.  He  wrote 
a  valuable  history  of  N.England,for  which 
the  state  paid  him  50/.  It  was  used  by 
Mather  in  writing  hismagnalia,by  Hutch- 
inson, and  by  Dr.  Holmes.  At  last  it  was 
published  in  the  Mass.  hist,  collections, 
S  series,  vols.  v.  and  vi.  He  published 
an  election  sermon,  entitled  the  happiness 
of  a  people  in  the  wisdom  of  their  rulers 
directing  and  in  the  obedience  of  their 
brethren  &c.  1676  ;  the  present  state  of 
N.  England,  being  a  narrative  of  the 
troubles  with  the  Indians  from  the  first 
planting  thereof  in  1607  to  1677,  but 
chiefly  of  the  two  last  years  1675  and 
1676,  to  which  is  added  a  discourse  about 
the  war  with  the  Pequots,  4to,  1677  ;  a 
fast  sermon,  1682  j  a  funeral  discourse  on 
gen.  Denison,  1684 ;  a  testimony  to  the 
order  of  the  gospel  in  the  churches  of  N. 
E.,  with  Mr.  Higginson,  1701.— Hutch- 
ituon,  II.  147;  H»lme$;  Hiit.eol. 


HUDDY,  Joshua,  captain,  was  takeo- 
prisoner  in  a  small  fbrt  on  Tom's  river, 
N.  Jersey,  by  a  party  of  tory  refugees  in 
March  1783,  and  carried, with  his  com|w> 
ny,  to  New  York.  On  the  8th  of  April 
he  and  two  others  were  sent  by  the  board 
of  loyalists  to  Middletown  point  or  Sandy 
hook  to  be  exchanged  under  the  care  of 
capt.  Lippencot,  who  reported  on  his  re- 
turn, that  he  had  exchanged  the  two  as 
directed,  and  that  "Huddy  had  been  ex- 
changed for  Philip  White."  He  had,  in 
fact,  of  his  own  authority,  hung  him  on 
a  tree  on  the  Jersey  shore.  The  case  of 
Philip  White,  the  tory,  was  this.  Hav- 
ing been  taken  prisoner,  as  some  light 
horse  were  conveying  him  to  Freehold  at 
the  end  of  March,  he  attempted  to  escape; 
though  called  upon  to  surrender,  he  con- 
tinued to  run,  and  as  he  was  about  to  leap 
into  a  bog  he  was  cut  down  by  a  sword. 
—Gen.  Washington,  April  31,  1778,  de- 
manded of  gen.  Clinton  the  delivery  of 
Lippencot,  the  murderer  of  White  ;  but 
the  board  of  loyalists  interposed  for  his 
protection.  On  the  failure  of  compliance 
with  his  demand,  gen.  Washington  selec- 
ted by  lot  capt-Asgill  of  the  guards,  taken 
at  York  town,  and  fixed  the  time  and 
pkice  of  his  execution.  Mrs.  Asgill,  the 
mother,  wrote  to  M.  Vergennes,  the 
French  minister  and  begged  his  interfer- 
ence, describing  her  distress  and  that  of 
her  family.  Her  pathetic  appeal  was 
published.  In  consequence  of  it  Vergen- 
nes interposed  with  Washington,  and  by 
order  of  congress  Asgill  was  released  in 
Nov.  Capt.  Asgill  was  afterwards  sir 
Charles  A.,  general ;  and  died  in  1833, 
aged  70. 

HUDSON,  Henry,  an  eminent  naviga- 
tor, was  an  Englishman,  who  explored  a 
part  of  the  coast  of  Greenland  in  the 
years  1607  and  1608,  while  seeking  a 
imssage  to  Japan  and  China.  After  his 
return  to  England  from  his  second 
voyage,  he  went  over  to  Holland,  and  the 
Dutch  East  India  company  gave  him  the 
command  of  a  ship  for  discovery.  He 
sailed  March  35,  1609,  and,  after  passing 
along  the  coast  of  Lapland,  crossed  the 
Atlantic,  and  discovered  cape  Cod,  at 


nous, 
his  am 
in  the 
straits 
sick  an 
never  h 
ded  wit 
them\^ 
went  ( 
and  the 
vedat 
lished 
coverie 
inga 
north  e 
voyage 
not  wri 
are  pre 
chas* 
407; 

HU 
Con., 
tied  as 


.which  place  he  landed,  xe  then  pursued 
his  course  to  the  Chesapeak,  and  on  his 
return  alongf  the  coast  entered  the  river 
in  the  state  of  New  York,  which  bears 
his  name,  and  ascended  as  far  as  where 
the  city  of  Albany  now  stands.  A  set- 
tlement was  soon  after  made  upon  this 
river  by  the  Dutch.  In  1610  he  was 
again  fitted  out  by  some  gentleman  to 
discover  a  passage  to  the  south  sea,  and 
in  this  voyage  he  discovered  the  exten- 
sive bay  to  the  north,  which  bears  his 
name.  He  drew  his  ship  into  a  small 
creek  Nov.  S,  and  it  was  frozen  up  dur- 
ing the  winter.  Uncommon  flights  of 
wild  fowl  furnished  provision,  without 
which  supply  the  crew  must  have  perish- 
ed. In  the  spring  of  1 61 1  he  made  seve- 
ral efforts  to  complete  his  discoveries,  but 
was  obliged  to  abandon  his  enterprize  and 
make  the  best  of  his  way  home.  He  dis- 
tributed to  his  men  with  tears  in  his  eyes 
all  the  bread,  he  had  left,  which  was  only 
a  pound  to  each ;  though  it  is  said,  that 
other  provisions  were  afterwards  found  in 
the  ship.  In  his  uneasiness  and  despair,he 
let  fall  threatening  words  of  setting  some 
of  his  men  on  shore ;  upon  which  a  few 
of  the  sturdiest,  who  had  been  very  muti- 
nous, entered  his  cabin  in  the  night,  tied 
his  arms  behind  him,  and  set  him  adrift 
in  the  shallop  at  the  west  end  of  the 
straits  with  his  son  and  seven  of  the  most 
sick  and  infirm  of  his  men.  He  was 
never  heard  of  again.  The  crew  procee- 
ded with  his  ship  for  England.  Four  of 
them  were  killed  by  the  savages,  as  they 
went  on  shore  near  the  strait's  mouth, 
and  the  rest,  ready  to  die  for  want,  arri- 
ved at  Plymouth  in  Sept.  1611.  He  pub- 
lished divers  voyages  and  northern  dis- 
coveries, 1607;  a  second  voyage  for  find- 
ing a  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by  the 
north  east,  1608.  Accounts  of  his  other 
voyages  were  published ;  but  they  were 
not  written  by  himself.  Some  of  them 
are  preserved  in  the  third  volume  of  Pur- 
chas'  pilgrims. — BelkfutpU  biog.  i.  S94- 
407;  New  and  gen.  biog.  diet. 

HUIT,  Ephraim, minister  of  Windsor, 
Con.,  came  from  England  and  was  set- 
tled as  colleague  with  Mr.  Wareham  in 


HULL. 


475 


1639,  and  died  Sept  4, 1644.  Ha  was  a 
man  of  superior  talents  and  eminent  use- 
fulness .    Johnson  says  of  him,-~ 

"And  Huet  had  hit  arguingt  itrong  and  right." 

His  name  is  also  written  Heuet  and  Hew- 
ett.  He  published  the  prophecy  of  Dan- 
iel explained,  4to.  1643. 

HULL,  William,  general,  governor  of 
Michigan  territory,  was  a  brave  and  use- 
ful officer  of  the  revolutionary  war.  In 
1796  he  was  chosen  major  general  in  the 
militia  of  Massachusetts.  In  1805  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  Michigan 
territory,  in  which  office  he  was  succeed- 
ed by  Lewis  Cass  in  1814.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war  he  was  requested  to 
command  the  north  western  army.  He 
surrendered  with  3000  men  at  Detroit  to 
the  British  general  Brock  Aug.  15, 1813. 
A  court  martial  was  ordered  to  try  him 
on  several  charges,  and  he  was  actually  in 
1814  sentenced  to  be  shot,  but  for  his 
revolutionary  services  and  his  age  recom- 
mended to  mercy.  The  president  appro- 
ved the  sentence  and  remitted  the  execu- 
tion. Gen.  Hull  died  at  his  residence  in 
Newton,  near  Boston,  Nov.  39,  1835, 
aged  73.  His  relict,  Sarah,  died  in  Aug. 
1836. — In  his  defence  he  makes  state- 
ments, which  ought  to  be  taken  into 
consideration,  before  it  shall  be  conclu- 
ded, that  the  sentence  was  just.  Being 
governor  of  Michigan,  as  well  as  general, 
he  was  bound  to  consult  the  safety  of  the 
frontier  settlers,  who  were  threatened  by 
a  horde  of  savages.  His  army  was  in  ef- 
fective force  only  one  third  of  the  forces 
of  Brock.  He  could  hope  for  no  co-ope- 
ration on  the  part  of  gen.  Dearborn  on 
the  Niagara  who  had  entered  into  an  ar- 
mistice, and  thus  threw  the  enemy  upon 
him ;  the  British  commanded  lake  Erie  ; 
and  a  part  of  his  own  forces  under  Cass 
and  Mc Arthur  had  been  sent  to  the  river 
Raisin.  Under  these  circumstances,with 
six  hundred  Indians  already  present  with 
the  British  army  ;  cut  off  by  the  lake 
and  the  wilderness  from  his  supplies  and 
re-inforcements;  he  says,  that  he  deemed 
it  a  sacred  duty,  which  he  owed  to  his 
fellow  citizens  under  his  government,  to 


476 


HUMMING  BIRD. 


HUNTER. 


tftf 

lit' It 


negotiate  a  capitulation,  which  secured 
their  safety.  We  must  put  treachery 
out  of  the  question.  The  only  inquiry 
is,  whether  a  brave  revolutionary  officer 
was  absolutely  a  coward  at  Detroit?  It 
has  been  oAen  the  case,  that  rash 
heroe»  liave  occasioned  a  pitiable  and 
useless  destruction  of  life.  It  was  so  in 
the  action  at  Minisink.  When  St.  Clair 
retreated  from  Ticonderoga  in  1777, 
there  was  a  great  clamor  against  him ; 
but  the  measure  was  wise  and  indispensa- 
ble to  the  safety  of  the  army. — He  pub- 
lished Defence  of  himself,  1814  ;  me- 
moirs of  the  campaign,  of  1813,  with  a 
sketch  of  his  revolutionary  services,  1834. 
■—Holmet,  II.  4V0. 

HUMMING  BIRD,  gen.,  a  Choctaw 
chief,  was  fVom  his  youth  a  friend  of  the 
U.  S.,  and  fought  many  battles  by  the 
aide  of  white  men  against  the  red  people. 
In  the  expedition  of  Wayne  and  Scott  in 
1794  against  the  Shawnees  and  Dela- 
wares,  he  commanded  6Q ,  Choctaw  war- 
riors. In  the  late  war  against  the  Creeks 
and  British  he  also  distinguished  himself. 
He  died  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  33, 
1837,  aged  75,  and  was  buried  by  col. 
Ward,  the  agent,  with  the  honors  of 
war.  His  commission  and  silver  medal 
received  from  Washington,  were  placed  in 
his  coffin. 

HUMPHREYS,  David,  colonel,  the 
son  of  Daniel  H.,  the  minister  of  Derby, 
Con.,  was  born  in  1753  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1771,  and  soon  went  to  re- 
side in  the  family  of  col.  Phillips  of  Phil- 
lips manor,  N.  York.  He  early  entered 
the  army  as  a  captain ;  in  1778  he  was  a 
major  and  aid  to  gen.  Putnam;  in  1780 
he  was  selected  as  Washington's  aid, 
with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  remained 
in  his  family  to  the  end  of  the  war,  enjoy- 
ing hia  confidence  and  friendship.  His 
competitors  for  the  place  of  aid  were 
Tallinadge,  Hull,  and  Alden.  For  his 
valor  at  the  siege  of  York  congress  hon- 
ored him  with  a  sword .  In  1784  he  accom- 
panied Jefferson  to  Paris  as  secretary  of  le- 
gation, accompanied  by  his  friend  Kos- 
ciusko. He  returned  in  1786,  and  was 
elated  to  the  legislature  from  Derby. 


Being  appointed  to  command  a  regimffit, 
raised  for  the  western  service,  he  resided 
for  some  time  at  Hartford,  and  with 
Trumbull,  Barlow,  and  Hopkins  wrote 
the  Anarchiad.  In  1788  he  went 
to  reside  with  Washington,  and  continu- 
ed with  him  till  he  was  appointed  in  1790 
minister  to  Portugal.  He  sailed  in  1791 ; 
and  soon  after  his  return  in  1704  was  ap- 
pointed minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain. 
He  concluded  treaties  with  Tripoli  and 
Algiers.  In  1803  he  was  succeeded  by 
Pinckney.  In  his  last  years  he  devoted 
much  care  to  the  rearing  of  merino  sheep. 
In  1813  he  took  the  command  of  the  mili- 
tia of  Connecticut.  He  died  suddenly,  of 
an  organic  affection  of  the  heart,  at  N . 
Haven,  Feb.  31,  1818,  aged  65.  Hia 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1797,  was  the 
daughter  of  John  Bulkley,  an  English 
merchant  at  Lisbon  of  great  wealth. 
He  published  in  1783  a  poetical  address 
to  the  armies  of  the  U.  S.,  which  was 
much  celebrated.  His  other  works  are 
poems  on  the  happiness  of  America ;  on 
the  future  glory  of  the  U.  S. ;  on  the  in- 
dustry of  the  U.  S. ;  on  the  love  of 
country  ;  on  the  death  of  Washington. 
He  wrote  also  the  life  of  Putnam,  1788  ; 
the  widow  of  Malabar,  a  tragedy,  from 
the  French,  1790  ;  and  several  political 
tracte  and  orations.  A  collection  of  his 
poems  and  tracts,  including  most  of  his 
writings,  was  published  at  N.  York,  8vo, 
1790  &  1804.— S;>ee.  Jimer.  pcet.  i.  359- 
373. 

HUNT,  Ebenezer,  m.  o.,  a  physician 
of  Northampton,  was  born  there  in  1744  ; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1764  ;  and  studied  with  Dr.  Pyncheon  of 
Springfield.  He  died  Dec.  36,  1830, 
aged  76,  having  practised  physic  more 
than  50  years,  and  in  that  time  never 
having  sued  any  person  for  any  debt,  in- 
curred by  medical  attendance.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  a  member  of  the  senate. 
— Thaeher. 

HUNTER,  William,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian of  Newport,  R.  I.,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland ;  came  to  this  country  about 
1753  ;and  gave,  in  1754-6,  the  first  leO" 
tures  on  anatomy,  delivered  in  N.  Eng^ 


HUNTINGTON. 


47t 


land.  He  died  in  1777 .  Hit  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  Godfrey  Malbone,  a  rich 
raerohsnt.  His  son,  William,  was  a 
senator  of  the  U.  S.-rThaeher. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  governor 
ofConn.,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Nathaniel 
H.,  ■  farmer  of  Windham,  and  was  born 
in  1733.    In  his  youth  he  gave  indica- 
tions   of  an    excellent    understanding. 
Without  the  advantages  of  a  collegial 
education  he  acquired  a  competent  knowl- 
edge of  the  law  and  was  early  admitted 
to  the  bar  ;  soon  afler  which  he  settled 
in  Norwich  in  1760  and  in  a  few  years 
became  eminent  in  his  profession.     In 
1784  he  was  a  representative  in  the  gen- 
eral assembly,  and  the  following  year  was 
appointed  king's  attorney,  which  ofRce  he 
filled  with  reputation,  until  more  impor- 
tant services  induced  him  to  relinquish  it. 
In  1774  he  was  made  an  assistant  judge 
of  the  superior  court.    In  1775  he  was 
elected  into  the  council,  and  in  the  same 
year  chosen  a  delegate  to  congress.    In 
1779  he  was  president  of  that  honorable 
body,  and  was  rechosen  the  following 
year.    After  this  year  he  resumed  his 
seat  in  the  council  and  on  the  bench.     In 
1789  he  was  again  a  member  of  congress. 
In  1784  he  was  appointed  chief  justice. 
He  was  placed  in  the  chair  of  the  chief 
magistrate  in  1786,  as  successor  of  gov. 
Griswold,  and  was  annually  reelected  till 
his  death.     He  died  at  Norwich  Jan.  5, 
1796,  aged  63.    His  wife,  Martha,  the 
daughter  of  Eb.  Devotion,  minister  of 
Windham,  died  June  4,  1794.    Having 
no  children,  he  adopted  two  children  of 
his  brother,  Joseph;  one  of  whom  was 
the  gov.  of  Ohio  and  the  other  married 
Rev.  Edward  D.  GrifRn,  now  president 
of  Williams'  college.    His  elder  brother, 
Nathaniel,  minister  of  East  Windsor  or 
Ellington,  was  ordained  in  1749  and  died 
in  1756,  aged  S3.    Gov.  H.  was  an  exem- 
plary professor  of  religion.    He  is  one  of 
those  men,  who  by  the  force  of  ge- 
nius, by   industry,  patriotism,  and  in- 
tegrity rose  to  eminent  usefulness  and 
honor. — Strong'*  fun.  term.}  Goodrich; 
Dwight.  11.43. 
HUNTINGTON,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  min- 


ister of  Coventry,  Conn,  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1763,  and  died  in  the 
year  1795.  His  daughter  is  the  wife  of 
president  Griffin  of  Williams'  college. 
He  is  well  know  as  the  author  of  a  work, 
entitled,  Calvinism  improved,  or  the  gos- 
pel illustrated  as  a  system  of  real  grace, 
issuing  in  the  salvation  of  all  men,  which 
was  published,  after  his  death,  in  1796. 
It  was  answered  in  the  same  year  by  Dr. 
Strong.  It  is  probable,  that  he  adopted 
the  notion  of  universal  salvation,  as  many 
others  have,  in  consequence  of  erroneous 
views  of  the  divine  sovereignty.  Ascrib- 
ing to  God  an  "  unalterable  decree, — in- 
cluding every  thought,  volition,  or  incli- 
nation of  all  moral  agents, — every  being 
and  mode  of  being,  every  circumstance, 
connexion,  and  consequence  throughout 
the  whole  system  of  being;"  it  would 
very  naturally  seem  to  him  unjust,  that 
any  man  should  be  punished  forever. 
He  8ays,-"ifany  are  in  extreme  sufferings 
to  endless  duration,  in  this  case  they 
must  be  infinite  losers  by  that  existence, 
which  the  God  of  love/oreec{  upon  them." 
But  surely  scripture  does  not  ascribe  to 
God  any  decree  or  agency  to  produce  sin; 
on  the  contrary  it  declares  expressly,  that 
God  tempteth  no  man  to  sin.  Through- 
out the  Bible  man  is  regarded  as  a  moral 
agent,  self-acting,  and,  if  sinful,  with 
ut\foreed  volition  choosing  evil.  Hence 
he  is  responsible,  and  destined  to  answer 
for  himself  in  the  final  judgment.— Set- 
ting out  with  the  grand  error  of  absolute 
decree  of  sin  and  the  consequent  denial 
of  human  responsibleness,  Dr.  H.  founds 
his  argument  for  universal  salvation  on 
another  error  in  regard  to  the  atone- 
ment of  Christ,  which,  he  thought,  inclu- 
ded the  indurance  of  all  the  punishment, 
threatened  the  sinner,  and  thus  a  satis- 
faction of  the  law,  so  that  all  sinful  men 
are  released  from  its  curse.  Hence  he 
says,  by  a  wild  perversion  of  the  pkiin 
language  of  scripture,  that  sinners  "in 
their  tttrety,  viear,  or  *ubstitute,  i.  e. 
in  Chirist,  the  head  of  every  man,  go 
away  into  everlatting  puniihment,  in  a 
true  gospel  sense.  In  him  they  su&r  in- 
finite punishment,  i.  e.  he  suffers  for  them, 


in 


HUNTINGTON. 


in  their  room  and  itead."  By  another 
Mnuige  ptorvenion,  revolting  to  common 
•enae,  he  repreaents  that  in  the  day  of 
judgment,  not  men  of  all  nations,  but 
"  character*  shall  be  separated  one  from 
«nother,  as  a  shepherd  divideth  the  sheep 
IVom  the  goats."—"  The  ekaraeter  of 
■inaers  was  always  at  (rod's  left  hand  and 
always  will  be."  In  the  resurrection  he 
maintains,  that  our  $int  will  arise,  "  in 
the  holy  voice  of  the  law,"  and  that  this 
will  be  the  only  resurrection  to  condem- 
nation and  everlasting  shame  and  con- 
tempt, while  all  m«n  will  arise  to  ev- 
erlasting life.  It  is  by  such  strange  de- 
parture firom  scripture  and  common 
tense,  that  error  is  built  up  and  mis- 
erable men  are  deluded. 

Dr.  Huntington  published  a  sermon  on 
the  vanity  and  mischief  of  presuming-on 
things  beyond  our  measure,  1TT4 ;  at  the 
installation  of  John  Ellis,Rehoboth,1785; 
a  plea  before  the  ecclesiastical  council  at 
Stockbridge  in  the  cause  of  Mrs.  Fisk, 
ezeommunicated  for  marrying  a  profane 
nan,  1779 ;  an  address  to  his  anabaptist 
'brethren,  178S. 

HUNTINGTON,  Jedidiah,  general, 
was  bom  in  Norwich,  Con.,  Aug.  1^5, 
l74S,tc  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  176S,on  which  occasion  he  pronounced 
the  first  English  oration,  ever  delivered 
at  commencement.  He  soon  engaged  in 
commercial  pursuits  in  Norwich.  At  the 
age  of  SS  he  made  a  profession  of  religion. 
Entering  the  army  in  command  of  a  regi- 
ment in  1775,  he  was  in  May  1777  ap- 
pointed by  congress  a  brigadier  general. 
After  the  war,  during  which  he  had  the 
eateemand  confidence  of  Washington,  he 
was  sheriff  of  the  county  and  treasurer  of 
the  state.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  col- 
lector of  the  port  of  New  London,  an 
office,  which  he  held  36  years,  resigning 
it  in  1815.  He  died  Sept.  35, 1818,  aged 
76.  His  first  wife,  the  daughter  of  gov. 
Trumbull,  died  at  Dedham  in  1775,while 
he  was  on  his  way  to  join  the  army  at 
Cambridge.  His  relict,  the  sister  of  bish- 
op Moore  of  Vs.,  died  in  March  1831. 
With  the  courage  of  the  soldier  he  com- 
bined the  bumble  graces  of  the  christian. 


He  was  an  officer  of  the  church,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  foreign  misswn  socie- 
ty iVom  its  organization,  and  a  zealous 
supporter  of  various  charitable  institu- 
tions. His  own  charities  were  unequalled 
in  Connecticut. — Panopl.  xv.  143. 
>  HUNTINGTON,  Joshua,  minister 
of  Boston,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom 
Jan.  31,  1786,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1804.  During  a  revival  in 
1 803  he  became  pious.  He  was  ordained 
colleague  with  Dr.  Eckley  May  18, 1808, 
and  on  his  return  from  a  journey  for  his 
health  to  Canada  died  at  Groton  Sept.  II, 
1819,  aged  93.  He  was  a  very  faithful 
and  useful  minister,  and  a  humble,  disin- 
terested, excellent  christian.  When,  in 
his  sickness,  told  that  he  was  about  to 
meet  his  father,  he  replied,  "  yes  ;  it  will 
be  a  glorious  meeting." — He  published 
memoirs  of  the  life  of  Abigail  Waters, 
1817.— Ponopl.  xvi.  639-535. 

HUNTINGTON,  Susan,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  the  daughter  of  Achilles 
Mansfield,  minister  of  Killingworth,Con., 
was  bom  Jan.  37,  1791.  Her  mother 
was  the  grand  daughter  of  Jared  Eliot, 
minister  of  K.,  a  descendant  of  the  "  In- 
dian apostle. "  At  the  age  of  16  she  made 
a  profession  of  religion .  She  was  mar- 
ried May  18, 1809.  Ailer  surviving  her 
husband  four  years,  she  died  in  Boston 
Dec.  4,  1833,  aged  83.  Her  four  sur- 
viving children  have  become  partakers  of 
the  same  grace,  in  which  their  parents 
rejoiced.  She  was  very  intelligent  and 
remarkably  pious.  She  wrote  a  letter  to 
a  friend  recovered  from  sickness,  which 
is  tract  no.  88  of  Am.  tr.  society,  and  the 
story  of  Little  Lucy.  Her  memoirs  by 
B.  B.iiWisner,  with  an  introductory  essay 
and  poem  by  James  Montgomery,  were 
published.  Sd  ed.,  1839,  containing  her 
letters,  joumal,and  some  pieces  of  poetry. 
Five  editions  have  been  published  in 
Scotland. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  governor 
of  Ohio,  the  son  of  Dr.  H.  of  Coventry, 
and  the  adopted  son  of  gov.  H.  of  Con., 
was  born  in  1765  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1785.  Removing  in  1801  to 
Ohio,he  was  there  appointed  chief  justice. 


■If* 


HURLBUT. 


HUTCHINSON. 


479 


In  1808  he  waa  elected  goreraor,  m  eue- 
ceeeor  of  Tiffin,  the  first  governor;  in 
1810  he  wu  luceeeded  by  Meigi.  He 
died  at  Paineeville  July  7, 1817,  aged  49. 
HURLBUT,  Jamea,  a  physician, 
was  bom  in  Berlin,  Con.,  in  1717,  but 
lived  in  his  latter  yetfra  at  Wethersfield, 
where  he  died  Apr.  11,  1794,  aged  77. 
He  was  a  learned  and  skiUbl  physician. 
No  physician  was  better  acquainted  with 
our  indigenous  materia  medica:  he  em- 
ployed the  blood  root,  geranium,  cornus, 
triUinm ;  the  cornus  norvegica  in  stran- 
gury, &c. — Although  he  was  the  greatest 
genius  in  the  medical  profession,  in  Con., 
he  was  in  his  last  years  a  miserable  drunk- 
ard, an  enormous  eater  of  opium,  a  poor 
dependant  on  charity. — Thaeher. 

HUTCHINS,   Thomas,  geographer 
general  of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  in  Mon- 
mouth county,  N.  Jersey.    Before  he 
was  16  years  of  age  he  went  to  the  wes- 
tern country,   and  was  sooo  appointed 
ensign  in  the  army.    He  distinguished 
himself  at  fort  Pitt,  the  plan  of  which 
he  laid  out,  and  which  was  executed  by 
him  under  general  Boquet.    He  after- 
wards livedt  several  years  in  Louisiana, 
and  was  engaged  in  «  variety  of  battles 
with  the  Indians  while  with  the  army  in 
West  Florida.    He  here  obtained  a  cap- 
tain's commission  in  the  British  army ; 
but,  being  much  attached  to  America,  he 
found  it  necessary  to  relinquidh  it.    He 
was  in  London  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war  in  1775    and   his    zeal  in 
the  cause  of  his  country  induced  him 
to  refuse  some  excellent   offers,  which 
were  made  him  in  England.    Being  sus- 
pected in  1779  of  holding  a  correspon- 
dence with  Franklin,  then  in  France,  he 
was  thrown  into  a  dungeon,   and  lost 
12,000/.   in  one  day.    In  this  dark  and 
loathsome  place  he  waa  kept  six  weeks. 
He   was  then  examined  and  liberated. 
After  this  he  went  to  France  and  sailed 
thence  to  Charleston,  where  he  joined 
tlie  army  under  general  Greene.    It  was 
not  long  before  he  was  appointed  geog- 
rapher general  of  the  U.  S.    He  died  at 
Pittsburgh  April  28, 1789.    He  was  es- 
teemed and  bek)ved,  being  remarkable  for 


piety,  ehsrity,  and  benevoleiiM.  Under 
the  vicissitudes  of  life  he  was  pstkmtaad 
resigned  to  the  divine  will.  Dr.  Moias 
was  much  indebted  to  him  in  the  com- 
pilation of  his  American  gazetteer.  He 
published  ail  account  of  Bouquet's  ezp»> 
dition  againat  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764, 
with  a  map  fc  plates,  1765 ;  a  description 
of  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
North  Carolina,  fcc.  Withmapa,  London, 
1778 ;  and  an  historical  narrative  and 
topographical  description  of  Lonisiaiw 
and  West  Fk>rida,  1784. 

HUTCHINSON,  Ann,  an  artftil 
woman,  who  occasioned  much  difficulty  in 
in  N.  E.  soon  after  its  firat  aettlemsnt, 
came  drom  Lincolnahire  to  Boston  in 
1636,  and  was  the  wife  of  Wm.  H.,  a 
representative  of  Boston.  She  was  an 
admirer  of  Mr.  Cotton.  The  members 
of  hb  church  used  to  meet  every  week  to 
repeat  his  sermons,  and  discourae  on  doc- 
trines. She  set  up  meetings  for  women, 
and  soon  had  a  numerous  audience.  Af- 
ter repeating  the  sermons  of  Mr.  Cotton, 
she  added  reflections  of  her  own ;  she  ad- 
vocated erroneous  sentiments,  and  warped 
the  discourses  of  her  minister  to  coincide 
with  her  own  opinions.  She  asserted, 
that  believers  are  personally  united  with 
the  Spirit  of  God ;  tliat  commands  to 
work  out  salvation  belong  only  to  such, 
as  are  under  a  covenant  of  works  ;  that 
sanctification  is  not  sufficient  evidence  of 
a  good  state ;  and  she  pretended  to  im- 
mediate revelation  respecting  fhture 
events.  She  soon  threw  the  whole  colo- 
ny into  a  flame.  Those,  who  opposed 
her,  were  said  to  be  in  favor  of  a  coven- 
ant of  works,  and  those,  who  supported 
her,  were  said  to  be  vindicating  a  cove- 
nant of  grace .  The  progress  of  her  senti- 
ments occasioned  the  synod  of  16S7,  the 
first  synod  in  America.  This  convention 
of  ministers  condemned  83  erroneous 
opinions,  then  propagated  in  the  country, 
Mrs.  Hutchinson,  after  this  sentence  of 
her  opinions,  was  herself  called  before 
the  court  in  Nov.  of  the  same  year,  and, 
being  convinced  of  traducing  the  minis- 
ters, and  advancing  errors,  was  banished 
the  colony.    Her  trial  is  published  in  the 


#1 


HUTCHINSON. 


apptndix  of  the  MoonA  Tolume  of  Huteh- 
She  diMsovara  art,  ipirit,  and  tal- 
The  ohareh  in  Boston  exeonunu- 
nieatod  her  for  many  avila  in  her  oonVer- 
aaiion  aa  well  as  for  corrupt  opiniona. 
She  went  with  her  husband  to  R.  Island. 
In  the  year  1648  after  her  husband's  death 
ahe/removed  into  the  Dutch  country  be- 
yond  New  Haven,  and  the  next  year 
ahe,  her  son  Francis,  and  most  of  her 
fluailyofl6  persona  were  killed  by  the 
llidiaBS.--HMf.  $oe.  vii.  16,  17  ;  ix,  38, 
^19 ;  HvtMnton,  i.  6ft— 57,  66,  70-78  ; 
^iuenoHth  ▼»•  17—90;  Wi$akrop. 

HUTCHINSON,  Thomas,  governor 
of  Bfassaebusetts,  a  descendant  of  the 
pieoeding,  was  the  son  of  col.  Thomus 
H.,  a- distinguished  merchant  and  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  and  a  most  benevolent 
and  exoeUent  man,  who  died  in  1739. 
He  WB8  born  in  1711  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1737.  He  applied 
himself  fint  to  mercantile  business,  but 
Krithout  aneeess.  He  then  engaged  in 
the  study  of  the  common  law  of  England 
and  the  principles  of  the  British  con- 
stitution, with  reference  to  his  employ- 
ment in  public  life.  For  ten  years  he 
was  a  representative  and  the  speaker 
of  the  house  three  years.  In  1753  he 
aucoeeded  hia  uncle,  Edward,  a  judge  of 
probate ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  council 
from  1749  to  1766,  and  lieut.  governor 
from  1758  to  1771  ;  in  1760  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  after  the  death  of 
judge  Sewall.  This  appointment  displeas- 
ed the  Otis  family,  the  father  having 
had  the  promise  of  a  seat  on  the  bench. 
At  one  time  he  held  the  offices  of  eoun- 
aellor,  judge  of  probate,  chief  justice,  and 
lieutenant  governor.  His  respect  to  re- 
ligious institutions,  his  sympathy  with 
the  distressed,  his  affiibility,  his  integrity, 
industry,  and  talents  procured  in  a  very 
high  degree  the  public  confidence.  The 
atamp  act  being  passed,  Andrew  Oliver, 
one  of  the  council  and  brother  in  law  of 
Mr.  Hutchinson,  was  appointed  distri- 
butor of  stamps.  The  law  was  to  go  into 
effect  Nov.  1,  1765.  A  few  months  before 
that  time,  Jared  Iqgersoll,  the  distributor 
for  C-'unecticut,  arrived  in  Boston  from 


London.  When  ho  left  town,  Mr.  Olhrw 
accompanied  him  a  ihort  diatiUBce,  in  ooo- 
sequence  of  which  he  wasKliagin  eilify 
on  the  great  tree  at  South  Boston,  and  a 
mob  deatroyed  a  building,  which  he  had 
ercoted,  eupposed  to  be  dasigned  for  a 
stamp  office  and  alao  destroyed  the  fur- 
niture of  his  house.  Mr.  Oliver  immedi- 
ately resigned^his  office.  In  the  ^ening 
the  mob  thanked  him  and  made  a  bonfire 
on  fort  hill  near  his  house.  The  ne  xt  eve- 
ning the  house  of  Mr.  Hutchinson  wss 
attacked,  a  report  being  spread,  that  he 
had  written  letters  in  favor  of  the  atamp 
act ;  but  the  chief  damage  WM  the  break- 
ing of  the  windows.  In  a  few  evenings 
there  was  a  more  formidabls  assault. 
The  merchants  being  displeased  with  the 
officers  of  the  customs  &  the  admiralty,  a 
mob  was  collected  in  the  evening  of  Aug. 
36th  in  King  street,  and  well  supplied 
with  strong  4|!M('  Having  first  plun? 
dered  the  c«ipara||^e)  comptroller  of  the 
customs  of  the  mmgi^and  8pirits,the  rioters 
proceeded  with  ,totoxiea^  rage  to  the 
house  of  Mr.  |futehi|lson,  and,  splitting 
the  doors  to  pieces '  with  broad  axes, 
they  destroyed  or  cast  into  tl#  stfiM  ev- 
ery thing,  which  was  in  the  house,  and 
kept  possession  until  day  light.  The 
damage  was  estimated  at  3500/.,  Iwsides 
the  loss  of  a  great  collection  of  public  and 
private  papers.  He  received  a  grant  for 
his  losses.  The  governor  was  that  night 
at  the  castle.  The  town,  the  next  day, 
voted  their  abhorrence  of  the  riot;  but  no 
person  was  punished  ;  even  six  or  eight 
persons,  who  were  impriaoned  for  thii» 
afiiiir,  were  released  by  a  coAipany,  who 
by  threats  obtained  the  keys  of  tlie  prison 
from  the  prisonkeeper. 

The  political  controversy  continued 
during  the  remainder  of  Bernard's  ad- 
ministration from  1765  to  1770 ;  and  Mr. 
Hutchinson,  by  taking  his  seat  in  the 
council  in  1767  without  being cho8en,and 
merely  in  consequence  of  his  office  of 
lieut.  governor,  excited  a  clamor  against 
him.  He  charged  it  upon  Mr.  Hawley's 
resentment  for  something,  which  had 
occurred  in  the  court  of  common  law. 
But  the  claim  to  a  seat  was  voluntarfly 


-ilNin4pM(l,  though  Mr.  H.  thought,  that 
the  Arly  praptice  li'nctioned  the  claim. 
In  a  ttvi^^t^,  however,  he  was  appoin- 
ted by  tlie  houM  to  an  important  poHt,  that 
ofone  ofthe  eommiaafonera  fur  Nettling  the 
boundary  whh  New  York.    la  1768  the 
arrival  of  llie  troopf  at  Bostoa  increased 
the  popular  excitement  against  the  lieut. 
gover«or.    At  the  requeat^fthe  govem- 
or  he  accompanied  theaheriffto  ttie  maa- 
ufaetory  house,  to  advise  the  Ascupanta 
to  leave  it,  as  it  belonged  to  the  state 
and  was  at  the  j^isposal  of  the  governor, 
who  had  appiropriated  il^  for  the  use  of 
the  troops)  batlheoccupant8,encouraged 
by  "  the  firat-iftte  sons  of  liberty,"  held 
their  ground.    When  gov.  Bernard  left 
the  province  in  1769,  the  administration 
devolved  ou  Mr.  Hutchinson,  the  lieu- 
tenant governor.    In  the  next  year  the 
Bbstpn  massacre,  as  it  was  failed,  occur- 
red, and  inflamed  the  m^tfljp  mind  ;  he 
had  also  a  long  controversy  at/ith  the  as- 
sembly on  his  pidroguing '  tha  assembly 
to  Cambridge  bjr  order  of  the  king  ;    the 
council  also-waf  opposed  to  him.    At  this 
period,  in  medftatirig  on  the  future,  he 
conclviled,  that  it  wouli  be  prudent  for 
him  to  remain  chief  justice  and  to  pass 
his  days  in  peace  ;  and  his  wishes  ho 
communicated  to  the  British  government. 
Ia  the  mean  time,  however,  his  com- 
mission   as   governor    was  received  in 
March  1771,  Andrew  Oliver  being  nomi- 
nated lieut.  governor,  and  Tho.  Flucker 
secretary  in  his  stead.     Unhappily  lor 
himself,  he  accepted  the  appointment,  for 
from  this  time  till  his  departure  for  Eng- 
land in  1774  he  was  in  constant  dispute 
with  the  assembly  and  council.    Among 
the  subjects  of  controversy  were  the  pro- 
vision made  for  his  support  by  the  crown, 
which  paid  him  a  salary  qf  ISOOf.,  and  the 
provision  made  in  the  same  vray  for  the 
judges.    By  his  i^eeeh  Jan.  6,  1773,  as- 
serting the  suprepie  authority  of  pariia- 
ment,  he  provoked  a  discussion  by  the 
council   and    house,    which   it    would 
have  been  wiser  not  to  have  awakened- 
Indeed,    the  minister  recommended  to 
him  not  to  renew  the  discussion.    In 
1772  t)r,  Franklin  procured   some  con- 
61 


MUTCHlMiON. 


affott 


fldentiaTfetters  oC!j|ov.  H.  and  others  and 
sent  them, in  the  autumn  to  Samuel  Oiop- 
er,  with  an  injunction,  that  they  should 
not  be  copied  nor  fMbtishrd.  Mr.  Coop- 
er put  them  into  the  hands  of  the  sfisaker, 
with  per^iaeion  to  sltow  them  to  five 
persons.  Thus  they  were  kept  6  or  8 
monthf.  In  June  177 S  they  were  com> 
municatdii  to  the  legislature  in  secret  ses- 
sion. In  order  to  obviate  the  difficulty 
qf  the  restriction  and  to  make  them  public, 
Mr.  H.  says,  that  Mr.  Hancock  presen- 
ted to  the  house  copies  of  the  letter||  . 
which  some  one  in  the  street  had  pul  iq^ 
to  his  hands  ;  and  the  next  day,  in  con- 
sequence of  copies  being  abroad,  the 
person,  to  whom  they  were  sent,  gave 
his  consent  to  the  publication.  It  has 
been  recently  asserted,  that  Mr.  William- 
son obtained  them  from  a  public  office  ; 
but  this  is  probably  a  mistake.  They 
were  written  to  Thomas  Whately,  a 
member  of  parliament,  who  at  the  time 
was  out  of  office  and  in  opposition  to'the 
ministry,  and  the  minitjitry  never  saw 
them.  In  the  letters  also  there  was  no 
sentiment,  but  what  the  governor  had 
openly  expressed  in  his  addresses  to  the 
legislature.  Th^council  indeed  reproach- 
ed him  for  saying,  •'  there  must  be  an  a- 
bndgment  of  what  are  called  English 
liberties ; "  but  this  was  no  more,  than 
what  had  been  said  openly  in  his  speech 
at  the  last  meeting;-  the  whole  paragraph 
was, — "  I  never  think  of  the  measures 
necessary  for  the  peace  and  good  order 
of  the  colonies  without  pain :  there  must 
be  an  abridgment  of  what  are  called 
English  liberties:— I  doubt  whether  it  is 
possible  to  project  a  system  of  govern- 
ment in  which  a  colony,  S,  000  miles  dis- 
tant, shall  enjoy  all  the  liberty  of  the  pa- 
rent state.  " — The  writers  of  the  other 
letters  were  Andrew  Oliver,  Charles  Pax- 
ton,  Thomas  Moffatt,  Robert  Auchmuty, 
Nathaniel  Rogers,  and  George  Rome. 
Gov.  H.  complained,  that  his  letters  were 
united  with  the  other  letters,  of  which 
he  knew  nothing,  and  that  he  was  made 
responsible  for  all.  Franklin  remarked, 
in  regard  to  the  restriction,  under  which 
he  sent  the  letters,  "  possibly,  as  distant 


I 


J 


HUTCHINSON. 


ft* 


#. 

#^'^ 


i^p 


objecti«,  seen  only  lhrot%h  a  miit,  appear 
larifttr,  the  same  may  happen  Trom  the 
mystery  in  this  case."  For  their  concern 
in  obtainlMff  these  letters  Dr.  Franiilin 
and  Mr.  Temple  were  removed  fVom  oi- 
fiea.  Mr.  H.  thoui^ht,  tha^  the  letters 
had  been  is  tbe  possession  of  a  member  of 
parliament,  not  Mr.  Whately^nd  by  him 
given  to  Dr.  Franklin. -The  laat  public 
difficulty  was  the  aOitir  of  the  tea .  A  part 
orithadbeencnasigned  to  two  sons  9fj 
the  governor,  a  part  to  Richard  Clark  j 
«nd  Bon»r  and  a  part  to  Benj.  Faneuil 
and  Josh.  Winslow.  On  the  arrival  of 
the  first  ship  with  tea  a  "  body  meeting  " 
of  the  town  and  neighborhood  was  cal- 
led at  Old  South  church  on  Tuesday 
Nov.  80th,  and  it  was  resolved,  that  the 
tea  should  be  sent  back  ;  Mr.  Rotch,  the 
owner,  being  required  not  to  enter  the 
tea  and  capt.  Hall,  the  master,  not  to 
land  it.  By  order  of  the  town  the  ship 
was  brought  from  below  the  caatle  to  a 
wharf,  and  a  watch  of  25  men  was  ap- 
pointed for  securing  the  ship .  The  gov- 
ernor sent  a  sheriff,  who  read  a  procla- 
mation for  the  dispersion  of  tho  public, 
but  a  general  hiss  followed,  and  it  was 
unanimously  voted  to  proceed  in  defiance 
of  the  governor,  and  compel  the  own- 
er and  master  to  engage  to  send  the  tea 
back  in  the  same  vessel.  When  two 
other  vessels  arrived,,  tho  committee  of 
safety  required  them  to  be  brought  to  the 
same  wharf.  There  was  a  difficulty  in 
the  return  of  the  ships,  for  no  clearance 
could  be  obtained  from  the  custom  house 
and  no  pass  by  the  castle  from  the  gover- 
nor. As  there  were  several  men  of  war  in 
the  harbor,  an  attempt  to  get  to  sea  with- 
out a  pass  would  be  inefiectual.  It  was 
apprehended,  too,  that  the  collector  would 
demand  the  duties  and  seize  the  ship  and 
goods,in  the  proper  discharge  of  his  office. 
Another  "  body  "  meeting  was  therefore 
summoned  Dec.  14, 1773,  of  the  people 
of  Boston  and  the  adjacent  towns,  who 
enjoined  the  owner  of  the  ship  to  apply 
for  a  clearance  and  a  pass,  which  were 
refused.  When  the  governor's  answer 
was  returned  to  tho  "  body, "  they  dis- 
solved the  meeting  and  repaired  to  the 


wharf  as  a  guard  to  the  destroyers  of  th« 
tea.    About  60  men,  covered  with  blank- 
fts  and  appearing  like  Indiana,  htd  previ- 
ously marched  by  the  Old  South  church, 
and  gone  on  board  the  vessel.    On  the 
arrival  of  the  «  body,  "  the  "  Indians  " 
in  3  or  8  hours  hoiatsd  out  of  tho  holds  of 
the  ships  843  chests  of  tea  and  emptied 
them  into  the  tsea. — The  governor  was 
much  blamed  in  England  for  not  grant- 
ing a  pass ;  but  he  could  not  have  done  it, 
without  violating  his  oath,  as  the  laws  of 
the  custom  house  had  not  been  obaorred. 
l^or  could  he  secure  the  tea  in  the  town 
without  bringing  the  regiment  from  the 
castle,  or  by  marines  from  the  men  of 
war.    This   would  have  brought  on  a 
contest.     In  fact  the  sons  of  liberty  had 
annihilated  all  the  powers  of  government. 
There  was  not  a  judge,  justice  of  the 
peace,  or  sheriff,  who   could    venture 
to  withstand'  tb9  inflamed,  determined 
people. — Feb.  34, 1714  he  informed  the 
legislature  by  message,  that  he  had  ob- 
tained his  majesty's  leave  to  go  to  Eng- 
land and  that  he  should  soon  avail  himself 
of  it.     Gen.  Gage  arrived   May  ISth, 
but  Mr.  H.  was  assured  of  the  kiQg's  in- 
tention to  re-instate   him,   when   gen. 
Gage's  services  should  be  elsewhere  re- 
quired, and  that  he  should  not  sofier  by 
the  loss  of  his  commission.    He  sailed 
for  England  June  1st. 

After  the  publication  of  the  letters  in 
1773  the  council  and  house  voted  an  ad- 
dress for  the  removal  of  the  governor. 
His  friend,  Israel  Ma uduit,  petitioned  for 
a  hearing  before  the  privy  council,  which 
was  granted  Jan.  29,  1774,  Mr.  Wed- 
derburne  defending  the  governor,  and 
Mr.  >  Dunning  and  John  Le^  being 
on  the  other  side.  The  decision  was  in  fa- 
vor of  "the  honor ,integrity,and  conduct" 
of  the  governor  and  was  approved  by  tho 
king.  In  Massachusetts  Jonathan  Sew- 
all  ably  defended  him  under  the  signature 
of  Philalethes.  After  his  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, the  unprosperous  state  of  affiurs  in 
America  deprived  him  of  the  offices  and 
rewards,  he  may  have  expected,  though 
he  received  a  pension.  He  lived  at 
Brompton,  near  London.    The  death  of 


0  « 


HUTCHINSON.     ' 

hb  youngest  ion,  William,  in  Feb.  1780, 
most  deeply  afHieted  him;  and  he  himieir 
(lied  June  9,  1780,  aged  00,  and  waa  bu- 
ried at  Croydon.  Hia  abn,  Thomaa.died 
in  England  in  1811,  aged  71,  and  Eliaha! 
in  1M4,  aged  80.  Hia  brother,  Foater 
H.,  waa  a  judge  of  the  aupreme  court 
Mr.  Hutchinson  waa  a  man  of  a  good 
character,  of  unwearied  Industry,  and  of 
respaetable  Ulents.  But  it  waa  hia  for< 
tune  to  live  at  a  revolutionary  period,  and 
in  the  very  focus  of  the  popular  excite- 
ment. Hia  political  viewa  he  candidly 
and  manfully  explained  to  the  legislature 
in  many  apeechea  and  meaaages,  which 
diapby  hia  learning,  temper,and  abilities. 
If  any  man  deaerved  .the  gratitude  of 
the  Britiah  adminiatration,  it  waa  he. 
Though  a  baronetcy  waa  offered,  which 
he  declined  for  private  reasona  ;  yet  waa 
he  treated  with  neglect.  Had  the  "  re- 
bellion" been  put  down  the  first  year,  he 
would  have  been  deemed  worthy  of  the 
Iiigheat  honora,  ao  much  doea  the  estima- 
tion of  men  depend  on  Bucce88.-Ma8aachu- 
aetta,  amidst  all  the  vituperationa  against 
him  for  encouraging  the  ministers  in  their 
meaaures  to  keep  the  coloniea  in  a  state 
ofdependence,ha8  one  cauae  to  remember 
him  with  gratitude,  for  when  the  com- 
miaaionen,  Brattle,  Hawley,  and  Han- 
cock, met  thoae  of  New  York  at  Hartford 
May  19,  I77S,  it  waa  hia  advice  only, 
which  prevented  them  from  abandoning 
the  claim  of  Masa.  to  the  western  territo- 
ry of  New  York,  which  waa  retained  ond 
sold  for  a  large  sum.  He  deserves  great 
honor  also  for  his  labors  in  regard  to  the 
hiatory  of  Massachusetts.  He  published 
a  brief  state  of  the  claim  of  the  coloniea, 
&c.  1764  ;  the  history  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  from  the  first  settle- 
ment thereof  in  1638  until.the  year  1750, 
inSvol.  8vo.  the  first  in  1760,  and  the 
second  in  1767;  and  a  collection  of  ori- 
ginal papers  relatire  to  the  history  of  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  8vo.  1769. 
Those  works  are  held  in  higti  estimation 
by  thoae,  who  are  searching  into  the  his- 
tory of  our  country.  His  grandson.  Rev. 
John  H.,  of  Trentham,  E.,  published 
from  his  manuscripts  a  third  volume  of 


INDIANA. 


483 


the  history  of  11ms.  iVom  1740  to  1774, 
8vo.  London,  18S8.  It  is  probable,  that 
a  biography  of  gov.  H.  will  be  written  by 
(be  aame  descendant .—  Wmuni  Qor- 
don;  Minot',  Hutehituon*$ kiil.^ .    :;' 

ILLINOIS,  one  of  the  Vi  Sutct,  mm 
admitted  into  the  Union  in  1818.  Its 
population,  in  1800  waa  315; — in  1810, 
13,000  ;—in  1830,  5&,000;— in  1880, 
about  160,000,  besides  nearly  6,000  In- 
dians. There  are  6  kinds  of  soil, — the 
rich  bottom  lands,  the  newly  formed  land 
at  the  mouth  of  river8,dry  prairieabordar* 
ing  on  the  bottom  land,  constitutingrlwo 
thirds  of  the  8tate,wet  prairie,tim)ier  hind, 
and  aterile  hilla.  The  principal  foreat  tree 
is  oak.  It  is  purpoaed  to^inite  by  meana  of 
a  canal  the  Miaaiaaippi  with  the  Michi- 
gan lake.  On  the  Saline  river  are  aalt 
springs,  llrom  which  are  manufactured 
800,000  bushels  of  salt  onnually.  At 
Galena  on  Fever  river  are  rich  lead 
mines,  from  which  were  made,  in  1839, 
IS  millions  of  pounds  of  lead.  A  college 
haa  been  established  at  Jacksonville,  and 
generous  provision  has  been  made  for 
schools  and  a  university.  The  conatitu- 
tion  prohibits  the  introduction  of  more 
slaves.  The  senatora  are  choaen  for  four 
years,  the  representatives  fbr  two,  and 
the  governor  for  four,  and  made  ineligible 
for  the  next  succeeding  four  years .  The 
judges  are  liable  to  removal  on  the  ad- 
dress to  the  governor  of  two  thirds  of 
each  branch  of  the  assembly. 

IMLAY,  George,  published  a  topo- 
graphical description  of  the  western  ter- 
ritory of  N.America,  8vo.London,1793; 
the  same,witha  supplement  by  J.  Filson, 
3vols.  N.  Y.  1798. 

INDIANA,  one  of  the  U.  States,  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  in  1816.  Its 
population  in  1800  was  4650;  in  1810,^ 
34,530;  in  1820,  147,178;  in  1830,  441, 
583,  of  whom  S563  were  blacks,  besides 
4000  Indians.  There  are  no  mountains 
in  the  state.  The  national  road  from 
Cumberland  in  Maryland  through  Penns., 
Virginiajond  Ohio,  will  pass  through  the 
centre  of  this  state  from  east  to  west. 
By  the  constitution  the  senators  are  cho- 
sen for  three  years  and  the  representa* 


'«| 


•■  % 


484 


INGERSOLL. 


IRVINE. 


# 


Utm  for  one  year.  Th*  judfn  of  the 
■uprain«  eouit  are  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  aenale  ;  the  preoident*  of  the 
oireuii  coaila  by  the  legislature  ;  and  the 
ataoei^te  judges  are  chosen  by  the  people. 
There  are  rerMrvations  of  lands  for  educa- 
tion  and  a  college  is  to  be  esublished  at 
Bloomington. 

INGERSOLL,  Jared,  a  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court,  was  born  in  Milford, 
Con.,  in  1733  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1743  ;  settled  at  New  Haven 
M  a  lawyer,  and  was  agent  of  the  colony 
In  England  in  1757  ;  but  being  appointed 
distributor  of  the  stamps  in  Con.,  under 
the  stamp  act,  he  lost  his  popularity. 
The  people  of  N.  Haven  compelled  him 
to  resign  Aug.  34,  1765.  Not  deeming 
this  resignation  explicit  a  large  company 
from  the  eastern  part  of  Connecticut  set 
out  on  a  journey  to  N.  Haven.  They 
met  Mr.  I.  at  .Wethersfield,  when  they 
compelled  him  to  resign  and  cry  out, 
three  times  Liberty  and  Properly.  The 
next  day  600  men  escorted  him  to  Hart- 
ford. On  bein|{  appointed  admiralty 
judge  for  the  middle  district  about  the 
year  1870  he  removed  to  Philadelpiiin  ; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  revolulicii  ne 
returned  to  N.  Haven,  where  iio  died  in 
Aug.  1781 . 

INGERSOLL,  Jared,  ll.d.,  judge  of 
the  district  court  of  Philadelphia,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1766,  and  attained  a  high  rank 
as  a  lawyer  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  congress  and  of  the  con- 
vention, which  framed  the  constitution  of 
the  U.  S.  The  office  of  attorney  gene- 
ral of  Penns.  he  resigned  in  1816.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  judge.  In 
1812  he  was  the  Federal  candidal  -  'or 
the  office  of  vice  president  of  the  U.  S. 
He  died  Oct.  31, 1832,  aged  73. 

INGERSOLL,  Jonathan,  ll.d., 
judge,  and  lieut.  governor  of  Con. ,  was 
hoi-n  in  Ridgefield,  the  son  of  Rev.  Jona- 
tu  *<  I.,  and  was  at  Yale  college  in  1766. 
He  ..  ed  at  N.  Haven  and  became  emi- 
pcnt  >:.  'ho  proiiidsion  of  the  law.  Dur- 
i.jg  irxf  l.ist  H\f  years  of  his  life  he  was  in 
tMay  untuught  public  employments,  and 


in  all  enjoyed  the  perfect  eonAdcoM  oT 
his  fellow  citizens.  He  was  appointed 
judge  in  I798,but  resigned  in  1801  and  wu 
chosen  lieut.  governor  in  1816.  He  died 
Jan.  13,  1838,  aged  76,  leaving  a  wife 
and  7  children.  His  daughter,  Grace, 
married  toPeterG rellct,died  in  Paris,! 8 1 6. 
He  waa  a  patriot,  statesman,  and  incor< 
ruptible  judge.  Of  the  episcopal  church 
he  was  O'om  early  life  a  member ;  hi*  life 
evinced  his  benevolence  and  piety ;  he 
waa  eminently  a  man  of  prayer.  He  lived 
and  died  without  reproach  ;  yet  at  death 
he  had  no  proud  confidence  ;  his  reliance 
was  on  the  mercy  of  the  Redeemer. 

INGLIS,  Charles,  o.  D.,  biahop  of 
Nova  Scotia,  was  rector  of  Triiaty 
church,  N.  York,  from  1777  to  l7Sd, 
and  died  in  Feb.  or  March  1R16,  eg  3d  83. 

INGLIS,  James,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Baltimore,  and  an  eloquent  prencher,  died 
Aug.  15, 1830.  Avolumeofhissermona 
was  soon  af\erwards  published. 

IREDELL,  Jamea,judge,  was  appoin- 
ted a  judge  in  N.  Carolina  In  1777,  and 
in  1790  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  U.  S.  He  died  at  Edenton  in  Oct. 
1799.— James  I.,  probably  his  son,  was 
governor  ill  1837. 

IRVINE,  William,  major  general,  was 
born  in  Ireland.  Educated  for  the  med- 
ical profession,  he  served  as  a  surgeon  on 
board  of  a  British  ship  in  the  war,  which 
began  in  1754,  and  afler  the  peace  of 
1763  settled  at  Carlisle,  Penns.  In  1774 
he  was  a  member  of  the  state  conven- 
tion.  In  1776  he  served  in  Canada,  and 
accompanied  col.  Thompson,  who  waa 
despatched  by  gen.  Sullivan  from  Sorelle 
to  dislodge  the  enemy  from  Troia  Riv- 
ieres, but  was  tak  .  ;Ti  )<.er  Tune  16th, 
and  remained aa  s^h  .'  ^  i  bee  nea/ly 
two  years,  unti'  >•  '  <  -  anged  in 
April  1778.  On  ua^  ^Oiease  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  command  of  the  second 
Pennsylvania  regiment.  In  1781  the 
defence  of  the  north  weatern  frontier, 
threatened  by  the  British  and  Indians, 
was  intrusted  to  him.  After  the  war  he 
waa  elected  a  member  of  congress. 
During  the  whiskey  insurrection  of  1794 
he  was  a  commissioner  to  the  insurgents 


j»    * 


.Ifi 


IRVING. 


JACKSON. 


4t5 


on  the)Nirt  oftha  itate,  and,  hia  pcaeeiul 
miaaion  having  failed,  he  waa  more  im  - 
ceaarul  at  the  head  oftheniililia.  Remo- 
ving about  thia  time  from  Carlirtle  to 
Philadelphia,  he  waa  appointed  intenn  t 
of  roiUtary  atorea.  He  died  uf  an  intlam- 
matory  diaorder  July  80,  1804,  aged  68. 

IRVING,  Matthew,  a  phyiician,  died 
at  Charleaton,  S.  C.  in  Sept.  1827.  He 
waa  a  diatinguiahed  physician  and  scholar 
and  '  pa. 'lot  of  the  revolution. 

1  viNT,,  William,  a  literary  merch- 
'1*.  '*  i  ember  of  congress  from  N. 
IT  u'<  city  I'rom  1813  to  1813,  and  one  of 
\  \  >'  committee  of  commerce  and  manu- 
la  .urea.  Ha  died  Nov.  9, 1831.  He 
WM  the  brother  of  Washington  Irving, 
ofwhoaa"  Salmagundi*'  he  wrote  some 
;.apora. 

IRWIN,  Jared,  general,  governor  of 
Georgia,  was  a  aoldierofthe  revolution. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  adopted  the  constitution  in  1789  ; 
was  governor  from  1796  to  1708  and  al- 
so from  1806  to  1809,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mitchell ;  and  died  March  1, 
1818,  aged  68. 

IV£S,  Levi,  m.  d.,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  1760,  and  died  at  N.  Haven,Con., 
Oct.  17,  1836,  aged  76.  He  waa  one  of 
the  foundera  of  the  N .  H.  medical  socie- 
ty, and  one  of  the  conductors  of  the 
"  Caaea  and  Observations,"  a  medical 
journal  at  N.  Haven,  the  first  in  this 
country.  With  profeiisional  skill,  he  ac- 
quired only  a  competence.  While  he  re- 
garded the  temporal  welfare  of  hiapa- 
tienta,  he  had  a  deeper  aolicitude  for  their 
spiritual  interests. 

IZARD,  Ralph,  a  senator  of  the  U.  S. 
from  South  Carolina  from  1789  to  1795, 
was  a  distinguished  and  eloquent  states- 
nuin.  In  the  judgment  of  Washington, 
no  man  waa  more  honest  in  public  life. 
There  waa  an  enthusiasm  in  his  political 
sentiments;  but  his  patriotic  motives  were 
unqueationable.  •  In  the  senate  he  had 
the  confidenee  of  all  parties.  He  died  at 
South  Bay,  May  SO,  1&04,  aged  66.  His 
wife  was  Alice,  daughter  of  Peter  Delan- 
ceyofNew  Vork. 

IZARD,  George,  general,  governor  of 


the  A  rkandsa  territory  from  1836  to  1838, 
was  a  iiati  v^  ■<  of  South  Carolina.  After  • 
o.tsaical  education  and  travelling  in  Eu- 
rope he  •■nteied  the  army  as  •  Mptain  of 
artillery  unJ  rote  to  the  rank  of  maj.  gen- 
eral. At  one  period  of  the  lata  war  he 
coniirinnded  the  division  on  the  north 
wcstei  ii  frontier.  A  Iter  the  war  hv  reside 
ed  near  Philadelphia  till  he  was  appointed 
successor  of  gov.  Miller.  In  his  office  of 
governor  he  was  faithful  and  had  the ''  )n- 
fidence  of  the  people.  He  died  at  Little 
Rock,  in  consequence  of  the  gout,  Nov. 
33,  1838. 

JACKSON,  Hall,  M.  D.,  a  physician, 
waa  the  son  qf  Dr.  Clement  Hall  of  Portit- 
mouth,  N.  H.,  who  died  Oct  10,  1788, 
aged  83.  After  studying  with  his  father, 
he  attended  the  medical  lectures  n  Lort- 
don  during  three  years.  On  hit  return 
he  settled  in  his  native  town,  wi  re  he 
was  eminent  not  only  aa  a  physic,  an,  but 
particularly  as  a  surgeon.  He  fTet)  lently 
performed  the  operation  of  couchin  sr  the 
eye.  He,  died  in  consequence  of  I  eing 
overset  while  riding  in  his  gig  to  vi  it  a 
patient, Sept.  38,  1797.  Hia  habiU wars 
social,  and  he  was  a  welcome  guest  in  ev- 
ery circle.  The  culture  of  the  foxglove 
in  N.  E.  was  introduced  by  him.  He 
published  a  tract  on  the  malignant  aore 
throat,  which  prevailed  from  1784  to 
tol786.— I'Aa«Aer. 

JACKSON,  James,  governor  of  Geor- 
gia, was  a  native  of  England  and  came  to 
this  country  at  the  age  of  14  in  1779. 
Early  in  the  war  he  joined  the  army  ;  in 
1778  he  was  chosen  brigade  major ;  in 
1781  he  commanded  the  legionary  corpa 
of  the  state.  When  the  British  evacua- 
ted Savannah,  July  13, 1783,  he  received 
the  keys.  For  his  various  services  the 
Assembly  of  the  state  presented  him  with 
a  house  and  lot  in  Savannah.  On  the 
return  of  peace  he  engaged  with  success 
in  the  practice  of  the  law.  In  1789  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  congress,  and 
soon  afterwards  a  senator,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  1795.  He  was  major  gen. 
of  the  militia  ;  and  governor  from  1798 
till  his  election  as  Senator  in  the  place  of 
gen.  Gunn  in  1801.    He  died  at  Wash- 


f 


%*t- 


f 


4sr 


JAMES. 


■t 


■"* 


ington  March  18,  1806,  oged  48.  His 
brother,  gen.  Abraham  J.,  died  in  Geor- 
•  gia  Jan.  1810. — Governor  Jackson,  h 
seems,  had  not  strength  of  moral  and  reii> 
gious  principle  to  restrain  him  from  duel- 
ling. He  was  an  honorable  murderer. 
In  I780hekillediieut.gov.  Wells  in  a 
duel,  and  was  himself  severely  wounded 
in  both  knees.  In  consequence  of  a  polit- 
ical controversy  he  fought  a  duel  with 
col.  R.  Watkius  in  June  1803  and  was 
wounded.  In  May  1803  he  complained, 
that  he  had  been  cruelly  treated  by  Geor- 
gia,and  that  republics  are  always  ungrate- 
■>l\il:  he  thought  the  capital  of  Wayne 
0  county  ought  to  be  called  Jacksonville  in 
honor  of  himself. 

JAMES,  Thomas,  first  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  was  born  in  1593  ; 
came  from  Lincolnshire,  where  he  had 
been  a  minister,  to  Boston  June  5,  1633  ; 
and  when  the  church  in  Charlestown  was 
orgranized  Nov.  2  by  dismissions  from  the 
Boston  church,  he  was  appointed  the  pas- 
tor. Mr.  Symmes  was  ordained  his  as- 
sociate, as  teacher,  Dec.  22,  1684,  and 
not  in  1652  as  Dr.  Bartlett  states  in  his 
history  of  Charlestown.  The  succee- 
ding ministers  were  Harvard,  Allen, 
Shepard,  Morton,  Bradstreet,  Stevens, 
Abbot,  Prentice,  Paine,  Morse,  and  Fay. 
After  a  short  time  he  was  dismissed. 
Gov.  Winthrop  relates,  that  Satan  stirred 
up  a  spirit  of  discord  between  Mr.  James 
and  many  of  his  people,  on  which  Mr. 
Savage  remarks,  that  "  few  in  the  present 
age  would  attribute  such  a  misfortune  to 
the  agency  of  Satan,"  and  that  in  our 
indictments  for  capital  ofiences  we  retain- 
ed till  lately  "  the  absurd  allegation" — 
"  being  moved  and  seduced  by  the  insti- 
gation of  the  devil."  Mr.  Savage  is 
sincere  in  his  disbelief  of  the  agency  of 
Satan  in  tempting  men  to  great  crimes 
and  Christian  men  to  discord ;  but  he 
certainly  misjudges  in  his  estimate  of  the 
general  opinion  of  the  great  body  of 
Christians  of  various  sects,  who  really 
believe,  that, "he,  who committeth  sin, 
is  of  the  devil,"  and  also  of  the  opinion 
of  those,  who  are  not  Christians,  unless 
we  are  to  suppose,  that  in  their  daily 


conversation  they  ascribe  much  to  the 
tempter  as  a  real  being,  when  they  regard 
him  as  a  non-entity.  But  whether  or 
not  the  devil  was  the  sower  of  discord  at 
Charlestown,  there  arose  a  dissension  be- 
tween Mr.  James  and  the  brethren.  It 
is  related,  that  being  "a  melancholic 
man,"  he  had  uttered  some  groundless, 
jealous  surmises.  A  council  advised  to 
his  dismission,  which  occurred  in  March 
1636.  He  soon  removed  to  N.  Haven. 
When  at  the  request  of  the  people  of 
Virginia  3  ministers  were  sent  to  them, 
Mr.  Thompson  of  Braintree,  and  Mr. 
Kuowles  of  Watertown  set  sail  October 
7  or  S,  1642  ;  they  were  long  wind  bound 
at  R.  Island.  It  seems  also,  that  they 
put  in  at  N.  Haven,  where  they  took  in 
Mr.  James  as  their  companion.  On  the 
rocks  at  Hell  gate  they  lost  their  pinnace. 
After  1 1  wee'<s  dangerous  passage  the 
vessel  arrived  about  Jan.  1 ,  1 643  in  Vir- 
ginia. It  fared  with  them  as  with  the  apos- 
tles: the  people  heard  them  gladly,  but 
the  rulers  persecuted  them,  ordering 
them  to  quit  the  country  by  a  certain 
day,  unless  they  would  conform  to  the 
English  church.  In  June  1643  Mr. 
Knowles  returned  to  N.  England.  Soon 
afterwards  the  great  massacre  by  the 
Indians  occurred.  Mr.  James  stated, 
that  in  Maryland  he  saw  40  Indians  bap- 
tized in  new  shirts  given  them  as  encour- 
agement to  receive  the  ordinance,  but 
that,  being  detained  there,  after  a  while 
he  saw  the  same  Indians  return  to  the 
English,  saying,  they  must  have  again 
new  shirts,  or  they  would  renounce  their 
baptism .  It  is  not  known  at  what  time 
Mr.  James  returned  to  England  ;  per- 
haps not  till  after  1650,  when  his  son, 
Thomas,  was  settled  at  East  Hampton, 
L.  I.  In  England  he  was  the  minister 
of  Needham  in  Suffolk,  but  was  silenced 
and  ejected  for  nonconformity  in  1662. 
Yet  afterwards  he  preached  to  a  pretty 
numerous  society.  He  5ied  about  1 678, 
aged  86.  The  clergyman,  his  successor, 
would  allow  him  to  be  buried  nowhere  in 
the  church-yard,  but  in  "  the  unconsecra- 
ted  corner,  left  for  rogues  &c."  Mr. 
Calamy  says,  "  ho  was  a  very  holy,  good 


JARVIS. 


JAY. 


487 


man"  ;  and  Johnson  speaks  of  his  "  learn- 
ed skill  and  courteous  speech."  Mr. 
Savage  mistakes  Mr.  James  for  his  son, 
'who  was  the  minister  of  East  Hampton 
from  1650  till  his  death,  1696. 

JARVIS,  Abraham,  d.  d.,  bishop  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  in  Norwalk  May 
6,  1739  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1761 .  He  was  a  minister  in  Mid- 
dletown  from  about  1764  to  1799,  when 
he  removed  to  Cheshire,  and  in  1803  to 
N.  Haven.  He  succeeded  bishop  Seabu- 
ry  in  1797,  and  died  May  3,  1813,  aged 
73.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  bishop  Seabury,  and  a  sermon  on  the 
witness  of  the  Spirit. 

JARVIS,  Charles,  m  .  d;  ,  a  physician, 
was  the  son  of  col.  Leonard  Jarvis,  a  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  and  was  born  in  1748. 
His  mother  was  the  granddaughter  of 
the  celebrated  col.  Church.  Afler  gradua- 
ting at  Harvard  college  in  1766,  he  com- 
pleted his  medical  education  in  Europe. 
On  his  return  he  settled  in  Boston  and 
rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession.  In 
the  revolution  he  engaged  zealously  in 
the  cause  of  his  country.  For  many 
years  he  wa;;  a  member  of  the  legislature. 
As  on  orator  he  was  impressive  and  pow- 
erful. With  a  bald  head  and  aquiline 
nose,  he  was  called  the  bald  eagle  of  the 
Boston  seat.  In  his  politics,  he  opposed 
Jay's  treaty  and  espoused  the  democratic 
side,  of  which  he  was  the  leader  in  Boston. 
When  the  marine  hospital  was  establish- 
ed at  Charlestown,  he  was  appointed  by 
Jefferson  its  surgeon,  and  faithfully  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  till  his 
death,  Nov.  15,  1807,  aged  58.  His 
wife  was  the  sister  of  sir  Wm.  Pepperell 
and  the  grand  daughter  of  the  first  baro- 
net of  that  name.  He  left  no  issue.  His 
only  sister  married  Joseph  Russell. — 
Thaeher. 

JAY,  John,  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States,  was  the  great  grandson  of  Pierre 
Jay,  a  protestant  merchant  of  Rochelle 
in  France,  who  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes  fled  to  England .  Augus- 
tus, a  merchant,  the  son  of  Pierre,  emi- 
grated to  New  York,  where  in  1697  he 
married  Anne  Maria,  daughter  of  Bal- 


thasar  Bayard .    Dying  at  the  age  of  86, 
he  left  one  son,  Peter,  who  was  born  in 
1704,  and  in  1728  married  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Jacobus  Van  Cortlandt  of  New 
York.    About  the  year  1746  Peter  retir- 
ed to  his  estate  at  Rye,  whence  he  was 
compelled  to  remove  by  the  approach  of 
the  British  army.     He  died  at  Pough- 
keepsie  in  1782. — John  Jay,  the  son  of 
Peter,  was  born  in  New  York  Dec.  12, 
1745,  old  style.     He  was    educated  at 
King's  college,  where  he  graduated  May 
15,1764;  and  in   1768  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.     In  1774  he  married  Sarah  Liv- 
ingston, the  daughter  of  William  Liv- 
ingston, afterwards  governor   of   New 
Jersey.    Acquiring  great  reputation  as 
a  lawyer,  and  presenting  a  rare  union 
of  the  dignity  and  gravity  of  manhood 
with  the  energy  of  youth,  his  fellow  citi- 
zens began  to  look  up  to  him  as  their 
future  guide  in  the  contest  for  liberty. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  first  American 
congress  in  1774.     Being  on  the  commit- 
tee with  Lee  and  Livingston  to  draft  an 
address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  he 
WES  the  writer  of  that  eloquent  produc- 
tion.   In  the  congress  of  1775  he  was  on 
various  important  committees,  performing 
more  services  perhaps,  than  any  member, 
excepting  Franklin  and  J.  Adams.    In 
May  1776  he  was  recalled  to  assist  in  for- 
ming the  government  of  New  York,  and 
in  consequence  his  name  is  not  attached 
to  the  declaration  of  independence  ;  but 
July  9th  he  reported  resolutions  in  the 
provincial   convention  in  favor    of  the 
declaration.     After    the    fall    of    New 
I  York  and  the  removal  of  the  prcfvlncial 
assembly  to  Pouglikeepsic,  Mr.  Jay  re- 
tained   his    resolute    patriotism.     The 
very  eloquent  address  of  the  convention 
to  the  people  of  New  York,  dated  Fish- 
Kill  Dec.  23,  1776,  and  signed  by  A. 
Ten  Broeck  as  president,  was  written  by 
him.    March  12,  1777  he  reported  to  the 
convention  of  New  York  the  draft  of  a 
formof  goVernment,  which  was  adopted 
and  many  of  the  provisions  of  which  were 
introduced  into  the  constitutions  of  other 
states.     From  May  3,   1777  to  Aug.  18, 
1779  he  was  chief  justice  of  the  state  ; 


■#• 


m 


48S 


JAY. 


but  resigned  that  office  in  consequence  of 
his  duties  as  president  of  congress. 
The  glowing  address  of  that  body  to 
their  constituents,  daterf  Sep.  8,  1779, 
was  prepared  by  him.  On  the  29th  Sept. 
he  was  appointed  miniver  plenipotentiary 
to  the  court  of  Spain.  The  frigate,  in 
which  he  sailed,  losing  her  masts  in  a 
gale,  was  obliged  to  proceed  to  Martin- 
ique. He  reached  Madrid  April  4,  1780. 
In  communicating  the  resolution  of  con- 
gress of  July  15, 1791,  yielding  the  navi- 
gation of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain,  he  had 
the  prudence  to  limit  the  proposition,  so 
that  it  should  have  no  force,  unless  a 
treaty  was  made  with  Spain  before  a  gen- 
eral peace.  This  limitation  was  sanc- 
tioned by  congress  April  30,  1782.  Be- 
ing unsuccessful  in  his  negotiation,  Mr. 
Jay  suspected  some  bad  faith  on  the  part 
of  France,  but  probably  without  reason. 

Being  appointed  a  commissioner  to  ne- 
gotiate a  peace  wilh  Great  Britain,  he 
arrived  at  Paris  June  23, 1782,  &  toiled  in- 
cessantly to  secure  the  interests  of  his 
country.  His  health  now  becoming  im- 
paired, he  went  to  Bath  for  its  recovery. 
He  signed  the  definitive  treaty  at  Paris 
Sept.  3,  1783.  The  next  year,  having 
resigned  his  Spanish  commission,  he  re- 
turned to  New  York,  where  he  arrived 
July  24,  1784.  Congress  had  already  ap- 
pointed him  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs  in  the  place  of  R.  R.  Livingston. 
In  the  difficult  circumstances  of  the 
country,  the  secretary  was  in  effect  the 
headof  the  government.  Mr.  .Jay's  ser- 
vices were  of  great  importance.  He 
drew  up,  Oct.  13,  1786,  an  elaborate  re- 
port on  the  relations  between  this  coun- 
try and  Great  Briioin.  Though  not  a 
member  of  the  convention,  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States^  he 
was  present  at  Annapolis  and  aided  by 
his  advice.  He  also  assisted  Hamilton 
and  Madison  in  writing  the  Federalist. 
He  wrote  numbers  2,  S.  4,  5,  64.  His 
labors  after  the  5th  number  were  inter- 
rupted by  a  wound  in  the  forehead  from 
a  stone  in  the  doctor's  mob.  In  the  con- 
vention of  New  York  he  contributed  to 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution. 


For  the  high  station  of  chief  justice  of 
the  United  States,  to  which  he  was  ap* 
pointed  by  Washington  Sept.  96,  1789, 
he  was  eminently  qualified.  In  1792  he 
was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
federal  party  for  the  office  of  governor  of 
New  York  against  George  Clinton  ;  but 
in  1795  he  was  elected  against  Robert 
Yates,  though  he  was  at  the  time  abroad, 
having  been  appointed  April  19,  1794 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Great  Britain. 
He  effected  the  treaty,  which  bears  his 
name,  Nov.  19,  1794  ;  a  treaty,  which, 
notwithstanding  the  clamors  of  political 
partizans,  friendly  to  France,  was  highly 
advantageous  to  our  country,  as  it  stipu- 
lated for  the  surrender  of  the  north  wes- 
tern posts,  procured  admission  for  our 
vessels  into  India,  and  obtained  payment 
for  spoliations  amounting  to  nearly  10 
millions  of  dollars.  In  1798  he  was  re- 
elected governor  against  R.  R.  Livings- 
ton. The  political  excitement  of  the  pe- 
riod rendered  his  station  unquiet.  Long- 
ing for  retirement,  he  withdrew,  at  the 
end  of  the  term,  for  which  he  was  chosen, 
in  the  summer  of  1801,  from  the  cares 
and  honors  of  public  station,  and  passed 
the  remaining  nearly  30  years  of  his  life 
in  retirement  at  his  seat  in  Bedford, 
West  Chester  county,  where  he  died 
May  17,  1829,  aged  94  years.  His  bro- 
ther, Sir  James  Jay,  m.  d.,  died  in  N.  Y. 
in  Nov.  1815. 

In  his  character  there  were  great  and 
peculiar  excellences.     The  utmost  pru- 
dence was  combined  with  invincible  ener- 
gy.    At  a  period  of  life,  when  ambition 
is  apt  to  bear  sway,  he  abandoned  all  the 
scenes  of  political  agitation,  nor  did  he 
once  cast  a  lingering  look  behind.    In 
his  last  years  he  was  much  occupied  in 
the  study  of  the  scriptures,  particularly 
of  the  prophecies,  and  devoted  to  the  du- 
ties of  religion  and  preparation  for  the 
scenes  of  the  future  world.    There  is 
something  refreshing  in  the  view  of  his 
Inst  years.     Instead  of  dwelling,  like  his 
co-patriots,  Adams  and  Jefferson,  on  the 
history  of  the  past  or  the  agitating  politi- 
cal occurrences  of  the  day,  and  fighting 
anew  the  battles  of  old  time,  his  serene 


I* 


JEFFERSON. 


48» 


mind  wa«  absorbed  in  the  contemplation 
of  the  bright,  and  glorious,  and  everlas- 
ting kingdom  of  God.  Besides  the  wri- 
tings already  mentioned,  he  published 
Letters,  being  the  whole  of  the  corres- 
pondence between  him  and  Lewis  Little- 
page,  a  young  man,  whom  Mr.  Jay,  when 
in  Spain,  patronized  and  took  into  his 
family,  2d  ed.  1786. — Amer.  ann.reg. 
1837-9,/).  215-234. 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  the  son  of  Peter 
J.,  and  was  born  at  Shadwell,  Albermarle 
county,  near  Monticello,  in  Virginia, 
April  2,  1743,  old  style.  His  mother 
was  Jane  Randolph.  His  early  education 
was  conducted  by  Mr.  Douglas,  and  Mr. 
Maury,  clergymen.  In  1760  he  went  to 
William  and  Mary  college,  where  he  con- 
tinued two  years.  He  derived  great 
benefit  from  the  instructions  of  William 
Small,  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
afterwards  lecturer  on  ethics,  rhetoric, 
and  belles  lettres.  By  his  kindness  he 
was  placed  as  a  student  of  law  at  Wil- 
liamsburg under  his  intimate  friend, 
George  Wythe.  In  1767  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  the  law  at  the  bar  of 
the  general  court.  In  1769  he  became 
a  member  of  the  legislature  for  the  coun- 
ty of  his  residence,  and  so  continued  till 
the  revolution.  Jan.  1772  he  married 
Martha  Skelton,  widow  of  Bathurst  Skel- 
ton  and  daughter  of  John  Wales,  a  law- 
yer of  much  practice.  By  her  he  receiv- 
ed property  about  equal  to  his  own  patri- 
mony. 

In  May  1769  he  was  a  member  of  the 
house  of  burgesses.  In  the  spring  of 
1773  he,  with  Mr.  Henry,  R.  H.  Lee, 
F.  L.  Lee,  and  Dabney  Carr,  his  brother 
in  law,  at  a  private  meeting  agreed  upon 
certain  patriotic  resolutions,  which  were 
adopted  by  the  house,  and  a  committee  of 
correspondence  with  the  other  colonies 
was  accordingly  appointed,  of  which  Pey- 
ton Randolph,  the  Speaker,  was  made 
chairman.  At  this  period  Mr.  J.  main- 
tauied  the  opinion,  in  which  Wythe 
agreed  with  him,  that  the  British  parlia- 
ment had  no  authority  whatever  over 
America.  His  views  were  printed  with 
62 


the  title, "  A  summary  xn'ewof  the  Rights 
of  British  America."  It  wad  reprinted, 
a  little  altered,  by  Mr.  Burke,  as  an  op- 
position paper  in  England.  The  other 
Virginia  patriots,  Randolph,  the  LeeSr 
Nicholas,  and  Pendleton,  concurred  with 
John  Dickinson,  who  allowed,  that  Eng- 
land had  a  right  to  regulate  our  commerce 
and  to  lay  duties  for  regulation  bat  not 
for  revenue. 

He  took  his  seat  in  congress  June  91, 
1775,  in  the  place  of  Peyton  Randolph, 
who  had  been  recalled  to  the  general  as- 
sembly of  Virginia.    He  took  with  him 
the  answer  of  the  assembly,  drawn  op  by 
himself,  to  the  conciliatory  propositions 
of  lord  North.     In  congress  he  was  im- 
mediately placed  on   the  committee  to 
prepare  a  declaration  of  the  causes  of  ta- 
king up  arms.    He  accordingly  drew  up 
a  paper ;  but  it  not  being  deemed  suffi- 
ciently conciliatory,  he  put  it  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  who  was  also  on 
the  committee  ;  and  he  drew  up  the  dec- 
laration, which  was  adopted,  retaininf 
only  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  the  four  last  par- 
agraphs and   half  the  preceding.    Mr, 
Dickinson  also  drew  up  the  second  peti- 
tion to  the  king,  which  Mr.  Jeiieraon 
thought  expressed  too  much  humility. — 
In  July  Mr.  Jefferson  drew  up  the  report 
on  lord  North's  conciliatory  resolution. 
May  15,  1776  the  convention  of  Virginia 
instructed  their  delegates  to  propose  in 
congress  a  declaration  of  independence. 
Accordingly  Friday,  June  7,  R.  H.  Lee 
made  the  motion  for  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence.    In  the  debate,  which  fol- 
k)wed,  it  was  argued  by  Wilson,  R.  R. 
Livingston,  E.  Rutledge,  Dickinson,  and 
others,  that  the  measure,  though  ultimate- 
ly to  be  adopted,  was  yet  now  preciftitate, 
and  for  various  reasons  ought  to  be  defer- 
red.    On  the  other  hand  the  measure 
was  supported  by  J.  Adams,  Lee,  Wythe, 
and  others.    Of  the  thirteen  states  all  but 
four  voted  for  the  motion  on  the  1st  Ju- 
j  ly,  in  committee  of  the  whole.    South 
Carolina  and  Pennsylvania  voted  against 
it.    Delaware  was  equally  divided.    The 
delegates  from  New  York,  though  in  fa- 
vor of  the  motion,  were  excused  from  vo- 


!*■ 


»!< 


490 


JEFFERSON. 


ting,  being  restrained  by  their  old  instruc- 
tions. The  committee  reported  their  re- 
■olution  to  the  House.  July  3  the  House 
agreed  to  the  resolution  of  the  committee, 
•U  the  states  but  New  York  voting  for  it. 
South  Carolina  falling  in  for  the  sake  of 
unanimity,  and  the  new  members  turned 
the  votes  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania. 
On  the  day  of  this  vote  the  form  of  the 
Declaration  reported,  drawn  up  by  Mr. 
Jefferson,  was  taken  into  consideration 
by  the  committee  of  the  whole.  The  de- 
bates continued  till  Thursday  the  4th,  in 
the  evening,  when  the  Declaration  was 
reported  by  the  committee  of  the  whole, 
agreed  to  by  the  House,  and  signed  by 
every  member  present,  except  Mr.  Dick- 
inson.— July  9,  the  convention  of  N. 
York  approved  of  the  declaration,  and 
their  delegates  signed  July  ISth.  There 
was  no  subcommittee  for  drawing  up  the 
Declaration,  though  Mr.  Jefferson  shew- 
ed it  to  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Adams, 
who  suggested  a  few  slight  alterations. 
The  other  members  of  the  committee 
were  R.  Sherman  and  R.  R.  Livingston. 
Several  paragraphs  were  struck  out  by 
congress,  among  which  was  the  following: 
"  He  has  waged  cruel  war  against  human 
nature  itself,  violating  its  most  sacred 
rights  of  life  and  liberty  in  the  persons  of 
a  distant  people,  who  never  offended  him, 
captivating  and  carrying  them  into  sla- 
very in  another  hemisphere,  or  to  incur 
miserable  death  in  their  transportation 
thither.  This  piratical  warfare,  the  op- 
probrium of  infidel  powers,  is  the  warfare 
of  the  CHRISTIAN  king  of  Great  Brit- 
ain. Determined  to  keep  open  a  market, 
where  MEN  should  be  bought  and  sold, 
lie  has  prostituted  his  negative  for  suppres- 
sing every  legislative  attempt  to  prohibit 
or  to  restrain  this  execrable  commerce." 
Mr.  Jefferson  supposed,  that  this  clause 
was  struck  out  in  complaisance  to  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia,  who  wished  to 
continue  the  importation  of  slaves,  and 
that  the  northern  carriers  also  felt  a  little 
tender  under  that  ce.isure. 

This  declaration  was  engrossed  on 
parchment  and  siorned  again  Aug.  2(1. — 
The  convention  of  Pennsylvania  named  a 


new  delegation  July  30th,  leaving  out 
Mr.  Dickinson,  and  Willing  and  Humph- 
reys, who  had  withdrawn,  re-appointing 
the  three  members,  who  had  signed, — 
Morris,  who  had  not  been  present,  and 
five  new  ones.  Rush,  Clymer,  Smith, 
Taylor,  and  Ross.  These  six  were  per- 
mitted to  sign,  as  indicating  the  assent  of 
the  full  delegation.  Thornton  of  New 
Hampshire  signed  as  late  as  Nov.  4th,  for 
reasons  unknown. 

Mr.  Jefferson  retired  from  congress 
Sept.  3, 1776  and  took  his  seat  in  the  leg- 
islature of  Virginia  Oct.  7th.  He  drew 
up  the  bill  for  the  establishment  of  courts 
of  justice ;  the  bill  declaring  tenants  in 
tail  to  hold  their  lands  in  fee  simple  ;  the 
bill  for  religious  freedom  ;  the  bill  for  the 
revision  of  the  laws,  in  regard  to  which 
the  committee  were  Pendleton,  Wythe, 
Mason,  Thomas  L.  Lee,  and  himself. 
The  work  was  done  by  Pendleton, 
Wythe,  and  Jefferson  from  1777  to  June 
1779.  Mr.  Jefferson  also  proposed  a  bill 
for  general  education,  providing  schools 
for  every  hundred  or  ward,  and  34  higher 
schools,  &c.  June  1,  1779  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor,  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Henry.  As  one  of  the  visitors  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  college  he  procured  the 
abolishment  of  the  professorships  of  divini- 
ty and  oriental  languages,  and  substituted 
those  of  law,  of  anatomy,  medicine,  and 
chemistry,  and  of  modern  languages. 
After  being  governor  two  years,  thinking 
that  at  the  time  of  invasion,  the  public 
might  have  more  confidence  in  a  military 
chief  magistrate,  he  resigned  and  gen. 
Nelson  was  appointed  to  succeed  him. 

In  Sept.  1776  the  state  of  his  family  in- 
duced him  to  decline  the  appointment 
then  made  of  commissioner,  with  Frank- 
lin and  Deane,  to  negotiate  treaties  with 
France.  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed  in  his 
place.  He  was  appointed  on  the  commis- 
sion for  peace  June  1781,  but  the  state  of 
his  family  again  kept  him  at  home.  He 
was  again  appointed  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary, with  others,  for  negotiating  peace 
Nov.  13,  1782.  This  he  accepted,  hav- 
ing two  months  before  lost  the  cherished 
companion  of  his  life,  with  whom  he  had 


JEFFERSON. 


491 


pused  "  ten  years  in  unchequcred  happi- 
neH."  But  before  he  could  sail  for  Eng;- 
land  news  was  received  of  the  signing  of 
a  provisional  treaty  of  peace.  He  there- 
fore was  excused  from  further  proeeeding 
and  returned  home  May  1783.  He  took 
his  seat  at  Trenton  Nov.  4th  in  congress, 
which  adjourned  the  same  day  to  Annap- 
olis. In  1784  he  wrote  Notes  on  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  money-unit,  and  of  a 
coinage  for  the  United  States,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  views  of  Robert  Morris,  the 
financier,  or  of  his  asstistant,  Governeur 
Morris.  He  proposed  the  money-system, 
now  in  use .  To  him  we  are  indebted  for 
the  dollar  as  the  unit,  and  the  very  con- 
venient decimal  divisions,  and  our  present 
pieces  of  coin.  This  was  an  important 
service. 

As  a  member  of  congress  Mr.  Jefferson 
made  few  speeches.  He  remarks,  "  I 
served  with  gen.  Washington  in  the  le^  ■ 
islature  of  Virginia,  before  the  revolution, 
and,  during  it,  with  Dr.  Franklin  in  con- 
gress. I  never  heard  either  of  them 
•peak  ten  minutes  at  a  time,  nor  to  any 
but  the  main  point,  which  was  to  decide 
the  question.  They  laid  their  shoulders 
to  the  great  points,  knowing,  that  the 
little  ones  would  follow  of  themselves.  If 
the  present  congress  errs  in  too  much 
talking,  how  can  it  be  otherwise  in  a 
body,  to  which  the  people  send  150  law- 
yers, whose  trade  is  to  question  every 
thing,  yield  nothing,  and  talk  by  the 
hour.'" 

In  May  1784  he  was  appointed,  with 
Adams  and  Franklin,  a  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  negotiate  treaties  of  commerce 
with  foreign  nations.  He  sailed  from 
Boston,  with  his  eldest  daughter,  July  5, 
in  the  Ceres,  a  merchant  ship  ;  a(\er  a 
pleasant  voyage  of  19  days  from  land  to 
land  he  arrived  at  Cowes  July  26,  and  at 
Paris  Aug.  6th.  He  now  printed  his 
Notes  in  Virginia,  for  which  he  had  been 
collecting  information  since  1781.  Dr. 
Franklin  having  returned  in  July  1785, 
Mr.  Jefferson  was  appointed  his  succes- 
sor at  Paris ;  ^  which  station  he  contin- 
ued till  h»8olicited  his  recall  in  1789  in 
order  to  place  his  daughters  in  the  society 


of  their  friends.  He  arrived  at  Norfolk 
Nov.  23,  WhileatEppingtonin  Chester- 
field, at  the  residence  of  Mr.  Eppes,he  re- 
ceived from  president  Washington  the  ap- 
pointment of  secretary  of  state.  At 
Monticello  his  eldest  daughter  was  mar- 
ried to  Tho.  M.  Randolph,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  Tuckahoe  branch  of  Randolphs, 
afterwards  governor  of  Virginia.  He  ar- 
rived at  New  York  March  21, 1790,  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  of- 
fice. On  his  way  he  saw  for  the  last 
time  the  venerable  Franklin,  who  put  in- 
to his  hands  a  narrative  of  his  negotia- 
tions with  the  British  ministry,  by  the 
intervention  of  lord  Howe  and  his  sister. 
This  paper  Mr.  J.  delivered  to  W.  T. 
Franklin  af\er  Franklin's  death.  He 
apprehended,  it  was  suppressed  by  the 
British  government,  and  not  published  by 
his  grandson.  In  the  office  of  secretary 
of  state  Mr.  Jefferson  continued  till  the 
close  of  Dec.  1793,  when  he  resigned. 
He  was  opposed  to  the  funding  system  and 
other  measures  of  the  admistration  and 
became  the  head  of  the  republican  party. 

In  a  letter  to  gen.  Knox  Aug.  10, 1791 
he  maintained,  "that  the  Indians  have  a 
right  to  the  occupation  of  their  lands,  in- 
dependent of  the  states,  within  whoso 
charter'xl  limits  t'ley  happen  to  be ;"  that 
without  their  consent "  no  act  of  a  state 
can  give  a  right  to  such  lands ;"  and  that 
government  will  think  itself  bound  to  re- 
move unallowed  settlements  "by  the 
public  force." 

In  his  retirement  at  Monticello  Mr.  J. 
says  in  Feb.  1794,  "  I  indulge  myself  in 
one  particular  topic  only,  that  is,  in  de- 
claring to  my  countrymen  the  shameless 
corruption  of  a  portion  of  the  representa- 
tives  of  the  first  and  second  congress,  and 
:  their  implicit  devotion  to  the  treasury." 
I     On  some  appointment  being  offered  him 
.  by  Washington  in  Sept.  1794  he  replied 
to  the  secretary,  "  no  circumstances  wiB 
'  ever  more  tempt  me  to  engage  in  any 
thing    public. "    To  Mr.  Madison    ia 
I  Dec.  1794  he  expressed  a  hope,  that  hia 
!  friend  might  reach  a  more  splendid  post, 
that  of  president  of  the  United  States,  ad- 
I  ding,  "  I  ought  perhaps  to  say,  while  I 


4«3 


JEFFERSON. 


would  not  give  up  my  own  retirement 
for  the  empire  of  the  universe,  how  I 
can  juitify  wishing  one,  whose  happiness 
I  have  so  much  at  heart  as  yours,  to  take 
the  A-ontof  the  battle,  which  is  fighting 
for  my  security.  "  Apr,  97  he  wrote  to 
Mr.  Madison  on  the  subject  of  a  repub- 
lican candidate  for  president,  "  there  is 
not  another  person  in  the  United  States, 
who  being  placed  at  the  helm  of  our 
aflairs,  my  mind  would  be  so  completely 
at  rest  for  the  fortune  of  our  political 
bark. »'— "As  to  myself,  the  subject  had 
been  thoroughly  weighed  and  deci- 
ded on,  and  my  retirement  from  oilice 
had  been  meant  from  all  oificc,  high  or 
low,  without  exception,  " — 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  vice-presi- 
dent at  the  close  of  1796.  Just  before 
the  election  he  wrote  to  Mr.  Madison, 
Dec.  17,  "  The  first  wish  of  my  heort 
was,  that  you  should  have  been  proposed 
for  the  administration  of  the  government. 
On  your  declining  it,  I  wish  any  body 
rather  than  myself;  and  there  is  nothing 
I  so  anxiously  hope,  aa  that  my  name 
may  come  out  either  second  or  third. " 
In  case  of  an  equal  division  he  exprcs- 
■ed  a  wish,  that  congress  would  choose 
Mr.  Adams.  ToE.  Rutledge  he  also 
•lac  wrote  Dec.  27,  "I  retired  much  poor- 
er, than  when  I  entered  the  public  service, 
and  desired  nothing  but  rest  and  oblivion. 
My  name  however  was  again  brought 
forward  without  concert  or  expectation 
on  my  part  ;  (on  my  salvation  I  declare 
it.)  I  do  not  yet  know  the  result,  as  a 
matter  of  fact. " 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  president  by 
congress  in  Feb.  1801,  he  and  Mr,  Burr 
having  an  equal  number  of  the  electoral 
votes.  In  this  high  office  he  continued 
eight  years,  retiring  in  1809  to  Monti- 
cello.  There  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
his  days,  yet  devoting  the  last  years  of 
his  life  to  the  establishment  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  at  Charlottesville,  about 
4  miles  from  Monticello.  He  died,  at 
the  age  of  83,  July  4,  1826,  at  1  o'clock 
P.  M.,  just  50  years  from  rhv?  date  of  the 
declaratioo  of  Independence,  On  the 
•ame  jubilee,  it  is  remarkable,  that  Mr. 


Adams  also  died.  In  the  short  intervals 
of  delirium  in  his  last  hours  he  seemed 
to  dwell  on  the  events  of  the  revolution. 
He  exclaimed,  "  warn  the  committee  to 
be  on  their  guard, "  For  the  most  part, 
during  the  last  days  of  his  life,  his  reason 
was  undisturbed.  He  expressed  the  anx- 
ious wish,  that  ho  might  see  the  50th 
anniversary  of  independence, — In  a  pri- 
vate memorandum  he  suggested,  that,  if  a 
monument  should  be  erected,  it  should  bo 
a  small  granite  obelisk,  with  this  inscrip- 
tion: "  Here  lies  buried  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, author  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence ;  of  the  Statutes  of  Virginia  for 
religious  freedom  ;  and  Father  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  "  The  youngest 
daughter  of  Mr,  J,,  who  married  Mr. 
Eppes,  died  about  May  1804,  leaving  two 
children.  His  eldest  daughter,  Martha, 
married  to  Mr,  Randolph,  was  lefl  with 
11  children. 

Not  long  before  his  death  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son wrote  an  essay  on  lotteries  and  solic- 
ited permission  of  the  legislature  to  sell 
his  property  at  its  just  value  by  lottery, 
that  he  might  be  able  to  pay  hia  debts, 
A  lottery  was  granted  Feb,  1926,  It 
was  a  humiliating  expedient,  for  unde- 
niably all  lotteries  exert  a  most  baneful, 
corrupting  influence  on  the  morals  of  the 
people,  and  several  of  our  states  have  on 
this  account  interdicted  them.  Relief  by 
public  charity  would  have  been  no  dis- 
honor ;  but  the  request  of  a  lottery  is  no 
credit  to  his  philanthropy.  His  library 
was  purchased  by  congress  in  1815, 
6, 000  vols,  for  24, 000  dollars. 

Mr.  Jefferson  was  tall,with  a  mild  coun- 
tenance, a  light  complexion,  &  hair  inclin- 
ing to  red.  He  was  interesting  in  social  in- 
tercourse, but  not  eloquent  in  debate. 
As  the  head  of  a  political  sect  he  had  a 
greater  sway,  than  ever  any  man  had  in 
this  country,  excepting  Washington. 
For  the  accomplishment  of  his  objects  he 
spared  no  personal  efforts  or  pecuniary 
sacrifices.  He  wrote  nothing  for  the 
newspapers  himself;  but  in  Jan,  1799  he 
stimulated  E,  Pendleton  to  write  against 
Adams '  administration,  and  in  Feb.  he 
wrote  to  Mr.  Madison,—"  The  engine 


JEFFERSON. 


JEFFRIES. 


498 


is  the  preia.  Every  man  must  lay  his 
purse  and  his  pen  under  contribution. 
As  to  the  former,  it  is  possible  I  may  be 
obliged  to  assume  something  for  you. 
As  to  the  latter,  let  me  pray  and  beseech 
you  to  set  apart  a  certain  portion  of  eve- 
ry post  day  to  write  what  may  be  proper 
for  the  public.  Send  it  to  me.  "  In  the 
result  he  obtained  the  office  of  president. 
He  kept  his  friends,  for  he  never  aban- 
doned them  and  gave  thetu  all  the  re- 
wards in  his  power. 

The  blindness  of  Mr.  J.  on  the  sub- 
ject of  religion,  while  deeply  lamented  by 
the  admirers  of  his  talents,  is  only  a  new 
proof,  that "  the  wisdom  of  this  world  is 
ibolishness  with  God. "  He  seems  to  have 
believed,  that  God  is  a  material  being, 
for  his  words  are  in  letter  154,  "  to  say, 
that  the  human  soul,  angels,  God  are 
immaterial,  is  to  say,  that  they  are  noth- 
it^t,  or  that  there  is  no  God,  no  angels, 
no  soul.  " — "When  once  we  quit  the 
basis  of  $etuation,  all  is  in  the  wind." 
Yet  he  believed,  that  after  depositing  his 
material  body  in  the  grave,  he  should 
"ascend  in  essence,  "  and  be  a  ''  looker 
on  from  the  clouds  above. "  His  igno- 
rance of  the  disclosures,  made  in  the  gos- 
pel,— to  say  nothing  of  bis  setting  him- 
self up,  like  Mahomet,  as  a  rival  teacher, 
— in  the  comparison,  which  he  makes  be- 
tween his  own  doctrine  and  that  of  Jesus 
Christ,  ought  not  to  be  overlooked: — 
"  /  am  a  materialist  ;  He  takes  the  side 
of  spiritualism.  He  preaches  the  efficacy 
of  repentance  towards  the  forgiveness  of 
sin  ;  /  require  a  counterpoise  of  good 
works  to  redeem  it,  &c., "  (let.  151.) 
Any  person,  acquainted  with  the  inatruc- 
tions  of  Jesus,  any  child  in  a  Sunday 
School  would  have  told  the  philosopher, 
that  repentance  means  a  real  change  of 
character,  implying  the  performance  of 
good  works,  and  that  Jesus  required 
men  to  bring  forth  "fruits  meet  for  repen- 
tance. " 

It  appears  most  clearly  from  his  letters, 
that  Mr.  J.  was  a  contemner  of  the  relig- 
ion of  the  gospel.  The  amount  of  his 
faith  seems  to  have  been,  that  there  is  a 
God,  and  that  there  will  be  a  future  state 


of  retribution.  The  standard  of  duty, 
in  his  view,  was  reason  or  instinctive 
moral  sense,  not  the  Bible.  He  did  not 
consider  how  easily  by  strong  passion  and 
the  practice  of  evil  conscience  is  blinded, 
and  seared,  and  how  necessary  religious 
instruction  is  to  preserve  the  power  of  the 
moral  sense.  This  philosopher  imagined 
that  he  found  in  the  gospel,  among  many 
passages  of  correct  morality,  "much 
untruth,  charlatanism,  and  imposture," 
and  he  regarded  Paul  as  the  chief  of "  the 
band  of  dupes  and  impostors,"  and  the 
"  first  corrupter  of  the  doctrines  of  Jesus." 
And  so  he  gravely  attempts  "  to  winnow 
the  grain  from  the  chaff. "  He  speaks  of 
the  ministers  of  the  gospel  of  various 
sects  thus, — "  We  have  most  unwisely 
committed  to  the  hierophants  of  our  par- 
ticular Buperitition  the  direction  of  pub- 
lic opinion,  that  lord  of  tho  universe. 
We  have  given  them  stated  and  privi- 
leged days  to  collect  and  catechize  us, 
opportunities  of  delivering  their  oraclbs 
to  the  people  in  mass,  &.c."  With  these 
views  of  the  gospel,  he  of  course,  when 
he  died,  could  not  be  cheered  with  the 
hopes,  which  are  founded  upon  a  belief, 
that  Jesus  Christ  was  the  son  of  God. 
There  is  no  Christian  on  the  earth,  who 
would  die,  as  he  died.  He  publish- 
ed Summary  view  of  the  rights  of 
British  America,  2d.  ed.  1774  ;  Declara- 
tion ol'  independence,  1776  ;  notes  on 
Virginia,  1781  ;  manual  of  parliamentary 
practice  for  the  use  of  the  senate  ;  life  of 
capt.  Lewis,  1814  ;  some  papers  in  Am. 
phil.  trans,  iv.  His  works,  chiefly  let- 
ters,were  published  by  hisgrandson,Tho. 
Jefierson  Randolph,  4  vols.  8vo.  1829. 

JEFFRIES,  John,  m.d.,  a  physician, 
was  the  son  of  David  Jeffries  and  was 
born  in  Boston  Feb.  5,  1744.  Afler 
graduating  at  Harvard  college  in  1763,  he 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  Lloyd,  and  after- 
wards attended  the  medical  schools  of 
Great  Britain.  From  1771  to  1774  he 
was  the  surgeon  of  a  ship  of  the  line,  ly- 
ing in  Boston  harbor.  His  services  were 
required  by  the  British  commander  for 
the  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill. 
Having  accompanied  the  British  garrison 


494 


JENKS. 


JOHNSON. 


to  Halifax  in  1776,  he  was  appointed  sur- 
geon general  to  the  forces  of  Nova  Scotia, 
and  also  apothecary  general.  He  went 
to  England  in  1779,  and  being  appointed 
surgeon  major  to  the  forces  in  America, 
he  repaired  to  Charleston  and  New  York. 
At  the  close  of  1760  he  resigned  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession 
in  London.  Jan.  7,  1786  he  crossed  the 
British  channel  from  Dover  to  the  forest 
of  Guinea  in  a  balloon.  This  exploit 
procured  him  many  friends  in  Paris  and 
London.  But  in  1790  he  was  induced  to 
resume  his  profession  in  his  native  coun- 
try and  town.  He  kept  for  more  than  40 
years  a  medical  and  surgical  diary.  An 
inflammation,  originating  in  a  hernia, 
which  was  caused  by  his  eiforts  in  his  first 
aerial  voyage  in  1784,  caused  his  death 
Sept.  16,  1819,  aged  75.  He  published 
a  narrative  of  his  two  aerial  voyages, 
London,  1796.— TAocAer,  316—324. 

JENKS,  Joseph,  governor  of  R.  Isl- 
and, was  the  son  of  Joseph  J.  of  Pawtuck- 
et,  who  built  there  the  first  house,  and 
grandson  of  Joseph  J.,  a  blacksmith,  who 
came  from  England  to  Lynn  about  1645 
and  died  in  1683.  He  was  bom  in  1656; 
was  governor,after  Cran8ton,from  1727  to 
1732  ;  and  died  June  15,  1740,  aged  83. 
His  brother,  William,  a  judge,  died  in 
1765,  aged  90 ;  his  brother,  Ebenezer, 
was  a  minister  at  Providence.  Gov.  J. 
was  a  member  of  the  baptist  church  and 
a  zealous  Christian. 

JENKINS,  John,  a  teacher  of  the  art 
of  penmanshi)),  died  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  in  Oct.  1823.  He  was  for- 
merly of  Boston.  He  published  the  art 
of  writing  reduced  to  a  plain  and  easy  sys- 
tem on  a^lan  entirely  new,  1805. 

JENKINS,  Charles,  minister  of  Port- 
land, Maine,  was  born  in  Barre,  Mass., 
in  1786,  and  was  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1813.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
ceptor of  the  academy  at  Westfield;in 
1816  he  was  appointed  tutor  at  the  col- 
lege ;  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Greenfield,  Mass.,  in  1820,  and  installed 
at  Portland,  as  the  minister  of  the  third 
congregational  society,  in  1825.  Afler  a 
short  illness  of  the  prevailing  influenza  he 


died  Dec.  29, 1881,  aged  45.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  and  exerting  a  most  im- 
portant and  beneficial  influence,  when  ho 
was  removed  from  life.  His  mind  was 
of  an  original  cast  and  very  fertile  and 
vigorous .  With  a  rich  poetical  fancy,  he 
gave  an  interest  to  the  subjects  of  his  dis- 
cussion. Sometimes,  however,  he  failed 
in  simplicity  of  style  and  in  adapting  his 
method  of  instruction  sufficiently  to  the 
undersundinga  of  minds  less  elevated, 
than  his  own.  With  some  defect  of  this 
kind,  which  is  to  be  ascribed  in  part  to 
his  very  originality,  he  was  yet  a  most 
faithful  and  useful  preacher,  and  made 
himself  understood  in  the  hearts  of  the 
hypocritical  and  the  sinful.  Disregard- 
ing the  world's  applause,  he  steadily  pur- 
sued the  path  of  d  uty ,  declaring  the  whole 
counsel  of  God,  and  seeking  in  every  way 
to  advance  the  power  of  the  gospel.  He 
published  3  sermons  on  the  obligations, 
duties,  and  blessings  of  the  sabbath,  with 
remarks  on  the  Report  in  congress  on 
sabbath  mails,  1830  ;  a  sermon  on  the 
elevated  nature  of  true  piety,  in  the  na- 
tional preacher  Dec.  1831.  A  volume 
of  his  sermons  is  promised  in  this 
year,  1832. — Christian  Mirror,  Jan. 
5, 1832. 

JOHN,  an  Indian  sagamore,  lived  at 
Winnesimet  at  the  first  settlement  of 
Boston  in  1630,  and  was  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal chiefs  of  the  Mattaehuietti.  He 
was  courteous  and  friendly  to  the  new  neU 
tiers  and  endeavored  to  learn  their  lan- 
guage. In  1632  the  Tarratines  or  eas- 
tern Indians  wounded  him.  In  1633  he 
and  most  of  his  people  died  of  the  small 
pox:  he  said — "  I  must  die,  the  God  of 
the  English  is  much  angry  with  me,  and 
will  destroy  me.  »  To  Mr.  Wilson, 
who  visited  him  in  his  sickness,  he  gave 
his  son  to  be  taught  the  Christian  relig- 
ion.—2  Hitt.  col.  III.  127  ;  vi.  650. 

JOHNSON,  Isaac,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  Mass.,  was  anativeofClipsham, 
county  of  Rutland,  England,  and  arrived 
at  Salem  June  12,1630,  with  gov.  Win- 
thropin  the  chief  ship  of  the  fleet,  former- 
ly the  Eagle,  but  now  named  the  Jlrbel- 
la  in  honor  of  his  wife.     In  July   he, 


JOHNSON. 


m 


with  the  gorernor  and  other  gentlemen, 
proceeded  to  Chtrleetown.  July  SOth 
waiftdiyoffuting,  and  the  church  of 
Boaton  waa  founded  at  Charleatown ;  the 
four  peraona,  who  entered  into  covenant 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  church, 
were  gov.  Winthrop,  deputy  governor 
Dudley,  Mr.  Johnion,  and  Mr.  Wilson, 
afterward*  the  minister.  Five  more  were 
added  Aug .  1 .  The  want  of  good  water 
at  Charleatown  induced  Mr.  Johnson, 
and  others  to  remove  to  Shawmut  or 
Boston,  where  waa  "  an  excellent  spring. " 
In  August  his  wife  died  at  Salem:  for  an 
account  of  her  see  the  next  article.  At 
the  second  court  of  assiatants  in  Charles- 
town  Sept.  7,  Mr.  Johnson  waa  present. 
Boston  was  settled  under  his  conduct. 
He  died  there  on  Thursday  Sept.  SO, 
1630.  "He  was  a  holy  man  and  wise, 
and  died  in  sweet  peace  ;  leaving  part  of 
his  substance  to  the  colony.  He  made  a 
most  godly  end ;  dying  willingly  ;  profes- 
sing his  life  better  spent  in  promoting 
this  plantation,  than  it  could  have  been 
any  other  way."  He  had  the  largest  estate 
of  any  of  the  settlers,  and  was  "the  great- 
est furtherer  of  this  plantation ."  Hia  lot 
in  Boston  was  the  square  between  Tre- 
mont,  School,  and  Queen  streets  and 
Cornhill ;  and  he  was  buried  at  the  upper 
end  of  his  lot,  which  gave  uccaaion  for 
the  first  burying  place  to  be  laid  out  a- 
round  his  grave.  This  is  now  called  the 
Stone  Chapel  grave  yard.  His  house  was 
on  a  hill  near  Tremont  street.— Prince, 
318,  333. 

JOHNSON,  Arbella,  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, came  with  him  to  Salem  in  June 
1630,  and  died  about  Aug.  SOth,  probably 
of  a  prevailing  infectious  fever,  contracted 
on  ship-board,  and  of  which  many  died. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas,3d  earl 
of  Lincoln,  who  died  in  1619,  and  sister 
of  Theophilus,  the  fourth  earl.  Her  sis- 
ter, Frances,  married  John,  son  of  sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges  ;  her  sister,  Susan, 
married  John  Humphrey.  She  has  been 
usually  called  the  lady  Arbella,  and  it  was 
in  honor  of  her,  that  the  admiral  ship  of 
Winthrop's  fleet,  before  called  the  Eagle, 
received  the  name  of  the  Arbella.      The 


word  indeed  by  Johnson,  Mather,  K     , 
Hutchinson,  and  almoat  all  our  hiatori- 
ans,  excepting  Prince,  has  been  written 
Arabella.    Mr.  Savage,  in  his  edition  of 
Winthrop  in  1835,  has  insisted  upon  the 
propriety  of  following  Prince,  whose  ac- 
curacy is  unquestioned,  and  who  doubt- 
less in  the  manuscripts,  of  which  he  made 
use,  found  the  form  Arbella,  as  printed 
in  his  Annals.    Mr.  Savage  testifies,  that 
the  word  is  so  written  in  the  original  note 
of  the  meeting  of  the  assistants  on  board 
this  ship  ;  that  Winthrop  so  wrote  the 
word ;  and  that  gov.  Dudley  so  wrote  it 
in  a  letter  to  the  countess  of  Lincoln,  the 
mother   of  the  lady.       I   am  able    to 
strengthen  the  cause  by  a  new  argument. 
The  lady  Arbella  Johnson  was  probably 
named  after  the  lady  known  as  the  lady 
Arabella  Stuart,  who  died  in  the  tower 
about  30  years  before  the  settlement  of 
Mass.     In  respect  to  her  name  the  Eng- 
lish historians  generally  have  fallen  into 
a  mistake.     Her  name  ought  to  be  writ- 
ten Arbella ;  and  for  these  reasons.    Ech- 
ard  quotes  the  indietment  against   Ra- 
leigh &c.  for  sedition  and  "  setting  up 
the  lady  Arbella  Stuart."       Thus  he 
wrote  the  name,  and  thus  doubtless  he 
found  it  in  the  record.     Moreover,  some 
years  ago,  in  examining  an  English  book, 
I  met  with  a/ac  simile  of  this  lady's  meth- 
od of  writing  her  own  name  after  her 
mar(iage  to  Seymour,and  the  copy  stands 
thus,—"     Arbella    Seymoure."       We 
ought,  then,  to  be  satisfied,  that  Arbella 
was  the  name  of  Isaac  Johnson's  wife, 
and  the  name  on  the  stern  of  the  admiral 
ship.     Shall  we  now  so  write  the  name ; 
or  shall  we  accommodate  the  orthogra- 
phy to  what  was  probably  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  English,  who  now  give,  in 
some  cases,  a  peculiar  sound  to  the  letter 
r,  which  we  are  not  accustomed  to  give.' 
Can  we  hope  to  induce  the  English  to 
write  Arbella  Stuart.'  Shall  we  divide  into 
the  two  belligerous  factions  of  Arbellans 
and  Arabeilans,  and  dispute,  like  the  the- 
I  ologians  of  old ,  about  a  single  letter  ?    Or 
I  shall  we  fall  in  with  the  modern  reform- 
i  er,  who  stands  up  for  the  primitive  wri- 
I  ting,  and  dares  not  substitute  custom  for 


4M 


JOHNSON. 


the  record?  Dr.  Holmes,  in  his  second 
edition,  hH  come  out  an  Arbellau .  Mr. 
Farmer,  though  contrary  to  Itis  own  an- 
tiquarian principlesjis  an  Arabellon.  For 
my  part,  I  have  concluded  to  be  toler- 
ant,—especially  as  in  my  book  I  happen 
to  present  the  word  in  both  forms, — and 
will  embrace  the  partizans  of  both  aides  in 
the  compass  of  my  charity. — Savage't 
tfinthrop,  1. 1,  34;  Prince,  314;  Holmes, 
I.  306 ;Fanner. 

JOHNSON,  Edward,  captain,  an 
early  N.  England  historian,  came  from 
Herne-Hill,  a  parish  in  Kent,  in  1630, 
probably  in  the  fleet  of  gov.  Winthrop, 
for  Oct.  19  he  was  among  the  petitioners 
to  be  admitted  as  freemen.  In  1633  he 
was  at  Merrimac  residing  there  under  a 
license  to  trade,  but  his  usual  residence 
was  Charlestown.  When  it  was  deter- 
mined to  erect  a  new  town,  and  church, 
now  called  Woburn,  he  was  one  of  the 
committee  for  that  purpose.  In  May 
1642  the  town  was  incorporated  ;  it  bad 
been  called  "Charlestown  village."  Aug. 
14,  the  church  was  formed,  and  Mr. 
Carter  ordained  Nov.  31.  In  1643  he 
went  with  capt.  Cook  and  40  men  to 
Providence  to  seize  Gorton.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  chosen  representative,  and 
was  annually  re-elected,  excepting  1648, 
till  1671.  He  was  the  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1655. — At  the  incorporation  of 
the  town  he  was  chosen  recorder,  and  he 
kept  the  records  of  the  town  until  about 
a  year  before  his  death.  In  1665  he  was 
appinnted  on  the  committee  with  Brad- 
street,  Danforth,  and  others  to  meet  the 
commissioners,  Nicoiis,  Carr,  &c.,  who 
had  been  sent  from  England.  He  died 
April  33,  1 683,  aged  probably  upwards  of 
70.  He  lefl  five  sons,  Edward,  George, 
William,  Matthew,  and  John,  two  of 
whom  were  representatives  of  Woburn. 
His  descendants  are  numerous  in  Wo- 
burn and  Burlington.  John  Farmer,  the 
author  of  the  N.  England  Genealogical 
Register.,  &c.,  is  a  descendant.  Capt. 
Johnson  was  I'.e  author  of  a  history  of 
Massachusetts  from  1638  to  1653,  which 
is  of  great  value,  notwithstanding  the 
imperfections  of  its  style.     Its  title  is, 


History  of  N.  E.  from  the  English  plan- 
ting in  1638  till  1653  ;  or  Wonder  Work- 
ing Providence  of  Zion's  Savior,  4to. 
London,  1654.  It  has  been  reprinted  in 
the  historical  collections,  second  aeries, 
vols.  II,  III,  ir,  VII,  VIII  ;  in  which  work 
it  fills  about  330  pages.  Short  pieces  of' 
poetry  are  interspersed  in  the  work,  as  a 
kind  of  sonnets  on  individuals,and  inother 
forms,  amounting  to  about  1300  lines. 
We  should  be  glad  at  the  present  day  to 
exchange  this  poetry  for ajplain  narrative 

of  facts.— Farmer;    CMekering't   ded. 
term. 

JOHNSON,  Robert,  governor  of  S. 
Carolina,  died  at  Charleston  May  S,  1785. 
He  was  governor  in  1719,  anti  again  from 
1730  till  the  period  of  hisdeot>i.  In  1731 
he  negotiated  a  treaty  with  ihe  Chero- 
kees.  He  proved  himseif  akt  efficient 
friend  of  Mr.  Oglethorpe  pnd  the  first 
settlers  of  Georgia  on  their  arrival  at 
Charleston,  the  assembly  at  his  sugges- 
tion furnishing  them  with  104  head  of 
cattle,  35  hogs,  30  barrels  of  rice,  and 
ten  horsemen  rangers  for  their  protec- 
tion. The  settlement  of  Purrysborgh 
by  600  Swi-  f?  under  col.  Peter  Purry  was 
made  in  his  c-j ministration. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  first  presi- 
dent of  King's  college,  New  York,  was 
born  in  Guilford,Con.,  Oct.  14,1696,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1714.  In 
Oct.  1716  the  trustees  and  general  court 
directed  the  college  to  be  removed  to 
New  Hoven  and  Mr.  Johnson  was  chosen 
a  tutor,  in  which  office  he  continued  till 
March  20,  1720,  when  he  was  ordained 
the  minister  of  West  Haven.  Having 
an  aversion  to  extemporary  performances, 
it  was  his  practice  to  use  forms  of  prayer, 
and  to  write  only  one  sermon  in  a  month. 
He  usually  preached  the  discourses  of 
others,  minuting  down  only  the  heads,  & 
expressing  himself, when  his  remembrance 
of  the  words  of  the  author  failed  him,  in 
language  of  his  own.  Having  embraced 
the  Arminian  doctrines  and  become  a  con- 
vert to  the  episcopalian  worship  and 
church  government,  he  resigned  his 
charge  at  West  Haven,  and  embarked  at 
Boston  with  president  Cutler  for  Eng- 


JOHNSON. 


497 


land  Nov.  5,  1793.    Having   received 
ordination  u  a  miaaionary  for   Stratfbrd, 
he  arrived  at  tliat  place  in  Nov.   1738. 
His  predeceaaor  and  friend,  Mr.  Pigot, 
waa  immediately  removed  to  Providence. 
Mr.  Johnson  waa  now  the  only  episcopa- 
lian minister  in  Connecticut,  h  there  were 
but  a  few  familiea  of  the  English  church 
in  the  colony.    They  were  not  increased 
in  Stratford  by  meana  of  hia  labors,  but  in 
the  neighboring  towns,  where  he  some- 
times officiated,  many  families  confbrtned. 
The  desire  of  escaping  the  congregational 
tax  by  joining  a  cliurch,  whose  minister 
received  a  salary  f^om  a  foreign  society, 
and  the  petty  quarrels,  which  exist  in 
most  congregations,  were  causes,  accor- 
ding to  Mr.  Hobart,  of  no  inconsiderable 
influence,in  multiplying  the  episcopalians. 
Between  the  years  1734  and  17S6  Mr. 
Johnaon  was  engaged  in  a  controversy  on 
the  subject  of  episcopacy  with  Mr.  Diclc- 
inson,  Mr.  Foxcroft,  and  Mr.  Graham. 
Entering  on  a  new  course  of  studies,  he 
procured  the  works  of  John  Hutchinson, 
and  embraced  many  of  his  sentiments. 
He  regarded  him  as  a  person  of  a  stupen- 
dous genius,  little  inferior  even  to  that  of 
sir  Isaac  Newton,  whose  principles  he  op- 
posed ;  and  he  thought,  that  in  his  vrii- 
tings  he  had  discovered  many  important, 
ancient  truths,  had  effectually  confuted 
the  Jews,  infidels,  Arians,  and  heretics  of 
other  denominations,  and  proved,  that 
the  method  of  redemption  by  Jesus  Christ 
was  better  understood  in  the  patriarchal 
and  Mosaic  ages,  than  was  generally  im- 
agined.   In  1754  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  college,  which  had  been  lately 
instituted  at  New  York.    He  went  to 
that  place  in  April  and  soon  commenced 
his  labors.    The  charter  was  procured 
'  Oct.  SI,  1754.  In  March  1763  he  resign- 
ed, and  was  succeeded  by  Myles  Coop- 
er.   He  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  the  peaceful  retreat  of  Stratford,  re- 
suming his  former  charge,  and  continu- 
ing in  the  ministry  till  his  death,  Jan .  6, 
1772,  aged  75. 

Dr.  Johnson  waa  in  his  person  rather 
tall  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  corpu- 
lent.    He  was  happy  in  a  calmness  of 
63 


temper,  which  was  seldom  discomposed. 
Thoae,  who  knew  him,   generally  loved 
and  revered  him.    The  same  good  dis- 
position, which  rendered  him  amiable  in 
private  life,  marked  all  his  proceedings  of 
a  public  nature,  and  may  be  discovered  in 
his  controversial  writings.    Benevolence 
was  a  conspicuous  trait  in  his  character. 
He  seldom  suflTered  a  day  to  pass  without 
doing  to  othera  some  good  offices  relating 
to  their  temporal  or  spiritual  afiairs.     His 
conversation  was  enlivened  by  the  natural 
cheerfulness  of  his  disposition,  yet  in  his 
fVeest  discourse  he  retained  a  respect  to 
his  character  as  a  clergyman.    By  his 
acquaintance  with  dean  Berkeley  he  be- 
came a  convert  to  the  peculiar  metaphysi- 
cal opinions  of  that  great  man .    His  pie- 
ty was  unmingled  with  gloom  or  melan- 
choly, and  he  contemplated  with  admi- 
ration and  gratitude  the  wonderful  plan 
of  redemption,  disclosed  in  the  gospel. 
An  account  of  his  life,  written  by  Dr. 
Chandler,  was    given  to    the  public  in 
1805.    He    published  plain  reasons  for 
conforming  to  the  church,  17SS;  two 
tracts  in  the  controversy  with  Mr.  Gra- 
ham; a  letter  from  Ariatocles  to  Authades; 
adefence  of  it  in  a  letter  to  Mr.Dickinson; 
a  system  of  morality,  1746,  designed  to 
check  the  progress  of  enthusiasm  ;  a  com- 
pendium of  logic,  1752  ;a  demonstration 
of  the  reasonableness  of  prayer,  1761  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  beauties  of  holiness  in 
the  worship  of  the  church  of  England  ;  a 
short  vindication  of  the  society  for  propa- 
gating the  gospel  ;  an  English  grammar 
and  a  catechism,  1765;  a  Hebrew  gram- 
mar, 1 767  ;  this  evinced  an  accurate  ac- 
quaintance with  that  language,  and  it 
was    reprinted    with    improvements    in 
1771. — Chandler's   life    of  Johtuon; 
Beach's  fun,  sermon. 

JOHNSON,  William  Samuel,  ll.  d., 
president  of  Columbia  college,  N.  York, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Stratford  Oct.  7,  1727;  wasgraduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1744;  and  soon  rose  to 
eminence  as  a  lawyer.  He  was  not  only 
a  man  of  science  and  literature,  but  also 
an  eloquent  orator.  In  1765  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  congress  at  New  Yoik  ; 


4M 


JOHNSON. 


«xl  in  1768  wn«  an  agent  of  the  colony  to 
Cngland.  While  there  he  formed  an  ac- 
qunintance  with  iilu<trious  men  ;  with 
Dr.  8.  Johnion  he  correoponded  for  many 
ywra.  He  returned  in  1771  and  in  1773 
wa«  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
eourt  of  Connecticut ;  an  ofiice  which  he 
relinquiahed  in  1774.  In  1785  he  waa  a 
delegate  to  congreaa;  and  in  1787  he  waa 
•  member  of  the  convention,  which 
IVamed  the  conatitution  of  the  U.  S.  He 
waa  one  of  the  first  senators  f>om  Con., 
and  with  Mr.  Ellsworth  drew  up  the  bill 
for  the  judiciary  system.  From  1793  to 
1800  he  waa  the  president  of  Columbia 
college.  After  1800  he  lived  in  his  native 
village  till  his  death  Nov.  14, 1819,  aged 
93. 

JOHNSON,Thoma8,  governor  of  Ma- 
ryland,wasa  native  of  Calvert  county.  In 
1774  he  waa  appointed  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  was  fur  several  years  in  that 
body.  After  the  revolution  he  was  the 
first  governor,  from  1777  to  1779,  when 
he  waa  succeeded  by  Tho.  S.  Lee.  He 
waa  an  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  U.  S.  ftom  1791  till  his  re- 
signation, ftoin  ill  health,  in  179S.  He 
died  at  Rose  Hill  Oct.  36,  1819  aged  87. 
JOHNSON,  sir  William,  a  major 
general  of  the  militia  of  New  York,  and 
remarkable  for  the  ascendency,  which  he 
gained  over  the  Indians,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land about  the  year  1714,  and  was  a 
nephew  of  sir  Peter  Warren,  the  naval 
hero,  who  distinguished  himself  especially 
at  the  siege  of  Louisbourg  in  1745.  Sir 
Peter,  having  married  a  lady  in  New 
York,  was  induced  to  purchase  large 
tracts  of  land  upon  the  Mohawk  river  and 
the  more  interior  parts  of  the  country, 
and  he  sent  for  his  nephew  about  the  year 
1734  to  come  to  America  and  take  the 
charge  of  bis  afikirs.  Young  Johnson 
accordingly  took  up  his  residence  upon  a 
certain  tract  on  the  Mohawk  about  30 
miles  from  Albany,  and  cultivated  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Indians.  He  learned 
their  language;  he  studied  their  manners, 
that  he  might  be  able  to  conciliate  their 
regard ;  his  situation  upon  the  river  be- 
tween Albany  and  Oswego  presented  a 


fine  opportunity  fur  trade,  and  he  carried 
on  a  large  traffic  with  them,  supplying 
them  with  such  goods,  as  they  needed, 
and  receiving  in  return  beaver  and  other 
skina;  at  length  he  acquired  an  influ- 
ence over  them,  which  no  other  nan  ever 
poesessed.  In  1755  he  wu  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  the  provincial 
troops  of  New  York,  and  marched  to  in- 
vest Crown  Point,  while  Shirley  procee- 
ded towards  Ontario  agreeably  to  the 
plan  of  the  campaign.  General  Johnson, 
after  the  defeat  of  a  detachment  under 
col.  Williams,  which  he  had  sent  out, 
was  attacked  himself  in  his  camp  on  lake 
George  Sept.  8th.  But  as  aoon  as 
his  artillery  began  to  play,  the  Canadi- 
an militia  and  the  Indians  fled  with  pre- 
cipitation to  the  swamps.  The  French 
troops  were  repulse«l,  and  baron  Dieakau, 
their  general,  was  taken  prisoner.  The 
advantage,  however,  which  waa  thus 
gained,  was  not  pursued,  and  his  conduct 
in  not  proceeding  against  Crown  Point 
has  been  the  subject  of  reprehension. 
Even  the  success  of  the  battle  is  to  be  at- 
tributed to  the  exertions  of  the  brave 
general  Lyman.  But  Johnson,who  was 
wounded  in  the  engagement,  reaped  the 
benefits  of  the  repulse  of  Dieskau,  which 
was  magnified  into  a  splendid  victory. 
The  house  of  commons  bestowed  on  him 
5,000/.,  and  the  king  conferred  on  him 
the  title  of  baronet.  About  this  time  also 
he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  In- 
dian afiairs  in  New  York.  In  the  year 
1759  he  commanded  the  provincial  troopa 
under  brig.  gen.  Prideaux,  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Niagara.  While  directing 
the  operations  of  the  siege,  Prideaux  was 
killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  cohorn  July 
30th  ;  but  Johnson  prosecuted  the  plan, 
which  had  been  formed,  with  judgment 
and  vigor.  On  the  34lh  of  July,  the 
enemy  made  an  attempt  to  raise  the 
siege,  but  were  defeated  through  the  ex- 
cellent dispositions  and  the  courage  of 
Johnson,  and  the  next  day  the  fort  was 
taken,  and  about  600  men  made  prison- 
ers of  war.  This  event  broke  off  the 
communication,  which  the  French  inten- 
ded to   establish,  between  Canada  and 


JOHNSON. 


4M 


LoaiiitM.  When  A  mhent  embarked  «t 
Osvrego  in  June  1760  to  proceed  on  the 
expedition  to  Canada ,Mir  William  brought 
to  him  at  that  place  1 ,000  Indiana  of  the 
Iroquoia  or  five  natit^na,  which  waa  the 
largeat  [number,  thn  had  ever  been  aeen 
in  arma  at  one  time  in  the  canae  of  Eng- 
land. He  died  at  hia  aeat  at  Johnaon 
hall,  about  34  milea  from  Schenectady, 
on  the  Mohawk  river,  July  II,  1774, 
aged  60.  He  left  a  large  aum  of  money 
to  be  employed  in  preaents  to  the  Indiana 
of  the  Mohawk  caatlea,airof  whom,  men, 
women,  and  children,  had  mourning  drea- 
aea  preaented  them  on  hia  death. 

Sir  William  poaaeaaed  conaiderable 
talenta  aa  an  orator,  and  hia  influence 
over  the  Indiana  waa  not  a  little  owing 
to  the  impreasion  made  upon  them  by 
meana  of  hia  elocution.  It  haa  been  rep- 
reaonted,  that  he  waa  envioua  towarda 
Shirley,  and  endeavored  to  thwart  him 
in  hia  plana  by  diacouraging  the  Indiana 
from  joining  him  ;  and  that  in  hia  private 
conduct  he  paid  little  reapect  to  thoee.lawa, 
the  obaervation  of  which  can  only  inaure 
domeatic  peace  and  virtue.  He  had  wives 
and  concubines,  sons  and  daughter8,of  dif- 
ferent colora.  He  waa  zealous  in  auppor- 
ting  the  claims  of  Great  Britain,  which 
excited  auch  agitation  in  the  coloniea  a 
few  years  before  his  death,  and  he  exerted 
himaelf  to  promote  the  interest  of  the 
church  of  England.  The  following  an- 
ecdote aeema  to  evince,  that  in  hia  deal- 
ings with  the  Indians,  who  have  a  good 
reputation  for  cunning,  he  waa  not  out- 
witted by  them.  Having  sent  to  Eng- 
land for  clothes  finely  laced,  on  their  ar- 
rival Hendrick,  the  chief  of  the  Mohawks, 
waa  dazzled  with  their  splendor,  and  be- 
gan to  think  how  finely  he  should  look 
dressed  in  a  similar  manner.  His  vanity 
could  not  be  resisted,  and  to  gratify  it  he 
hit  upon  the  following  expedient.  He 
went  to  sir  William  one  morning,  and 
told  him  very  demurely,  that  in  the  pre- 
ceding night  he  had  dreamed,  that  the 
baronet  had  generously  presented  him 
with  a  suit  of  his  laced  clothes.  The 
solemn  hint  could  not  be  mistaken  or 
avoided,  and  the  Indian  monarch  went 


away  pleased  with  hia  snceeaaftil  ingenu- 
ity. In  a  few  daya,  however,  air  William 
accoated  his  majesty  and  made  known 
hia  dream,  which  waa  that  Hendrick  had 
had  given  him  a  tract  of  land  containing 
several  thousand  acres.  "The  land  ia 
youra,"  aaid  Hendrick,  "but  now,  sir 
William,  I  never  dream  with  you  again  ; 
you  dream  too  hard  for  me."— He  pub- 
lished a  piece  on  the  customa  and  bn- 
guage  of  the  Indiana  in  phil.  tranaact. 
vol.  63. — Dr.  Eliot}  Jlnnual  rtg.  far 
1768,  1759,  1760,  1766,  1774  ;  Mar- 
$haU,  I.  885,  395, 446;  Wynne,  ii.  44-53, 
99-101. 

JOHNSON,  sir  John,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding,succeeded  his  ikther  in  his  title,and 
waa  appointed  major  general  in  hia  place 
Nov.  1774.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  war  he  joined  the  British,  and  about 
the  year  1776  persuaded  the  Mohawka  to 
retire  into  Canada,  from  whence  he  re- 
peatedly ravaged  different  parta  of  New 
York,  and  in  one  expedition,  in  which  he 
destroyed  the  very  settlement,  where  he 
formerly  lived,  he  proved  himself  not  very 
dissimilar  in  character  to  his  savage  com- 
paniona.  In  Aug.  1777  he  inveated  fort 
Stanwix,and  defeated  Herkimer.  In  Oct. 
1780  gen.Van  Rensselaer  defeated  him  at 
Fox'a  mills.  In  1796  he  waa  appointed 
governor  of  Upper  Canada.  He  died  at 
Hampton,  Canada,  in  Jan.  1798. 

JOHNSON,  Joaeph,  an  Indian  prea- 
cher,was  bom  at  Mohegan,neBr  Norwich, 
Con.,  about  1750.  He  waa  the  son  of 
capt.  Joaeph  Johnson,  who  aerved  near 
lake  George  in  the  French  war  of  1757, 
and  who  was  a  man  of  piety.  Ailer  be- 
ing educated  at  Mr.  Wheelock'a  school 
at  Lebanon,he  was  sent,at  the  age  of  15, 
as  a  si^hoolmaster  to  the  six  nations  Of 
Indians  in  New  York,  and  was  thus  em- 
ployed two  years.  Afterwards  "he  wan- 
dered up  and  down  in  this  delusive 
world."  Returning  from  a  whaling 
voyage  in  1771,  he  repaired  to  his  fanp 
at  Mohegan,  and  there,  in  a  time  of  sick- 
ness  brought  on  by  his  vices,  became  a 
christian  convert  by  reading  the  New 
Testament  and  Baxter's  Saints'  Rest.  It 
would  seem  from  hia  journal,  which  is 


$ 


soo 


■# 


JOHNSON. 


:»r&>H.'' 


g 


JONES. 


■till  preserved,  th>t  he  experienced  the 
deepest  convictionof  sin.  Afterwards  he 
was  licensed  to  preach  and  was  for 
jrears  a  missionary  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  Being  ai^^ong  the  six  nations  in 
1776,  he  received  a  letter  from  Washing- 
ton, dated  at  Cambridge  Feb.  30th,  say- 
ing, "tell  them,  that  we  don't  want  them 
to  take  up  the  hatchet  for  us  except  they 
choose  it ;  we  only  desire,  that  they  will 
not  fight  against  us.  We  want,  that  the 
chain  of  friendship  should  always  remain 
bright  between  our  friends  of  the  Six  na- 
tions and  us.  We  recommend  you  to 
them,  and  hope  by  your  spreading  the 
truths  of  the  gospel  among  them,  it  will 
keep  the  chain  bright."  His  manuscript 
journal  and  sermons  display  his  talents 
and  acquaintance  with  theology.  He 
was  not  inferior  to  Samson  Occom,  an- 
other Mohegan  preacher. 

JOHNSON,  John,  major,  a  painter, 
was  a  brave  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
army.  After  the  peace  of  178S  he  took 
up  the  pencil,  residing  chiefly  at  Boston ; 
but  he  was  deficient  in  drawing,  though 
with  a  correct  eye  and  steady  hand .  He 
was  also  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind.  His 
strong  likenesses  of  some  of  our  fathers 
are  valuable.  He  died  about  1817.-- 
irtMj»p'«  leeturei,  198. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel B.,  lieutenant,  an 
officer  of  the  navy,  was  born  in  New 
York  and  educated  a  printer.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he  joined  the  marine  corps, 
and  was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  in  Chili. 
He  died  on  board  the  Macedonian,  May 
13,  1820.  He  published  Letters  from 
Chili,  1816. 

JOHNSTONE,  Samuel,  governor  of 
N.  Carolina  from  1788  to  1790,  was  also 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  the  state. 
He  died  at  Stewarkey  in  Aug.  1816,  aged 
82.  Gabriel  Johnstone  was  the  govern- 
or before  the  revolution  from  1734  to 
1753. 

JONES,  Hugh,  minister  of  James- 
town, published  The  present  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, 8vo.  Lond.  1724. 

JONES,  David,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  York,  was  born  in  Sept. 
1699  at  Oyster  bay,  L.  Island,  and  from 


1737  to  1758  was  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly and  for  IS  years  the  speaker.  In 
1758  he  received  the  appointment  of 
judge,  whieB'he  resigned  in  1773.  He 
died  Oct.  !i,  1775.  Puring  his  whole 
life  he  was  the  firm  advocate  of  the  rights 
of  the  people  against  royal  encroachments, 
and  participated  largely  in  the  public  con- 
fidence and  respect. 

JONES,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer, has  been  called  the  father  of  the  New 
York  bar.  His  services  were  extremely 
important  in  organizing  the  judiciary  sys- 
tem at  the  close  of  the  revolution.  For 
industry,  extensive  acquirements,  and  pu- 
rity of  character  he  presented  a  model  for 
the  imitation  of  those,  who  aim  at  high 
attainments  in  jurisprudence. — N.  York 
hist.  eol.  III.  278. 

JONES,  Noble  Wimberly,  a  physi- 
cian and  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was 
the  son  of  colonel  Noble  J.,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Georgia  and  judge  in  1755. 
He  held  a  military  commission  in  1738, 
and  in  1748  was  associated  in  business 
with  his  father.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  assembly  in  1761 ;  in  1774  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  stir  up  the  revolutiona- 
ry spirit  in  Georgia.  In  1775  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  congress ;  and  again 
in  1781.  In  the  capture  of  Savannah  in 
Dec.  1778  by  the  British  he  lost  one  of 
his  sons,  and  he  himself  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy  at  the  capture  of 
Charleston  in  May  1730.  In  Dec.  he 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  St.  Augustine. 
In  Aug.  1781  he  was  exchsnged,  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  physic  in 
Philadelphia .  At  this  period  he  was  also 
a  member  of  congress.  In  Dec.  1782  he 
returned  to  Savannah.  He  was  soon  in- 
duced to  remove  to  Charleston,  where  he 
lived  in  lucrative  practice  till  Dec.  1789, 
when  he  again  settled  at  Savannah.  In 
1795  he  was  president  of  the  convention, 
which  amended  the  state  constitution. 
He  died  Jan.  9,  1805,  aged  80,  having 
continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
till  his  death.  He  was  not  only  eminent 
as  a  physician  and  statesman,  but  in  the 
relations  of  private  life  was  amiable  &  ex- 
emplary.   He  was  temperate  and  abste- 


j^ipi. 


.§-- 


..*..  Ivi 


* 


JONES. 


t 


601 


mious,  aloverofBratnedsand  order,  of 
strict  morality,  atid  a  sincere  believer  in 
Christianity.  Though  attached  to  the 
episcopal  church,  be  contribulid  liberally 
to  other  religious  societies. — Thaeher, 
940^344 

JONES,  John,  h.  D.,a  physician,  of 
Welch  extraction,  was  the  son  of  Evan 
Jones,  a  physician,  and  was  born  at  Ja- 
maica,  Long   Island,  in  1739.     After 
studying  physic  with  Dr.  Cadwallader  at 
Philadelphia,  he  completed  his  medical 
education  in  Europe, — at  London,  Paris, 
Leyden,  and  Edinburgh.    On  his  return 
he  settled  at  New  York  and  was  particu- 
larly eminent  as  a  surgeon.    In  the  war 
of  1755  he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  ar- 
my.   The  French  commander,  Dieskau, 
severely  wounded,  was  attended  by  him. 
On  the  establishment  of  a  medical  school 
in  New  York,  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  surgery.    Soon  ailer  he  settled  in 
the  city  the  physicians  agreed  for  their 
own  dignity  to  wear  their  hair  in  a  par- 
ticular bob,  and,  as  he  refused  to  concur 
in  the  project,  they  refused  to  consult 
with  him.    But  he  soon  triumphed,  and 
the  power  of  ridicule  compelled  the  medi- 
cal men  to  wear  their  hair  like  other  gen- 
tlemen.    In  the  revolutionary  war  he 
left  the  city,  when  it  was  occupied  by  the 
enemy.    In  1780  he  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  was  the  physician  of 
Franklin   and  Washington.     He    died 
June  23, 1791,  aged  62.  In  his  religious 
views  he  was  a  Quaker.     He  published 
Plain  remarks  upon  wounds  and  fractures, 
1775.  After  his  death  his  pupil,  J.Mease, 
published  his  surgical  works,  with  an  ac- 
count of  his  life,  8vo.   1795. — RamsttyU 
re*.  86;  TAacAet-,  324-340. 

JONES,  John  Paul,  a  naval  command- 
er, was  born  at  Arbingland,  Scotland, 
July  6, 1747.  His  father  was  a  gardener 
of  the  name  of  Paul;  for  some  reason  the 
son,  when  he  lived  in  Virginia,  assumed 
the  name  of  Jones.  He  early  went  to 
sea.  After  being  for  some  time  in  com- 
mand of  a  vessel,  he  engaged  in  commer- 
cial pursuits  in  the  West  Indies.  In 
1773,  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  he  re- 
sided in  Virginia  to  settle  his   affairs. 


Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  war  he 
commanded  the  Providence  of  13  guna 
and  70  men,  in  which  he  cruised  and 
took  16  prizes.    In  May  1777  he  waa  or- 
dered to  proceed  to  Paris  to  arrange  some 
naval  operations  with  the  American  com- 
missioners.   April  10, 1778  he  sailed  on  a 
cruise   in  the  Ranger,  and  alarmed  the 
whole  coast  of  Scotland.     He  landed  at 
Whitehaven,  and  captured  two  forts  with 
30  cannon ;    he  carried  off   also    the 
plate  from  the  house  of  the  earl  of  Sel- 
kirk, at  St.  Mary's  Isle,  but  he  after- 
wards   restored  it.      He  returned    to 
Brest  with  200  prisoners  of  war.     He 
sailed  again  with  a  squadron  of  7  sail 
Aug.  14,  1779.    His  own  ship  was  the 
Bon  Homme  Richard,  in  which  after  a 
desperate  engagement  off  F'lamborough 
head  he  captured  the  British  ship  of  war, 
Serapis,  of  superior  force  Sept.  84, 1779. 
His  own  vessel,  however,  soon    went 
down.    For  this  exploit  the  French  king 
presented  him  with  a  golden  sword.  Feb. 
18,  1781  he  arrived  at  Philadelphia.  Con- 
gress passed  a  complimentary  resolution 
and  voted  him  a  golden  medal.    He  after- 
wards superintended  at  Portsmouth,  N. 
H.,  the  building  of  a  ship  of  war.    After 
the  restoration  of  peace  he  went  to  Paris 
as  agent  for  prize  money.    He  was  soon 
invited  to  enter  the  Russian  service  with 
the  rank  of  rear  admiral.   But  after  serv- 
ing a  short  time  in  the  Black  sea,  he  waa 
dissatisfied,  was  calumniated  at  court,  & 
had  liberty  from  the  empress  to  retire. 
Returning  to    Paris,  he  died   in   that 
city  in  neglect  July  18,  1792.    Though 
most  enterprising  and  brave,  he  was  irri- 
table, vain,  and  of  an  impetuous  temper. 
An  account  of  his  life  was  published  in 
1828  by  J.  H.  Sherburne. 

JONES,  Walter,  m.  D.,a  physician, 
was  born  in  Virginia,  and  educated  for 
medicine  at  Edinburgh  about  1770.  On 
his  return  he  settled  in  Northumberland 
county,  where  he  had  extensive  practice 
through  life.  For  a  few  years  he  was  a 
member  of  congress.  On  account  of  the 
originality  and  strength  of  his  mind,  hia 
extensive  and  various  learning,  and  the 
captivating  powers  of  his  conversation  he 


603     J*  ^        JONES. 


JUDSON. 


one  of  the  most  extraordinary  men. 
He  died  Dec.  31,  1815,  aged  70.— 
Thaeher. 

JONES,  William,  governor  of  R.  Isl- 
and, was  born  in  Newport  in  1754,  and 
during  the  war  was  a  captain  of  marines. 
At  the  capture  of  Charleston  he  was 
made  a  prisoner.  After  being  some  years 
the  speaker  of  the  house,  he  was  chosen 
governor  in  1810  and  remained  in  the  of- 
fice till  1817.  He  died  in  1822  at  Prov- 
idence. 

JOSSELYN,  John,  an  author,  arrived 
in  Boston  in  1663,  and  resided  in  N.  E. 
a  number  of  years.  He  was  brother  to 
Henry  Josselyn,  a  counsellor  under  the 
government  of  Gorges.  The  following 
it  the  title  of  his  principal  work, — New 
England's  rarities  discovered  in  birds, 
fishes,  serpents,  and  plants  of  that  coun- 
try ;  together  with  the  physical  and  chy- 
rurgical  remedies,  wherewith  the  natives 
conatantly  use  to  cure  their  distempers, 
wounds,  and  sores  ;  also  a  perfect  descrip- 
tion of  an  Indian  squaw  in  all  her  bravery, 
with  a  poem  not  improperly  conferred 
upon  her  ;  lastly  a  chronological  table  of 
the  moat  remarkable  passages  in  that 
country  amongst  the  English ;  illustrated 
with  cuts,  1672.  His  account  of  the 
natural  history  of  the  country  is  amusing : 
— "  Some  frogs,  when  they  sit  upon  their 
breech,  are  a  foot  high  ;" — "  barley  fre- 
quently degenerates  into  oats,"  &c.  He 
published  also  an  account  of  two  voyages 
to  New  England,  wherein  you  have  the 
setting  outof  a  ship  with  the  charges,  a 
description  of  the  country,  &c.  1674. — 
iStiUt«an'«  Maine,  382  ;  Hutchinson,  i. 
367,  368  ;  Dot^lass.  ii.  71. 

JUDSON,  Ephraim,  minister  of  Shef- 
field, Mass.,  was  born  in  Woodbury, 
Con.,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1 763 .  After  being  some  years  the  minis- 
ter of  Chelsea,  or  the  second  church  of 
Norwich,  as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Whita- 
ker,  he  was  dismissed  and  succeeded  by 
Walter  King.  He  was  next  settled  as 
the  minister  of  Taunton,  Mass.  In  May 
1789  he  was  settled  at  Sheffield  as  the 
successor  of  John  Keep  ;  and  died  Feb. 
33, 1813,  aged  76.      He  was  succeeded 


by  James  Bradford.  During  his  ministry 
of  22  years  only  60  were  added  to 
the  church.  In  the  next  15  years  339 
were  added.  He  was  mild,  courteous, 
hospitable,  and  faithful  as  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  Holland  Weeks,  Water- 
bury,  Nov.  1799. 

JUDSON,  Ann,  missionary  to  Bur- 
mah,  was  the  daughter  of  John  Hassel- 
tine  of  Bradford,  Mass.,  and  was  born 
Dec.  32,  1789.  In  early  life  she  was 
gay,  enterprising,  active,  and  eager  for 
the  acquisition  of  knowledge.  STie  was 
educated  at  the  academy  of  her  native 
town.  At  the  age  of  16  she  became  pi- 
ous. She  married  Adoniram  Judson, 
jun.,  appointed  a  missionary  to  India, 
Feb.  5, 1812.  In  his  letter  to  her  father, 
asking  his  consent  to  the  marriage,  Mr. 
Judson  said — "  I  have  now  to  ask, 
whether  you  can  consent  to  her  depar- 
ture for  a  heathen  land — whether  you  can 
consent  to  her  exposure  to  the  dangers 
of  the  ocean  ;  to  every  kind  of  want  and 
distress ;  to  degradation,  insult,  persecu- 
tion, and  perhaps  a  violent  death  .^  Can 
you  consent  to  all  this  for  the  sake  of 
Him,  who  leflt  his  heavenly  home  and 
died  for  her  and  for  you?"  She  was  the 
first  American  female,  who  made  up  her 
mind  to  go  to  India  as  a  missionary.  She 
sailed  from  Salem  Feb.  19,  with  Mrs. 
Newell,  and  arrived  in  June  at  Calcutta. 
While  residing  there  she  and  her  husband 
adopted  the  principles  of  the  baptists  and 
were  baptized  Sept.  6.  Mr.  Rice  also,  a 
missionary,  was  baptized  Nov.  1 .  As 
the  missionaries  were  ordered  to  quit  In- 
dia, she  sailed  to  the  Isle  of  France, 
where,  on  her  arrival  Jan.  17,  1813,  she 
was  informed  of  the  death  of  Mrs.  New- 
ell in  Nov.  She  proceeded  in  July  to 
Rangoon  in  Burmah.  A  few  English 
missionaries  had  been  there  since  1807. 
Afler  studying  the  language  several  years, 
Mr.  Judson  began  to  preach  and  to  pub- 
lish tracts  in  the  Burman  language.  He 
was  also  joined  by  the  missionaries: 
Hough,  Colman,  and  Wheelock.  h 
Jan.  1830  Mr.  Judson  made  a  fruitless 
visit  to  the  emperor  to  obtain  permissioi; 


-*<■ 


*  JUDSON.     *  ;# 

to  propagate  the  Christian  religion.  In 
consequence  of  this  refusal  Mr.  Colman 
was  induced  to  remove  to  Chittagong, 
near  which  place  he  died  Jul.  4,1832.  Mr. 
Wheelock  was  also  deceased,  and  Mr. 
Hough  had  departed,  so  that  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Judson  were  left  alone  at  Rangoon. 
Several  converts  were  baptized  in  1820. 
In  consequence  of  alarming  illness  Mrs. 
Judson  left  Rangoon  in  Aug.  1821,  and 
repaired  to  Calcutta,  and  thence  to  Eng- 
land. In  Sept.  1822  she  arrived  at  N. 
York.  After  visiting  her  friends  at  Brad- 
ford for  a  few  weeks,  she  was  induced,  on 
account  of  her  health,  to  pass  the  winter 
in  the  milder  climate  of  Baltimore,  where 
Dr.  Elnathan  Judson,  an  only  brother  of 
her  husband,  resided.  Here  she  lived  in 
retirement  and  wrote  an  interesting 
work,  a  History  of  the  Burman  mission, 
in  a  series  of  Letters  to  Mr.  Butter- 
worth,  a  member  of  the  parliament,  in 
whose  house  she  was  received  while  in 
England.  She  sailed  on  her  return  June 
22,  182S  from  Boston,  with  the  mission- 
aries, Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wade  and  arrived  at 
Calcutta  in  Oct,  and  in  Dec.  proceeded 
to  Rangoon.  In  the  same  month  she 
accompanied  her  husband  to  Avu,  the  cap- 
ital. The  Bengal  government  invaded 
Burmah  in  May  1824.  June  8th  Mr. 
Judson  was  seized  and  imprisoned  with 
Dr.  Price,  and  others.  During  his  im- 
prisonment of  more  than  a  year  and  a 
half,  9  months  in  three  pair  of  fetters 
2  months  in  5  pair, — amidst  indescribable 
sufferings, — Mrs.  Judson  repaired  every 
day  two  miles  to  the  prison,  prepared 
food  for  her  husband,  and  administered  to 
the  wants  of  the  prisoners,  and  made  con- 
stant application  to  the  government  for 
their  lives  and  their  deliverance,  until  at 
last,  on  the  approach  of  the  British  army, 
she  had  the  happiness  to  announce  to 
them  their  freedom. 

"O  woman— 

When  pain  and  anguidi  wring  the  broAr, 

A  DiinUtering  angel  thou!" 

In  March  1826  she  passed  down  the  Irra- 
waddy  to  the  British  camp,  when  gen. 
Archibald  Campbell  received  her  with  the 
kindness,  which  she  deserved  for  the  el- 


■SR 


KALM. 


503 


oquent  appeals  to  the  prouj^  Burman 
government,  of  which  she  waathe  author, 
and  which  contributed  to  the  peace.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Judmn  now  settled  in  the  new 
town  of  Amherst  on  the  Salwen  river. 
But  after  a  few  months  in  the  absence  of 
Mr.  Judson  she  died  there  of  a  fever 
Oct.  S4,  1826,  aged  36.  This  fatal 
event  is  to  be  ascribed  to  her  sufferings 
at  Ava.  In  a  few  months  her  only  sur- 
viving child,  Maria,  died.  They  were  bu- 
ried beneath  a  large  hope  tree,  the  Hopia. 
Her  little  son,  Roger  Willianu,  was  bu- 
ried at  Rangoon.  She  was  a  wottan  of 
unquestioned  piety  and  most  benevolent 
zeal.  Her  talents,  too,  were  of  a  high 
order.  No  female  missionary  ever  pas- 
sed through  such  scenes  of  suffering,  or 
made  such  efforts  of  benevolence  in  sick- 
ness and  amidst  perils  and  difficulties  of 
every  kind.  When,  at  a  future  time, 
the  gospel  shall  triumph  over  the  super- 
stitions of  the  east,  her  name  will  be 
honored  throughout  all  Burmah .  A  very 
interesting  memoir  of  her  life  was  publish- 
ed by  James  D.  Knowles,  2d  ed.  Boston, 
1829. 

KALB,  Baron  de,  major  general  in  the 
army  of  the  U.  S.,  was  a  German  by 
birth,  and  had  long  been  in  the  French 
service.  In  the  battle  near  Camden, 
Aug,  1780,  he  fell  after  receiving  eleven 
woimds  in  his  vigorous  exertions  to  pre- 
vent the  defeat  of  the  Americans.  He  died 
Aug.  1 9,  ag.47,  having  served  3  years  with 
high  reputation.  His  last  momenta  were 
spent  in  dictating  a  letter,  which  expres- 
sed his  warm  affection  for  the  men  and  offi- 
cers of  his  division,  and  his  ad^iiration 
of  their  firmness  and  courage  in  with- 
standing a  superior  force.  An  ornamen- 
tal tree  was  planted  at  the  head  of  his 
grave  in  the  neighborhod  of  Camden,  and 
congress  resolved,  that  a  monument 
should  be  erected  to  his  memory  at  An- 
napolis with  a  very  honorable  inscription. 
— Gordon,  in.  391,443;  Ramsay,  u. 
168;  Warren,  ii.  243  ;  Marshall,  iv. 
184;  Holmes. 

KALM,  Peter,  a  naturalist,  was  a 
Swede,  and  was  sent  to  America  in  1748 
to  collect  information  concerning  its  bot- 


■^ 


'iCW. 


504 


KEARSLEY. 


« 


#• 


sny.  In  tvo  or  three  years  lie  travelled 
through  Canada,  N.  York,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 0e  was  ailerwanla  professor  of 
economy  in  Swedish  Finland,  where  he 
died  Nov.  16,  1779.  In  honor  of  him 
the  beautiful  Kaltnia  received  its  name. 
His  Travels  in  N.  America  were  publish- 
ed at  Gottingen,  1764  ;  the  same  in 
English,  S  vols.  1770 ;  3  vols.  8vo.  1773. 
He  published  also  an  acccount  of  the  cata- 
racts at  Niagara,  1751. 

KEARSLEY,  John,  a  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  was  a  native  of  England 
and  etOBM  to  this  country  about  1711. 
As  a  member  of  the  assembly  his  speech- 
es ibr  the  rights  of  the  colony  were  so  ac- 
ceptable, that  he  was  sometimes  carried 
home  on  the  shoulders  of  the  people. 
He  died  Jan.  11,  1773,  aged  88.  He 
contributed  much  for  building  Christ 
church,  and  the  hospital  of  that  church 
for  widows  he  endowed  with  a  valuable 
estate. 

KEITH,  James,  first  minister  of 
Bridgewater,  Mass.,  was  a  rative  of 
Scotland,  and  educated  at  Aberdeen. 
He  was  ordained  Feb.  18,  1664,  and  died 
July  33, 1719,  aged  75.  He  had  6  sons 
and  3  daughters.  His  descendants  in 
Bridgewater  in  ISIO  were  200  ;  and  there 
were  many  more  in  other  towns.  His 
successors  were  Daniel  Perkins,  who 
died  Sept.  39,  1783,  aged  85,  and  John 
Reed.  He  was  of  singular  sweetness  of 
temper  and  eminent  piety.  In  his  preach- 
ing he  did  not  use  notes.  He  published 
a  Case  of  prayer,  on  the  establishment 
ofa  new  society. — Malher^a  sertn. 

KEITH,  George,  a  quaker,  was  born 
at  Aberdeen,  and  was  well  educated. 
He  came  in  1683  to  East  Jersey,  where 
he  was  surveyor  general.  In  1689  he 
taught  a  school  in  Philadelphia.  Afler 
writing  various  treatises  in  favor  of  the 
quakers,  and  vLsiting  N.  England  for  the 
propagation  of  his  sentiments,  on  his 
return  a  schism  occurred  between  him 
and  the  quakers  in  1691.  He  drew  away 
many  as  his  followers,  who  called  them- 
selves Christian  quakers.  At  length  he 
entirely  deserted  the  society  ;  in  England 
he  became  an  episcopalian,and  heodiciated 


KEITH. 

as  an  episcopal  missionary  about  a  year 
in  N.  York  and  Boston.  Repairing  again 
about  1706  to  England,  he  was  a  rector 
at  Edburton  in  Sussex,  where  he  died. 
He  had  learning,  talents,  acuteness,  and 
logical  aki  II,  but  was  irritable,  overbear- 
ing, and  virulent.  He  had  nothing  of 
moderation,  meekness,  and  charity.  In 
his  day  the  contention  among  the  quakers 
was  vehement.  The  following  are  the 
titles  of  some  of  his  many  publications  ; 
immediate  revelation  not  ceased,  1668 ; 
the  tray  to  the  city  of  God,  1678  -,  the 
presbyterian  and  independent  churches 
in  N.  E.  brought  to  the  test,  1689;— 
this  was  answered  in  1690  by  the  Boston 
ministers  in  their  Protestant  religion 
maintained ;  the  pretended  antidote  pro- 
ved poison,  in  answer  to  the  preceding, 
1690;  account  of  the  great  division 
amongat  the  quakers  in  Pcuns.  1693 ; 
more  divisions,  1693  ;  against  Sam.  Jen- 
nings, 1694;  a  plain  discovery  of  many 
gross  cheats  in  pamphlets  by  the  quakers ; 
account  of  his  travels,  1699  ;  the  deism 
of  Wm.  Penn  and  his  brethren  destruc- 
tive of  the  Christian  religion,  1699;  ac- 
count ofa  national  church  and  the  clergy; 
reasons  for  renouncing  quakerism,  1700 ; 
account  of  the  quakers'  politics ;  the 
magic  of  quakerism,  1705  ;  journal  of 
travels  from  New  Hampshire  to  Caratuck, 
1706;  new  theory  of  the  longitude,  1709. 
—Proud,  I.  363-876  ;  SewaVa  hist.  504, 
664. 

KEITH,  Sir  William,  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  sustained  this  office  from 
1717  to  1726.  He  had  been  before  sur- 
veyor general  of  the  customs  in  America. 
He  died  in  England  in  poverty  Nov.  17, 
1749,  aged  near  80.  He  was  a  desperate 
intriguer,  courting  always  the  favor  of 
the  people,  and  not  sparing  of  delusive 
promises  to  mdividuals.  At  last  he  sunk 
into  contempt.  He  published  the  history 
of  the  British  plantations  in  America, 
pan  1.  containing  the  history  of  Virginia, 
4to.  1738;  collection  of  papers  and  tracts, 
1749  ;  on  the  subject  of  taxing  the  colo- 
nies, 1767. 

KEITH,  Isaac  Stockton,  d.  d.,  minis- 
ter of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  born  in 


KENDAL. 

Bwln  county,  Penm.,  Jan.  80,  1756,  mi 
gmdHftted  at  Princeton  in  1776.  He  waa . 
th*  miaiatar  of  Alexandria  in  Virginia  for! 
aiNMit  tea  yaara  till  1788,  when  he  Tvaa j 
aoftWnt  Charlaaton  aa  the  collcai^  ofi 
DBt,HoUingahead.  There  hia  ministry  of 
aSyawa  wu  longer  than  that  of  any  of  bia 
llpredee«Mora  HediedauddenlyDec.U, 
1119,  aged  68.  Hia  firat  wife  waa  the 
daugbter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Sproet ;  his  second 
th*  daughter  of  Tho.Leg«re  of  Charlea- 
titp4  hia  third  the  daughter  of  Wm. 
HoitiiaiB.  He  waa  an  eminent  Christian 
and  «  faithAil  paator.  To  his  church  be 
beqnaathad  6,000  doU.  and  half  that  aum 
to  tim  geneial  aaaonbiy^  To  ea<^  of 
aboMi  SO  childna,  bearing  bia  name  or 
tbiat  of  one  of  hia  wives,  he  bequeathed 
Scott^a  commentary.  A  collection  of  bia 
senDOoa,  addresses  fcc.  with  an  account 
of  his  lifitby  Dr.  Flinn,  was  published, 
m*.—PmupL  XI.  441-448. 

KENDAL,  Samaal,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
WmIod,  Blase.,  a  deaeendant  of  Francia 
K.,  who  lived  in  Woburn  in  1647,  was 
bom  at  Sherburne  July  11, 1766:  his  b- 
tber,  Eliaha  K.,  died  in  18S4  at  the  age 
of  SHI).  He  waa  graduated  at  Harvard 
coU^  in  178S  ;  waa  ordained  Nov.  6, 
1786;  and  died  Feb.  16, 1816,  aged  6a 
Hia  .two  wivea  were  the  daugbtera  of 
Samuel  Woodward,  bis  predeeeaaor  in 
the  miniatry,  and  descendants  of  Richard 
Mather.  He  publiahed  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  T.  M.  Harris,  1794  ;  at  the 
election,  1804  ;  7  sermons  for  the  young, 
nvking  8(h  number  of  the  Christian  mon- 
itor, 1808  ;  on  the  death  of  S.  Dexter, 
1610 }  century  sermon,  181S.  A  volume 
of  hia  sermona  was  published  after  his 
death. 

KENTUCKY,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Vitginis,  end  waa  well  known  to  the  In- 
dian tmdera  many  yean  before  its  settle- 
ment. A  map  of  this  country  was  pub- 
limbed  by  Lewis  Evans  in  1740.  It  was 
not  till  1779,  that  the  first  family  settled 
in  this  territory.  In  that  year  colouel 
Daniel  Boone,  with  five  other  families, 
who  were  joined  by  forty  men  from  Pow- 
ell's valley,  took  up  their  abode  in  the 
64 


KENTUCKY. 


606 


forest  During  the  war  of  the  American 
revolution  the  infitnt  settlement  of  Kea- 
tueky  wss  repeatedly  ravaged  and  almoat 
annihilated  by  the  attack  of  the  Indians, 
atimnlated  to  rapine  and  murder  by  emi»> 
saries  iVom  the  government  of  Canada. 
But  reinfoieements  of  emigrants,  attrac- 
ted Iqr  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  enabled 
the  inhabitants  to  undertake  even  oftaaive 
measures.  In  the  hitter  end  of  1778  the 
brave  general  Clarke  in  several  expedi> 
tions  defeated  a  number  of  tribes  of  In- 
diana, laid  waate  their  viUagea,  Mri  waa 
the  means  of  saving  the  country  HmMb  de- 
struction. In  1777  this  newly  settled 
country  was  erected  into  a  county,  and 
in  1 788  the  legislature  of  Virginia  aoade  it 
a  aeparale  district,  and  estabtiahed  in  it  a 
supreme  court  This  measusa  conduced 
muoh  to  the  convenience  of  theinhalN- 
tantaand  the  interests  of  justice.  Still, 
sa  the  aeat  of  government  w&s  at  the  dia- 
tanoe  of  600  miles.the  necessity  of  a  aep- 
antion  occasioned  a  convention  of  depu- 
ties from  the  different  eountiea  in  1786, 
who  determined  that  an  appUcationahould 
be  made  to  Virginia  to  procu  re  bar  con- 
sent to  the  independence  of  Kentnelgr*, 
This  was  generously  granted.  Bvi  dis^, 
lays  arising  from  the  change  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  U.  S.  and  other  eauaea 
pravented  the  erection  of  tfaiadiatriet  into 
a  separate  sUte  till  Dec.  6, 1780,  and  ita 
admiaaion  into  the  'Jnion  till  June  1, 
1788.  A  form  of  gc  rnment  was  adop- 
ted in  this  year,  and  e  first  gweral  as- 
sembly met  at  Lexington  June  4.  The 
constitution  was  amended  and  eatabliahed, 
as  it  now  exists,  by  a  oonventitm  at 
Frankfort  August  17, 1799.  The  gen- 
eral assembly  Qoneists  of  a  bouse  of  rep- 
resentatives not  exceeding  100  members, 
snd  of  a  senate  of  38  membera ;  the  mem- 
bers of  the  former  to  be  chosen  for  one 
year,  and  of  the  latter  for  four  yeara. 
The  governor  is  also  elected  for  four 
yeara,  and  is  ineligible  for  the  seven  suc- 
ceeding years.  The  judges  are  liable  to 
removal  on  an  address  to  the  governor, 
for  a  reasonable  cause,  of  two  thirds  of 
each  house  of  the  assembly.  The  popu- 
lation in    1790  was  76,677 ;  in  1800, 


506 


KETELTAS. 


KILLEN. 


330,969 ; 
664,817  ; 


in   1810,  406,  511;  in   1830, 
in  1890,  688,844.    Of  these 


the  iVee  whites  were  618,678  ;  free  color- 
ed penons  4,816 ;  slaves  1 66, 850.  Tran> 
sylrania  university  is  at  Lexington  ;  Cen- 
tre college  at  Danville  ;  Cumberland  col- 
lege at  Princeton.  There  is  also  a  Cath- 
olic college  at  Bairdstown;  a  methodist 
college  at  Augusta;  a  Baptist  college  at 
Georgetown.  There  is  at  Lexington  a 
lunatic  asylum  ;  and  an  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  at  Danville.— There  is  a 
cave  in  the  limestone  rocks,  called  Mam- 
TMth  tme  ,  which  is  8  or  10  miles  in 
length.  It  is  distant  about  130  miles 
tirom  Lexington  on  liie  road  to  Nashville. 

KETELTAS,  Abraham  minister  of 
Jamaica  L.  I.,  was  the  son  of  a  minister 
of  the  same  name ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  col.  in  1753  ;  and  was  settled  at  first 
the  minister  of  Elizabeth.  He  preached 
fluently  in  Dutch  and  French.  In  1777 
he  was  a  member  of  the  convention, which 
framed  the  constitution  of  N.  York.  He 
died  Sept.  80,  1798,  aged  66.  His  wife, 
the  daughter  of  Wm.  Smith,  a  distin- 
guished man,  died  in  1816,  aged  84.  He 
ptuUiahed  several  occasional  discourses. 

KIDD,  William,  a  pirate,  was  the 
commander  of  a  vessel,  which  sailed 
from  N.  York  to  London,  and  in  London 
was  recommended  by  Mr.  Livingston  of 
N.  York  as  a  suitable  commander  of  a 
vessel,  which  lord  Rumney  and  others 
had  fitted  out  against  the  pirates  of  the 
East  Indies  at  an  expense  of  6000/. — 
Kidd  first  sailed  to  N.  York,  where  he 
bad  a  family:  on  his  arrival  in  India  he 
committed  many  daring  acts  of  piracy. 
In  his  infatuation  he  came  from  Mada- 
gascar to  Boston.  July  3,  1699  he  was 
summoned  before  governor  Bellamont, 
and  ordered  to  draw  up  a  narrative  of  his 
proceedings.  But  not  doing  this,  he 
was  arrested  July  6th,  with  several  of 
his  men.  A  man  of  war  was  sent  from 
England  to  transport  them  thither  for 
trial.  They  were  condemned  and  execu- 
ted. Bradish,  who  was  executed  at  the 
same  time,  had  run  away  with  the  ship 
Adventure  on  a  voyage  to  India  and  ar- 
liired  in  March  1699  at  the  east  of  Long 


Island,  where  he  had  deposited  in  the 
care  of  a  gentleman  his  money,  rings, 
and  jewels.  Multitudes  of  weak-minded 
men  have  dug  along  the  American  coast 
in  search  of  "  Kidd's  money, "  imagin- 
ing that  he  had  concealed  gold  and  silver 
on  the  shores.  Such  dupes  of  covetous- 
ness  would  do  well  to  dig  the  soil. 

KILLEN,  William,  chancellor  of  the 
state  of  Delaware,  was  a  native  of  Ireland. 
Early  in  life,  before  he  had  attained  the 
age  of  manhood,  he  arrived  in  America, 
having  an  excellent  education  in  the  Eng- 
lish language .    After  passing  through  a 
variety  of  scenes,  incidental  to  strangers, 
he  settled  himself  in  the  family  of  Samuel 
Dickinson,  the  father  of  John  Dickinson, 
of  Wilmington .    There  he  devoted  him- 
self most  assiduously  to  the  acquisition  of 
a  competent  knowledge  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages  under  the  direction 
of  Jacob  Orr,  who  was  engaged  in  teach- 
ing the  sons  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  and  some 
other  young  gentlemen.    The  diligence 
and  modesty  of  Mr.  Kiilen  made  him  a 
favorite  of  the  whole  family  and  partic- 
ularly of  his  instructer.    His  unwearied 
attention  was  rewarded  by  a  rapid  profi- 
ciency in  his  studies.    AAer  holding  the 
oflice  of  county  surveyor  for  some  years, 
he  commenced  the  study  of  the  law.    In 
the  courts  of  Delaware  his  knowledge, 
and  especially  his  skill  in  surveying  and 
in  various  branches  of  the  mathematics 
rendered  him  an  able  assistant  in  suits  for 
land,  and  in  such  trials  the  moat  eminent 
men  of  his  day  were  always  pleased  to 
associate    with  him  as  their  colleague. 
His  practice  soon  became  extensive.    His 
moderation,  his  modesty,  and  his  punctu- 
ality in  business,  aided  by  his  abilities,  led 
him  to  wealth  and  to  all  the  honors  of  his 
country.     For   many  years  before  the 
revolution  he  was  selected  by  his  fel- 
low citizens  to  represent  them  in  the  as- 
sembly of  Delaware.    At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  contest  with  Great  Britain 
he  took  a  decided  and  active  part  in  favor 
of  American  liberty.     Soon  after  the  dec- 
laration of  independence  he  was  appoin- 
ted chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
I  the  state  of  Delaware,  which  offioe  he 


KIMBALL. 


KINO. 


60T 


held  till  he  \n»  promoted  to  that  ofchan- 
ceilor  in  1708.  He  nsigfned  his  teat  ia 
the  court  ofchancery  in  1801,  and  died 
at  Dover  Oct.  8, 1806,  aged  83.  In  all 
the  variety  of  public  buainesa,  in  which 
he  was  engaged,  he  exhibited  the  strict- 
est integrity.  As  a  legislator  he  was 
wise  and  attentive  to  the  interests  of  his 
constituents,  and  as  a  judge  he  was  learn- 
ed, patient,  and  impartial.  The  same 
uprightness,  which  marked  his  public 
character,  was  also  conspicuous  in  all 
the  relations  of  private  life. — N.  York 
tpeeMor,  Oct.  S3, 180& 

KIMBALL,  Daniel,  founder  of  Union 
academy  in  Ptainfield,  N.  H.,  died  in 
March  1817,  aged  68.  He  gave  theacad- 
emy  between  30  and  90,000  dollars. 

KINO,  Rufus,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  Oreat  Britain,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Richard  King,  a  merchant  of  Scar- 
borough, Maine,  and  was  bom  in  1755. 
From  Moody's  academy  at  Byfield  he 
went  to  Harvard  college,  about  the  time 
of  the  death  of  his  father.    His  studies 
had  been  interrupted  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war  by  the  occupation  of  the  college 
buildings  as  barracks,  but  were  resumed 
at  Concord.    Ho  graduated  in  1777,  with 
reputation  for  classical  attainments  and 
particularly  for  his  powers  of  oratory,  to 
the  culture  of  which  he  had  applied  him- 
self with  great  zeal.     In  1778  he  was  an 
aid  to  Sullivan  in  an  expedition  against 
the  British    in    Rhode   Island.    After 
studying  law  iv.th  Mr.  Parsons,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1780  at  Newbury- 
port,  by  which  town  he  was  soon  after- 
wards chosen  a  representative  in  the  leg- 
islature.    It  being  racoromended  by  con- 
gress to  the  states  about  17S4  to  grant  a 
5  per  cent  impost  to  the  general  govern- 
ment, a  distinction  arose  between  the 
federal  and  the  state  interests.    In  the 
debate,  which  followed,  Mr.  King  sup- 
ported the  grant,and  prevailed,  and  James 
Sullivan,  the  most  popular  speaker  in  the 
house,  opposed  it.    The  legislature  ap- 
pointed him  in  1784  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress, then  in  session  at  Trenton,  but 
soon  adjourned  to  New  York ;  in  which 
body  he  introduced,  March,  1785,  a  reso- 


lution, prohibiting  slavery  in  the  territo- 
ry north  west  of  the  Ohio.  Of  the  con- 
vention in  1787  to  form  the  present  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  he  was  an 
efficient  member;  as  he  was  also  of  the 
Massachusetts'  convention  for  consider- 
ing tliat  constitution. 

Having  relinquished  his  profession 
1784,  and  in  1786  having  married  the 
daughter  of  John  Alsop,  an  opulent  mer- 
chant  of  New  York,  he  removed  in  1788 
to  that  city.  In  1789  he  and  general 
Schuyler  were  elected  senators  under  the 
constitution  of  the  United  Statea  Dur- 
ing the  violent  discussions  respecting  the 
British  treaty  in  1794  he  co-operated  with 
his  friend,  general  Hamilton,  in  its  de- 
fence. Of  the  papers  concerning  this 
treaty,  with  the  signature  of  Camillus, 
usually  ascribed  to  Hamilton,  all  the  num- 
bers, except  the  ten  first,  were  written  by 
Mr.  King,  displaying  much  acquaintance 
with  the  laws  of  different  nations  on  the 
subjects  of  navigation  and  trade.  When 
a  petition  was  prewnted  against  allowing 
Mr.  Gallatin  to  take  his  seat  as  senator, 
inconsequenceof  the  law  of  naturaliza- 
tion, a  warm  debate  arose ;  the  right  to 
the  seat  was  maintained  by  Taylor,  Mon- 
roe, and  Burr,  and  opposed  successfully 
by  Ellsworth,  Strong,  and  King.  On 
this  occasion  Mr.  King  displayed  great 
talents  as  an  orator.  Being  re-elected  to 
the  senate,  he  was  nominated  by  Wash- 
ington in  1796  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Oreat  Britain.  At  the  Englisn  court  he 
remained  during  the  administration  of 
Mr.  Adams  and  two  years  of  that  of  Mr. 
Jefierson  with  great  advantage  to  his 
country.  His  dignity,  mildness,  and 
firmness  promoted  the  adjustment  of  sev- 
eral difficult  claims.  The  convention  as 
to  boundaries  was  however  rejected  by 
Mr. Jefferson,  from  misapprehension  per- 
haps as  to  its  efiect  on  the  boundary  of 
Louisiana,  which  had  been  purchased. 
Had  this  convention  been  adopted,  the 
north  eastern  boundary,  which  has  occa- 
sioned much  uneasiness,  would  have  been 
settled  by  3  commisioners,  two  appoin- 
ted by  the  parties  and  the  third  by  the 
two.    Mr.  King  made  great  efforts  to  in- 


508 


KINNE. 


KIRKLAND. 


M 


(luce  the  British  to  renounce  the  practice 
ofiinprenaing  American  seamen.  After 
his  return  in  1803  he  lived  in  retirement 
until  the  war  of  1813,  when  h^came  for- 
ward in  support  of  his  country.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  patriotic  spirit,  which  he 
manifested,  the  democratic  legislature  of 
New  York  appointed  him  in  1813  a  sen- 
ator of  the  United  States.  His  speech 
concerning  the  conduct  of  the  enemy  in 
the  destruction  of  the  city  of  Washington 
gained  him  groat  honor.  In  1816  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  office  of 
governor  of  New  York.  Re-elected  to 
the  senate  in  1820,  he  brought  forward 
the  important  law,  requiring  cash  pay- 
ments upon  sales  of  the  public  lands.  In 
the  discussions  relating  to  the  admission 
of  Missouri  into  the  union,  he  endeavored 
to  extend  to  that  state  the  prohibition 
of  slavery,  which  aad  been  wisely  impos- 
ed upon  the  norta  west  territory.  The 
last  proposition,  which  he  brought  for- 
ward, was  to  devote  the  proceeds  of 
the  public  territory  to  the  removal  of 
slaves  and  free  persons  of  color  to  some 
country  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United 
States. 

On  retiring  from  the  Senate  in  1835 
he  «vas  induced  by  Mr.  Adams  to  pro- 
ceed again  as  a  minister  to  the  British 
court  in  the  hope  of  adjusting  several  dis- 
puted questions.  But  an  overruling  Prov- 
idence did  not  permit  him  to  accomplish 
the  objects,  which  he  had  in  view.  Dur- 
ing his  voyage  he  was  attacked  by  a  dis- 
ease, often  the  consequence  of  a  voyage, 
which  prevented  him  from  entering  up- 
on the  active  discharge  of  his  duties. 
After  remaining  abroad  a  year  without 
amendment,  he  returned  to  die  in  his  na- 
tive land  and  in  the  bosom  of  his  family. 
He  died  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  in  a 
composed  and  resigned  state  April  29, 
1827,  aged  72  years. — In  person  Mr. 
King  was  above  the  'X)mmon  size  and 
somewhat  athletic,  ^.ith  a  countenance 
manly  and  bespeaking  high  intelligence. 
His  conversation  and  writings  were  re- 
markable for  conciseness  and  force. 

KINNE,  Aaron,  minister  of  Groton, 
Con.,  was  born  at  Newect  in  Norwich, 


now  Lisbon  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1765 ;  and  was  ordained  Oet^ 
1770.  The  massacre  of  Ledyard  ft  otnero 
of  his  people  at  fort  OriswoU  diminished 
his  means  of  support.  At  last,  in  1798, 
he  was  dismissed.  In  1800  he  resided  in 
Winsted ;  in  1803  at  Egremont,  Mass.  $ 
and  in  1805  he  removed  to  Alford.  He 
was  occasionally  employed  by  the  Berk- 
shire missionary  society.  He  died  at 
Talmadge,  Ohio,  at  tho  house  of  his  son 
in  law.  Dr.  Wright,  five  days  after  his 
arrival  there,  July  9, 1824,  aged  79.  He 
was  a  faithful  preacher.  He  published  a 
work  on  the  sonship  of  Christ ;  a  display 
of  scripture  prophecies,  1813 ;  an  explan- 
ation of  the  types,  prophecies,  revelation, 
&c.,  8vo.  1814. 

KINSEY,  James,  ll.  d.,  chief  justice 
of  New  Jersey,  died  at  Burlington  Jan. 
4, 1803,  aged  C9.  He  had  been  a  irem- 
ber  of  congress  before  the  adoption  of  the 
present  constitution. 

KIRBY,  Ephraim,  first  judge  of 
the  district  court  of  the  U.  S.  at  New 
Orleans,  died  at  fort  Stoddert  Oct.  30, 
1804.  He  had  sustained  this  office  but  a 
short  time.  He  had  been  for  a  number 
of  years  an  inhabitant  of  Litchfield  in 
Connecticut,  and  was  once  a  candidate 
for  governor  in  that  state.  He  published 
Reports  of  cases  adjudged  in  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  state  of  Connecticut 
firom  1785  to  May  1788,  with  some  deter- 
minations in  the  supreme  court  of  errors, 
Litchfield,  8vo.  1789. 

KIRKLAND,  Samuel,  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians,  was  the  son  of  Dan- 
iel K.,  minister  of  Norwich,  Con.  who 
died  in  May  1773,  aged  73.  After  en- 
joying for  some  time  the  advantages  of 
Wheelock's  school,  he  finished  his  educa- 
tion at  the  college  in  New  Jersey,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  17S5.  While  at 
school  he  had  learned  the  language  of  the 
Mohawks,  and  he  conimenced  a  jour- 
ney to  the  Seneka  ludians  in  order  to  ac- 
quire their  language,  Nov.  30, 1764,  and 
did  not  return  till  May  1766.  June  19th 
he  was  ordained  at  Lebanon  as  a  mission- 
ary to  thp  Indians.  He  removed  his  wife 
to  Oneida  caatle  in  1769.    In  the  spring 


KISSAM. 

he  went  to  the  house  of  hit  flriend,  gen. 
Herkimer,  at  Little  Falb ;  and  there 
hia  twifl  ehildren  were  bom  Aug.  l"^ 
1770,  of  whom  one  is  Or.  Kirkiand,  mte 
president  of  Harvard  college.  About 
177S  he  removed  to  Connecticut,  and 
afterwards  lived  for  a  time  at  Stockbridge. 
For  more  than  forty  years  his  attention 
was  directed  to  the  Oneida  tribe  in  New 
York,  and  he  died  at  Paris  in  that  state, 
the  place  of  his  residence  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Oneida,  March  S8,  1808,  aged 
66. —  Wkeeloek'$  narralivet;  Panopliit, 
in.  566. 

KISSAM,  Richard  S-,  m.  d.,  a  distin- 
guished surgeon,  was  the  son  of  Benj. 
K.,  a  lawyer,  and  was  born  in  N.  York 
in  176S.  At  Edinburgh  he  studied  medt- 
eine  five  years.  Returning  to  N.  York 
in  1791,  he  continued  in  the  practice 
about  30  years,  and  died  Oct.  1833,  a^ed 
58.  He  was  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the 
N.  Y.  hospital.  Of  65  operations  as  a 
lithotomist  only  3  cases  were  fatal. — 
Thaeher. 

KITTREDGE,  Thomas,  m.  d.,  a 
physician,  was  a  descendant  of  John  K. 
who  died  at  Billerica  Oct.  18,  1676,  and 
whose  son,  John,  was  a  physician. — He 
war  born  at  Andover  in  July  1746,  and 
studied  with  Dr.  Sawyer  of  Newbury- 
port.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revolution 
he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army.  After 
being  an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon 
about  50  years,  and  being  often  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature,  he  died  of  the  an- 
gina pectoris  in  Oct.  1818,  aged  72.  In 
his  politics  he  was  a  strenuous  re^iublican . 
It  were  not  an  easy  task  to  reckon  up  ell 
the  physicians  in  N.  E.,  who  have  had 
the  name  of  Kittredge. — Thaeher. 

KNAPP,  Francis,  a  poet,  was  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  and  in  this  country  lived 
at  Watertown.  In  1717  he  wrote  a  po- 
etical address,  congratulating  Pope  on  his 
Windsor  forest,  in  the  best  style,  then 
exhibited  in  our  country. 

KNOLLYS,  Hanserd,  an  early  preach- 
er at  Dover,  N.  H.  and  at  L.  Island, 
after  being  an  episcopal  minister  some 
years,  came  to  this  country  in  1638. 
For  his  abuse  of  the  Massachusetts  gov- 


KNOWLES. 


Mt 


ermnert  he  made  a  eonfesawn  in  Boaton. 
About  1643  he  returned  to  Englaad,  and 
formed  a  Baptist  church  in  London,  of 
which  he  was  many  years  the  miniit«r. 
He  died  Sept.  19,  1691,  aged  M.  He 
published  Rudiments  of  the  Hebrew  gram- 
mar, 1648. 

KNOWLES,  John,  minister  of  Wn- 
tertown,  Mass.,  was  educated  at  Magda- 
len Hall,  Cambridge,  and  was  ohoaen  fel- 
low of  Catharine  Hall  in  163ft,  in  which 
station  he  was  a  respected  and  auceessftil 
tutor.  He  came  to  N.  England  in  1689; 
was  ordained  colleague  with  George  Phil- 
lips Dec.  9,  1640 ;  ami  went  as  a  mission- 
ary to  Virginia  with  Mr.  Thompson  and 
Mr.  Jamea  in  1643.  He  arrived  about 
Jan.  1, 1643,  having  been  invited  by  gen- 
tlemen of  Virginia,  who  were  anxious  to 
hear  the  gospel.  Gov.  Berkeley  at  firat 
received  thew  missionaries  courteously  ; 
but  when  he  found,  they  were  opposed  to 
the  common  prayer,  surplice,  tec.  he  was 
determined  to  silence  them.  In  about  2 
months  an  act  was  passed,  March  3, 
1643,  prohibiting  any  minister  from 
preaching  in  the  colony,  unless  he  sub- 
scribed an  agreement  to  conform  to  the 
church  of  England.  The  governor  and 
council  were  to  silence  offenders  and  com- 
pel them  to  leave  the  country.  Without 
question  this  act  was  aimed  at  the  N.  E. 
ministers,  and  Virginia  had  as  good  right 
to  pass  it,  as  Massachusetts  to  make 
enactments  against  the  quakers  for  their 
religion.  It  was  clearly  an  act  of  bigo- 
try and  persecution.  In  consequence  of 
thuact  Mr.  Knowles  returned  to  Water- 
town  in  June  1643.  Probably  Mr.. 
James  remained  longer,  as  he  was  for 
some  time  in  Maryland.  Cotton  Mather 
is  mistaken  in  supposing  the  Indian  mas- 
sacre occured  at  the  time,  Mr.  Knowlea 
left  Virginia,  for  the  date  of  the  massacre 
was  April  18,  1644.  In  1650  Mr.  K.  re- 
turned to  England,  and  was  a  preacher  in 
the  cathedral  of  Bt^tol.  Aft>)r  being  si- 
lenced in  1663  he  preached,  at  the  haz- 
ard of  imprisonment,  in  London,  where 
he  was  useful  during  the  plague  in  1665. 
He  died  April  10, 1685,  probably  between 
80  and  90  years  of  age. — Celamy. 


no 


KNOX. 


KOLLOCK. 


?f 


KNOX,  John,  a  captain  in  the  British 
army,  published  an  historical  journal  of 
the  campaigna  in  N.  America  for  1767- 
1760,  Svols.  4to.  London,  1769. 

KNOX,  Henry,  a  major  general  in  the 
army  of  the  U.S.,  was  born  in  Boston  Ju- 
ly 35,  1750.    Before  hostilities  between 
thia  country  and  Great  Britain  in  the 
revolutionary  war  commenced,  he  disco- 
vered an  uncommon  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
liberty.    Being  placed  at  the  head  of  an 
independent  company  in  Boston  he  ex- 
hibited in  this  station  a  skill  in  discipline, 
which  presaged  his  future  eminence.    It 
was  at  the  unanimous  request  of  all  the 
ofRcers  of  artillery,  that  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  in  that  department. 
When  the  corps  of  artillery  in  1776  was 
increased  to  three  regiments,  the  com- 
mand was  given  to  Knox,  who  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  a  brigadier  general. 
He  was    actively    engaged  during  the 
whole   content.      After  the  capture    of 
€ornwaIlisin  1781,  hereceived  the  com- 
mission of  major  general,  having  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  siege  at  the  head 
of  the  artillery.    Previously  to  the  adop- 
tion of  the  present  constitution  he  succee- 
ded general  Lincoln  as  secretary  at  war 
in  March  1785 ;  and  afler  our  present 
government    was    organized    in    1789 
Washington  nominated  him  for  the  same 
office.    He  continued  to  fill  this  depart- 
ment till  the  close  of  the  yeor  1794,  when 
he  resigned  it.     In  his  letter  to  the  presi- 
dent he  says,  "  after  having  served  my 
country  near  twenty  years,  the  greater 
portion  of  the  time  under  your  immediate 
auspices,  it  is  with  extreme  reluctance  I 
find  myself  constrained  to  withdraw  from 
so  honorable  a  situation.    But  the  natu- 
ral and  powerful  claims  of  a  numerous 
family  will  no  longer  permit  me  to  neg- 
lect their  essential  interests.     In  whatev- 
er situation  I  shall  be,  I  shall  recollect 
your  confidence  and  kindness  with  all  the 
fervor  and  purity  of  uflFection,  of  which  a 
grateful  heart  is  susceptible."    Washing- 
ton in  reply  assured  him  of  his  sincerest 
friendship,    and    declared    him  to  have 
"  deserved  \  ^1  of  his  country."    During 
the  last  years  of  his  life  general  Knox 


lived  at  Thomaston,  Maine,  where  he 
died  Oct.  35,  1806,  aged  56  years.  Hi« 
death  was  occasioned  by  his  swallowing 
the  bone  of  a  chicken.  His  wife,  the 
daughter  of  J.  Flucker,  secretary  of 
Mass.,  died  June  90,  1834.  In  April 
1796  he  lost  two  children  by  death  in  one 
week  ;  and  in  a  manner  almost  as  sudden 
he  had  previously  lost  five  children. 

He  was  distinguished  for  his  military 
talents  and  possessed  in  an  uncommon  de- 
gree the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Wash- 
ington. Though  a  soldier  and  a  states- 
man, he  did  not  dismiss  the  amiable  vir- 
tues of  the  man.  There  was  a  frankness 
in  his  manners,  which  was  pleasing,  and 
his  heart  was  susceptible  of  the  kindly 
affections. — Bradford^a  sertn,  on  hit 
death !  Marihall,  in.  63  ;  iv.  495 ;  v. 
35,316,  614;  American  reg.  i.  311; 
Thacher'i  eulogy. 

KNYPHAUSEN,  Baron,  lieutenant 
general,  commanded  the  Hessian  troops  in 
the  British  service  in  the  war  of  the  revo- 
lution. In  June  1 780  he  made  an  incursion 
into  New  Jersey  with  5,000  men.  Land- 
ing at  Elizabeth  town,  he  proceeded  to 
Connecticut  Farms,  where  he  burned  13 
houses  and  the  church.  Being  re-inforced, 
he  repulsed  the  Americans  near  Spring- 
field, and  burned  the  town,  consisting  of 
about  30  houses.  He  died  at  Berlin, 
Prussia,  in  June  1789,  aged  59. 

KOLLOCK,  Henry,  d.  D.,mini8terof 
Savannah,  was  born  at  New  Providence, 
N.  J. ,  Dec.  14,  1778 ;  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1794  ;  in  Dec.  1800  was  or- 
dained at  Eli/.abethtown  to  which  place 
his  parents  had  removed,  hut  in  Dec. 
1803  was  appointed  professor  of  theology 
at  Princeton,  Laving  the  care  also  of  the 
church.  His  abilities  and  eloquence  pro- 
cured him  great  respect.  In  1806  he  re- 
moved to  Savannah,  where  he  was  a 
minister  about  13  years.  For  a  time 
some  ecclesiastical  dilficulties,  founded  on 
a  charge  of  intemperance,  threw  a  cloud 
over  his  good  name.  He  went  to  Europe 
in  1817,  and  returned  with  invigorated 
health.  He  died  Dec.  19, 1819,  aged  41. 
After  his  death  his  sermons  were  pub- 
lished in  4  vols. 


KOSCl 
officer  in  tl 
was  born  j 
cient  and  r 
military  « 
wards  stud 
America, 
gen.  WasI 
pointed  hii 
engineer,  t 
1776.    At 
ty  Six  in  1 
ted  the  ope 
he  left  this 
turned  to  t 
him  the  ap 
In  the  cam) 
himself  aga 
1794  the  Pc 
recover  the 
Kosciusko  V 
command, 
men  he  defei 
subsequenti; 
tire  to  his  in 
in  which  cil 
60,000  Russi 
after  two  mc 
with  only  1( 
An  insurrec 
pelied    the 
the  siege, 
ular  troops 
had  resisted 
ting  to  150,1 
>t  Macziew 
sn  overwhei 
Kosciusko,  \ 
Being  woun 
wying,  "i!Vf 
«  prisoner. 
"And  Fraedoi 
He  was  thro 
but  was  rele 
emperor  pre 
sword,  lie  dc 
ger  need  a  s^ 
«  country." 
wear  a  swon 
America  an( 
^or  his  revo 
*  pension. 


KOSCIUSKO. 


KUHN.    4i 


511 


KOSCIUSKO,  Thaddeui,  a  Polith 
officer  in  the  American  revolutionary  war, 
waa  born  in  Lithuania  in  1766,  of  an  an- 
cient and  noble  family  ,and  educuted  at  the 
military  achool  at  Warsaw.  He  ailer- 
warda  studied  in  France.  He  came  to 
America,  recommended  by  Franklin  to 
gen.  Washington,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed his  aid.  He  was  also  appointed 
engineer,  with  the  rank  of  colon«l,in  Oct. 
1776.  At  the  unsuccessAiI  siege  of  Nine- 
ty Six  in  1791  he  very  judiciously  direc- 
ted the  operations.  It  was  in  1784,  that 
he  left  this  country,  and  in  1786  he  re- 
turned to  Poland.  In  1780  the  diet  gave 
him  the  appointment  of  major  general, 
in  the  campaign  of  1792  he  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Russians.  When  in 
1794  the  Poles  made  a  noble  attempt  to 
recover  their  liberty  and  independence, 
Kosciusko  was  intrusted  with  the  supreme 
command.  In  April  at  the  head  of  4,000- 
men  he  defeated  1:3,000  Ru9sians,but  was 
subsequently  defeated  and  obliged  to  re- 
tire to  his  intk'  >nched  camp  near  Warsaw, 
in  which  city  he  was  soon  besieged  by 
60,000  Russians  and  Prussians.  When, 
after  two  months,  an  assault  was  made  he 
with  only  10,000  men  repelled  the  attack. 
An  insurrection  in  Great  Poland  com- 
pelled the  king  of  Pussia  to  raise 
the  siege.  Kosciusko,  with  20,000  reg- 
ular troops  and  40,000  armed  peasants, 
had  resisted  the  combined  armies,  amoun- 
ting to  150,000  men.  At  last  Oct.  10, 
St  Macziewice,  50  miles  from  Warsaw, 
an  overwhelming  Russian  force  defeated 
Kosciusko,  who  had  only  21,000  men. 
Being  wounded,  he  fell  from  his  horst, 
saying,  "Finii  Poloniae,"  and  was  mode 
a  prisoner. 

"And  Freedom  ibrieked  when  Koeciusko  fell," 
He  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Catharine; 
but  was  released  by  Paul  I.  When  the 
emperor  presented  him  with  his  own 
sword,  he  declined  it,  saying — "I  no  lon- 
ger need  a  sword,  since  I  have  no  longer 
a  country."  Never  ai\erwards  did  he 
wear  a  sword.  In  Aug.  1797  he  visited 
America  and  was  received  with  honor. 
For  his  revolutionary  services  he  received 
a  pension.     In  1798  he  went  to  France. 


Having  purchased  an  estate  near  Fon- 
tainebleau,  he  lived  there  till  1814.  In 
1816  heaettled  at  Soleurein  Switaerland. 
In  1817  he  abolished  slavery  on  his  estate 
in  Poland.  He  died  at  Soleure,  in 
consequence  of  a  fall  with  his  horse  fVom 
a  precipice  near  Vevay,  Oct.  16,1817, 
aged  61.  He  was  never  married.  Hia 
body  was  removed  to  the  tomb  of  the 
kings  at  Cracow,  beneath  the  cathedral. 
Grey-headed  warriors  bore  the  relict  on 
their  shoulders;  two  maidens  with 
wreaths  of  oak  leaves  and  branches  of 
cypress  followed  ;  then  came  the  general 
staff,  the  senatc,clergy  &c.  Count  Wod- 
ziki  delivered  a  funeral  oratiou  on  the  hill 
Wavel,  and  in  the  church  a  prelate  gave 
an  eloquent  address.  The  senate  of  Cra- 
cow decreed,  that  a  lofty  mound  should 
be  raised  on  the  heights  of  Bronislawad. 
For  S  years  men  of  every  class  k  age  toiled 
in  this  work  from  Oct.  16, 1830  toOct.16, 
1829,  till  the  Mogila  Ko$eiu$xki,  the  hill 
of  Kosciusko,  was  raised  to  the  height 
of  300  feet.  A  serpentine  Ax>t  path  leads 
to  the  top,  from  which  there  is  a  fine 
view  ofthe  Vistula  and  of  the  ancient  city 
of  the  Polish  kings.  He  erected  himself 
a  better  monument  to  his  memory.  In 
1 798  he  made  a  bequest  for  the  emancipa- 
tion and  education  of  alaves  in  Virginia. 
In  1836  the  amount  was  about  35,000 
dollars.  B.  L.  Lear  was  the  executor.  A 
suit  was  pending  in  18S0,  instituted  by 
the  heirs,  who  claimed  the  bequest. 

KRIMMEL,  John  Lewis,  a  distin- 
guished painter  was  drowned, while  bath- 
ing near  Germantown,July  15, 1831,aged 
35.  He  was  president  of  the  society  of 
American  artists,  having  resided  about 
10  years  in  Philadelphia.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  engaged  to  paint  a  large 
historical  picture  of  the  landing  of  Wm. 
Penn.  His  genius  and  amiable  manners 
secured  to  him  respect  and  esteem. 

KUHN,  Adam,  h.  D.,aphysiciai>  v/as 
born  at  Germantown,  Nov.  17,  1741, 
old  style ;  his  father  came  from  Swabia, 
and  was  a  useful  physician  and  an  elder 
of  the  Lutheran  church.  In  1761  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Europe,  and  studied  at  Upsal 
under  Linnaeus,  and  by  him  was  highly 


Ht 


KUNZE. 


LANODON. 


After  viaiUng  vtrioui  eoun- 
talM  of  Europe,  he  rctumod  to  thii  eoun> 
try  in  Ju.  l7M,«nd  in  May  eommenoed 
hta  first  cpurw  in  botany.  For  33  years 
ha  atteadad  the  Pennaylvania  hoapital. 
la  17M  ka  waa  appointed  proTeaeor  of 
madiaiM  in  the  aniversity,  but  reaigned 
ia  1797.  After  praetiaing  phyaio  about 
SOyanra,  he  died  July  5, 1817,  aged  75. 
H*  laft  two  mtnu-^Thaeker. 

KUNZE,  John  Chriatopher,  b.  d., 
yroftaaer  in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,waa 
bora  in  1744.  For  14  yeara  he  waa  the 
miniater  of  the  German  Lutheran  church 
in  Piiiladelfihia,  and  a  proresaor  in  the 
ooUege  of  that  city.  In  1 784  he  removed 
to  New  York,  where  he  was  a  miniater 
SI  ymra,  alao  profeasor  or  the  oriental 
laoguagea.  He  died  July  34,  1807,  aged 
71.  Hia  valuable  aabinet  of  coins  and 
■ledala  ia  now  owned  by  the  N.  Y.  His- 
torical aooiety. 

LADD,  Joaeph  Brown,  'a  poet,  waa 
tha  aon  of  Wm.  L.  of  Little  Compton, 
R.  I.  Having  oommanoed  the  practice 
•f  physic,  the  rejection  ofhiaaddreasea 
by  a  young  lady,  to  whom  he  waa  ex- 
tremely attached,  induced  liim  to  remove 
to  Charleston,  8.  C.  There,  he  proved 
himaalf  dcatituta  of  moral  and  religioua 
prindplea  by  fighting  a  duel  in  conae- 
4iMnee  of  a  political  controversy.  He 
vaa  wouaded,  and  neglected  the  meana  of 
laeovery.  He  died  Nov.  S,  1786,  aged 
SI.  Tha  poems  of  Arouet  were  pub- 
liahadin  1786.— Sp«e.  ^m.poet.  i.  884. 

LAET,  John  de,  a  historian,  and  a 
director  of  the  Dutch  East  India  compa- 
ny, disd  at  Antwerp  in  1649.  Among 
other  works  he  published  Novus  Orbis, 
fol.  16S8. 

LAFON,  Barthelcmy,  a  geographer, 
died  at  N.  Orleans,  where  be  had  long 
beau  a  oitixen,  Sept.  39,  1820.  He  pub- 
lished a  map  cf  Lower  Louiaiana  and 
New  Orleans.  About  1814  he  propoeed 
;for  publication  a  work,  entitled,  Urane 
:g«ognphy,  designed  to  prove,  that  A- 
merica  waa  linown  to  the  ancients,  and 
waa  the  native  place  of  Orpheus,  &c. 

LAIDLIE,  Archibald,  o.  d.,  the  first 
miniater  of  the  Dutch  church  in  America, 


who  officiated  in  tha  English  hinftiage, 
waa  a  native  of  Seotland,  and  had  been 
for  four  years  a  miniater  of  the  Dulah 
church  of  Flushing  in  Zealand,  when  he 
received  a  call  flrom  New  York.  Hoar- 
rived  in  America  in  the  year  1764,  and 
died  at  Red  Hook  Nov.  14, 1779,  daring 
hia  exile  fVom  the  city,  occasioned  by 
the  revolutk>nary  war.  Hia  wife  wu 
the  daughter  of  col.  Martin  Hofihian. 
He  waa  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind  and  of 
aingular  piety  ;  a  aound  divine ;  an  evan- 
gelical, commanding,  k.  powerful  preach- 
er, and  indefatigab'.y  faithi\tl  in  hia  pasto- 
ral labors.  Hia  ministry  was  much 
blessed  and  attended  with  an  uncommon 
revival  of  religion.— CAri<<M|i>«  m«f -i  "• 
13. 

LAKE,  William,  a  poet,  waa  born  at 
Kingaton,  Penns.,  in  1787,  and  died 
Deo.  17,  1806.  Hia  poema,  entitled  the 
Parnaaaian  pilgrim,  were  published  at 
Hudson,  19mo.  1807. 

LALLEMAND,  Baron  Henry,  gen- 
eral of  artillery  in  the  Imperial  guard  of 
France,  eapoused  the  side  of  Napoleon 
on  his  return  from  Elba,  for  which  he 
was  condemned  to  death  for  contumacy, 
having  escaped  to  this  country.  He  died 
at  Bordentown,  N.  J.  Sept  15,  1898. 
He  published  in  this  country  a  valuable 
work  on  artillery. 

LANODON,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister 
of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampahire,  and 
president  ofHarvardcollege,  was  a  native 
of  Boston,  and  was  graduated  in  1740. 
He  waa  ordained  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Fitch  Feb.  4,  1747.  He  was  inducted 
intot  the  office  of  president  as  tha  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Locke  Oct.  14,  1774,  but  ra- 
signed  it,  in  consequence  of  th^  disafifec- 
tion  of  hispupibi,  occasioned  by  his  want 
of  dignity  and  authority,  Aug.  80,  1780. 
President  Willard  succeeded  him.  He 
now  entered  again  on  the  milder  task 
of  presiding  over  an  assembly  of  Chris- 
tians. He  was  installed  at  Hampton 
Falls,  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1781.  His  exten- 
sive knowledge,  hospitality,  patriotism, 
and  piety  secured  to  him,  in  this  calm  re- 
treat, the  affection  and  respect  of  the 
people  of  his  charge,  and  of  his  numerous 


LANOOON. 


I.ARNED. 


US 


hBffiHife, 
IumI  bwni 
Jit  Dutoh 
,  whtn  ha 
I.  Hear' 
1764,  and 
79,  daring 
Mioncd  by 
wifa  wu 
Hofiinan. 
lind  and  of 
I ;  an  evan- 
ful  pnaoh- 
ihiapaato- 
waa  mueh 
unoommoD 
>•  m«f  M  II. 

trea  born  at 
,  and  di«d 
tntitled  iha 
uhliahcd  at 

[enry,  g«n- 
al  guard  of 
r  Napoleon 

which  he 
contumaey, 

r.  He  died 
16,  189S. 

•  valuable 

D.,  minister 

Mhire,  and 

vaa  a  native 

in  1740. 

Mor  of  Mr. 

indue  ted 

the  aucce*. 

74,  but  re- 

1^  disa^ec- 

>y  his  want 

30,  1780. 

him.     He 

milder  task 

of  Chiis- 

Hampton 

His  exten- 

patriotism, 

his  calm  re- 

lect  of  the 

la  numerous 


•eqnaintanefl.  He  died  Nov.  99,  1707, 
■fed  74.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  S.  Macelintock,  1756  ;  on 
4he  conquest  of  Quebec,  1750  ;  an  impar- 
tial examination  of  H.  8andeman's  letters 
on  Theron  and  Aspasio,  1766  ;  a  sum- 
mary of  Christian  faith  and  practice, 
I7M  )  a  rational  explication  of  St.  John's 
vision  of  the  two  beasU,  1771  ;  Dudleian 
lecture,  1775  ;  before  the  provincial  ccn- 
gresa,  1776 ;  at  the  ordination  of  £. 
Sprague,  1777  ;  on  the  death  of  professor 
Winthrop,  1779 ;  N.  H.  election  sermon, 
1788  ;  observations  on  the  revelationa  of 
Jeaua  Christ  to  saint  John,  1791  ;  the 
efficacy  of  the  gospel  above  all  earthly 
wisdom,  the  buainess  of  life  and  hope  in 
death,two  sermons  in  American  preacher, 
IV ;  before  the  Piscataqua  association 
1793 ;  corrections  of  some  great  mistakes 
committed  by  J.  C.  Ogden  ;  remarks  on 
the  leading  sentiments  of  Dr.  Hopkins' 
system  of  doctrines,  n94.—Alden'i  oee. 
•/the  relig.  aoe.  ofPorUmouth  ;  Hiit. 
col.  X.  51. 

LANGDON,  John,  ll.d.,  governor 
of  New  Hampshire,  born  in  1740,wa8the 
grandson  of  Tobias  L.,  and  the  son  of 
John  L.  a  farmer  of  Portsmouth.  After 
being  educated  at  a  public  grammarschool, 
he  became  acquainted  with  '"  .canuie 
business  iu  the  counting  hot  of  Daniel 
Rindge,  and  afterwards  pmiMcuted  busi- 
ness upon  the  sea  until  th^  k  Mtxtiencement 
of  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain. 
He  was  one  of  the  parf  v,  which  removed 
the  powder  and  tli<>  military  stores  from 
fort  Wm.  and  Mary  at  Newcastle  in 
1774.  In  1776  and  1776  he  was  chosen  a 
delegate  to  congress.  Commanding  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  he  served  for  a  while 
in  Vermont  and  R.  Island.  In  his  own 
state  he  was  in  1776  and  1777  speaker  of 
the  house  and  judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas.  In  1779  he  was  continental 
agent  in  New  Hampshire  and  contracted 
for  the  building  of  several  public  ships  of 
war.  June  13, 1783  he  was  again  appoin- 
ted delegate  to  congre<)8.  He  was  ader- 
wards  repeatedly  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature, and  speaker.  In  March  1738 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  state ; 
63 


and  in  Nov.  was  elected  senator  of  the 
U.  S.  He  was  opposed  to  the  funding 
system.  In  1704  he  was  re-elected  for 
another  term  of  6  years.  He  was  after- 
warda  representative  and  speaker  in  the 
state  legislature.  From  1806  to  1808 
and  in  1810  and  181 1  he  was  governor  of 
the  state.  After  1811  his  days  were 
passed  in  the  calmness  of  retreat  from 
public  life.  He  died  at  Portsmouth  Sept. 
18,  1819,  aged  78.  In  his  politics  he 
acted  with  Mr.  Jeffenon  and  was  known 
as  a  republican.  In  1801  Mr.  Jeflerson 
solicited  him  to  accept  the  postof  seereta- 
ry  of  the  navy.  In  1813  the  majority  in 
congress  selected  him  fur  vice-presi- 
dent,  but  he  declined  the  honor,  to  which 
he  would  have  been  elevated  instead  of 
Mr.  Oerry,  had  he  consented  to  be  a  can- 
didate. For  several  yean  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  church  in  Portsmouth  ;  he 
enjoyed  the  consolations  of  religion  ;  and 
nothing  gave  him  so  much  pain  as  to  see 
the  doctrines  of  grace  rejected  and  assail- 


ed. His  habits  were  social ;  and  in  his 
manners  he  was  easy,polite,  and  pleasing. 
—^nnalt  of  Port$m.  870;  Farmer** 
Belknap,  i.  405. 

LARNED,  Sylvester.minislerof  New 
Orleans,wis  the  son  of  col  Simon  Lanml 
of  PittsReld,  Mass.,  who  was  a  nati\  e  of 
Thompson,Con.,and  a  revolutionary  o(!i- 
ceranddiedin  1317.  His  mother,ofextra- 
ordinary  intellectual  power  and  pious  aeal, 
wasof  the  nameof  Bull  of  Hartford.    He 
was  born  Aug.Sl  ,1796,  &  after  being  for  a 
short  time  a  member  ofWilliams  college, 
he  removed  to  Middlebury  with  his  friend, 
Solomon  Allen,  and  there  in  his  senior 
year  his  mind  was  first  impressed  by  reli- 
gious truth.     He  gradimtixlin  1813,  hav- 
ing the  English  oi   uon.      His   talents 
were  very  early  developed.    His  theok)g- 
ical  education  was  at  Andoverand  Prince- 
ton.   At  this  period  no  one  equalled  him  . 
in'extemporary  debate.    After  he  became 
a  preacher  in  1817,  and  was  ordnined  as  , 
an  evangelist,  he  repaired  to  New  Or- 
leans, where  he  arrived  Jan.  32,  1818. 
Mr.  Cornelius  had  been  there  aa  a  mis- 
sionary about  three  weeks,  endeavoring 
to  form  a  congregation.      On  the  arrival 


Jt^4  LATHROP. 

of  Mr.  Lajned  the  Bociety  was  quickly 
evtabliahed,  and  he  was  settled  as  the 
minister  of  the  first  presbyterian  congre- 
gation. In  the  summer  lio  viaited  ^ew 
England,  and  procured  materials  for  the 
erection  of  a  church.  The  corner  stone 
was  laid  Jan.  8, 1810.  He  fell  a  victim 
to  the  yellow  fever  Thursday,  Aug.  81, 
1830,aged  34.  He  preached  on  the  prece- 
ding sabbath  from  the  words,  "For  to  me 
to  live  is  Christ  and  to  die  is  gain  ;"  and 
closed  his^discourso  in  tears.  Mr.  Hull, 
the  episcopal  minister,  read  the  funeral 
service  over  him  in  the  presbyterian 
church.  His  widow,  Sarah  Wyer  of 
Newburyport,  died  at  Washington  city 
Jan.  30, 1835,  aged  35.— Mr.  Lamed  was 
distinguished  for  his  powerful  talents  and 
pathetic  eloquence  He  was  sanguine, 
bold,  and  confident,  yet  not  haughty. 
He  had  pressing  solicitations  from  chur- 
ches in  Alexandria,  Baltimore,  and  Bos- 
ton to  become  their  pastor ;  but  he  deem- 
ed his  christian  influence  more  important 
at  New  Orleans.  Probably  no  preacher 
in  the  U.  S.  occupied  a  more  important 
station,  or  was  more  admired  for  his  elo- 
quence. By  his  death,  a  kind  of  sacrifice 
to  duty,  he  left  a  deep  impression  of  the 
courage  and  value  of  true  piety. 

"Rovolviog  liif  roysterioiu  lot, 
^^    I  mourn  him,  but  I  praiie  him  not; 

Glory  to  God  be  gif  en, 

Who  lent  liim  ,  like  tbe  radiant  bow, 

Hii  covenant  of  peace  to  ihow, 
<  ■  Athwart  the  breaking  ttorm  to  glow, 

Then  vaaiih  into  heaven." 

LATHROP,  John,  the  first  minister 
of  Scituate  and  Barnstable,  Mass.,  was 
educated  at  Oti  >i  and  was  an  episcopal 
minister  in  Kent.  About  1624  he  re- 
nounced his  episcopal  orders  and  was  cho- 
sen the  successor  of  Henry  Jacob,  who  in 
1616  became  the  pastor  in  London  of 
the  first  Independent  or  Congregational 
church  in  England,  Lut  removed  in  1634 
to  Virginia,  where  hedi?d.  The  con- 
gregation met  in  private  houses.  In 
April  1632  the  bishop  seized  and  impris- 
oned 42  of  them  ;  18  escaped.  Mr.  L,, 
after  an  imprisonment  of  two  years,  ob- 
tained liberty  "  to  deport  the  kingdom." 


Mr.  Canne  succeeded  him.  With  about 
30  followers  he  came  to  N.  England  in 
1034.  He  removed  from  Scituate  to 
Barnstable  Oct.  11, 1630,  and  died  Nov. 
8, 1653.  He  was  meek,  humble,  learned, 
and  faithful.  His  successors  were  Walley, 
Russell,  and  Shaw.  He  left  several  sons 
and  daughters:  his  son,  Samuel,  who 
settled  at  Norwich,  Con.,  was  the  ances- 
tor of  those,  who  bear  the  name  in  Connec- 
ticut, N.  York,  and  Vermont.  Mr.  L. 
wrote  his  name  Lothropp;  Morton  wrote 
it  Laythrop ;  some  of  his  descendants  in 
Plymouth  county  still  write  it  Lothrop, 
as  the  word  is  pronounced  in  Mass.;  but 
it  is  generally  written  Lathrop.  A  de- 
scendant at  Norwich,  Dr.  Joshua  L., 
died  Oct.  30,  1807,  aged  84.— Two  of  his 
letters  to'  gov.  Prince  are  in  3  Hist, 
col.  I.  171. 

LATHROP,  Joseph,  o.  o.  minister  of 
West  Springfield,  Mass.,  a  descendant  of 
the  preceding,  was  the  son  of  Solomon 
and  Martlia  L.,  and  was  born  at  Norwich 
Con.,  Oct.  30, 1731 .  After  the  decease 
of  Ijiis  father  in  1733,  his  mother  removed 
to  Bolton .  He  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1750,  having  first  made  a  profession  of 
religion.  Becoming  the  teacher  of  a 
school  at  Springfield,  he  studied  theok)- 
gy  with  Mr.  Breck,  and  was  ordained 
Aug.  35,  1756,  and  was  pastor  63  years. 
In  1810,  Mr.  Sprague  was  settled  as  his 
colleague.  He  died  Dec.  31,  1830,  aged 
80.  His  wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
capt.  Seth  Dwight  of  Hatfield,  died  in 
1831.  His  son  has  been  president  of  the 
senate.  He  stood  as  the  patriarch  of  the 
congregational  churches:  no  minister 
was  more  respected  and  venerated.  He 
was  as  eminent  for  candorI&  charity,  as  he 
was  devout  and  holy  in  life.  As  a  writer 
he  was  remarkably  perspicuous,  plain  and 
useful.  His  publications  were  numerous 
and  more  extensively  known,  than  those 
of  any  contemporary  theologian  of  this 
country.  They  consisted  of  sermons,  6 
volumes  of  which  were  published  during 
his  life,  on  various  subjects,  chiefly  pract- 
ical. After  his  death  an  additional  vol- 
ume was  published,  accompanied  by  a 
memoir  of  his  life,  written  by  himself. 


This  antobi 
simpKcity  a 
ptiblished,  i 
vols,  Sd  edi 
discourses  0 
8ro.  1801. 
lowing  sem 
1784;  of  Dr. 
1796;  ofiV 
Mr.  Atwati 
drowned  at 
giving  relat 
the  perspici 
preacher,  1' 
on  thedism 
braham,  17 
ence,  1794 
a  century 
children,  17 
dels,  at  a  fas 
1803;  also 
Mr.  Ball,  11 
E.  D.  Andr 
good,  1803 
the  'dedicati 
1800 ;  befoi 
on  leaving  t 
cation  of  thi 
on  the  Sabbi 
of  God,  180'! 
sermons;  on 
of  the  bridgt 
to  churches 
witch  of  Em 
warning  to  b 
LATHRi 
Boston,  a  gi 
Barnstable, 
May  17,  17< 
He  graduat 
1763,  and  so 
sistant  to  A 
school  at  I 
May  18,  l7( 
Boston,  whc 
ters.  In  17 
with  Dr.  Pe 
church,  theii 
ed  by  the  ei 
of  the  united 
church.  H 
He  was  an  o 


LATHROP. 


LAURENS. 


51& 


This  autobiography  la  remarkable  for  its 
simpKcity  and  candor.   His  sermons  were 
ptiblished,  S  vols.  1796 ;  1  vol.  1806  ;  5 
vols,  3d  edit.  1807-9;  and  a  volume  of 
discourses  on  the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews, 
8ro.  1801.    He  published  also  the  fol- 
lowing sermons;  on  the  death  ofR.Breck, 
1784;  orOr.Oay,Suffield;  ofDr.G.'s  wife, 
1796 ;  of  Mrs.  Whitney,  1800;  of  Rev. 
Mr.  Atwater,  1803 ;  of  4  young  women 
drowned  at  Southwick,lS09;  at  a  thanks- 
giving relating  to  the  insurrection,  1786  ; 
the  perspicuity  of  the  scriptures  in  Am. 
preacher,  1791 ;  4  disc,  on  baptism,  179S; 
on  the  dismission  of  Mr.  Willardof  Wil- 
braham,  1794  ;  on  Anjerican  independ- 
ence, 1794 ;   at  a  thanksgiving,   1795  ; 
a  century  discourse  for  the  town;  to 
children,  1796 ;   Ood's  challenge  to  infi- 
dels, at  a  fast,  1797;  at  a  fast,  1798  ;  also 
180S  ;    also  1808  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Mr.  Ball,  1797;  of  Mr.  Bemis,  1801;  of 
E.  D.  Andrews,  1807;  of  Thaddeus  Os- 
good, 1803  ;  century  sermon,  1800  ;    at 
the  'dedication  of  Westfield    academy, 
1800 ;  before  a  missionary  society,  1303 ; 
on  leaving  the  old  meeting  house ;   dedi- 
cation of  the  new,  1802  ;  two  discourses 
on  the  Sabbath,  1803 ;  two  on  the  church 
of  God,  1804 ;  on  old  age  ;   on  suicide,  3 
sermons;  on  the  drought ;  on  the  opening 
of  the  bridge,  1805 ;  on  Christ's  warning 
to  churches ;  on  the  consulting  of  the 
witch  of  Endor;  on  the  solar  eclip8e,1806; 
warning  to  beware  of  false  prophets,l  81 1 . 
LATHROP,  John,  d.  d.,  minister  in 
Boston,  a  great  grandson  of  John  L.  of 
Barnstable,  was  born  in  Norwich,  Con., 
May  17,  1740,  and  was  one  of  10  sons. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
176S,  and  soon  ailerwards  became  an  as- 
sistant to  Mr.  Wheelock  in  his  Indian 
school  at  Lebanon.     He  was  ordained 
May  18,  l768,  at  the  Old  North  church 
Boston,  where  the  Mathers  were  minis- 
ters.   In  1779,  his  society  having  united 
with  Dr.  Pemberton's  of  the  New  Brick 
church,  their  own  church  being  demolish- 
ed by  the  enemy,  he  became  the  pastor 
of  the  united  society,  called  the  second 
church.     He  died  Jan.  4,  1816,  nged  75. 
He  was  an  oflicer  of  various  literary  and 


charitable  societies.  He  published  the 
following  sermons;  soon  after  5th  March, 
1770 ;  on  early  piety,  1771 ;  at  the  artille- 
ry election ;  at  the  thanksgiving,  1774  j 
on  5th  March,  1778  ;  on  the  death  of  hia 
wife,  Mary  L.,  1778 ;  of  S.  West,  1808; 
of  his  wife,  Elizabeth  L.  ,1809;  of  J.  Eck- 
ley,  1811  ;  of  J.  Eliot,  1818  ;  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  W.  Bentley,  1783 ;  on  the 
peace,  1784  ;  before  the  humane  society, 
1787;  catechism,  1791;  Dudleian  lec- 
ture, on  popery,  1793  ;  before  the  Fire 
society,  1796 ;  at  the  Thursday  lecture, 
1797  ;  at  Brattle  Street,  1798  ;  on  the 
fast,  1790 ;  on  the  commencement  of  the 
19th  century ;  before  the  society  for  pro- 
pagating the  gospel ;  before  the  Female 
asylum  ;  at  Milton,  1804 ;  at  the  thanks- 
giving, 1808 ;  at  the  same,  1811 ;  a  birth 
day  discourse,  1813  ;  at  the  fast,  1813 ; 
on  the  law  of  retaliation,  1814 ;  on  the 
peace  ;  history  of  the  late  war,  1815. — 
Parktnan'$  term. 

LATHROP,  John,  son  of  the  pr«ee- 
ding,  was  born  in  Boston  1773,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1789. 
Having  studied  law,  he  settled  at  Ded- 
ham ;  but  soon  returning  to  Boston  he 
devoted  himself  to  literary  and  social  in- 
dulgence with  Paine,  Prentice,  &  others, 
neglecting  his  profession.  Embarking  for 
India  he  lived  at  Calcutta  1 0  years,teaching 
a  school,  and  writing  for  the  journals.  In 
1809  he  returned  and  engaged  in  the  bu- 
siness of  teaching,  and  gave  lectures  on 
natural  philosophy.  In  1819  he  proposed 
to  publish  a  work  on  the  manners  and 
customs  of  India.  He  went  to  the  south, 
and  delivered  lectures.  At  last  he  obtain- 
ed a  place  in  the  postofRce.  He  died  at 
Georgetown  Jan.  30,  1830,  aged  48. 
Improvident  and  destitute  of  foresight, 
his  talents  scarcely  procured  him  subsis- 
tence. He  published  an  oration  July  4, 
1796  ;  speech  of  Canonicus,  a  poem,  Cal- 
cutta, 1803  ;  the  same,  Bost.  1803;  pock- 
et register  and  free-mason's  anthology, 
1813.— Spec.  Amer.  Poetry  ii.  101-108. 

LAURENS,  Henry,  president  of  con- 
gress, was  a  native  of  S.  Carolina,  and 
took  an  early  part  in  opposing  the  arbitra- 
rv  claims  of  G.  Britain  at  the  commence- 


516 


LAURENS. 


ment  of  the  American  revolution.    When 
the  provincial  congress  of  Carolina  met 
in  June  1775,  he  was  appointed  iU  presi- 
dent, in  which  capacity  he  drew  up  a 
form  of  association,  to  be  sigfned  by  all 
the  friends  of  liberty,  which  indicated  a 
most  determined  spirit.    After  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  temporary  constitution  in 
1776,    he  was  elected   vice   president. 
Being  appointed  a  member  of  the  general 
congress,  after  the  resignation  of  Han- 
cock he  was  appointed  president  of  that 
illustrious  assembly  in  Nov.  1777.    In 
1780  he  was  deputed  to  solicit  a  loan 
from  Holland  and  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
with  the  United  Netherlands.    But  on 
his  passage  he  was  captured  by  a  British 
vessel  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 
He  threw  his  papers  overboard,  but  they 
were  recovered  by  a  sailor.    Being  sent 
to  England,  he  was  committed  to  the 
tower  Oct.  6th  as  a  state  prisoner  upon  a 
charge  of  high  treason.     Here  he  was 
confined  more  than  a  ye^r  and  was  treated 
with  great    severity,  being   denied   for 
the  roost  part  all  intercourse   with  his 
friends,  and  forbidden  the  use  of  pen,  ink, 
and  paper.    His  capture  occasioned  no 
small  embarrassment   to  the   ministry. 
They  dared  not  to  condemn  him  as  a  reb- 
el through  fear  of  retaliation,  and  they 
were  unwilling  to  release  him,  lest  he 
should  accomplish  the  object  of  his  mis- 
sion.    The  discoveries  found  in  his  pa- 
pers led  to  war  between   Great  Britain 
and  Holland,  and  Mr.  Adams  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place  to  carry  on  the  ne- 
gotiation   with    the  united    provinces. 
During  bis  imprisonment,  it  was  intima- 
ted to  Mr,  Laurens,  th^t  it   might  be  of 
advantage  to  him  if  he  could  induce  his 
8on,taen  oa  a  mission  to  France,  to  with- 
draw from  that  country.     He  replied, 
"that  such  was  the  filial  regard  of  his  son, 
that  he  knew  he  would  not  hesitate  to 
forfeit  his  life  for  his  father ;  but  that  no 
consideration  would  induce  colonel  Lau- 
rens to  relinquish  his  honor,  even  were  it 
possible  for  any  circumstance  to  prevail 
on  his  father  to  make  the  improper  re^ 
quest,"    At  length,  in  Dec.  1781,  enfee- 
bled in  health,  and  apparently  sinking  into 


the  grave  if  continued  in  confinement,  he 
sent  d  petition  to  the  house  of  commons  for 
release,  slating  that  he  had  labored  to  pre- 
serve the  friendship  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  the  colonies,  and  had  extended 
acts  of  kindness  to  British  prisoners  of 
war.  At  the  close  of  the  year  he  was  ac- 
cordingly released.  Proceeding  to  Paris, 
he  with.Franklin,  &c.  signed  the  prelim-< 
inaries  of  peace  Nov.  30,  1782,  having 
been  appointed  by  congress  one  of  the 
commissioners.  He  returned  to  this 
country,  in  1783,  and  died  at  Charleston, 
Dec.  8,  1792,  aged  69.  He  directed  his 
son  to  burn  his  body  on  the  third  day  aa 
the  sole  condition  of  inheriting  an  estate 
of  sixty  thousand  pounds  sterling.  Dr. 
Ramsay  married  his  daughter.  His  son, 
Henry  L.,  died  in  May  1821. — Gordon  ; 
RatmayU  Rev.  ii.  213  ;  hiit.  8.  Caroli- 
na, I.  33,  38,  93  ;  Warren  ;  Marihall^ 
III.  339 ;  IV.  5,  572. 

LAURENS, John,a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war,  was  the  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  was  sent  to  England  for  his  edu- 
cation.   He  joined  the  army  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1777,  from  which  time  he  was 
foremost  in  danger.    At  Germantown  he 
was  wounded .     He  was  present  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  every  action  of  the 
army  under  general  Washington,  and 
was  among  the  first,  who  entered  the 
British  lines  at  York  town.    Early  in 
1781,  while  he  held  the  rank  of  lieuten> 
ant  colonel,  he  was  selected  as  the  most 
suitable  pe'son   to  depute  on  a  special 
mission  to  France  to  solicit  a  loan  of  mon- 
ey and  to  procure  military  stores.    He 
arrived  in  March  and  returned  in  Aug., 
having  been  so  successful  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  commission,  that  congress  pas- 
sed a    vote  of  thanks  for    his  services. 
Such  was  his  despatch,  that  in  three  days 
after  he  repaired  to  Philadelphia  he  fin- 
ished his    business  with  congress,  and 
immediately  afterward  rejoined  the  Amer- 
ican   army.    In   conjunction  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  count  de  Vergennes,  and  mar- 
quis de  Castries  he  arranged  the  plan  of 
the    campaign  for   1781,      August  37, 
1782,  in  opposing  a  foraging  party  of  the 
British,  near  Combahee  river  in  South 


LAVAL. 


LAW. 


617 


Carolina,  he  was  mortally  wounded,  and 
he  died  at  the  age  of  39.  His  father. 
Just  released  from  imprisonment,  and  hap- 
py in  a  son  of  such  distinction  and  vir- 
tues, now  witnessed  the  desolation  of  all 
his  hopes.  Colonel  Laurens,  uniting  the 
talents  of  a  great  oiRcer  with  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  scholar  and  the  engaging 
manners  of  the  gentleman,  was  the  glory 
of  the  army  and  the  idol  of  his  country. 
Washington,  who  selected  him  as  his  aid, 
and  reposed  in  him  the  highest  confidence, 
declared  that  he  could  discover  no  fault 
in  him  unless  it  was  intrepidity,  border- 
ing upon  rashness.  His  abilities  were 
exhibited  in  the  legislature  and  in  the 
cabinet,  as  well  as  in  the  field.  He  was 
zealous  for  the  rights  of  humanity,  and, 
living  in  a  country  of  slaves,contended  that 
personal  liberty  was  the  birth  right  of 
every  human  being,  however  diversi- 
fied I  ""utry,  color,  or  powers  of  mind. 
His  .  u  ing  address  won  the  hearts 
oft  -  <^  |uaintance,  while  hissinceri- 
ty  and  virtue  secured  their  lasting  esteem. 
— JRanway's  <S.  Carolina,  ii.  21,  105, 
206,  306,  374;  Gordon;  Warren,  ii. 
465;  III.  54,  55 ;  Marshall,  iii.  486,  508; 
IV.  407,  485,  575  ;  Gordon. 

LAVAL,  Francois  de,  first  bishop  of 
Canada ,  arrived  in  June  1659.  He 
was  also  the  pope's  apostolic  vicar.  In 
1663  he  procured  the  establishment  of  the 
Seminary  at  Quebec.  He  sent  out  vari- 
ous missionaries  amongst  the  Indians.  He 
made  great  and  commendable  exertions 
to  prevent  the  supply  to  the  Indians  of 
strong  liquors  ,for  all  his  promising  Chris- 
tians were  becoming  drunkards.  But  he 
struggled  in  vain  against  the  covetous- 
ness  of  the  trailers,  who  were  not  opposed 
by  the  government.  He,  therefore,  in 
1662  repaired  to  France  and  presented 
his  complaint  to  the  king,  and  obtained 
an  order  for  the  suppression  of  the  detes- 
table traffic.  It  was  afterwards  resumed, 
and  representations  were  made  of  the  in- 
dispensable necessity  of  it  in  order  to 
secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indians.  The 
bishop  was  for  some  time  engaged  in 
another  struggle  ;  but  in  1678  he  procur- 
ed another  order  for  the  suppression  of 


the  traffic  under  severe  penalties  to  oSimn 
den. — Charlevoix.  ■<» 

LAVAiL,  Le  Pere,  a  Jesuit,  published 
Voyage  de  la  Louisianeen  1720,  4to. 
1728.  ,,s 

LA  VAT,  R.  P.,  published  Nouveau 
Voyage  aux  Isles  de  I'  Amerique,  ISino. 
8  vols.  1711.  ,f'r#*¥ 

LAW,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut was  born  at  Milford,  Aug.  6,  1674  ; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1695;  and  from  1715,  to  1725,  except- 
ing one  year,  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  1725  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  and  lieutenant  governor,  which 
offices  he  held  till  he  was  chosen  governor, 
as  successor  of  Joseph  Talcott,  in  1741. 
He  died  Nov.  6,  1750,  aged  76,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Roger  Wolcott.  Gov. 
Law,  in  his  zeal  against  the  more  zeal- 
ous preachers  of  his  day,  the  followers  of 
Mr.  Whitefield,  the  New  lighU,  he. 
gave  his  sanction  to  some  persecuting 
acts  of  the  legislature.  Trumbull  remarks 
— "  Gov.  Talcott,  who  called  those  day* 
times  of  refreshing,  was  now  no  more, 
&  a  gentleman  of  a  different  character  was 
chosen  governor.  Under  his  administra-: 
tion  a  number  or  severe  and  persecuting, 
laws  were  enacted."  Mr.  Law  was  of  the 
Arminian,  or  "  old-light "  party,  and  the 
outrageous  enactments  were  ascribed  to 
him.  President  Finley,  for  preaching  in 
Connecticut,  was  agreeably  to  one  of 
those  laws  carried  as  a  vagrant  out  of 
the  colony. 

LAW,  Richard,  ll.  d.,  chief  justice  of 
Connecticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding,, 
was  born  at  Milford  March  17, 1733,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1751.  Af- 
ter a  lucrative  practice  of  law  for  some 
years  at  New  London,  he  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  county  court ;  in  1784 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  in  1T196 
chief  judge.  In  1789  he  was  appointed 
district  judge  of  the  U.  S.,  in  which  office 
he  continued  till  his  death  Jan.  26,  1806,. 
aged  72. 

LAW,  Andrew,  a  teacher  of  musk? 
for  forty  years,  died  at  Cheshire,  Con.,. 
July  1821,  aged  73.  He  invented  four 
characters  to  express  always  the  four  syl- 


'%,> 


sri 


LAWRENCE. 


lablM  of  mutie.  He  published  Rudi- 
ments of  music,  1783  ;  Musical  Prirjer 
on  a  new  plan,  with  the  four  characters, 
180>  ;  Music*  magazine,  1804  ;  Collec- 
Inction  of  hymn  tunes. 

' ;  V,WRENCE,  James,  a  naval  com- 
ni. —Jer,  was  the  son  of  James  L.,  a  law- 
yer, and  was  born  at  Burlingfton,  N.  J. 
Oct  1,  1781  He  had  early  a  predi 
lection  for  a  sea  faring  life,  which  his 
friends  could  not  conquer.  At  the  age 
of  16  he 'received  a  midshipman's  war- 
rant. In  the  war  against  Tripoli  he  ac- 
companied Decatur  as  his  first  lieuten- 
antJn  the  hazardous  exploit  of  destroy- 
ing the  frigate  Philadelphia.  He  remain- 
ed several  years  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  commanded  successively  the  Vixen, 
Wasp,  Argus,  and  Hornet  While  cruis- 
ing in  the  latter  off  Delaware,  he  fell  in 
with  the  British  brig,  Peacock,  and  after 
an  action  of  15  minutes  captured  it  Feb. 
S4, 181S.  On  his  return  he  was  receiv- 
ed with^distinction.  Being  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  post  captain,  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  the  frigate  Ches- 
apeak.  While  in  Boston  roads  nearly 
ready  for  Be»,  the  British  iVigate  Shan- 
non, capt.  Brokr.  appeared  off  the  har- 
'^r,  and  made  aignals  expressive  of  a 
chdlenge.  Although  under  many  disad- 
vaBt8gea,with  an  undiscipUned  crew,&c., 
yet  capt  L.  determined  to  accept  the 
challenge.  He  put  to  sea  in  the  morn- 
ing of  June  1 ;  thj  Shannon  bore  away. 
At  4  the  Chesapeak  hauled  up  and  fired  a 
gun ;  the  Shannon  then  hove  to.  Soon 
after  the  action  commenced,  capt.  L.  was 
wounded  in  the  leg.  Soon  the  anchor  of 
the  Chesapeak  caught  in  one  ofthe  Shan- 
non's ports,  in  consequence  of  which  her 
guns  could  net  be  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  enemy.  As  capt.  L.  was  carried  be- 
low in  consequence  of  a  second  and  mor- 
tal wound  from  a  bullet,  which  lodged  in 
his  intestines,  he  cried  out,  "  don't  give 
up  the  ship! "  But  after  the  action  had 
continued  11  minutes  the  enemy  boarded 
and  captured  the  Chesapeak.  The  loss 
of  killed  and  wounded  was  146  ;  that  of 
the  Shannon  86.  Capt.  L.  lingered  four 
days  in  extreme  pain  and  then  died,  June 


LAY. 

6, 1813,  aged  31.  He  was  honorably 
buried  at  Halifax.  His  be  ly  and  *hatof 
lieut.  Ludlow  were  brought  by  capt.  O. 
Orowninshield  at  his  own  expense  to 
Jalem,  &  then  removed  to  N.  Y.  His  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Montaudevert,a 
merchant  of  N.  York.  She  sarvived 
with  two  children. 

LAWSON,  John,  a  traveller,  was 
surveyor  general  of  N .  Carolina.  While 
exploring  lands  on  the  river  Neus^  accom- 
panied by  the  baron  Grafienreid,  the  Indi- 
ans seized  him  and  solemnly  tried  him 
for  encroaching  on  their  territory  before 
a  large  council,  and  condemned  and  exe- 
cuted him  in  the  autumn  of  1713.  This 
was  the  commencement  of  an  Indian  war. 
The  baron  escaped  by  representing,  that 
he  was  not  ofthe  English  party,  but  king 
of  the  Palatines .  He  pabliiihed  a  journal 
of  one  thousand  miles'  travels  amongst 
the  Indians,  with  a  description  of  North 
Caroline,  4to.  London,  1700  ;  the  same, 
1711  ;  also  the  same  at  Hamburg,  1812; 
history  of  Carolina,  4to.  London,  3nd 

edit  1714;  the  same,  1718. Holmes, 

1.507. 

LAY,  Benjamin,  a  benevolent  qnaksr 
of  great  singularities,  was  a  native  of 
England  and  brought  up  to  the  sea. 
About  the  year  1710  he  settled  in  Barba- 
does.  Bearing  his  open  testimony  in  all 
companies  against  the  conduct  ofthe  ow- 
ners of  slaves,  he  became  so  obnoxious  to 
the  inhabitants,  that  he  left  the  island  in 
disgust,  ard  settled  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  fixed  his  residence  at  Abington,  ten 
miles  from  Philadel.r^Via.  On  his  arrival 
he  found  many  quakers,  who  kept  slaves. 
He  remonstrotKl  against  the  practice  with 
zer  '  oth  in  public  and  private.  To  ex- 
prc.  ills  indignation  at  the  practice  of 
slave  keeping,  he  once  carried  a  bladder 
filled  with  blood  into  a  public  meeting, 
and  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  congre- 
gation thrust  a  sword  into  it,  which  he 
had  concealed  under  his  coat,  exclaiming, 
"  thus  shall  God  shed  i,he  blood  of  those 
persons,  who  enslave  their  fellow  crea- 
tures." Calling  upon  a  friend  in  Philadel- 
phia, he  was  asked  to  sit  down  to  break- 
fast.   He  first  inquired, "  dost  thou  keep 


alMvsi  in  tli 

ed  in  the  at 

not  partake 

untighteou 

attempt  to  ( 

in  Chester! 

ing  alaves, 

little  girl  of 

pretence  of 

ths  cries  o 

expedient  a 

see  and  feel 

which   you 

practice  of 

wrote  a  trei 

era,  that  k« 

apostates. 

lin,  who  toll 

script  was  h 

ficientin  ar 

ter,"saidM 

pleasest,  fiis 

at  bis  house  i 

He  was  tei 

chiefly  upon 

pure  water. 

into    Penn&, 

home  a  sma 

and  saucers. 

and  carrying 

scattered  thi 

court  house, 

tude  of  ape 

the  instrumc 

the  same  tin 

folly  of  inti 

in   the  plac 

of    the    cc 

schools,    cai 

^ioua  books 

themasprizt 

ting  also  fre 

struction.    I 

of  idleness,  t 

the  weather  i 

his  mind  wa 

usedtospenc 

his  clothes  w 

Though  kim 

on  common  I 

to  go  abroad 

four  pence  a 


:r 


LAY. 

alHvca  in  thy  houH?"    On  being  answer- 
ed in  the  affirmative,  he  said, "  then  I  will 
not  partake  with  thee  of  the  ftuits  of  thy 
untighteousness."    Ai\er  an  ineffectual 
attempt  to  convince  a  farmer  and  his  wife 
in  Chestercounty  of  the  iniquity  of  keep- 
ing slaves,  he  seized  their  only  child,  a 
little  girl  of  three  years  of  age,  under  the 
pretence  of  carrying  her  away,  and  when 
ths  cries  of  the  chikl,  and  his  singular 
expedient  alarmed  them,  he  said,  "  you 
see  and  feel  now  a  little  of  the  distress, 
which   you   occaskin  by    the  inhuman 
practice  of  slave  keeping."    In  1737  he 
wrote  a  treatise,  entitled,  All  slave  keep- 
ers, that  keep  the  innocent  in  bondage, 
apostates.    It  was  printed  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, who  toki  the  author,  when  the  manu- 
script was  brought  to  him,  that  it  was  de- 
ficient in  arrangement.    "  It  is  no  mat- 
ter," said  Mr.  Lay,  "print  any  part,  thou 
pleasest,  fiist."   This  worthy  quaker  died 
at  his  house  in  Abington  in  1760,  aged  79. 
He  was  temperate  in    hia  diet,    living 
chiefly  upon  vegetables,  nnd  his  drink  was 
pure  water.    When  tea  was  introduced 
into    Penn&^'lvania,    his    wife   brought 
home  a  small  quantity  with  a  set  of  cups 
and  saucers.     In  his  zeal  he  seized  them, 
and  carrying  them  back  to  the  city,  he 
scattered  the  tea  from  the  balousy  of  the 
court  house,  in  the  presence  of  a  multi- 
tude of  spectators,  and  broke  to  pieces 
the  instruments  of  luxury,  delivering  at 
the  same  time  a  striking  lecture  upon  the 
folly  of  introducing  a  pernicious   herb 
in   the  place  of   the    wholesome   diet 
of    the    country.    lie     often    visited 
schools,    carrying    a     basket  of    reli- 
jvioua  books  with  him,  and  distributing 
them  as  prizes  .'mong  the  bcholars,  impar- 
ting also  frequently  some  advice  and  in- 
struction.   So  much  was  he  the  enemy 
of  idleness,  that  when  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather  confined  him  to  his  house,  or 
his  mind  was  wearied  with  reading,  ha 
used  to  spend  his  time  in  spinning.    All 
hu  clothes  were  manufactured  by  himself. 
Though  kind  to  the  poor,  he  had  no  pity 
on  common  beggars,  who,  he  said,  if  able 
to  go  abroad  to  beg,  were  able  also  to  earn 
four  pence  a  day,  and  this  sum  was  suifi- 


LEAR. 


610 


cicnt  to  keep  any  person  above  want  or 
dependence  in  this  country.  He  once  at- 
tempted to  imitate  our  Savior  by  fasting 
40  days ;  but  he  was  obliged  to  desist 
from  the  attempt  His  weaknesses  and 
eccentricities  disappear  before  the  splendor 
of  his  humanity  and  benevolence.  His 
bold,  determined,  vA  uniform  reprehen- 
sion of  the  practice  of  slavery,  in  defiance 
of  public  opinion,  does  him  the  highest 
honor.  The  turbulence  and  severity  of 
his  temper  were  necessary  at  the  time  in 
which  he  lived  ;  and  the  work,  whkh  he 
began,  was  completed  by  the  meek  and 
gentle  Anthony  Benezet.— JIimA's  tu«^ 
a05-Sll ;  Mm:  mag.  iv.  aS-aa 

LEAKE,  Walter,  governor  of  Missfa- 
sippi,  succeeded  Geo.  Poindexter  in  1831 
and  was  succeeded  by  David  Holmes  in 
1 835.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  revolution. 
He  died  at  Mount  Salus  in  Hinds  couuf 
ty.  Miss.,  Nov.  17,  1835. 

LEAMING,  Jcvemish,  d.  d.,  aitepis- 
copal  minister,  was  horn  in  MicUletown, 
Conn,  in  1719,  and  was  graduated^  at  Yale 
college  in  1745.  He  preached  in  New- 
port, R>  Island,  &  years;  at  Norwalk, 
Connectieat,  31  years ;.  and  at  Stratford 
8  or  9  years.  He  died  at  New  Haven  in 
Sept.  1804,  aged  86.  In  the  episcopal 
controversy,  he  wrote  with  great  abiUty 
upon  the  subject.  He  published  a  de> 
fence  of  the  episcopal  government  of  the 
church,  containing  remarks  on  some  no- 
ted sermons  on  presbyterian  ordination, 
1766  ;  a  second  defence  of  the  episcopal 
government  of  the  church  in  answer  to 
Noah  Welles,  1770;  evidences  of  the 
truth  of  Christianity,  1785  ;  dissertations 
on  various  subjects,  which  may  be  well 
worth  the  attention  of  every  Christian, 
1789. 

LEAR,  Tobias,  colonel,  was  consul 
general  at  St.  Domingo  in  1803 ;  he  was 
afterwards  consul  general  at  Tripoli,  and 
in  1804  commissioner  with  Barron  to  ne- 
gotiate a  peace,  which  he  effected  much 
to  the  dissatisfaction  of  Gen.  Eaton,  then 
at  the  head  of  an  army  at  Derne,  agree- 
ing to  pay  for  200  prisoners  60,000  dollars. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  Mr.  Lear  was 
I  bccountant  of  the  war  department.     He 


I 


6S0 


LECHFORD. 


diad  At  Waabiagton  Oetober  11,  1816. 

LfiCHfOIU),  Thomat,  a  lawyar 
ftoiaLaBdoa,ltvad  in  JBoatoa  fren  1088 
Uk  llMfli  Jiaiiag  iianriaftatl  witf^  the 
aoM0tfj%tJl»vjclmil|A  to  fiagknd.  Ha 
pnbUaMi  FWb  deaiiaf ,  or  ■awo'ifaiai  N. 
BM|laiwto>wi|iWt  toTMnioMMit,  <aa9Uaiaa- 
iiaa»i»>i  iWIbi  w^owit  JtaOiwd.  IMi. 

UWSAAOi  Jota»  tt^iUNtiosaiahad 
tim*llM^«MlM>r»>te0aotopi,  Coon,  ia 
l7iA«  ^HiifliiiiMNM*  vhilo  lio  ^m  i^yet 
« tiMtmmMtMim  itBtmli'Jt  tbo  cam  of 
a  MMh«  w  UmelSML  >  Han  be  aqogted 
tiM  adhMBtagaa»«C  »  pannar  adiaol. 
AAv 4feia^i4aalli^ «f  MifAtioB,  arbeii  ba 
nai  alrtiwa  ytaia  aCiga>  h^waa  ^  to 

to  tbaiitwty <f  4Wailyboaair  paaaeia 
■hirtiia  m  Sottvovtb  eoUaf%  whare 
■ha  hoiM>o»^<ipfort«rity.  og  kanung  the 
iMWHW'^.tba  IMiiin,  a»  than  w«!ie 

aavan^  jbltiio  fiV^  in  the  aaniaaiy, 


hia»ttii4K»4iii  povaMy  oUigiac  ^lim  to 
Am*  the  ooUago  halbra  be  bad 
I  JMnJanataHi^  aad  not  hnriag 
<dilBlf 'iifrjhiapaahat  to  daAay  thaas* 
paKsa^ftjowKlf  to  HaitiMd,  be  made 
hiwiM>i»Ji^#t  ia  length  and  thwe 
krti  uai>liiaai»riagigaaato«f»y  aappUcd 
wWreawo^ried  wiaon  foKbiasMtstona 
ho  eiitaFkid««po»thaCowN6ticttt,  and 
goiof  dow»that  rivers  wbksh  ia  in  ntaay 
plaMi^iapidi'aad  with  whieh  be  waa  to> 
ultj  iiaaiiUniiiatBiit.  h»  arrived  aaiety  at 
Hartfeiintt  tho  dieteaaa  of  140  miha. 
Me  ■BoMiawt  'to-^vw  York,  and  r  led 
ftfp  bMriaw^B'lTTi  aaa  eommon  aaiier. 
WhWitipMili  Coobaatelon-  hia  third 
voy^me  of  discovery,  Lw^vi^t  who  felt 
a»4itiai||ibi»  d«fatM4o«Eplwe  those  re- 
giofli»«Mh»fWke»ariiieh  wen  yet  undta- 
coawdii;«ii*qwflie>iar  hsiowQ,  aeeepted 
th»JrtBatll>amlBlnrf<atpoialofinariHe», 
ralif»»tblHi  fbiiB»  a»  opfwrtnnity  ao  in> 
vMng  to  Wa  iiMpiiiit^o  Md  adycDtaruus 
spirit.  '  Hewaaaihvoriieof  thoillmtri- 
oiie-aavlg«la^«id  waaima  of  the  witnea- 
aes  of  Ma  tregteal  and  in  1778.  He  ascri- 
bed the  &te  of  Cook  to  bis  raalinesa  and 


LEDYARD. 

injustice  towarda  the  aathrea.  Ho  awprisi- 
ed  bis  Aumioaa  frier«ds,i*ho  had  ha«4«B- 
thing  of  bias  for  8  y«ai%Lji»irWU»|||l. 
His  aaother  hapl  •  hoai<i>g  Aapw  ^ 
Sontholdtha  took  lodfiafMVMltlMlhMd 
aba  did  MAfaaogiiM  Iwemw>7  llwiaB 
oAsad  haa  aervioaa  I 
t»«0Bdaet«  tMdiBg  v*>y>t>  *• ' 
ooaat,  maA  ■asfiifJiWt  i 
hai 
ialTBii,  Ha  now  laaohMiilo 
thaaaotanant  of  AmmJtfi  AomUhttmi^ 
weat  aoaattwhiah  Oaoll  |NA^jMili|r  «!'• 
phved,  to  the  eaatam  «oast»  wilhlriWfib 
ha  waa  dioady  parfeat(y  ftwiliir  .JMa- 
appoiBtedin  hia  iatentioa  of  ifaUivt.ail  a 
royaga  of  coeaniantal  advawtaM  (|i|3o^ 
kaaonnd,  he  eniaaad  thoBritkfcjhiMwl 
to  Oatend  with  vtAf  tan  faioasi  i»  bis 
puiae }  detenained  to  tcavelowor  Isad  to 
Ksmadhatk^  whence  the  pnaagoieebort 
to  the  waaiaroeoast  of  Amaikn.  Wbm 
ha  eaow  to  the  gnlf  ofBothaia,  ha«ttemp- 
tad  to  crass  the  ice,  thai  ba  might  renoh 
Kamsehatka  hf  the  ahortast  wwy, »  biit 
finding  that  the  water  waa  not  ftoian  in 
tha  middle,  he  reiarned  to  Stoakhoim. 
Ho  then  travelled  northward  into  the  are- 
ti"  eirelaj  and  tmaaing  round  the  bead  of 
the  gulf,  deaoendcd  on  ita  eaateip  sid^,  to 
Patersborgh^  There  bia  extraoi^Rfury 
^nwuiwiao  sttnwtad  feneml  notiM. 
Without  stoeUnga  or  8hoM,aad  t»o  jm»r 
to  provide  bimaaif  with  either,  ha  waa 
invited  to  dme  witK  the  F9«tug«|Ma  tPr- 
baaaador,  who  aupplied  l«m  wUh  30 
guiueaa  on  the  oradit  of  sir  Jcnyl  Ban)p. 
Through  his  interest  he  nlao  o)i«#ed 
parmissiootoaceomiiaDy  adttlachpew^of 
stores  dMtined  to  Yakuta  for  tha  vae 
of  Mr.  BUlir  -s,  an  EngUsbmanj^pbo  was 
intrusted  with  the  scbemea  of  noitbvra 
disisovery,  in  which  the  ampresa  wis  th^n 
engaged.  From  Yakuts,  which  ia  NtH»- 
ted  in  Siberia,  6,000  milaa«ast  of  Petera- 
httrgh> :.»  proceeded  to  Oeiakowi  or  4)Gb* 
otsk,  on  the  Kamschatkaa  aea^i  bat  as  ibe 
navigation  waa  completiily  obatmettd  by 
the  ice,  be  returoad  to  Yakatx»iDteuU«g 
to  wait  for  the  ooQclusion  of  the  winter. 
Hera  in  coneequenee  of  aeme  nnaccoiiBta- 
ble  suspicion  he  was  seized  in  the  luime  of 


i 

the  empresi 

conveyed  h 

through  th< 

tier  of  the 

him  at  thei 

ed  to  Russi 

ed,but,  ifh 

they  wishe 

Poor,  forlo 

with  rags,  a 

ease,  and  n 

ingsberg,  w 

Banks  enabi 

five  guineas, 

in  England. 

He  immei 

who    recom 

as  perilous  ai 

returned.    1 

views  of  the 

lately  formei 

of  the  intei 

were  then  lit 

erson,   and 

CafTraria,  an 

enlarged  the 

with  Egypt, 

regard  to  oti 

the  globe,    i 

relation  to  i 

darkness. 

thusiasm  in 

already  projt 

ing  from  sir 

tion  to  one  o 

mittee  appoi 

«nd  promote 

he  went  to  I 

scription,  wl 

en  of  his  firsl 

the    cbara<:t< 

"  Before  I  hi 

the  note  the 

visitor,  I  was 

of  his  person. 

the  openness 

inquietude 

of  Africa  beft 

from  Cairo  to 

westward  in 

direction  oft 

was  the  rout 


LEDY 

the  etnpretsby  two  Russian  soldiers,  who 
conveyed  him,  in  the  depth  of  the  winter, 
throoghthe  north  of  Tartar>  to  the  Tron- 
tier  of  the  Polisii  dominions  ;  assuring 
him  at  theii  r  jparture,  that,  if  he  return- 
ed to  Russia,  he  should  certainly  be  hang- 
ed, but,  if  he  chose  to  return  to  England, 
they  wished  hinr>  a  r)lea8ant  journey. 
Poor,  forlorn,  and  fiieiJIess,  covered 
with  rags,  and  exhausted  by  fatigue,  dis- 
ease, and  misery,  he  preceded  to  Kon- 
iogsberg,  where  the  interest  of  sir  Joseph 
Banks  enabled  him  to  procure  the  sum  of 
five  guineas,  by  means  of  which  he  arrived 
in  England. 

He  immediately  waited  on  sir  Joseph, 
who    recommended  him  to  an  adventure 
as  perilous  as  that,from  which  he  had  just 
returned.    He  now  was  informed  of  the 
views  of  the  association,  which  had  been 
lately  formed  for  promoting  the  discovery 
of  the  interior  parts  of  Africa,  which 
were  then  little  known.    Sparrman,  Pat- 
erson,   and  Vaillant  had  travelled  into 
Caffrarla,  and  Nordon  and   Bruce  had 
enlarged  the  acquaintance  of  Europeans 
with  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia.     In 
regard  to  other  pprts  of  this  quarter  of 
the  globe,    its  geography,  excepting  in 
relation  to  its  coasts,   was  involved  in 
darkness.     Ledyard  engaged  with  en- 
thusiasm in  an  enterprise,  which  he  had 
already  projected  for  himself ;  and,  receiv- 
ing from  sir  Joseph  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  one  of  the  members  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  direct  the  business 
and  promote  the  object  of  the  association, 
he  went  to  him  without  idelay.    The  de- 
scription, which  that  gentleman  has  giv- 
en of  his  first  interview,  strongly  marks 
the   chara4;ter    of  this  hardy  traveller. 
"  Before  I  had  learned, "  says  he, "  from 
the  note  the  name  and  business  of  my 
vi-;itor,  I  was  struck  with  the  manliness 
of  his  person,  the  breadth  of  his  chest, 
the  openness  of  his  countenance,  and  the 
inquietude  of  his  eye.    I  spread  the  map 
of  Africa  before  him,  and,  tracing  a  line 
from  Cairo  to  Sennaar,  and  from  thencn 
westward  in  the  latitude  and   supposed 
direction  of  the  Niger,  I  told  him  that 
was  the  route,  by  which  I  was  anxious, 
66 


ARD. 


6tt 


that  Africa  might,  if  possible,  be  etplor- 
ed.  He  said,  he  should  think  himself 
singularly  fortunate  to  be  intrusted  with 
the  adventure.  I  asked  him  when  he 
would  set  out?  Tomorrow  morning  wai 
his  answer. " 

From  such  zeal,  decision,  and  intrepid* 
ity  the  society  naturally  formed  the  most 
sanguine  exptctations.  He  sailed  iVom 
London  June  80, 1788,  nd  in  80  days 
arrived  in  the  city  of  Alexandria ;  and 
having  there  assumed  the  dress  of  an  E- 
gyptian  traveller  proceeded  to  Cairo, 
which  he  reached  August  19th.  He 
traveled  with  peculiar  advantages.  En- 
dowed with  an  original  and  comprehen- 
sive genius,  he  beheld  with  interest,  and 
described  with  energy  the  scenes  and  ob- 
jects around  him  ;  and  by  comparing 
them  with  what  he  had  seen  in  other  re- 
gions of  the  globe  he  was  enabled  to  give 
his  narrative  all  the  varied  effect  of  con- 
trast and  resemblance .  His  remarks  on 
Lower  Egypt,  had  that  country  been  leaa 
generally  known,  might  have  ranked 
with  the  most  valuable  of  geographical 
records.  They  greatly  heightened  the 
opinion,  which  his  employers  already  en- 
tertained of  his  singuJar  qualifications  for 
the  task,  which  he  had  undertaken.  Nor 
was  hi'  "sidence  at  Cairo  altogether  use- 
less t  ,L>.  association.  By  visiting  the 
slave  markets,  and  by  conversing  with 
Jelabs,  or  travelling  merchants  of  the 
caravans,  he  obtained  without  any  ex- 
pense a  better  idea  of  the  people  of  Afri- 
ca, of  its  trade,  of  its  geography,  and  of 
the  most  prudent  manner  of  travelling, 
than  he  could  by  any  other  means  have 
acquired  ;  and  the  communications  on 
these  subjects,  which  he  transmitted  to 
England,  interesting  and  instructive  as 
they  were,  atforded  the  society  the  most 
gratifying  proofs  of  the  ardent  spirit  of 
inquiry,  the  unwearied  attention,  the 
persevering  research,  and  the  laborious, 
indefatigable,  anxious  zeal,  with  which 
their  author  pursued  the  object  of  his 
mission. 

He  had  announced  to  his  employers, 
that  he  had  received  letters  of  earnest 
recommendation  from  the  Aga  ;  that  the 


CSS 


LEDYARD. 


li 


dbv  of  his  departure  was  appointed  ;  that 
his  .text  despatch  would  be  dated  from 
Sfcnnaar;  and  the  committee  expected 
with  impatience  the  result  of  his  jour- 
ney. But  that  journey  was  never  to 
be  perfo:  ..ed.  The  vexation,  occa- 
sioned by  repeated  delays  in  the  de- 
parture of  the  caravan,  brought  on  a 
bilious  complaint,  which,  being  increased 
at  first  by  incautious  treatment,  baffled 
the  skill  of  the  most  approved  physicians 
of  Cairo,  and  terminated  his  earthly  exis- 
tence Jan.  17,  1789,  aged  S7. 

The  society  heard  with  deep  concern 
of  the  death  of  a  man,  whose  high  sense 
of  honor,  magnanimous  contempt  6i  dan- 
ger, and  earnest  zeal  for  the  extension  of 
knowledge  had  been  so  conspicuously  dis- 
played in  their  service ;  whose  ardor, 
tempered  by  calm  deliberation,  whose 
daring  spirit,  seconded  by  the  most  pru- 
dent caution,  and  whose  impatience  of 
control,  united  with  the  power  of  sup- 
porting any  fatigue,  seemed  to  have 
qualified  him  above  all  other  men  for  the 
very  arduous  task  of  traversing  the  widest 
and  most  dangerous  part  of  the  continent 
of  Africa.  Despising  ii.->  accidental  dis- 
tinctions of  society,he  seemed  to  regard  no 
man  as  his  superior ;  but  his  manners, 
though  unpolished,  were  not  disagree- 
able, llis  uncultivated  genius  was  pe- 
culiar and  capacious.  The  hardships,  to 
which  he  submitted  in  the  prosecution 
of  his  enterprises  and  in  the  indulgence 
of  his  curiosity,  ave  almost  incredible. 
He  was  sometimes  glad  to  receive  food 
as  in  charity  to  a  madman,  fot  that  char- 
acter he  had  assumed  in  order  to 
avoid  a  heavier  calamity.  His  judgment 
of  the  female  character  is  very  honorable 
to  the  sex .  "I  have  always'remarked, " 
said  he,  "  that  women  in  all  coun- 
tries are  civil  and  obliging,  tender, 
and  humane  ;  that  they  are  ever  in- 
clined to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  timor- 
ous and  modest  ;  and  they  du  not  hesi- 
tate, like  men,  to  perform  a  generous 
action.  Not  haughty,  not  arrogant, 
not  supercilious,  they  are  full  of 
courtesy,  and  fond  of  society ;  more 
liable  in  general  to  err  than  man,  but  in 


general  also  more  virtuous,and  performing 
more  good  actions,  than  he.  To  a  wom- 
an, whether  civilized  or  savage,  I  never 
addressed  myself  in  the  language  of  de- 
cency and  friendship,  without  receiving  a 
decent  and  friendly  answer.  With  man 
it  has  oAen  been  otherwise.  In  wander- 
ing over  the  barren  plains  of  inhospitable 
Denmark,  through  honest  Sweden  and 
frozen  Lapland,  rude  and  churlish  Fin- 
land, unprincipled  Russia,  and  the  wide 
spread  regions  of  the  wandering  Tartar.; 
if  hungry,  dry,  cold,  wet,  or  sick,  the 
women  have  ever  been  friendly  to  me, 
and  uniformly  so.  And  to  add  to  this 
virtue,  so  worthy  the  appellation  of  be- 
nevolence, their  actions  have  been  per- 
formed in  so  free  and  kind  a  manner,  that, 
if  I  was  dry,I  drank  the  sweetest  draught, 
and,  if  hungry,  I  ate  the  coarsest  morsel 
with  a  double  relish.  " 

Besides  his  communication  to  the  Afri- 
can association,  he  published  an  account 
of  Cook's  voyage  in  1781.  Several  of 
his  manuscripts  were  a  few  years  ago  in 
the  hands  of  his  brother.  Dr.  Isaac  Led- 
yard,  health  officer  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  His  life  by  J.  Sparks  was  pub- 
lished in  1828. 

LEDYARD,  colonel,  commanded  in 
1781  fort  Griswold  in  Groton,  Con.,  on 
the  Thamea,  exactly  opposite  to  New 
London,  when,  Sept.  7,  he  was  attacked 
by  col.  Eyre  with  a  large  force.  With 
150  men  he  fought  bravely,  col.  Eyre 
and  maj.  Montgomer3'  being  killed,  the 
command  of  the  British  devolved  on  maj. 
Broomfield.  When  the  fort  was  carried 
by  assault  with  the  bayonet,  Broomfield 
inquired,  who  commanded.  Ledyard 
replied,  "  I  did  command,  sir  ;  but  you 
do  now  ; "  and  presented  to  him  his 
sword.  The  ferocious  officer  instantly 
run  him  through  the  body  ;  and  between 
60  and  70  Americans  were  slaughtered, 
after  they  had  surrendered.  The'  whole 
American  loss  was  73  killed  ;  about  30 
wounded  ;  and  about  40  taken  prisoners. 
The  British  loss  was  48  killed,143  woun- 
ded. On  the  other  side  of  the  river  Arnold 
burnetl  New  London.  Col.  Ledyard 
was  a  brave,  sensible,  polished,  noble- 


■^ 


LEE. 


538 


minded  citr<,<!n.    He  fell  by  the  hond  of  a 
brutal  aaaaMin. — Dwight,  ii.  635. 

LBC»  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Bristol, 
R.  Uknd,  waaborn  in  London  in   1635, 
and  was  the  son  of  Samuel  L.,  an  eminent 
and  wealthy  citizen,  whose  estate  he  in- 
herited.   At  the  age  of  15  he  went  for 
his  education  to  Oxford,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  master  of  arts 
in  1648.    He  was  soon  settled  in  a  fel- 
lowship in  Waldham  college,  and  in  1651 
was  appointed  •  proctor  of  the  univer- 
sity.   He  was  afterwards  preferred  by 
Cromwe?!  to  a  church  near  Bishopsgate 
in  London,  but  was  ejected  in  1662.    He 
was  then  a  lecturer  of  great  St.  Helen's 
church  in  London.    Afler  the  restoration 
he  was  not  silenced  for  nonconformity, 
for  he  had  no  preferment  to  lose  ;  but  he 
lived  for  some  time  in  Oxlbrdshiie,  oc- 
casionally preaching.    In  1678  he  re- 
moved to  Newington  green  near  London, 
where  he  was  for  several  years  minister 
of  an  independent  church.    His  learned 
tutor,  bishop  Wilkins,  advised  him  to  en- 
ter the  established  church  ;  but  his  views 
of  truth  and  duty  would  not  suffer  him  to 
do  it     Being    apprehensive,  that   the 
rights  of  conscience  would  soon  be  further 
invaded  by  the  return  of  popery,  he  in 
June  1686  removed  to  New   England, 
and  preached  in  the  town  of  Bristol. 
When  a  church    was  formed  May  8, 
1687,  he  was  chosen    minister.    After 
the  revolution  in  his  native  country,  he 
was  eagerly  desirous  of  returning.    Just 
before  h^.  sailed  in  1691,  he  told  his  wife, 
that  he  had  viewed  a  star,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  astrology,  presaged 
captivity.    He  was  accordingly  captured 
by  a  French  privateer,  and  carried  into 
St.  Maioe,  in  France,    where  he  died 
about  the  time  of  Christmas  in  1691  aged 
64,  and  was  buried  without  the  city  as  a 
heretic.    He  was  a  very  learned  man, 
who  spoke  Latin  with  elegance,  was  a 
master  of  physic  and  chemistry,  and  well 
versed  in  all  the  liberal  arts  and  sciences. 
He  had  studied  the  astrological  art,  but 
disapproving  of  it,  he  burned  a  hundred 
books,    which    related    to  the  subject. 

Though  a  conscientious  nonconformist, 


he  poHsesaed  a  catholic,  liberal  spirit.  His 
learning  was  united  with  charity,  and  tba 
poor  were  often  relieved  by  his  bounty. 
In  a  manuscript  tre<\ti3e  on  Rev.xi  he  ex- 
pressed his  belief,  that  the  period  of  1300 
years  would  end  between  1716,  and  1786, 
and  that  the  bro(.a  wings  ofthe  eagle  mean 
the  eastern  &  western  empire.  He  publish- 
ed chronicon  Cestrense,  c  ^  exact  chron- 
ology of  all  the  rulers  of  Cheshire  and 
Chester  in  church  and  state  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city,  1656  ;  orbis  mir- 
aculum,  or  the  temple  of  Solomon  por- 
trayed by  scripture  light,  folio,  1659  ;  this 
was  printed  at  the  cha^'ge  of  the  univer- 
sity; ''lexcidio  antichristi,  folio,  1659  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  means  to  be  used  for  the 
conversion  of  carnal  relations,  1661 ;  con- 
templations on  mortality,  8vo.  1669;  a 
sermon  on  secret  prayer,  1674  ;  the  vis- 
ibility of  the  true  church,  1675;  the  tri- 
umph of  mercy  in  the  chariot  of  praise  ;  a 
discourse  of  secret  and  preventing  mer- 
cies, 1677  ;  two  discourses  on  the  mourn- 
ful state  ofthe  church  with  a  prospect  of 
her  dawning  glory,  1679  ;  a  dissertation 
on  the  ancient  and  successive  state  of  the 
Jews,  with  scripture  evidence  of  their 
future  conversion  and  establishment  in 
their  own  land,  1679  ;  this  is  printed  with 
Fletcher's  Israel  redux  ;  the  joy  of  faith, 
1689 ;  answer  to  many  queries  relative  to 
America,  to  its  natural  productions,  dis- 
eases, &c.  1690;  the  great  day  of  judg- 
ment, preached  before  a  court  at  Bristol, 
1695.  He  also  wrote  a  preface  to  John 
Rowe's  Immanuel,  with  his  life.  His 
Triumph  of  Mercy  was  much  read 
in  N.  England  ;  judge  Davis  says,  it  is 
now,  with  his  other  works,"  lost  in  obliv- 
ion. "  But  I  have  a  copy  in  my  posses- 
sion, printed  at  Boston,  1718  ;  also  a 
copy  of  his  contemplations  on  mortality. 
They  display  learning  and  genius. — 
Wood't  Ath.  Oxonietuet,  ii  .883,  883  j 
Calamy;  Noneonform.  memorial,  1. 104 ; 
Mather,  iii,  228;  Account  of  origin  of 
Briitol. 

LEE,  Charles,  a  major  general  in  the 
army  ofthe  United  States,  was  born  in 
Wales  and  was  the  son  of  John  Lee,  a 
colonel  in  the  British  service.    He  enter- 


LiKK> 


»> 


«d  the  army  at  a  very  early  age ;  but 
though  he  poaaeaaed  a  military  apirit,  he 
waa  ardent  in  the  purauit  of  knowledge. 
He  acquired  a  competent  skill  in  Greek 
and  Latin,  while  hi*  ibndneM  for  travel- 
ling made  him  acquainted  with  the  Italian, 
Spanish,  German,  and  French  lan(|[uageB. 
In  1756  he  came  to  America,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  in 
July   1758,  when  Abercrombie  waa  de- 
feated.   In  1762  he  bore  a  colonel's  com- 
miaaion,  and  served  under  Burgoyne  in 
Portugal,  where  he  much  distinguished 
himself.    Not  long  afterwards  he  enter- 
ed into  the  Polish  service.    Though  he 
waa  absent  when  the  stamp  act  passed, 
he  yet  by  his  letters  zealously  supported 
the  cause  of  America.    In  the  years  1771, 
1773,  and  1773  he  rambled  over  all  Eu- 
rope.   During   this   excursion  he  was 
engaged  with  an  officer  in  Italy  in  an  al- 
fair  of  honor,  and  he  murdered  hia  antag- 
onist, eacaping  himself  with  the  loss  ot 
two  fingers.    Having  lost  the  favor  of 
the  miniatry  and  the  hopes  of  promotion 
in  cousequence  of  his  political  sentiments, 
he  came  to  America  in  Nov.  1773.    He 
travelled  through  t,he  country,  animating 
the  cobniea  to  resistance.    In  1774  he 
waa  induced  by  the  persuasion  of  his 
friend,  general  Gates,  to  purchaae  a  valu- 
able tract  of  land  of  two  or  three  thous- 
and acres  in  Berkeley  county,  Virginia. 
Here  he  resided  till  the  following  year, 
when  he  resigned  a  commission,  which  he 
held  in  the  British  service,  and  accepted 
a  eommisaion  from  congress,  appointing 
him  major   general.      He  accompanied 
Waahington  to  the  oamp  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  arrivedt  July   3,    1775,  and 
waa  received  with   every  mark  of  re- 
apect.    In  the  beginning  of  the  following 
year  ha  waa  despatched  to  New  York  to 
prevent  the  British  from  obtaining  pos- 
aeaaion  of  the   city   and  the  Hudson. 
Thia  trust  he  executed  with  great  wisdom 
•nd  energy.    He  disarmed  all  suspicious 
persona  on  Long  Island,  and  drew  up  a 
teat  to  be  oflered  to  %very  one,  whose 
attachment  to  the  American  cause  waa 
doubted.    Hia  bold  measures  carried  ter- 
ror wherever  he  appeared .    He  aeems  to 


have  been  very  food  of  thia  applioatk>n  of 
a  test ;  for  in  a  letter  to  the  preaident 
of  congress  he  informs  him,  that  b«  had 
taken  the  liberty  at  Newport  to  adminis- 
ter to  a  number  of  the  toriesa  very  strong 
oath,  one  article  of  which  was,  that  they 
should  take  arms  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try, if  called  upon  by  congress,  and  he 
recommends,  that  this  measure  should  be 
adopted  in  reference  to  all  the  tories  in 
America.  Those  fanatica,  who  might  re- 
fuse to  take  it  he  thought  should  be  car- 
ried into  the  interior.  Being  aent  into 
the  southern  colonies,  as  commander  of 
all  the  forces,  which  should  there  be  rai- 
sed, he  diffuBod  an  ardor  among  the  sol- 
diers, which  was  attended  by  the  most 
salutary  coiuequences.  In  Oct.  by  the 
direction  of  congress  he  repaired  to  the 
northern  army.  As  he  was  marching 
from  the  Hudson  through  New  Jersey 
to  form  a  junction  with  Washington  in 
Pennsylvania,  he  quitted  his  camp  in 
Morris  county  to  reconnoitre.  In  this 
employment  he  went  to  the  distance  of 
three  miles  from  the  camp  and  entered  a 
house  for  breakfast.  A  British  colonel 
became  acquainted  with  his  situation  by 
intercepting  a  countryman,  charged  with 
a  letter  fVom  him,  and  was  enabled  to 
take  him  prisoner.  He  was  instantly 
mounted  on  a  horse  without  his  cloak 
and  hat,  and  carried  safely  to  New  York. 
He  was  detained  till  April  or  May  1778, 
when  he  was  exchanged  for  general  Pres- 
cott,  taken  at  Newport.  He  waa  very 
soon  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 
Being  detached  by  the  commander  in 
chieftomakean  attaok  upon  the  rear  of 
the  enemy,  Washington  was  pressing 
forward  to  support  him  June  38th,  when 
to  his  astonishment  he  found  him  retreat- 
ing without  having  made  a  single  effort 
to  maintain  his  ground.  Meeting  him  in 
these  circumstances,  without  any  previ- 
ous notice  of  his  plans,  Washington  ad- 
dressed him  in  terms  of  some  warmth. 
Lee,  being  ordered  to  check  the  enemy, 
conducted  himself  with  his  usual  bravery, 
and,  when  forced  from  the  ground,  on 
which  he  had  been  placed,  brought  off  his 
troops  in  good  order.    But  his  haughty 


■^ 


LEE. 


bS5 


tmnptr  eould  not  brook  the  indignity, 
whieh  h«  believed  to  have  been  offered 
him  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  he  addrea- 
aed  a  letter  to  Washington,  requiring 
reparation  for  the  injury.    He  waa  on 
the  80th  arreated  for  diaobedience  of  or- 
dera,  for  miabehovior  before  the  enemy, 
and  for  diareapect  to  the  commander  in 
chief.    Of  theae  charges  he  was  found 
guilty  by  a  court  martial,  at  which  lord 
Stirling  preaided,  and  he  was  sentenced 
to  be  suspended  for  one  year.    He  defen- 
ded himself  with  his  accustomed  ability, 
and  hia  retreat  seems  to  be  justified  from 
the  oireunutance  of  his  having  advanced 
upon  an  enemy,who8e  strength  waa  much 
greater,  than  waa  apprehended,  and  from 
hia  being  in  a  aituatioh,  with  a  morass  in 
hia  rear,  which  would  preclude  him  from 
•  retreat,  if  the  British  uhould  have  ()rov- 
ed  victorious.    But  his  disrespectful  let- 
ters tothecommanderinchief.it  is  not 
eaay  to  juatify.    His  suspension  gave  gen- 
eral aatiafaction  to  the  army,  ibr  he  was 
auspected  of  aiming  himaelf  at  the  su- 
preme command.    Ailer  the  result  of  his 
trial  was  confirmed  by  congress  in  Jan. 
1780  he  retired  to  his  estate  in  Berkeley 
county,  where  he  lived  in  a  style  peculiar 
to  himaelf.    Glass  windows  and  plaster 
would  have  been  extravagances  in  his 
house.    Though  he  had  for  his  corapan- 
iona  a  few  select  authors  and  his  dogs ; 
yet,  as  he  found  his  situation  too  solitary 
and  irksome,  he  sold  his  farm  in  the  '»" 
of  1783,  that  in  a  different  abode  he  might 
enjoy  the  conversation  of  mankind.     He 
went  to  Philadelphia  and  took  lodgings 
in  an  inn.     After  being  three  or  four 
days  in  the  city  he  waa  seized  with  a  fe- 
ver, which  terminated   his  life  Oct.  2, 
1783.    The  last  words,  which  he  utter- 
ed, were, "  stand  by  me,  vay  brave  grena- 
diers." 

In  his  person  general  Lee  was  rather 
above  the  middle  size,  and  his  remarkable 
aquiline  noae  rendered  his  face  somewhat 
disagreeable.  He  was  master  of  a  most 
genteel  address,  but  was  rude  in  his  man- 
ners and  exceasively  negligent  in  his  ap- 
pearance and   behavior.     His    appetite 


where  a  most  troublesome  guest.    Two 
or  three  dogs  usually  folbwed  him  wher- 
ever he  went.    As  an    officer   be  waa 
brave  and  able,  and  did  much  toward* 
diaciplining  the  American  army.    With 
vigoroua  powers  of  mind  and  a  brilliant 
fancy  he  was  a  correct  and  elegant  claaai- 
cal  scholar,  and  he  both  wrote  and  spoke 
his  native  language  with  propriety,  foree, 
and  beauty.     His  temper  waa    aevere. 
The  history  of  his  life  is  little  else  than 
the  history  of  disputes,  quarrela,  and  dueh 
in  every  part  of  the  world.    He  was  vin- 
dictive, avaricious,  immoral,  impioua,  and 
profane.    His  principles,  as  would  be  ex- 
pected from  his  character,  were  moat 
abandoni-d,  and  he  ridkiuled  every  tenet 
of  religion.     He   published   about    the 
year  1760  a  pamphlet  on  the  importance 
of  retaining  Canada.    After  hia  death, 
memoirs  of  his  life,  with  his  essaya  and 
letters,  were  published,    13mo,  1793. — 
Lee'i  memoiri. 

LEE,  Richard  Henry,  president   of 
congress,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
from  his  earliest  youth  devoted  his  tal- 
ents to  the  service  of  his  country.     Hia 
father  was    Thomas  Lee  of  Stratford, 
Westmoreland  county,  and  in  1749preBi- 
dent  of  the  council,  who  died  in  1750, 
leaving  6  sons,  all  of  whom  were  men  of 
distinction  ;  Philip  Ludwell,  a  member  of 
the  council,  Thomas  Ludwell,  a  member 
of  the  assembly,  Richard  Henry,  Fran- 
cis Lightfoot,  William,  and  Arthur. — 
^«ichard  Henry  was  born  Jan.  30,  1783. 
He  was  educated  in  a  school  at  Wake- 
field, Y  irkshire,  England.      He  had  a 
seat  in  the  house  of  burgesses  in  1757  ; 
but  it  was  only  after  several  years,  that 
he  was  able  to  surmoant  his  natural  diffi- 
dence.   His  public  life  was  distinguished 
by  some  remarkable  circumstances.     He 
had  the  honor  of  originating  the  first  re- 
sistance to  British  oppression  in  the  time 
of  the  stamp  act  in  1765.  He  proposed  in 
the  Virginia  house  of  burgesses  in  1778 
the  fbnnation  of  a  committee  of  corres- 
pondence,who6e  object  was  to  disseminate 
information,  and  to  kindle  the  flame  of 
liberty  throughout  the  continent.     He 


was  so  whimsical,    that  he  was  every  I  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress,  in 


636 


LEE. 


1774,  and  it  was  he,  who  made  and  ably 
■upport«l  the  declaration  of  independence 
June  7,  1776.  From  June  10th  till  Avft- 
he  waa  abaent  from  congreaa  on  account 
of  the  aickneaa  or  hia  family.  Theaecond 
eloquent  addreaa  to  the  people  of  Great 
Britain  waa  drawn  up  by  him  aa  chair- 
man of  the  committee.  AAer  the  adop- 
tion of  the  articlea  of  the  confederation  he 
waa  under  the  necessity  of  withdrawing 
from  congfresa,  as  no  repreaentative  waa 
allowed  to  continue  in  congreas  more  than 
three  yeara  in  any  term  of  aix  yeara ;  but 
he  wu  re-elected  in  1784  and  continued 
till  1787.  It  waa  in  Nov.  1784,  that  he 
waa  choaen  preaident  of  congresa.  When 
the  conatitution  of  the  U.  S.  was  submit- 
ted to  the  consideration  of  the  public  he 
contended  for  the  necessity  of  ameud- 
menta  previously  to  ita  adoption.  Af\er 
the  government  waa  organized,  he  and 
Mr.  Grayson  were  chosen  the  first  sena- 
tora  from  Virginia  in  1789.  This  station 
he  held  till  hia  reaignation  in  1793,  when 
John  Taylor  waa  appointed  in  his  place. 
Mr.  Lee  died  at  hia  seat  at  Chaniilly  in 
Weatmoreland  county  Virginia  June  19, 
1794,  aged  63.  By  two  marriages  he  left 
many  children.  He  aupported  through 
life  the  character  of  a  philosopher,  a  patri- 
ot, and  a  aage  ;  and  he  died,  as  he  had 
lived,  bleaaing  hia  country.  A  letter, 
which  he  wrote  against  Deane,  is  publish- 
ed in  the  Virginia  gazette  of  Jan.  1,  and 
the  independent  chronicle  of  Feb.  11, 
1779,  and  a  letter  to  governor  Randolph 
respecting  the  constitution,  in  the  Ameri- 
can museum .  He  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  author  of  observationa  leading  to 
a  fair  examination  of  the  system  of  gov- 
ernmentipropoaed  by  the  late  convention, 
in  letters  from  the  federal  farmer  to  the 
republican,  1787.  His  life,  with  his  cor- 
respondence, was  published  by  R.  H. 
Lee  in  3  vols.  8vo.  182b.—OazeUe  of 
V.  a.  July  8,  1794  ;  Marshall,  ii.  180- 
188,  309,  403,  409  ;  Gordon,  ii,  374  ; 
Warren,  i.  806;  Holmes'  annaU,  ii. 
401 ;  American  museum,  n  553-558. 

LEE,  Francis  Lightfoot,  a  statesman 
of  Virginia,  brother  of  the  preceding,wa8 
born  Oct.  14,  1734.     He  was  educated 


under  the  care  of  Mr.  Craig,  a  domeaiio 
tutor.  The  estate, bequeathed  him  by  hia 
father,  was  in  the  county  of  Loudoun, 
from  which  county  he  waa  a  member  of 
the  houae  of  burgessea  in  1766.  In  1773, 
having  marrifd  the  daughter  of  col.  John 
Taylue  of  Richmond,  he  removed  to  that 
county.  In  1775  the  convention  of  Vir- 
ginia elected  him  a  member  of  congreaa, 
in  which  body  he  continued  till  theapring 
of  1779.  He  waa  one  of  the  aignera  of 
the  declaration  of  independence.  Though 
he  seldom  took  part  in  the  public  diaciia- 
sions,  his  patriotic  spirit  was  not  less 
determined,  than  that  of  his  brother, 
Richard  ilenry  Lee.  After  being  called 
again  to  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  he 
withdrew  from  public  life  for  the  quiet- 
neaaof  domestic  retirement.  In  hia  dis- 
position he  was  benevolrnt;  hia  man- 
nera  were  courteous ;  and  in  hia  inter- 
course with  his  friends  he  waa  uncom- 
monly interesting  and  inatructive.  At 
the  approach  of  death  the  gospel  gave 
him  consolation  and  hope.  He  died  of 
the  pleurisy  in  April  1797,  aged  68,  and 
his  wife  in  a  few  daya  afterwards  died  of 
the  same  disease. 

LEE,  William,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  about  1737  and  was  sent 
to  London  before  the  revolution  as  the 
agent  of  Virginia.  Being  a  zealoua  whig, 
and  a  favorite  of  the  livery  of  London,  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  sheriffs  in  1778. 
During  the  revolution  he  was  the  agent  of 
congress  at  Vienna  and  Berlin. 

LEE,  Arthur,  m.  d.,  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  the  court  of  Versailles, 
the  youngeat  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Virginia  Dec.  30,  1740.  He  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  also  pursued  for  some  time  the 
study  of  medicine.  On  his  return  to 
this  country  he  practised  physic  four  or 
five  years  in  Williamsburg.  He  then 
went  to  London  about  1766  and  com- 
menced the  study  of  the  law  in  the  Tem- 
ple. At  this  time  he  became  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Sir  William  Jones 
During  his  residence  in  England  he 
kepi  his  eye  upon  the  measures,  of 
government,  and  rendered  the  most  im- 


LEE. 


porUnt  wrvIoM  to  hia  louDtry  by  ■rnding 
to  America  the  earliMt  intelligence  of  the 
plana  of  the  ministry.  When  the  in- 
■tructiona  of  governor  Bernard  were  sent 
over,  he  at  the  same  time  eommunicated 
inrormation  to  the  town  of  Boston  res- 
pecting the  nature  or  them.  In  1769  he 
wrote  hia  Monitor's  letters  in  vindication 
of  the  colonial  rights.  From  1770  to 
1776  he  enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice  of 
law.  At  this  period  he  wrote  a  series 
of  letters  under  the  signature  of  Ju- 
nius Americanus,  which  were  much 
celebrated.  In  1775  he  was  in  London 
aa  the  agent  of  Virginia,and  he  presented 
in  Aug.  the  second  petition  of  congress  to 
the  king.  All  his  exertions  were  now 
directed  to  the  good  of  his  country. 
When  Mr.  Jefferson  declined  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  minister  to  France,  Dr. 
Lee  was  appointed  in  his  place,  and  he 
joined  his  colleages,  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Mr.  Deane,  at  Paris  in  Dec.  1776.  He 
assisted  in  negotiating  the  treaty  with 
France.  In  1779  he  and  Mr.  Adams, 
who  had  taken  the  place  of  Deane,  were 
recalled,  and  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed 
sole  minister  to  France.  His  return  had 
been  rendered  ner«88ary  by  the  malicious 
accusations,  with  which  Deane  had  as- 
sailed hia  public  conduct.  In  the  prece- 
ding year  Deane  had  left  Paris  agreeably 
to  an  order  of  congress,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  the  same  ship  with  the  French 
minister,  Gerard.  On  his  arrival,  as 
many  suspicions  hovered  around  him,  he 
thought  it  necessary  to  repel  them  by  at- 
tacking the  character  of  his  colleague. 
Dr.  Lee.  In  an  inflammatory  address  to 
the  public  he  vilified  him  in  the  grossest 
terms,  charging  him  with  obstrucung  the 
alliance  with  France,  and  disclosing  the 
secrets  of  congress  to  British  noblemen. 
He  at  the  same  time  impeached  the  con- 
duct of  his  brother,  William  Lee,  agent 
for  congress  at  the  courts  of  Vienna  and 
Berlin.  Dr.  Lee  also  was  not  on  very 
good  terms  with  Dr.  Franklin,  whom  he 
believed  to  be  too  much  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  French  court.  Firm  in  his 
attachment  to  the  interests  of  his  coun- 
try, honest,  zealous,  he  was  inclined  to 


'^'^ 


question  the  correctness  of  all  the  com- 
mercial transactions,  in  which  the  phikie- 
opher  had  been  engaged.  These  diasen- 
sions  among  the  ministers  produced  cor» 
responding  divisions  in  congress,  and 
Monsieur  Gerard  had  so  little  respect  to 
the  dignity  of  an  ambassador,  aa  to  be> 
come  a  zealous  partizan  of  Deane.  Dr. 
Lee  had  many  friends  in  congress,  but 
Dr.  Franklin  had  more.  When  the  for- 
mer returned  to  America  in  1780,  such 
was  his  integrity,  that  he  did  not  fmd  it 
difficult  to  reinstate  himself  Ailly  in  tlie 
good  opinion  of  the  public.  In  1784  he 
was  appointed  on**  jf  the  commissioners 
for  holding  a  treaty  with  the  Indiar.  '■i  of  the 
six  nations.  He  accordingly  went  to  fort 
Schuyler  and  executed  thistrust  i,:.  a  man- 
ner,which  did  him  ni'ch  honor  In  Feb. 
1790  he  was  admitted  a  counsellor  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  bv  rt 
special  order.  Having  purchased  a  fa  .n 
in  the  codDty  of  Middlesex,  n  .  Urbana, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Rappah  ,ur.ni ,  while 
assisting  in  planting  an  orcli .  rd  he  expo- 
sed himself  in  a  cold  and  rainy  day,  in 
consequence  of  which  lie  died  of  the 
pit.  'isy  Dec.  14,  1782,  aged  nearly  43. 
He  was  never  married.  He  was  a  distin- 
guished scholar,  being  well  skilled  not 
only  in  the  Greek  and  Latin,  but  also  in 
the  French,  Spanish  and  Italian  langua- 
ges. He  was  a  man  of  uniform  patriot- 
ism, of  a  sound  understanding,  of  great 
probity,  of  plain  manners,  and  strong 
passions.  During  his  residence  for  a 
number  ofyirs  in  England  he  was  inde- 
fatigable in  h'  I  f-.o'rtions  to  promote  the 
interest  of  uu^  country.  Besides  the 
Monitor's  letters,  written  in  1769,  and 
the  letteru  of  Junius  Americanus,  he 
wrote  an  appeal  to  the  English  nation  ; 
he  also  published  extracts  from  a  letter  to 
the  president  of  congress  in  answer  to  a 
libel  by  Silas  Deane,  1730  ;  and  observa- 
tions  on  certain  commercial  transactions 
in  France,  laid  before  congress,  1780.— 
His  life  by  R.  H.  Lee  was  published  in  2 
vols.  8vo.  1829.  This  work  contains 
many  of  his  letters.  His  public  letters 
are  published  in  Sparks'  Diploni.  corres- 
pondence. 


.-^ii 


SS8 


LEE. 


LEEt  Jonathan,  fint  minister  of  Salis- 
bury, Conn.,  was  the  son  of  David  Lee 
of  Coventry,  one  of  three  brothers,  who 
oame  from  England,  of  whom  Josiah  liv- 
ed in  Fannington,  and  Simon  in  Lyme. 
Mr.  L.  was  born  about  1718 ;  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college  in  1743 ;  and,  hav- 
ing studied  theology  with  Mr.  Williams 
of  Lebanon,  was  ordained  Nov.  39, 1744. 
The  church  of  Salisbury  was  formed  on 
the  principles  of  the  Catnirid'g-e  platform: 
the  association  of  the  county,  adhering 
to  the  Saybrook  platform,  suspended  the 
ministeM,  who  ordained  Mr.  Lee, — Mr. 
Humphreys  of  Derby,  Mr.  Leavenworth 
of  Waterbury,  and  Mr.  Todd  of  North- 
bury.    A  fierce  7.eal  against  the  zealous 
ealvinistic  preachers  occasioned  this  and 
other  strange  proceedings  in  Connecticut, 
which  are  related  by  Dr.  Trumbull.  Mr. 
Lee  died  Oct.  10,  1738,  aged  70.    His 
first  wife  was  Elizabeth,   daughter  of 
Rev.    Nathan    Metcalf   of    Falmouth, 
Mass.;   his  second  was  Love  Graham 
Brinkerhoif,  a  widow,  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Graham.    He  had  11  children, 
of  whom  Eli7Abeth  married  Rev.  Thomas 
Allen,  Love  married  Rev.  Aaron  Cook 
Collins ;  and  Elisha  Lee  of  Sheffield,  and 
Dr.  Chauncey  Lee,  minister  of  Marlbo- 
rough, Conn.,  are  still  living.      He  was 
an  animated  and  popular  preacher.    He 
published  the  election  sermon,  1766;  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  (Vbigail  Spencer, 
1787. 

LEE,  Ezra,  captain,  an  officer  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  died  at  Lyme,  Cunn., 
Oct.  39,  1831,  aged  73.  He  was  selected 
by  gen.  Parsons,  at  the  request  of  Wash- 
ington, to  navigate  Bushnell's  submarine 
vessel,  called  the  Marine  turtle,  in  the 
harbor  of  New  York  for  the  purpose  of 
blowing  up  the  British  ship  Asia.  The 
copper  of  the  ship  prevented  him  from  at- 
taching the  instrument  of  destruction  to 
itjthough  he  toiled  two  hours  under  wat- 
er ;  but  the  explosion  at  a  little  distance 
alarmed  the  fleet  and  eansed  its  removal 
to  the  Hook.  He  was  amiable  and  benev- 
olent, and  respected  for  hia  valor,  bav- 
ins: fought  bravely  in  several  battles. 
LEE,  Joseph,  first  minister  of  Royals- 


ton,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1765 ;  was  ordained  Oct.  19, 
1763  ;  and  died  Feb.  IG,  1819,  aged  77. 
He  published  4  sermons,  ISmo.,  1788 ;  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  W.  B.  Wet- 
son,  ISOS. 

LEE,  Thomas  Sim,  governor  of  Ma- 
ryland, fVom  1779  to  1738,  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  congress,  and  of  the  con- 
vention, which  formed  the  constitution. 
He  was  again  chosen  governor  in  1793. 
He  died  at  Needwood,  in  Frederic  coun- 
ty, November  9, 1819,  aged  75.  He  was 
much  attached  to  agricultural  pursuits. 

LEE,  Charles,  attorney  general  of  the 
U.  S.,  succeeded  Mr.  Bradford  Deo.  10, 
1795,  and  was  succeeded  by  L.  Lincoln 
in  1301.  He  died  in  Fauquier  county, 
Virginia,  June  34,  1816,  aged  58. 

LEE,  Henry,  general,  governor  of 
Virginia,  was  born  in  Virginia  Jan.  39, 
1756,and  was  graduated  at  Princeton  col- 
lege in  1778.  While  his  father,  in  1774, 
was  engaged  in  negotiating  a  treaty  with 
the  Indian  tribes,  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  management  of  the  private  concerns 
of  the  family.  In  1776  he  was  appointed 
a  captain  of  cavalry  under  col.  Bland  ;  in 
Sept.  1777  he  joined  the  main  army.  His 
skill  in  discipline  and  gallant  bearing  soon 
attracted  the  notice  of  Washington.  He 
was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major, 
with  the  command  of  a  separate  corps  of 
cavalry,  and  then  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
licut.  colonel.  From  1780  to  the  end  of 
the  war  he  served  under  Greene.  The 
services  of  Lee's  legion  in  various  actions 
were  very  important.  He  particularly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of 
Guilford  ;  afterwards  he  succeeded  inco])- 
turing  fort  Cornwallis  and  other  forts  ; 
he  was  also  conspicuous  at  Ninety  Six 
and  at  the  Eutaw  Springs.  In  1786  he 
was  appointed  a  delegate  to  congress  to 
Virginia,  in  which  body  he  remained  till 
the  constitution  was  adopted.  In  the  con- 
vention ol"  Virginia  he  advocated  its  adop- 
tion. In  1791  he  succeeded  Beverly  Ran- 
dolph as  governor,  and  remained  in  office 
3  years.  By  appointment  of  Washing- 
ton he  commanded  the  forces,  sent  to 
suppress   the  whiskey   insurrection  in 


M 


LEE. 


631 


Pennaylvank.  In  1799,  while  a  member 
ofcongrew,  he  was  aelected  to  pronounce 
a  funeral  oraticn  at  Washington.  After 
the  accession  of  Mr  Jefferson  in  ISOl  he 
retired  to  private  life.  In  his  last  years 
he  was  distressed  by  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments. While  confined,  in  1809,  within 
the  bounds  of  Spottsylvania  county  for 
debt,  he  wrote  his  valuable  memoirs  of 
the  southern  campaigns.  Being  in  Balti- 
more in  1814,  when  the  mob  attacliud  a 
printing  office,  he  was  one  of  the  defend- 
ers, and  was  carried  to  jail  for  safety ;  in 
the  attack  on  the  jail,  when  gen.  Lingan 
was  killed,  he  was  s<^verely  wounded.  Re- 
pairing to  the  Wrst  Indies  for  hie  health  ; 
on  his  return  he  died  at  Cumberland  island, 
near  St.  Mary'8,Georgia,  at  Mrs.  Shaw's, 
the  daughter  of  gen.  Green,  March  35, 
18I8,aged63.  By  his  wounds  at  Balti- 
more he  was  rendered  decrepid,  and  af- 
terwards life  was  a  burden.  It  has  been 
represented,  that  he  was  dissipated  and 
without  moral  principle.  Being  once  ta- 
ken by  an  officer  for  debt,  the  ingenuity 
of  the  soldier  procured  his  release  from 
the  sheriff :  he  told  him,  he  was  glad, 
that  he  was  about  to  lodge  him  in  prison, 
for  he  had  been  bitten  by  a  mad  dog  and 
might  do  mischief.  Ailer  a  while,  as  they 
were  riding,  he  began  to  rave,  and  the 
terrified  ofhcer  was  glcl  to  escape  from  a 
man,  who  had  been  bitten  by  a  mad  dog  ! 
—He  published  an  oration  on  the  death 
of  Washington,  1800 ;  memoirs  of  the 
war  in  the  south,  2  vols.  8vo.  1813. 

LEE,  Thomas  Bland,  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  from  Virginia,  died  at 
Washington  March  13,  1837,  aged  65 
years.  He  enjoyed  the  friendship  and 
confidence  of  Air.  Madison,  and  was  i 
man  of  high  talents  and  public  virtue. 

LEE,  Ann,founder  of  the  sect  of  Sha- 
kers in  America,  was  born  in  Manches- 
ter, England,  about  1736,  and  was  the 
(laughter  of  a  blacksmith,  who  lived  in 
Toad  lane.  Her  trade  was  that  of  a  cut- 
ter of  hatter's  fur.  Not  being  instructed 
in  what  she  afterwards  taught  was  the 
way  of  rectitude,  she  committed  the  sin 
of  marrying  Abraham  Standley,  a  black- 
•mith,  who  lived  in  her  father's  house. 
67 


Her  4  children  died  in  infancy.  At  the 
age  of  33,  about  1758,  she  became  a  eon- 
vert  to  James  Wardley,  who  was  origi- 
nally a  quaker,  but  who  in  1747,  imagin- 
ing that  he  had  supernatural  visions  and 
revelations,  established  the  sect,  called 
ShakerB,  from  their  bodily  agitations. 
Having  become  a  member  of  this  society, 
—which  was  merely  a  new  form  of  the  fa- 
naticism of  the  Frenek  propheit  50  years 
before, — she  passed  through  the  e«er- 
et«e<  of  the  sr^ct.  In  her  fits,  as  she 
clinched  her  hands,  it  is  said,  the  blood 
flowed  through  the  pores  of  her  skin. 
Her  flesh  wasted  away,  and  in  her  weak- 
ness she  was  fed  like  an  infant.  Thus 
was  she  exercised  9  years,  by  the  end  of 
wl'  vii  time,  it  might  be  thought,  she  had 
lost  her  reason.  At  length,about  1770,8he 
made  the  discovery  of  the  Wickedness  of 
marriage,&  opened  her  testimony  against 
it.  She  called  herself"  Ann,the  word,  " 
signifying,  that  in  her  dwelt  the  teorrf, 
and  to  this  day  her  followers  say,  that 
"  the  man  who  was  called  Jenu,  and  the 
woman,  who  was  called  .^nn,  are  verily 
the  two  first  pillars  of  the  church,  the  two 
anointed  ones, "  &c.  Soon  afler  Jlfr«. 
Standley  began  her  testimony  against 
"  the  root  of  human  depravity,  "her  ex- 
ercises induced  the  people  of  Manches- 
ter to  shut  her  up  in  a  mad-house,  where 
she  was  kept  several  weeks.  She  cam* 
to  America  in  the  ship  Maria,  capt. 
Smith,  and  arrived  at  N.  York  in  May 
1774,  having  as  her  companions  her 
brother,  Wm.  Lee,  James  Whitaker, 
John  Hocknell,  called  elders,  and  others. 
As  her  husband's  name  is  not  mentioned, 
probably  he  was  left  behind.  During 
the  voyage  the  ship  sprung  aleak,  and  she 
and  the  elders,  being  strong  and  lusty, 
put  their  hands  to  the  pumps,  and  the 
ship  arrived  safe  in  consequence,  as  the 
shakers  say  in  their  book,  of  their  "  pow- 
er, which  was  above  the  natural  power 
of  man."  In  the  spring  of  1776  she 
went  to  Albany,  and  thence  to  Niikeuna, 
now  Water-Vliet,  %  miles  from  Albany. 
Here  she  and  her  followers  lived  unknown 
a  few  years,  holding  their  meetings  as 
usual. 


680 


■jt-yfK 


liSE* 


I     '' 


:  L  > 


Bat  in  the  beginning  of  1780,  when 
there  was  an  unusual  religious  commo- 
tion principally  among  the  baptists  in 
New  Lebanon  and  some  adjacent  towns, 
in  themidstof  the  wildness  &  extravagance 
ofiknaticism,  some  account  of  the  el6ct 
lady  reached  the  bewildered  enthusiasts. 
Immediately  the  road  to  Niskeuna  was 
crowded  with  deluded  beings  in  quest  of 
greater  delusions.    The  mother  received 
them  with  many  smiles  and  told  them 
she  knew  of  their  coming  before  ;  declar- 
ed herself  to  be  the  woman  clothed  with 
the  sun,  mentioned  in  the  twelfth  chap- 
ter of  the  revelation;  claimed  the  power 
ofministering  [the  Holy  Spirit  to  whom 
Bhe  pleased  ;  asserted  that  she  was  daily 
judging  the  dead  of  1 1*,  nitions,  who  came 
to  her  for  that  purpose  *  and  that  no  fa- 
vor could  be  shown  to  any  person  but 
through  the  confession  of  their  sins  unto 
her.    These  impious  pretensions,  enforc- 
ed upon  persons,  some  of  whom  were  al- 
ready berefl  of  reason,  by  the  magical 
charms  of  wry  looks,  odd  postures, whim- 
sical gestures,  unintelligible  mutterings, 
alternate  groans  and  laughter,  and  the 
solemn  ceremony  of  hopping,  dancing, 
and  whirling,  completed  the  work  of  con- 
verting rational  beings  into   idiots,  and 
brought  her  in  a  fine  harvest  of  deluded 
ibilowers.    One  of  these  was  Valentine 
Rathbun,  a  baptist  minister,  who  howev- 
er in  about  three  months  recovered  his 
sensesr     and     published      a    pamphlet 
against  the  imposture.     He  says,  that 
there  attended  this  infatuation  an  inex- 
plicable agency  upon  the  body,  to  which 
he  himself  was  subjected,  that  affected 
the  nervf'R  suddenly  and  forcibly  like  the 
electric  liuid,  and  was  followed  by  tremb- 
lings  and  the  complete  deprivation  of 
strength.    When  the  good  mother  had 
somewhat  established  her  authority  with 
her  new  disciplesjshe  warned  them  of  the 
great  sin  of  following  the  vain  customs  of 
the  world,  and  having  fleeced  them  of 
their  ear  ri  ngs,necklaces,  buckles,  and  ev- 
ery thing,  which  might  nourish  pride, 
and  having  cut  ofTtheir  hair  close  by  their 
ears,  she  admitted  them  into  her  church. 
Thus  metamorphosed,  they  were  ftshsiu- 


ed  to  be  seen  by  their  old  acquaintance, 
and  would  be  induced  to  continue  shakers 
to  save  themselves  from  further  humilia- 
tion.   The  impostor  asserted,  that  she 
was  not  liable  to  the  assaults  of  death, 
and  thai,  when  she  left  this  world,  she 
should  ascend  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye 
to  heaven.    But  unhappily  for  her  claims, 
she  was  not  exempted  from  the  same  event, 
which  befalls  beasts,  and  her  bones  are 
mouldering  in  the  vile  ground.    She  died 
at  Water  Vliet  Sept.  8, 1784.    After  her 
death   James  Whitaker  was  head  man ; 
and  after  his  death  in  1787  elder  Joseph 
Meacham  and  Lucy  Wright,  a  native  of 
Fittsfield,  Mass.,  stood  in  the  "spiritual 
relation  of  a  joint  parentage  "  to  the  so- 
ciety ;  and  on  Meaeham's  death  in  1796 
Lucy  Wright,-as  she  chose  to  be  called, 
though  her  husband,  Mr.  Qoodrich,  was 
still  living, — stood  to  the  shakers  "  in  the 
order  of  the  first  mother  of  their  redemp- 
tion. "    There  are  now  several  societies 
in  different  parts  of  our  country.    Reject- 
ing the  ordinances,  which  Jesus  Christ 
most  expressly  enjoined,  and  subsituting 
revelations  and  impressions  upon  their 
minds  in  the  place  of  the  consistent  and 
plain  i;  ii.'uctions  of  scripture,  they  are  to 
be  classed  v.ith  those,  who  choose  rather 
to  he  guided  by  their  own  reason  or  im- 
agination, than  by  the  wisdom  of  God. 
Of  the  art  of  mother  Ann  an  instance  is 
given  in  the  account  of  col'.  John  Brown. 
-She  had  the  gift  of  speaking  in  an  un- 
known tongue.     An  honest  man,  who 
was  once  her  follower,  assured  me,  that 
in  her  presence  he  once  uttered  many 
unmeaning  words  with  Latin  and  Dutch 
terminations, — for  he  had    studied  the 
Latin  Grammar  and  knew  a  little  of  the 
Dutch, — and  asked  her  what  it  meant, 
when  she  replied,  that  "  he  was  talking 
to  the  spirits,  and  they  understood  his 
language.  "    But,  he  remarked,  he  knew 
better,  when  she  said  so,  for  he  could  not 
understand   it   himself.     Tho.  Brown, 
who  was  once  a  shaker,  and  published  an 
account  of  the  shaken  in  1812,  gives  the 
following  specimen  of  one  of  his  miracu- 
lous speeches: — "  Lierodevojirankeman- 
go,  ad  sileabana,durem  subramo  devirante 


?i,. 


LEET. 


LEVERETT. 


on. 


diacerimango,  jasse  vah  pecri  evani- 
galio ;  de  vom  grom  seb  crinom,  oa  vare 
cremo  domo.  "  Learned  inquirers  into 
the  afiinities  of  spiritual  languages  and 
unknown  tongues  may  compare  this  pre- 
cious morsel  with  the  following,  which 
was  uttered  by  one  of  Mr.  Irving's  con- 
gregation in  London  in  1831. 

"llippo-gerosto  hippo  booros  senoote 
Foorime  oorin  hnopo  tanto  noostia 
Nooraitin  niparoa  hipanna  bantoaboorin 
O  Pinitoa  eleiaatino  haliinungitoa  dantita 
Hampootine  farimi  ariatoa  ekrampoa 
Epoongoa  vangami  beresessino  tereston 
Sa  tinootino  alinooaia  O  fastoa  aimgor  O  fuston 

aungor 
Eletanteti  eretine  menati." 

As  to  the  moral  character  of  mother  Ann, 
Reuben  Rathbun,  who  was  once  a  sha- 
ker, testifies,  that  he  once  saw  her  come 
to  hard  blows  with  Wm.  Lee.    He  adds, 
"  it  appears  to  me,  that  the  mother,  at 
that  time,  was  very  much  overcome  with 
strong  liquor.  "    He  considered  her  also 
as  well  skilled  in  profane  and  indecent 
language.    But,  whatever  might  have 
been  her  moral  deportment,  it  is  one  of 
the  deplorable  facts,  of  which  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  is  full,  evincing  the 
blindness  and  depravity  of  man,  that  ra- 
tional beings  should  yield  their  minds  to 
her  blasphemous  religious  pretensions. — 
N.York  theol.  mag.,  i.  82  ;  V.  Rath- 
hvm?»   hints;    D.  Rathbun'a,  Taylor's, 
West's  and  Brown's  account  of  shakers. 
LEET,  William,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, came  to  N.  England  in  1637,  in 
company   with    Eaton    and    Hopkins. 
Sept.  S9,  1639  he,  Mr.  Whitfield,  and 
others  purchased  Menunkatuck,  or  Guil- 
ford, of  the  sachem  squaw,  the  owner. 
The  agreement  was  fmade  at  N.  Haven, 
and  was  confirmed  by  the  general  court 
Jan.  31,   1640.    When  the  church  of 
Guilford  was  formed  in  1643,  he  was  one 
of  the  seven  pillars,  or  first  members. 
Whitfield  and  Higginson  were  two  oth- 
ers.   For  many  years  he  was  the  clerk  of 
the  town.    He  was  an  assistant  of '  N . 
Haven  colony  from  1643  to  1657,  and 
governor  from  1661  to  1665  ;  and  after 
the  union  of  N.  Haven  and  Connecticut 


was  deputy  governor  flrom  1j669  to  1675, 
and  governor,  after  Winthrop,  firom 
1 676  to  1 680.  Having  removed  to  Hart- 
ford, he  died  there  April  16,  1683.  His 
sons  were  John  and  Andrew ;  his  posteri- 
ty are  numerous.  He  conducted  the 
public  affitirs  with  integrity  and  wisdom. 
In  1660,  when  the  regicides,  Whalley 
and  GofTe,  were  in  danger  of  being  arres- 
ted, he  nobly  protected  them. 

LE  MERCIER,  Andrew,  ministeria 
Boston,  had  for  many  yean  the  care  of 
the  protestant  French  church,  which  was 
founded  by  protestants,  Aivrea  from 
France  by  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  in  1 686.  The  society  being  very 
much  diminished,  he  at  length  desisted 
from  his  public  labors,  &  the  house  was  ia 
1748  occupied  by  Mr.  Croswell's  church. 
He  died  in  1762,  having  sustained  a  repu- 
table character.  He  published  a  church 
history  of  Geneva,  12mo,  1733;  and  a 
treatise  on  detraction. — Hist.  eol.  iiu 
264,  301. 

LESCARBOT,  Marc,  published  His- 
toire  de  la  Nouvelle  France,' 2  vols.  12mQ. 
Sded.  1612. 

LEVERETT,  John,  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of  elder 
Thomas  L.,  and  came  to  this  country 
with  his  father  in  1633,  and  was  admitted 
a  freeman  in  1640.  He  signalized  him- 
self by  his  bravery  in  the  early  periods  of 
his  life.  He  was  long  employed  in  publie 
a&irs  and  places  of  great  trust.  He  was 
in  England  at  the  restoration,  and  ap- 
peared an  advocate  for  the  colony. 
Upon  his  return  to  this  country  he  was 
chosen  a  member  oi'the  general  court  for 
Boston.  In  1664  he  was  chosen  major 
general,  and  in  1665  an  assistant.  He 
was  elected  governor  in  1673  as  succes- 
sor to  Bellingham,  and  was  continued  in 
that  office  till  his  death,  March  16,  1679, 
aged  about  60.  His  administration  is 
spoken  of  with  respect.  He  was  succee- 
ded by  Bradstreet — Magnalia,  ii.  19; 
Neal,  II.  32  ;  Hutchinson, 

LEVERETT,  John,  president  of 
Harvard  college,  was  grandson  of  gover- 
nor Leverett,  and  was  graduated  at  the 
college,  which  was  afterwards  intrusted 


'*lfc'.- 


5M 


LEVERETT. 


LEWIS. 


^4 


to  hit  care,  in  IMO.  He  wa»  fir^t  ap- 
pointed a  tutor  in  this  seminary.  He 
next  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  house 
ofrepresentativea,  and  then  speaker.  He 
Tnuauecessirely  a  member  of  his  majes- 
ty's council,  a  justice  uf  the  superior  court, 
and  a  judge  of  the  probate  of  wills.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  the  vice  president  Wil- 
krd  he  waa  chosen  president  and  was  induc- 
ted into  this  office  Jan.  14, 170S.  In  this 
station  he  continued  till  his  sudden  death 
May  S,  1724.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Wadsworth.  President  Leverelt  recei- 
ved from  the  gift  of  God  great  powers  of 
mind,  which  he  diligently  cultivated. 
He  was  conspicuous  fur  his  learning  ; 
and  he  was  an  eminent  divine  as  well  as 
•tatesman.  In  an  early  period  of  his  life 
he  occasionally  preached.  So  extensive 
was  his  knowledge  and  so  correct  was 
his  judgment,  that  in  almost  every  diffi- 
eult  case  the  people  resorted  to  him  for 
i*ifbrmation  and  advice.  He  was  a  man 
of  courage,  and  resolution,  and  firmness, 
as  well  as  learning.  No  difficulties  dis- 
couraged him,  when  he  once  engaged  in 
any  afiair  of  importance  ;  he  encountered 
them  with  cheerfulness ;  and  by  his  per- 
severance and  diligence  frequently  effec- 
ted what  would  have  been  impossible  to 
a  mind  of  feebler  texture.  When  his  ob- 
ject could  not  be  accomplished,  he  yield- 
ed it  without  disquietude.  At  the  head 
of  the  university  he  was  respected-  for 
he  possessed  personal  dignity  and  a  talent 
of  government.  There  was  a  majesty  in 
his  speech,  behavior,  and  countenance, 
which  secured  the  reverence  of  all,  who 
eonvened  with  him,  and  impressed  the 
youth,  who  were  subject  to  his  authority, 
with  awe.  Yet  he  did  not  lose  their  af- 
fections, for  his  dignity  was  not  the  off- 
spring of  pride.  He  was  a  good  man,  of 
unaffected  piety  and  of  a  holy  life,  a  cor- 
dial friend  to  the  congregational  churches, 
but  placing  religion  not  so  much  in  par- 
ticular forms,  as  in  the  weightier  matters 
of  righteousness,  faith,  and  love.  In  his 
eare  of  the  college  he  wap,  indefatigable, 
and  itflourished  much  during  his  presiden- 
cy. He  was  its  glory,  and  lie  was  also 
the  ornament  of  his  country. — Fun.  term. 


hy  Jippleton,  Colman,  and  Waitworth. 

LEVERIDGE,  William,  a  preacher, 
arrived  at  Salem  in  the  ship  James  Oct. 
10,  1633  ;  &  preached  at  Dover  till  1635. 
In  1640  he  was  in  Sandwich,  and  was 
employed  as  a  missionary  in  1657  by  the 
commissioners  of  the  united  colonies. 
He  accompanied  the  first  settlers  to  Hun- 
tington, L.  I.  ;  but  in  1670  he  removed 
to  Newtown,  where  he  died,  and  where 
his  posterity  remain. — Farmer. 

LEWIS,  Francis,  a  patriot  of  the  rev- 
olution, was  born  in  LandafT,  S.  Wales, 
in  1713.  He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster. In  1735  he  arrived  at  N.  York, 
where  he  engaged  extensively  in  naviga- 
tion and  foreign  trade.  His  commercial 
transactions  induced  him  to  visit  Russia 
and  other  parts  of  Europe.  As  agent  for 
supplying  the  British  troops  he  was  at 
fort  Oswego,  when  it  surrendered  to 
Montcalm,  after  col.  Mersey  had  been 
killed  by  his  side.  He  was  carried  a  pris- 
oner to  Montreal  and  thence  to  France. 
After  his  liberation,  in  tho  revolutionary 
movements  of  the  country  he  was  among 
the  first  of  "  the  sons  o(  liberty."  In 
April  1775  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress ;  the  next  year  he  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence.  He  was 
employed  in  the  importation  of  military 
stores  and  other  secret  services. — In  1775 
he  removed  to  L.  Island  ;  in  the  autnmn 
of  1776  his  house  was  plundered  by  the 
British  ;  his  library  and  papers  were  des- 
troyed ;  and  Mrs.  Lewis  taken  prisoner. 
She  was  confined  several  months  by  the 
brutal  foe,  without  a  bed  to  lie  upon  ; 
her  sufferings  were  such  aa  to  occasion 
her  death  in  one  or  two  years.  Mr.  Lew- 
is in  his  last  days  lived  in  comparative 
poverty.  He  died  Dec.  30,  1803,  aged 
90.— OoodfrtcA. 

LEWIS,  Meriwether,  governor  of 
upper  Louisiana,  was  born  near  Char- 
lottesville, Virginia,  Aug.  IS,  1774.  He 
relinquished  his  academic  studies  at  the 
age  of  18,  and  after  being  a  farmer  for 
two  years  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
militia,  called  out  at  that  time,  and  soo'i 
entered  the  army.  From  1801  to  iBOS 
he  was  tho  private  ijecretary  nl  president 


•■1* , 


uvcQEm 


k 


588 


Jefferson,  who  appointed  him  in  1808  to 
the  command  of  the  exploring  party,  di- 
reeted  to  cross  the  continent  to  the  Paci- 
fic ocean.  His  unshaken  firmness  and 
undaunted  courage,  his  prudence  and  en- 
terprise, besides  his  knowledge  of  botany, 
qualified  him  for  this  service .  Accompa- 
nied by  William  Clarke,he  returned  from 
this  expedition  in  about  three  years.  He 
was  rewarded  by  a  tract  of  land.  Soon 
after  his  return  in  1806  he  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Louisiana  and  Clarke  was  made 
a  general  and  agent  for  Indian  afiairs. 
On  his  arrival  he  was  successful  in  com- 
posing somedi83enBions,which  had  sprung 
up.  Some  difficulty,  as  to  his  accounts, 
which  distressed  him,  induced  him  to  set 
out  on  a  journey  to  Washington .  Lan- 
ding at  Chickasaw  blufi&,  he  thence  pro- 
ceeded by  land.  On  the  borders  of  Ten- 
nessee about  40  miles  from  Nashville  he 
killed  himtielf  with  a  pistol  and  a  razor 
Oct.  11,  1809,  aged  85.  This  event  was 
ascribed  to  the  protest  of  some  bills, 
which  he  drew  on  the  public  account. 
He  had  written  an  account  of  his  expedi- 
tion up  the  Missouri  and  to  the  Pacific, 
which  was  published,  under  the  care  of 
Paul  Allen,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1814;  in 
which  appeared  his  life,  written  by  Mr. 
Jeifersrn. 

LINCOLN,  Benjamin,  general,  was  a 
descendant  of  Thomas  L.,  a  cooper,  who 
lived  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  in  1636.  His 
father  was  Benj.  L.,  a  malster  and  farmer, 
a  member  of  the  council,  and  one  of  the 
principal  men  in  the  county.  He  was 
born  Jan.  33,  1733,  old  style,  and  had 
few  advantages  of  educatirn,  though  his 
brother,  Bei&,  was  a  graOuatc  of  1754. 
His  vocation  was  that  of  a  farmer  till  he 
was  more  than  40  years  of  age.  He  toil- 
ed every  day,  except  when  engaged  in 
civil  or  military  d  uties.  He  was  a  mn  e ;  •  j- 
trate,  representative,  and  lieutenant  col- 
onel of  the  militia.  In  1776  he  was  much 
employed  in  trui-ilng  the  militia,  being 
major  general.  In  Feb.  1777  he  joined 
Washington's  army  with  a  re-enforce- 
ment, and  was  soon  created  a  major  gen- 
eral by  congress.  On  the  approach  of 
Burgoyne,  Washington  sent  him  to  join 


the  aortiiani  army,  but  first  to  receive  at 
Manchester  and  form  the  militia,  as  they 
came  in,  and  to  operate  in  the  rear  of  the 
enemy.  Sept.  13th  he  detached  col. 
Brown  on  a  successful  service.  He  himself 
joined  Gates  on  the  39th.  Commanding 
in  the  works,  he  did  not  participate  in  the 
action  of  Oct.  7th.  The  next  day  es  he 
was  returning  from  a  post,  he  had  visited, 
a  party  of  the  enemy  having  been  advan- 
ced, he  found  himself  within  the  reach  of 
their  fire  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
leg,  rendering  it  necessary  for  him  to  be 
removed  to  Albany  and  to  Hingham.  It 
was  several  years  before  the  wound  was 
healed  ;  but  he  was  able  to  rejoin  Wash- 
ington in  Aug.  1778.  Being  now  appoin- 
ted to  the  chief  command  in  the  southern 
department,  he  proceeded  to  Charieston 
in  Dec.  As  the  enemy  in  the  same 
month  had  landed  in  Georgia,  and  defat- 
ted gen.  Robert  Howe,  and  captured  Sa- 
vannah, gen.  Lincoln  marchcidin  April 
1779  toward  Augusta  in  order  to  cover 
the  upper  parts  of  Georgia,  but  was  re- 
called to  protect  Charleston  against  gen. 
Prevost.  June  19  he  attacked  the  ene- 
my intrenched  at  Stono  ferry ;  but  as 
their  wofks  were  strong  and  they  were 
re-enror9ed  from  John's  island,  opposite 
to  Stono,  he  was  repulsed.  On  the  ar- 
rival ot  count  D'Estaing  with  French 
troops  it  was  resolved  to  recover  Savan- 
nah. An  assault  was  made  by  the  com- 
bined American  and  French  forces  Oct. 
9th,  but  it  was  unsuccessful,  with  the  loss 
of  nearly  1000  men.  In  Feb.  1780  sirH. 
Clinton  conducted  ar  '  .pedition  from  N. 
York  against  Lincolii  ,  besieged  him  in 
Charleston  ;  and  constrained  him  to  ca- 
pitulate May  12th.  But,  notwithstandinrf 
his  misfortunes,  his  reputation  as  an  able, 
prudent,  brave  officer  was  untarniahed. 
Admitted  to  his  parole,  he  returned  to 
Hingham;  bu  iras  exchanged  in  Nov. 
In  1781  he  joirietl  the  army  of  Washin,  • 
ton.  At  the  siege  of  Yorktown  he  com- 
manded a  central  division  :  the  same 
terms  were  granted  to  Cornwallis,  which 
were  granted  at  Charleston,  and  Lincoln 
was  appointed  to  receive  the  submission  of 
the  captured  troops  and  to  conduct  them 


3 


SS4 


LINCOLN. 


* 


Si    ■'• 


9, 


to  the  field,  where  their  >rind  wen  depoe- 
ited. 

Congress  elected  him  Oct.  81, 1781  the 
■ecretary  of  war,  which  office  he  dischar- 
ged, still  retaining  his  fiiuk  in  the  army, 
for  three  years,  when  Iv.'  retired  io  his 
fkrm  with  a  vote  of  congreas  commending 
his  capacity  ai.v\  faithfulneas  in  his  offico 
and  his  meritorious  services  in  the  fi'^ld. 
In  1786  and  1787  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  the  milil.;u  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Shays' insuriecMon.  H«« 
proceeded  to  Hampshire  and  to  f  ittefielu 
in  Berkshire  and  restored  order.  In  May 
1787  he  was  elected  lieutenant  goyernor ; 
Lut  at  the  nsxt  lection  the  democratic 
partj  (:5a'n.edthe  ni^cendency  and  chose 
Saui^<^i  Adams,  in  1739  he  wa»  appoin- 
ted c  ■  ;i\:tor  of*  tSi)  port  of  Boston,  which 
oiiwe  he  hoif!  iieavly  20  years  till  he  re- 
signed it  tyr^  vfar-;  bf  I'«.re  his  death.  He 
-had  oiler»«>i  <;  *  resign  n  a  year  or  two  be- 
fyic.  Gen.  Dearkini  Hucceeded  him.  In 
1789  he  was  a  commissioner  tu  treat 
'mth  tbe  Creek  Indians,  and  in  1793  a 
eommissiouer  to  make  peace  with  the 
western  iDdians.  After  a  short  attack  of 
di'ieasahedied  atHingham  May  9,  1810, 
»g;ed  77.  H;  lived  with  his  wife  55 
years.  His  sons,  Benjamin  and  Theo- 
dore, were  graduates  of  '777  and  1785  ; 
the  former,  who  married  a  daughter  of 
James  Otis,  died  in  1788. — Gen  Lincoln 
was  temperate,  fruga!,  and  methodical ; 
cheerful  in  his  temper  ;  ani  for  a  great 
yfoi  of  his  life  a  deacon  in  the  church. — 
No  profane  expression  ever  fell  from  the 
lips  of  this  soldier. — About  the  year  1799 
his  pecuniary  responsibilitiea  for  gen. 
Knox  subjected  him  to  much  temporary 
inconvenience ;  hut  his  large  income  for 
the  last  30  years  enabled  him  to  distribute 
considerable  sums  amongst  hisi  children. 
He  published,  in  the  hist,  collections, 
observations  on  the  climate  &c.  of  the 
eastern  counties  of  Maine ;  o  i  the  re- 
ligious state  of  the  same,  vol.  iv. ;  on  the 
Indian  tribes,  their  decrease  and  claims, 
vol.  v Hist  r^l.  III.  2b3-255. 

LINCOL^  i  :'vi,  attorney  general  of 
the  U.  S.,  f:  '  at.  gov.  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  a  descendant  of  Samuel  L.  of 


Hingham,  who  came  to  this  country  from 
Hingham,  England,  in  1637.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvar'l  rollcpfp  in  1772  and 
settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Woroiisler,  where 
he  rose  to  distictioc.  In  the  liacty  di- 
visions during  J^u^  Ao  m^'adminibtiation 
he  was  a  zealous  .lemoorK ;  or  icpublii  >in. 
Hewrntj,  at  thpf,  period,  i'  f  erief  if  p>!it-. 
ical  paj  -vcs,  calUii  '■Farmer-sletierii.' — 0;i 
li\e  triumph  of  ^T>'.  Jefferson  he  was 
t-ppointeti  attorney  general  March  5,1801 , 
•..L  aucces&or  ol  Cha.  Lee,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  R.  Brccki^nridge  Dec.  2.5, 
1805.  h\  1907  ■\nd  1803  he  v/auc:  osen 
lieu,  gov.,  and  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Sulli- 
van, acied  an  go^'ernor  iri  Jai ,  f  809.  His 
8peech>rielivered  at  a  i^iificult^.',  .tioal  peri- 
od, reprehending;  the  rcB^stance  to  the  em- 
bargo laws,  was  not  responded  to  in  senti- 
ment by  the  senate  and  house ;  and  in 
the  spring  Mr.  Lincoln,  who  was  a  can- 
didate for  the  office  of  governor  against 
Mr.  Gore,  failed  to  be  elected.  In  1810 
Mr.  Gerry  was  chosen  governor  and  Mr. 
Gray  lieut.  governor.  Mr.  Lincoln  died 
at  Worcester  April  14,  1820,  aged  71. 
His  widow,  Martha,  died  at  Worcester 
in  April  1828,  and  <was  followed  to  the 
grave  by  two  sons,  thengovernor8,-Levi, 
gov.  of  Massachusetts,  and  Enoch,gov.  of 
Maine. 

LINCOLNjEnoch,  governor  of  Maine, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  Dec.  28, 
1788,  and,  having  studied  law,  settled  in 
Fryeburg,  Maine,and  afterwards  in  Paris. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1819 
to  1826 .  Having  been  elected  governor, 
he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  ofBce  in 
Jan.  1827.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year  and  in  1828  he  was  re-elected;  btt  at 
the  election  in  Sept  1829  he  was  uot  a 
candidate.  He  died  at  Augusta,  whither 
in  bad  health  he  had  taken  a  journey  of 
50  or  60  miles  to  deliver  an  address  to  a 
female  acadekuy,  Oct.  8,  1829.,  aged  about 
38.  He  was  7  .  er  married.  It  was  a 
grief  to  his 'i' i  .<  (s.  that  in  his  last  days 
he  was  addir.  .  (Strong  drink.  As  the 
governor  of  >  .te  he  maintained  the 
right  -  '^'-  o  the  whole  controverted 
easte-  >,;  i  i/  and  denied  the  power  of 
the  ' . .  .     v;  alienate  it,  whatever  might 


II 


■St        • 


LINOAN. 


LINN. 


SSI 


be  the  decision  of  the  umpire,  to  whom 
the  dispute  between  Great  Brit-<.in  and 
the  U.  S.  as  to  the  north  eastern  boundary 
had  been  rererred.  He  published,  while 
he  lived  at  Fryeburg,  the  Village,  a  poem, 
1816.  The  first  vol.  of  Maine  hist,  col- 
lections contains  a  few  remarks  on  the  In- 
dian languages,  and  an  account  of  the 
catholic  missions  in  Maine,  found  among 
his  papers. — Spee-.  A.  poet.  ii.  SOS. 

LINGAN,  James  Maccubin,  general, 
a  victim  to  a  mob,  was  a  native  of  Mary- 
land &  an  officer  of  the  revolutionary  ar- 
my; he  fought  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island. 
At  the  surrender  of  fort  Washington  he 
was  taken  prisoner  and  shared  in  the  suf- 
ferings of  the  horrible  prison  ship.     At 
the   close  of  the  war   he  returned  to 
Georgetown,  of  which  port  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Washington    the   collector. 
For  several  years  before  his  death  he 
lived  retired  in  the  country,  happy  in  do- 
mestic life.    He  was  murdered  by  a  mob 
at  Baltimore,  his  brains  being  beaten  out 
with  clubs,  July  38, 1812,  aged  about  60. 
The  following  is  a  brief  history  of  the 
event.     The  war  had  just  been  declared 
againt   Great    Britain.     In  June  Mr. 
Hanson  had  published  something  in  his 
Federal  Republican,  which  so  irritated 
the  populace,  that  they  destroyed  the 
printing  office.     Mr.  H.,  resolving  to 
issue  his  paper  anew,  took  possession  of 
a  house  on  Sunday,  July  36th,  supported 
by  a  number  of   his  zealous    political 
friends,  we"  armed.      The  next  morning 
t';.3  paper  was  issued,  containing  animad- 
versions on  the  police  and  people  of  Balti- 
more: in  the  evening  the  house  was  at- 
tacked, but,  assisted  by  gens.  Lingan  and 
Lee  and  about  30  others,  he  repelled  the 
assault  by  firing  upon  the  assailants,  kill- 
ing Dr.  Gale  and  wouniing'  others.     In 
the  m(    ling  )f  the  28ii    the  gentlemen 
m  the  .)  .}!>elo(v'\  it  liecessary  for  their 
"*;'  J  rty  to  surrender  to  the  civil  uuthori- 
and  were  conducted  lu  jail.      In  the 
evening  of  the  same  day  a  blood  thirt  y 
mob  forcol  the  jail,  and  killed  gen.  Liu- 
gan  and  dreadfully  mangled  11  others. 
A  few  escaped  in  the  crowd.  Eight  of  the 
woundea  were  thrown  together  in  front 


of  the  jail,  supposed  to  be  dead.  Of  thk 
number  were  Mr.  Hanson  and  gen.  Lee. 
Dr.  Hall  preserved  them  by  persuading 
the  mob  to  intrust  the  supposed  dead  bo- 
dies to  his  care.  He  removed  them  first 
to  the  jail  room,  and  then  to  places  of 
safety. 

LINING, John,  m.  D.,an  eminent  phy^- 
sician  .and  phi'osopher  of  South  Carolina, 
was  bom  in  Scotland  in  1708  and  received 
an  excellent  education.  He  came  to 
America  about  the  year  17S0.  He  cor- 
responded with  Dr.  Franklin  on  the  sub- 
ject of  electricity  ,and  was  the  first  penon, 
who  introduced  an  electrical  apparatus 
into  Charleston.  He  practised  physic  in 
Charleston  nearly  thirty  years,  and  was 
reckoned  one  of  its  most  skilful  physicians. 
Hedied  in  1760.  He  published  a  series  of 
judicious  statical  experiments,  which 
were  conducted  from  1788  to  1742.  In  • 
1753  he  published  a  history  of  the  yellow 
fever,  which  was  the  first  account  of  that 
disease,  that  was  given  to  the  world  from 
the  American  continent. — Miller,  ii. 
364. 

LINN,  William,  d.d.  minister'  in 
New  York,  was  born  in  1753  and  was 
graduated  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey 
in  1773.  He  was  at  first  connected  with 
the  presbyterian  church  in  Pennsylvania. 
During  the  war  of  the  revolution  he  was 
chaplain  in  the  array.  A  few  years  ai\er 
the  peace  he  attached  himself  to  the  re- 
formed Dutch  church,  and  settled  in  the 
*jity  of  New  York.  He  was  finally  con- 
strained to  resign  his  pastoral  charge  by 
indisposition,  though  his  friends  regarded 
his  complaints  as  imaginary  ;  and  he  died 
at  Albany  in  Jan.  1808,  aged  55.  Before 
disease  broke  down  his  strength,  he  was 
distinguished  and  useful.  His  eloquence 
was  for  the  most  part  natural,  impressive, 
and  commanding,  though  at  times  he  had 
too  much  vehemence  in  his  manner.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Blair«^^ 
One  of  his  daughters  married  Cha.  B. 
Brown  ;  another  Simeon  De  Witt.  The 
following  are  his  publications  ;  a  military 
discourse,  delivered  in  Carli3le,1776  ;  the 
spiritual  death  and  life  of  the,  believer,  and 
the  character  and  misery  of  the  wick^Hl, 


6S6 


LINN. 


two  sermons  in  American  p.'j^icher,  i ;  a 
sermon  on  American  independence.1791; 
sermons  historical  and  charactenstical, 
13mo.  1791  ;  a  funeral  eulogry  on  Wash- 
ington, 1800.— Panop/M(,  in.  431,  483  ; 
Jfjife  of  J.  B.  Linn,  1. 

LINN,  John  Blair,  d.  d.,  a  poet,  and 
minister  in  Philadelphia,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  Shippensburgh, 
Pennsylvania,March  14,1777.  He  early 
evinced  a  strong  attachment  to  books. 
At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  returned  home 
from  a  seminary  in  Flatbush  on  Long  Is- 
land, where  he  had  passed  two  or  three 
years  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  health,  and 
delighted  with  the  beauties  of  nature. 
He  now  entered  Columbia  college,  and 
engaged  in  a  new  scene,  being  subject  to 
new  discipline  and  interested  by  new  as- 
sociates. During  the  four  years,  which 
he  passed  in  the  college,he  evinced  a  pow- 
erful tendency  to  poetry  and  criti- 
cism. Admiring  the  great  works  of  the 
dramatic  writers,  it  was  natural  for  him, 
when  unrestrained  by  deep  seriousness, 
and  in  a  city,where  there  is  an  established 
theatre,  to  hasten  where  he  might  behold 
these  works  invested  with  th"  charms  of 
life  and  action  on  the  stage.  But  though 
the  theatre  became  his  chief  passion,  he 
was  not  seduced  into  vicious  pleasures. 
When  his  academical  career  was  enritd, 
he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  his 
choice  of  a  profession  fell  upon  the  law. 
He  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Al- 
exander Hamilton,  who  was  the  friend  of 
his  father ;  but  he  did  not  apply  himself 
with  much  assiduity  to  his  new  pursuit. 
He  regarded  the  legal  science  every  day 
with  new  indifference,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  first  year  relinquished  the  profession 
altogether.  Before  this  event  he  ventured 
to  produce  a  new  dramatic  composition 
called  Bourville  castle,  on  the  stage,  lis 
success  was  encouraging ;  but  other  ob- 
jects now  claimed  his  attention,  and  his 
dramatic  career  was  entirely  renounced. 
His  passion  for  theatrical  amusements 
yielded  to  affections  of  a  more  serious 
and  beneficial  natur  ,  and  thi}se  religious 
impressions,  whic  from  his  earliest  in- 
fancy he  had  occasionally  felt,  now  sunk 


permanently  into  his  heart.  He  was 
ordained  June  13, 1799,  as  the  colleague 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Ewing  of  Philadelphia. 
The  two  succeeding  years  of  his  life  were 
passed  in  diligent  and  successful  applica- 
tion to  the  duties  of  the  pastoral  ofRce, 
which  were  rendered  more  arduous  by  the 
increasing  infirmities  of  his  venerable  col- 
league. In  the  summer  uf  1803  his  con- 
stitution suffered  irreparable  mischief  from 
a  fever.  His  brain  afterwards  was  fre- 
quently seized  with  a  dizziness,  which 
was  followed  by  a  heavy  depression  of 
mind.  He  struggled  manfully  with  his 
infirmity,  but  his  strength  was  wasting, 
and  he  was  sinking  into  the  earth. 

The  gloom,  which  hovered  over  his 
mind,  became  deeper  and  more  settled. 
He  could  look  beyond  the  grave  without 
fear,  but  the  terrors  of  death  were  almost 
insupportable .  In  the  summer  of  1 804  he 
was  induced  to  take  a  journey  to  the  eas- 
tern states .  The  images  of  melancholy, 
the  gloom,  the  despondence,  the  terror, 
which  ho  had  before  felt,  still  however  at- 
tended him.  He  returned  to  Philadel- 
phia in  July.  Aug.  30th  he  arose  with 
less  indisposition,  than  usual.  On  the 
evening  of  that  day  he  had  scarcely  laid 
his  head  upon  the  pillow,  when  he  said  to 
his  wife,  "I  feel  something  burst  within 
me.  Call  the  family  together  ;  I  am  dy- 
ing." A  stream  of  blood  now  choaked 
his  utterance.  But  »  Ver  a  short  interval 
he  recovered  strength  to  exclaim  with 
fervency,  clasping  his  hands  and  lifting 
his  eyes,  "Lord  Jesus,  pardon  my  trans- 
gressions, and  receive  my  soul!"  Such 
was  the  termination  of  his  life  Aug .  SO, 
1804. 

He  prepared  for  the  press  and  published 
soon  after  he  left  college  without  his 
name  two  volumes  of  miscellanies  in 
prose  and  verse,  13mc.  His  poem  on  the 
deathof  Washington  was  written  in  imita- 
tion of  the  manner  of  Ossian,  &  published 
in  1800,and  his  powers  of  genius  in  1801; 
a  funeral  sermon  on  Dr.  Ewing,  1808  ; 
his  two  tracts  in  the  controversy  with 
Dr.  Priestley,  k80i.  After  his  death 
there  was  publishe.  '  his  manuscripts 
Valerian,  a  narrative  r.':,  •.    intended  ii 


i.i/.'l 


LITTPLE. 

part  to  deseribo  the  early  peraecutions  of 
ChristiMB,  and  rapidly  to  illustrate  the  in- 
fluence orChriatianity  on  the  manners  of 
nations,  4to,  1805.  Prefixed  to  this  is  a 
sketch  of  Or.  Linn's  hfe  by  Mr.  Brown, 
ivritten  in  a  style  of  uncommon  excel- 
lence.— Hii  life  i^  Valerian;  Portfolio, 
now  teriei,  i.  31-39, 129-134,  195-80S ; 
Blair^e  fun.  term. 

LITTLE,  Moaas,  a  distinguished 
physician  of  Salem,  was  a  descendant  of 
George  L.,  who  lived  in  Newburyport  in 
1640.  He  was  born  there  in  1766  ;  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1787 ;  and 
died  at  Salem  Oct.  13,  1811,  aged  35. 
He  and  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  George 
Williams,  and  two  children  were  ths 
victims  of  the  consumption.  In  his  sur- 
gical practice  he  once  successfully  punc- 
tured the  liver. — Thacher. 

LITTLEPAGE,  Lewis,  an  adventu- 
rer, was  born  at  South  Wales,  Hanover 
county,  Virginia,  Dec.  19,1762,  and  lost 
his  father,when  he  was  young.  At  the  re- 
quest of  his  uncle,  Benjamin  Lewis,  Mr. 
Jay,  minister  at  Madrid,  was  induced  to 
patronize  him  and  received  him  into  his 
family  in  Sept.  1780,  and  soon  advanced 
for  him,  as  his  uncle  failed  to  make  him 
a  remittance,  about  1,000  dollars  in  cash. 
He  volunteered  under,  the  duke  De  Cril- 
lon  in  the  expedition  against  Minorca  in 
1781 ;  and  afterwards  accompanied  the 
count  Nassau  to  the  siege  of  Gibraltar, 
and  thence  to  Constantinople  and  War- 
saw.   The  king  of  Poland  made  him  his 
confidential  secretary  in  1786  and  sent 
him  as  his  agent  or  ambassador  to  Russia. 
—On  the  revolution  in  Poland  he  retur- 
ned to  Virginia ;  and  died  at  Fredericks- 
burg July  19,  1802,  aged  S9.— When  he 
wasat  New  York  in  Nov. 1785,  Mr.  Jay 
arrested  him  for  the  debt  of  1 ,000  dollars, 
without  interest,  which  wassiill  unpaid. 
For  this  he  challenged  Mr.  Jay.  The  cor* 
ifponu^nce  between  him  and  Mr.  Jay 
was  published  in  1786.      Mr.  Jay  had 
reason  to  complain,  not  only  of  thps  pe- 
cuniary i'':     ition,  but  also  oi   oiher 
abuse,  t.,.     •'  >  xpr^sses  himself,  froir  the 
younj;  ma    "WiiL  :oy  money  in  his  pock- 
et and  my  meat  stii!  sticking  in  his  teeth." 
G3 


LIVING8T0N. 


Sir 


IJTTLE  TURTLE,8n  Indian  chief, 
was  defeated  by  general  Wayne  in  179S 
on  the  Miami.  The  confederated  Indiana 
were  Wyandots,  Miamis,  Pottowatto- 
mies,  Delawares,  Shawanoes,  Chippy 
ways,  Ottoways,  and  some  Senecaa.  He 
lived  many  years  afterwards,  and  was  e«- 
teemed  and  respected  for  his  courage  and 
humanity,  his  wisdom  and  consistency. 
He  did  much  to  abolish  the  horrible  cua- 
tcm  of  human  sacrifices.  His  grave  ia 
near  fort  Wayne. 

LIVERMORE,  Samuel,  ll.d.,  chief 
justice  of  New  Hampshire,  was  probably 
a  descendant  of  John  L.,  who  lived  in 
Watertown  in  1643,  and  was  born  in 
Waltham  about  1732 ;  he  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1753  ;  was  judge  advocate 
of  the  admiralty  court  before  the  revolu- 
tion ;  from  1782  to  1790  was  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court ;  and  a  senator  of  the 
U.  S.  from  1793  to  1801.  He  died  at 
Holderness  in  May  1803,  aged  71.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  A.  Browne  of 
Portsmouth.  His  son8,Edward  St.  Loe 
and  Arthur,  were  judges  of  the  same 
court. — Farmer. 

LIV  :^TGSTON,  Robert,  first  puisea- 
sorol  the  manor  of  Livingston  in  tl.'> 
state  of  New  York,  ard  founder  of  one  ol 
the  most  distinguished  families  in  this 
country,  was  the  son  of  John  L.,  who 
received  the  degree  of  a.  m.  at  Glasgow 
in  U<21  and  was  the  minister  of  Ancrum, 
but,refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
in  1663,  was  lunished  and  removed  to 
Rotterdam,  where  he  was  a  minister  of 
the  Scot's  rhapel  and  died  Aug.  9, 1673, 
aged  69.  Robert  L.wa3  born  at  Ancrum 
in  1654,  and  came  to  this  country  with 
his  nephew  about  1672.  Hewan  u  •.  .  ^- 
her  of  the  council  in  1698.  His  <v,  <j  .-s 
of  the  family  of  Schuyler  and  tho  widow 
of  Mr.  Van  Rensselaer.  He  left  three 
sons,  Philip,  Robert  and  Gilbert. — A  Mr. 
Livingston,  perhaps  Mr.  R.  L.  who  waa^>^ 
many  years  speaker  of  the  assembly  of  N.  i 
York,  died  at  Boston  Oct.  I,  1738. 

LIVINGSTON,  Peter  Van  Brugh,  a 
native  of  Hev.  York,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1731  and  was  long  distin* 
guished  as  a  j  idicious,  well  informed. 


I 


688 


LIVINGSTON. 


and  public  spirited  man.    He  died  at  an 
advanced  age. — Miller,  ii .  J45. 

LIVINGSTON,  Philip,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  yn  v^  ti  rf  Robert  L., 
was  the  fourth  f-.ia  .)•  "hj  .,>,  L.,  who  in- 
herited the  >iiiOi  of  Li"iiigf8tor..  He 
was  born  nt  Albany  Jan.  15,  1716,  and 
was  grauiiRied  at  Yale  college  in  17S7, 
and  soon  afterwards  settled  in  New  York, 
where  he  engaged  prosperously  in  com- 
mercial pursuits.  In  1754  he  was  elected 
an  alderman;  the  population  nf  ^hoi 
was  then  only  about  10,000.  lu  Vi  69  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  assembly, 
the  whole  colony  having  only  100,000  in- 
habitants. He  exerted  an  important  in- 
fluence in  promoting  measures  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  French  war  and  also 
for  advancing  the  interests  of  agriculture 
and  commerce.  In  1764  the  answer  to  a 
speech  of  lieutenant  governor  Golden, 
which  he  wrote,  he  spoke  of  "  that  great 
badg*"  if  English  liberty,  of  being  taxed 
only  with  our  own  consent."  In  1770, 
when  Edmund  Burke  was  agent  of  the 
colony  in  London,  Mr.  Livingston,  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  of  the  legisla- 
ture, conducted  the  correspondence  with 
him.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  con- 
gr^'ss  in  1774,  and  again  in  1776,  when 
he  signed  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, and  also  in  1 777.  It  was  in  a  state 
of  ill  health,  from  the  dropsy  in  the  chest, 
that  he  took  his  seat  in  congress  at  York, 
Penns.,  May  5, 1798.  He  had  visited  his 
friends  in  .V!'>any,  and  bid  adie<<  to  his 
family  at  Kingston,  whither  they  had 
been  obliged  to  flee  from  the  city.  His 
health  rapidly  declined.  During  his  few 
last  days  his  sun,  Henry,  then  a  mcaiber 
of  Washington's  family,  was  with  him. 
He  died  June  13, 1778,  aged  nearly  62. 
His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  col.  Dirck 
Ten  Broeck,  by  whom  he  id  several 
children.  He  firmly  belli  \  he  '  uths 
of  Christianity  and  was  a  hui^ioie  foi  ower 
of  the  Savior.  By  a  donation  in  money 
in  1746  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  pro- 
fessorship of  divinity  at  Yale  college. — 
Ooodrich's  lives. 

LIVINGSTON,  William,  ll.  d.,  gov- 
ernor of  Ne\7  Jersey,  a  descendant  of  the 


family,  which  emigrated  ft'om  Scotland, 
was  born  about  the  year  1741.  He  after- 
wards pursued  the  study  of  the  law.  Pos- 
sessing from  the  gift  of  God  a  strong  and 
comprehensive  mind,  a  brilliant  imagina- 
tion,anda  ret«ntivememnry,&  improving 
with  unwearied  diligence  the  literary  ad- 
Yantages,which  he  enjoyed, he  soon  rose  to 
eminence  in  his  profession.  He  early  em- 
braced the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty.   When  Great  Britain  advanced  her 

.trary  claims,  he  employed  his  pen  in 
opposing  ihem  nnd  in  vindicating  the 
rights  of  his  countrymen.  After  sustain- 
ing some  important  oirices  in  New  York 
he  removed  to  New  Jersey,  and  as  a  rep- 
resentative of  this  state  was  one  of  the 
principal  members  of  the  first  congress  in 
1774.  After  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Jersey  had  sent  their  governor,  William 
Franklin,  under  a  strong  guard  to  Con- 
necticut, and  had  formed  a  new  constitu- 
tion in  July  1776,  Mr.  Livingston  was 
elected  the  first  chief  magistrate,  and  such 
was  his  integrity  and  republican  virtue, 
that  he  was  annually  p-elected  till  hin 
death.  During  the  war  he  bent  his  exer- 
tions to  support  the  independence  of  hix 
country.  By  the  keenness  and  severity  of 
his  political  writings  he  exasperated  the 
British,  who  distinguished  him  as  an  ob- 
ject of  their  peculiar  hatred.  His  pen 
had  no  inconsiderable  influence  in  exci- 
ting that  indignation  and  zeal,  which 
rendered  the  militia  of  Now  Jersey  so  re- 
maikable  for  the  alacrity,  with  which  on 
any  alarm  they  arrayed  themselves 
against  the  common  enemy.  He  was  in 
1787  a  delegate  to  the  grand  convention, 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  Afler  having  sustained  the 
office  of  governor  for  14  years  with  great 
honor  to  himself  a. id  usefulness  to  the 
state,  he  died  at  his  seat  near  Elizabeth- 
town  July  25, 1790,  aged  67.  He  was 
succeeded  by  William  Patterson.  Judge 
Brockholst  L.  was  his  son  :  Mr.  Jay 
married  his  daughter. 

Governor  Livingston  was  from  his 
youth  remarkably  plain  and  simple  in  his 
dress  and  manners.  Always  the  enemy 
of  parade,  he  never  exhibited  himself  iu 


F.IVINGSTON. 


U* 


splendor.     He  wab  convivial,  easy,  mild, 
witty,  and  iimd  of  anecdote.    Fixed  and 
unshaken  in  Chriatian  principles,  his  life 
presented  an  example  of  incorruptible  in- 
tegrity, strict  hoitor,  and  warm  benevo- 
lence.   He  obeyed  the  precepts  uf  the 
gospel,Bnd  in  the  opinion  of  his  Christian 
friends  was  sincerely  pious.  He  relied  for 
salvation  solely  upon  the  merits  of  Christ. 
In  his  political  principles  he  was  purely 
republican,  having  an  abhorrence  of  the 
monarchical  form  of  government.     He 
was  an  excellent  classical  scholar.      His 
writingH  evince  a  vigorous  mind  and  a  re- 
fined taste.      Intimately  acquainted  with 
the  celebrated  writers  of  his  day  and  of 
the  preceding  age,  he  acquired  an  ele- 
gancn  of  style,  which  placed  him  among 
the  first  of  modern  writers.    He  was  un- 
equalled in  satire.    He  published  a  poem, 
called  philosophical  solitude  ;    a  funeral 
eulogium  on  president  Burr,  1758,  which 
is  considered  as  a  fine  specimen  of  elo- 
quence ;  a  letter  to  the  bishop  of  Landaff, 
occasioned  by  some  passages  in  his  ser- 
mon, 1767;  and  a  number  of  miscellane- 
ous tracts,  ii  various  periodical  works. 
The  review  of  the  military  operations  of 
1753-1756,  ascribed  to  him  &  W.  Smith 
and  Scott,  which  is  in  Mass.  hist.  col. 
VII. ,  a  literary  gentleman  of  Philadelphia 
lias  said  was  not  written  by  them.     His 
son,  William  Livingston,  issued  propo- 
sals a  lew  years  ago  for  publishing  me- 
moirs of  his  life,  with  his  miscellaneous 
writings  in  prose   and   verse ;    but  the 
work  was  not  given  to  the  public. — Mae- 
whorterU  fun.  term;  Miller^*  retrospect. 
II.  369. 

LIVINGSTON,  Robert  R.,  chancel- 
lor of  the  state  of  N.  York,  was  born 
Nov.  37,  1746.  His  grandfather,  Ro- 
bert L.,  was  the  second  son  of  the  first 
owner  of  Livingston's  manor,  and  died 
at  Clermont  June  37, 1775,  aged  88;  his 
father,  Robert  Livingston,  was  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court,  who  died  at  Clermont 
Dec.  9,  1775,  aged  58  ;  his  mother  was 
Margaret  Beekman.  He  was  graduated 
at  King's  college,  N.  York,  in  1765. 
Having  studied  law  with  Wm.  Smith, 
he  was  appointed  by  gov.  Tryon  recor- 


der of  the  city  ;  an  (  iice,  which  he  re- 
signed at  the  beginning  of  the   revolu- 
tion.    In  April  1775  he  was  elected  irom 
Duchess  county  to  the  assembly.      In 
1776  he  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
was  placed  on  the  i-,ommittee  with  Jef- 
ferson, Adams,  Franklin,  and  Sherman, 
for  drawing  up  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, and  on  other  important  com- 
mittees.    In  Aug.  1781  he  was  appointed 
secretary  for  foreign  af&irs  ;  and  he  com- 
menced his  duties  Oct.  30th.      The  for- 
eign concerns  of  congress  had  been  pre- 
viously conductc'l  by  the  committee  of 
secret  correspondence.    He  was  diligent, 
prompt,  and  energetic.       Domestic  af- 
fairs were  also  in  part  intrusted  to  him. 
His    valuable    correspondence   is    pub- 
lished in  the  Diplomatic  correspondence, 
edited  by  Jared  Sparks.     On  his  resigna- 
tion in  1783  he  received  the  thanks  of 
congress,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jay. 
Under  the  new  constitution  of  N.  York, 
which  he  assisted  in  forming  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee,  he  was  appointed 
chancellor,  and  continued  in  that    place 
till  ISOl.     In  1788  he  was  chairman  of 
the  state  convention,  which  adopted  the 
federal  constitution,  uniting  his  efforts  at 
that  time  with  those  of  Jay  and  Hamil- 
ton.    In  1794,  on  his  declining  the  place 
of  minister  to  France,  which  Washing- 
ton offered  him,  it  was   given  to  Mr. 
Monroe.    But  in  1801  he  was  induced 
to  proceed  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Paris,  appointed  by  Mr.  Jefferson.     By 
the  first  consul  he  was  received  with  re- 
spect, and  af\er  his  mission  had  closed 
Napoleon  presented  him  with  a  splendid 
snuff-box,  with  a  miniutur'}  of  himself  by 
Isabey.    Assisted   by  Mr.  Monroe,  he 
made  the  very  important  purchase   of 
Louisiana  for  15  millions  of  dollars.    In 
Paris  he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Robert 
Fulton,  whom  he  assisted  by  his  coun- 
sels and  money.     After  his  resignation 
and  the   arrival  of  general   Armstrong, 
his    successor,    he   travelled    in    Italy, 
Switzeriand,  and  Germany,  returning  to 
his  seat,  called  CIermont,on  the  Hudson, 
in  June   1805.     He  rebuilt  a  venerable 
old  mansion,  his  summer  residence,  on 


I 


hi 


•^"?, 


MO 


LIVINGSTON. 


l! 


•n  amplfl  patrimonial  eatate,  called  the 
upper  Livingiton'a  manor,  and  devoted 
the  reat  of  hiit  daya  to  the  promotion  of 
improvementa  in  agriculture  and  the  arta. 
Ha  cauied  the  introduction  of  steam 
navigation  in  thia  country.  He  intro- 
duced the  merino  aheep  in  New  York, 
and  the  uae  ofgypsum  ;  of  an  agricultu- 
ral aociety  and  r>r  the  academy  of  the 
fine  arta  he  was  the  preaident.  He  died 
suddenly  at  Clermont  Feb.  3«,  1819, 
aged  66.  Hia  widow,  Maria,  died  at 
Washington  in  March  1814.  He  puh- 
lished  an  oration  bel'ure  the  Cincinnati, 
J 787  ;an  address  to  the  society  for  pro- 
moting the  arts,  1808  ;  easays  on  agricul- 
ture ;  a  work  on  the  merino  sheep. 

LIVINGSTON,  John  H.,  d.  d., 
president  of  Queen's  college,  N.  Jersey, 
was  born  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  York,  in 
1746,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1763.  In  May  1776  he  went  to  Holland 
to  proaeeute  his  theological  studies  in  the 
university  of  Utrecht,  where  he  resided 
■bout  4  yeara,  obtaining  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  theology  in  1770,  in  which 
year  he  returned  to  thia  country  and  be- 
came the  pastor  of  the  Dutch  reformed 
church  in  the  city  of  N.  York.  At  this 
period  the  Dutch  churches  in  this  coun- 
try were  divided  into  the  Conferentie  nnd 
the  Coettu  parties:  by  the  efibrts  of  Dr. 
Livingaton  a  happy  union  was  effected  in 
1773,  and  the  Dutch  churches  became 
independent  of  the  classis  of  Amsterdam. 
For  thia  independence  he  had  negotiated 
while  in  Holland.  In  1784  he  was  ap- 
pointed theological  professor  in  the 
Dutch  church.  The  duties  of  minister 
•nd  professor  he  performed  till  1810, 
when  on  the  removal  of  the  theological 
■chool  to  Queen's  college.  New  Bruns- 
wick, he  was  appointed  the  president  of 
the  college,  in  which  place  he  remained 
till  his  death,  Jan.  89,  1825,  aged  78. 
He  waa  eminently  learned,  pious,  and 
useful.  He  published  two  sermons  on 
growth  in  grace  in  Amer.  preacher,  vol. 
1  ;  sanctuary  blessings,  vol.  iii ;  before 
N.  Y.  miaaionary  aociety,  1799  ;  address 
at  the  commencement  «t  Queen's  college, 
1810. 


LIVINGSTON,  Brockholat,  l  l.  d.. 
judge  of  the  supreme  oourt  of  the  U.  8., 
was  the  soii  of  gov.  William  L.  of  N. 
Jersey,  and  was  born  in  N.  York  Nov. 
36,  1767.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  in  1774  ;  and  in  1776  enter- 
ed the  family  of  gen.  Schuyler,  comman- 
der of  the  northern  army,  and  afterwards 
waa  attached  to  the  suite  of  Arnold  at 
the  time  of  the  capture  of  Burgoyne. 
In  1779,  when  Mr.  Jay,  who  had  mar- 
ried his  sister,  repaired  tn  the  court  of 
Spain,  he  accompanied  him  as  his  private 
secretary.  After  an  absence  of  8  yearn 
colonel  Livingston  returned  and  studied 
law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
April  1788  ;  waa  appointed  judge  of  the 
state  Bupreme  court  Jan.  8,  1803;  and 
in  Nov.  1806  was  appointed,  in  the  place 
of  Mr.  Patterson,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  U.  S.  He  died  at  Washing- 
ton during  a  session  of  the  court  March 
18, 182S,  aged  66.  His  daughter,  Lou- 
isa C,  died  Feb.  1807,  aged  16.  It  is 
said,  that,  having  killed  a  man  in  a  duel 
in  early  life,  the  recollection  of  the  deed 
imbittered  the  remainder  of  his  days. 
His  mind  was  acute  and  powerful,  and 
he  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar  and 
jurist. 

LIVINGSTON,  Henry,  general,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  born  at 
Livingston  manor,  Jan.  19,  1753.  He 
joined  his  conntry  in  the  struggle  for 
liberty  ;  accompanying  a  detachment  of 
militia  from  his  native  county,  he  acted 
as  lieutenant  colonel  at  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne.  He  died  at  his  residence  in 
the  manor  of  Livingston  May  36,  1833, 
aged  71,  and  hia  remains  were  placed  in 
the  family  vault.  The  poor  and  indus- 
trious experienced  his  benevolence  and 
liberality .  He  was  a  friend  to  the  peo- 
ple, aiming  always  to  secure  their  liber- 
ties and  rights.  His  princely  estate  was 
inherited  by  Henry  L  ,  who  married  the 
eldest  daughter  of  judge  W.  W.  Van 
Ness,  and  died  at  Claverack  Nov.  14, 
1838. 

LIVINGSTON,Henry  Walter  judge, 
a  member  of  congress  from  1803  to 
1807  ;  was  born  in  1764  ;  was  graduated 


L    jt: 


.''* 


*,-. 


.ft:. 


LLOYD.  ^- 

•t  yile  college  in  1786 ;  wu  eecretary 
in  ITM  to  Mr.  Morrie,  arnhMMdor  to 
France  ;  and  died  at  Livingaton'a  manor, 
in  Linithgow,  N.  York,  Dec.  33,  1810, 
aged  43.  He  waa  educated  to  the  law 
and  potaeaaed  good  talents.  Of  the 
court  of  common  pleaa  for  Columbia 
county  he  waa  the  judge.  In  hia  man- 
nara  he  waa  pleasing,  and  in  hia  habits  of 
life  correct  and  honorable. 

LLOYD.Jamea,  m.  D.,a  phy8ician,wa8 
the  grandson  of  James  L.,  who  came 
from  Somersetshire  in  1670  and  after  re- 
aiding  a  short  time  at  Shelter  hland, 
where  he  married  a  MUy,  settled  at  Bos- 
ton, where  he  died  in  July  1693.  His 
Ather  was  Henry  L.,  who  inherited  an 
estate,purcha8ed  by  his  father,  in  Queen's 
county,  Long  Island  ;  his  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  John  Nelson  of  Boston,  a 
"revolutioner,"  or  one  of  those,  who  put 
down  the  tyranny  of  Andros  in  1 689.  Dr. 
L.  waa  born  at  Long  Island  in  Apr.  1738. 
He  was  educated  at  Stratford,  where  he 
formed  a  friendship  with  Wm.  Samuel 
Johnson,  which  lasted  through  life. 
Having  studied  medicine  for  a  time  in 
Boaton,  he  proceeded  to  England,  where 
he  attended  the  London  hospitals  two 
years.  In  1753  he  returned  to  Boston 
and  aoon  obtai  ned  ex  tensive  practice.  He 
introduced  improvements  in  surgery,  such 
as  ligatures  for  cautery,  and  amputation 
by  double  incision.  Among  his  numer- 
ous pupils  were  gen.  Warren,  Rand,  Jef- 
fries, and  Clark.  During  the  occupation 
of  Boston  by  the  British,  he  remained  in 
the  town.  He  thought  the  revolutionary 
movements  were  premature.  Yet  he  was 
devoted  to  his  profession,  and  not  a  zeal- 
ous politician.  The  dispersion  of  his 
connexions  and  the  loss  of  his  two  sons 
threw  a  heavy  cloud  upon  his  mind  for 
several  years,  and  taught  him  the  lesson, 
which  comes  to  all,  that  the  earth  is  not 
the  abode  of  happiness.  In  the  war  the  ene- 
my stripped  of  its  timber  an  estate  of  6  or 
700  acres,  inherited  from  his  father,  at 
Queen's  village  or  Lloyd's  Neck,  on 
Long  Island,  about  40  miles  from  N.  Y., 
bordering  on  the  sound.  In  1789  he 
vent  to  England  to  seek  compensation, 


LOCKWOOD. 


Ml 


hut  witliout  aucceaa,  aa  he  would  not  eon* 
sent  to  becomes  Britiih  subject,  norevm 
express  an  intention  of  becoming  such. 
His  fine  health,  which  continued  to  old 
age,  waa  first  interrupted  by  a  fall  flroin 
his  hoise.  In  1809  he  was  confined  to  hia 
house.  He  died  in  March  1810,  aged 
83  years.  He  lell  two  children  ;  James 
L.,  and  Sarah,  relict  of  Leonard  Vassal 
Borland.  For  nearly  60  years  he  waa  in 
extensive  practice.  He  was  educated  in 
the  episcopal  form  and  was  a  worshipper 
at  Trinity  church.  His  house  was  the 
seat  of  hospitality.  Multitudes  of  the 
poor  experienced  his  kindnecn.  He  had 
no  avarice  of  money.  His  professional 
services  to  them  were  without  charge, 
and  he  was  also  frequently  the  almoner 
to  their  necessitiea.  In  his  last  will  he 
directed  the  cancelment  of  the  debts  due 
from  those,  who  could  ill  afford  to  pay 
them.— Thaeher^i  med.  Hog.  359—976. 

LLOYD,  Jameti,  a  senator  of  the  U. 
S.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  Boaton  in  1769  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1787.  He  aflerwarda,  i« 
order  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  commer- 
cial pursuits,  entered  the  counting  house 
of  Thomas  Russell.  About  the  year 
1793  he  visited  Europe  and  resided  for 
some  time  in  Russia.  In  1808  he  waa 
elected  senator,  and  in  a  period  of  great 
political  excitement  and  national  difficulty 
was  a  distinguished  member  of  congresa. 
He  opposed  the -war  of  1813.  He  was 
re-elected  senator  in  1833,  and  during  a 
service  of  5  years  was  incessant  in  his 
efforts  to  promote  the  public  interest. 
He  was  the  chairman  of  two  important 
committee8,-of  commerce  and  naval  af- 
fairs. The  result  of  his  investigations 
appeared  in  several  pamphlets.  He  died 
at  New  York  in  1881.  He  married  in 
1809  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Breck  of 
Philadelphia.  He  published  remarks  on 
the  report  of  the  committee  of  commerce 
of  March  1836  on  the  British  colonial  in- 
tercourse. 

LOCKWOOD,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minis- 
ter of  Andover,  Conn.,  a  descendant  of 
an  early  settler  of  Conn.,  was  a  native  of 
Norwalk,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 


% 


W 

m 


■a: 


in 


643 


.UitVV 


LOGAN. 


a- 


lege  in  174S.  He  was  ordained  Feb.  15, 
1749,  and  died  June  18,  1791.  He  con- 
tributed in  the  year  1787  one  hundred 
pounds  towards  completing  the  philosoph- 
ical apparatus  in  Yale  college. — Holme$' 
life  of  Stilei,  990,  S91. 

LOGAN,  James,  distinguished  for  his 
learning,  was  descended  from  a  family 
formerly  of  Scotland,  and  was  born  at 
Lurgan  in  Ireland  in  1674.  Possessing 
B  good  genius  and  being  favored  with  a 
suitable  education,  he  made  considerable 
proficiency  in  the  sciences  and  in  various 
branches  of  polite  literature.  As  he  was 
educated  in  the  sentiments  of  the  quakers, 
and  was  acquainted  with  William  Penn, 
he  was  induced  to  accompany  that  gen- 
tleman to  Pennsylvania  in  1699  in  his  last 
voyagf  ^  Under  his  patronage  he  was 
much  jmployed  in  public  afiairs.  By  his 
commission  he  was  in  1701  appointed 
secrstary  of  the  province  and  clerk  of  the 
council.  He  afterwards  held  the  offices 
of  commissioner  of  property,  chief  justice, 
and  president  of  the  council.  He  attach- 
ed himself  rather  to  the  interest  of  the  pro- 
prietary and  his  governor  than  to  that  of 
the  assembly,  and  was  in  consequence  in 
the  earlier  periods  of  his  life  very  unpop- 
ular ;  but  he  soon  gave  general  satisfac- 
tion in  the  discharge  ofthe  duties  of  his 
■everal  offices.  Upon  the  death  of  gov- 
ernor Gordon  in  Oct.  1736  the  govern- 
ment of  course  devolved  upon  him,as  pres- 
ident of  the  council ;  and  during  his  ad- 
ministration of  two  years  the  utmost  har- 
mony prevailed  throughout  the  province. 
Several  years  previously  to  his  death  he 
retired  from  public  ai&irs  and  spent  the 
ktter  part  ol*  his  life  principally  at  Stan- 
ton, his  country  seat,  near  Germantown, 
where  he  enjoyed  among  his  books  that 
leisure,  which  he  much  relished,  and  was 
much  employed  in  corresponding  with 
learned  men  in  different  parta  of  Europe. 
He  died  Oct  SI,  1751,  aged  about  77. 
He  was  well  versed  in  both  ancient  and 
modern  learning  ;  he  had  made  consider- 
ble  proficiency  in  oriental  literature  ;  he 
was  master  of  the  Greek,  Latin,  French, 
febd  German  languages  ;  and  he  was  well 
acquainted   with  mathematics,    natural 


and  moral  philosophy,  and  natural  histo- 
ry. In  his  religioup  --entiroents  he  was  a 
quaker.  He  had  collected  with  great 
care  a  library  of  more  than  3,000  vol- 
umes, which  at  that  time  was  by  far  the 
largest  in  Pennsylvania,  and  particularly 
rich  in  works  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages, and  in  the  most  curious,  rare, 
and  excellent  scientific  publications. 
This  valuable  collection  of  books,  usually 
called  the  Loganian  library ,wa8  bequfath- 
ed  by  its  possessor  to  the  citizens  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  has  since  been  deposited  in 
one  of  the  apartments  belonging  to  the 
library  company  of  that  city. 

Mr.  Logan  published  in  the  philo- 
sopical  transactions  for  1735  an  ac- 
count of  his  experiments  on  maize. 
The  work  was  afterwards  published  in 
Latin,  entitled,  experimenta  et  melete- 
mata  de  plantarum  generatione,  &c. 
Leyden,  1739  ;  and  in  London  by  Dr. 
Fothergill  with  an  English  version 
on  the  opposite  page,  1747.  He  also 
published  canonum  p^-o  inveniendis  re- 
fractionimi,  turn  simplicium,  tum  in  len- 
tibus  duplicium  focis,  demonstrationes 
geometricse,  &c.  Leyden,  1739 ;  and  a 
translation  of  Cicero's  treatise  de  senec- 
tute,  1744.  This  was  the  second  trans- 
lation of  a  classical  author,  made  in  A- 
merica.  The  first  was  from  Ovid  by 
Geo.  Sandys  of  Virginia. — Proud'$  hitt. 
Penntylvania,  i.  448. 479 ;  Miller's  retr. 
1. 134  ;  II.  340. 

LOGAN,  Martha,  a  great  florist,  was 
the  daughter  of  Robert  Daniel  of  S. 
Carolina.  In  her  15th  year  she  married 
Geo.  Logan,  son  of  col.  Geo.  L.,  and 
died  in  1779,  aged  77.  At  the  age  of  70 
she  wrote  a  treatise  on  gardening. 

LOGAN,  an  eloquent  chief,  was  the 
second  son  of  Shikellemus,  a  celebrated 
chief  of  the  Cayuga  nation,  whose  resi- 
dence was  at  Shamokin.  Logan  was  the 
friend  of  the  white  people,  he  admired 
their  ingenuity,  and  wished  to  be  a 
neighbor  to  them.  In  April  or  May  1 774, 
when  Logan's  residence  was  on  the  Ohio, 
his  family  was  murdered  by  a  pt"ty  of 
whites  under  the  command  of  captain 
Michael  Cresap.    The  occasion  of  this 


:•■*.- 


LOGAN.     ^ 

outrage  was  a  nport,  that  the  Indians 
had  killed  a  number  of  white  persons, 
who  were  looking  out  for  new  settlements. 
A  war  immediately  commenced,  and  dur- 
ing the  summer  great,  numbers  of  inno- 
cent men,  women,  and  children  fell  vic- 
tims to  the  tomahawk  and  scalping  knife 
of  the  Indians.    In  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year  a  decisive  battle  was  fought  at 
the  mouth  of  the  great  Kanhaway  be- 
tween the  collected  forces  of  the  Shawan- 
ese,   Mingoes,  and  Delawares,  and  a  de- 
tachment of  the  Virginia  militia.    The  In- 
dians were  defeated  &  sued  for  peace.  Lo- 
gan however  disdained  to  be  seen  among 
the  suppliants.    But,  lest  the  sincerity  of 
a  treaty,  from  which  so  distinguishei  a 
chief  absented  himself,  should  be  mistrus- 
ted, he  sent  by  a  messenger  the  following 
speech  to  be  delivered  to  lord  Dunmore, 
governor  of  Virginia.    "  I  appeal  to  any 
white  man  to  say,  if  ever  he  entered  Lo- 
gan's cabin  hungry,  and  he  gave  him  not 
meat ;  if  ever  he  came  cold  and  naked, 
and  he  clothed  him  not.    During   the 
course  of  the  last  long  and  bloody  war 
Logan  remained  idle  in  his  cabin,  an  ad- 
vocate for  peace.    Such  was  my  love  for 
the  whites,  that  my  countrymen  pointed, 
as  they  passed,  and  said,  Logan  is  the 
friend  of  white  men.    I  had  even  thought 
to  have  lived  with  you,  but  for  the  inju- 
ries of  one  man.     Coionel  Cresap,  the 
last  spring,  in  cold  blood  and  unprovoked, 
murdered  all  the  relations  of  Logan,  not 
even  sparing  my  women  and  children. 
There  runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the 
veins  of  any  living  creature.    This  cal- 
led on  me  for  revenge.     I  have  sought  it ; 
I  have  killed  many  ;  I  have  fully  glutted 
my  vengeance.     For  my  country  I  rejoice 
at  the  beams  of  peace.     But  do  not  har- 
bor a  thought  that  mine  is  the  joy  of  fear. 
Logan  never  felt  fear.    He  will  not  turn 
on  his  heel  to  save  his  life.    Who  is 
there  to  mourn  for  Logan .''    Not  one." 

Af\er  this  peace  Logan  sunk  into  a 
deep  melancholy,  and  declared  that  life 
was  a  torment  to  him.  He  became  in 
some  measure  delirious.  He  went  to 
Detroit,  where  he  yielded  hipselfto  the 
habit  of  intoxication.      On  his  return, 


LOOMIS. 


54S 


between  that  place  and  Miami,  he  was 
murdered.  In  Oct.  1781  Mr.  Heckewel-  ^ 
der  was  shown  the  spot  by  some  Indians, 
where  this  event  was  said  to  have  ocexa- 
ied.—Jefferaon'snote$  on  Virginia,  que- 
ry VI,  and  appendix. 

LOGAN,  George,  m.  d.,  a  senator  of 
theU.  S.,  the  grandson  of  James  Logan, 
was  the  son  of  Wm.  L.,  and  was  bom 
at  Stanton,  near  Philadelphia,  Sept.  9, 
1 753.    After  being  3  years  at  the  medical 
school  of  Edinburgh,  he  travelled  on  the 
continent,  and  returned  to  this  country 
in   1779.      After  applying    himself  for 
some  years  to  agriculture  &  oervinfr  'n  the 
legislature,  he  was  induced  in  June  1798 
to  embark  for  Europe  with  the  sole  pur- 
pose of  preventing'  a  war  between  Amer- 
ica and  France.    He  made  his  way  from 
Hamburg  to  Paris ;  and  there  was  intro- 
duced to  Merlin,  the  chief  director.    At 
this  period  Mr.   Gerry,   the  American 
minister,  had  departed,  an  embargo  had 
been  laid  on  our  shipping,  and  many  sea- 
men had  been  imprisoned.    Dr.  L.  per- 
suaded the  French  government  to  raise 
the  embargo,  and  prepared  the  way  for  a 
negotiation,  which  terminated  in  peace. 
He  was  indeed  reproached,  and  accused 
of  being  sent  by  a  faction  ;  but  on  his  re- 
turn he  vindicated  himself  in  a  letter  of 
Jan.  i-2,  1799.    He  was  a  senator  in  the 
7th  and  8th  congresses  from  1801  to  1807. 
He  went  to  England  in  Feb.  1810  on  the 
same  peaceful    mission,  which  led  him 
to  Franc  ?,  but  not  with  the  same  success. 
He  died  at  Stanton  April  9,  1821,  aged 
66.    Mr.  DupO!  ceau  said  of  him, — "  And 
art  thou  too  gone,  Logan  ?  friend  of  man ! 
friend  of  peace  I  friend  of  science !  Thou, 
whose  persuasive  accents  could  still  the 
angry  passions  of  the  rulers  of  men  and 
dispose  their  minds  to  listen  to  the  voice 
of  reason  and  justice? "    He  was  sn  ac- 
tive member  of  the  board  of  agriculture, 
and  of  the  philosophical  society.     He 
published  experiments  on  gypsum,  and 
on  the  rotation  of  crops,  1797. 

LOOMIS,  Harvey,  first  minister  of 
Bangor,  Maine,  was  a  native  of  Connec- 
ticut ;  graduated  at  Williams  college  in 
1809  ;  r.nd  was  ordained  Nov.  27,  1811, 


"*'^ 


i*" 


M4 


;:^* 


LORD. 


when  the  church  of  Bangor  was  formed, 
ebnsisting  partly  of  members  of  what  was 
called  the  Orrington  church.  On  Sun- 
day morning,  Jan.  3,  1825,  Mr.  Loomis 
walked  in  a  snow  storm  up  to  his  meet- 
ing house,  with  a  sermon  on  this  text, 
"  This  year  thou  shalt  die."  When  he 
had  seated  himself  in  the  pulpit,  he  had  a 
fit  of  the  apoplexy  and  died  in  ten  min- 
utes, aged  about  36.  His  successor  is 
S.  L.  Pomeroy.  He  was  a  popular  and 
useful  preacher.  He  published  a  sermon 
before  the  Maine  missionary  society, 
1839.  On  occasion  of  bis  death  a  young 
lady  of  his  society  wrote  some  lines,  cal- 
led "  The  Deserted  Conference  Room," 
of  which  the  following  is  an  extract. 

"Ye  ncei]  not  hang  that  candle  by  the  dnk, 
Ye  may  remove  bis  chair,  and  take  away  his 

book; 
He  will  not  come  to  niglit.    He  did  not  hear  the 

bell, 
Which  told  the  hour  of  pmyer. — 
Do  ye  remember,  how  he'd  Eomeiimes  sit 
lu   this  now  vacant  corner,   quite  hid  by  its 

obscurity. 
Only  ye  might  perceive  his  matchless  eye 
Striving  to  read  the  feelings  of  your  souls. 
That  he  might  know,  if  ye  would  hear  the  voice 

of  Jesus  1 
Ye  do  remember. — Well — he's  not  there  now; 
Ye  may  be  gay  and  thoughtless,  if  ye  will. 

His  glance  shall  not  reprove  you. 

There listen  to  that  hymn  of  praise: 

Did  ye  not  hear  an  angel-voice  take  up  the  lof- 
ty strain, 
For  Thou,  O  Lamb  of  Qod,  art  worthy  1 
'Twas  his  voice ;— — 
riot  rising,  as  in  former  days  from  this  low 

temple: 
Only  tliu  clearest,  softest  strain ,  waving  its  way 
From  thecelettial  world,  ji'it strikes  the  listen- 
ing ear,— 
And  now  'tis  gone." 

LORD,  Jcdcph,  first  minister  of  Dor- 
cheater,  S.  Carolina,  was  a  native  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1691.  In  the  fall 
of  1695  he  vas  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church,  which  was  gathered  in  Dorches- 
ter, Mass  ,  with  the  design  of  removing 
to  S.  Carolina.  They  arrived  Dec.  20lh, 
and  began  a  settlement  on  Ashley  river 
about  18  miles  from  Charleston.    The  sa- 


,  LORINO. 

crament  of  the  Lord's  supper  was  first 
administered  in  Carolina  Feb.  3,  1690. 
Hugh'  Fisher  succeeded  Mr.  Lord  and 
died  Oct.  6,  1734. — Holmei'  annals,  ii. 
34  ;  Collect,  hiit.  toe.  ix.  156,  157 ; 
GuilderaleeveU  cent,  sermon. 

LORD,  Benjamin,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Norwich,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1714,  and  was  afterwards  a  tu- 
tor in  that  seminary  two  years.  He  was 
ordained  in  Oct.  1717  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Woodward,  who  was  the  next  min- 
ister after  Mr.  Fitch,  and,  continuing  his 
public  labors  about  sixty  years,  he  lived 
to  see  8  religious  societies,  which  had 
grown  out  of  the  one,  of  which  be  had 
taken  the  charge.  Two  other  parishes 
were  formed  at  the  time  of  his  settle- 
ment. During  the  half  century  of  his 
ministry,  ending  in  1767,  about  a  thous- 
and persons  had  died.  Of  persons  admit- 
ted to  the  church  there  were  330.  The 
covenant  was  owned  by  410,  of  whom  90 
joined  the  church ;  and  2050  were  bapti- 
zed. He  died  in  April  1784,  aged  90, 
having  been  a  man  of  distinction  and  a 
faithful,  evangelical  preacher.  He  pub- 
lished a  discourse  on  the  parable  of  the 
merchant  man  seeking  goodly  pearls, 
1732 ;  true  Christianity  explained,  and 
enforced,  1727  ;  on  the  chara):ter,  birth, 
and  privileges  of  God's  children,  1743  ; 
an  account  of  the  extraordinary  recovery 
of  Mercy  Wheeler,  1743  ;  at  tlie  election, 
1752  ;  on  the  death  of  Rev.  Henry  Wil- 
les,  1759  ;  of  Rev.  Hezekiah  Lord,  1763  ; 
of  Hezekiah  Huntington,  1773;  of  Mrs. 
Willes,  1774  ;  at  the  instalment  of  Na- 
thaniel Whitaker,  1761  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  Levi  Hart,  1762;  a  half  century 
discourse,  Nov.  29,  1767,  being  fifty 
years  from  his  ordination. 

LORING,  Israel,  minister  of  Sudbu- 
ry, Mass.  was  born  at  Hull  April  6,  1682, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1701.  He  wasordained  at  Sudbury  Nov. 
20,  1706,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Sherman. 
A  new  church  was  formed  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  in  1623,  and  William 
Cooke  was  settled  as  its  pastor  March  20. 
Mr.  Loring  died  March  9,  1772,  aged 
80,  having  preached  on  the  first  day  of  the 


4.. 


LOUISIANA. 

month.  He  was  a  venerable  man,  of 
primitive  piety  and  manners,  and  faithful 
and  useful  in  his  ministerial  work.  He 
had  preached  for  near  70  years,  and  was 
zealously  attached  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel.  His  successor  was  Jacob  Bige- 
low.  He  published  the  nature  and  neces- 
sity of  the  new  birth ,  1728,  with  a  pre- 
face by  Mr.  Prince  ;  on  the  death  of  Rob- 
ert Breek,  1731  ;  on  the  torments  of  hell, 
I7S2;  election  sermon,  1737;  justifica- 
tion not  by  works,  but  by  faith  in  Jesus 
Christ,  1749  ;  at  the  ordination  of  G. 
Richardson,  1754. 

LOUISIANA,  one  of  the  United 
States,  is  a  part  of  what  was  formerly  the 
territory  of  Louisiana.  New  Orleans 
was  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century.  In  1718  there  were  400  inhabi- 
tants in  the  colonr,  principally  French. 
By  the  peace  of  1763  France  ceded  her 
possessions  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  Eng- 
land ;  in  the  preceding  year  she  had  ced- 
ed the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi 
and  the  island  of  Orleans  to  Spain.  By 
the  peace  of  1783  Florida  was  ceded  to 
the  Spaniards.  By  an  arrangement  with 
Spain  in  1795  the  free  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi  was  secured  to  the  U.  States. 
Louisiana  was  afterwards  ceded  to  France. 
At  the  moment,  when  the  French  force, 
destined  to  occupy  the  country,  was 
blockaded  in  the  Dutch  ports,  Louisiana 
was  purchased  by  the  U.  S.  of  the  first 
consul  for  15  millions  of  dollars.  This 
was  a  most  important  measure  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  Mr.  Jefilrson.  Two  ter- 
ritorial governments  were  constituted, — 
Orleans  and  Louisiana  ;  the  latter  is  now 
Missouri.  The  former  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in 
1812  with  the  name  of  Louisiana.  This 
state  is  bounded  east  by  the  Mississippi, 
north  by  the  Arkansas  territory,  west  by 
the  Sabine  river,  and  south  by  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  populatioij,in  1890,  was 
153,407  ;  slaves  69,064:  in  1830,314,693. 
The  whole  southern  part  is  an  alluvial 
tract.  Upwards  of  10,000  square  miles 
of  land  are  liable  to  be  overflowed  by  the 
Mississippi,  though  perhaps  not  5,000 
are    sotually  inundated    in  each   year. 

69 


LOVELL.      ♦ 


Hi 


I  The  prairie  lands  make  a  fifth  of  the  wHf 
face.  The  country  produces  cotton,  ra- 
gar,  rice,and  com.  The  olive  tree  grows 
well,  with  the  orange  and  the  pome^ran' 
ate.  In  1830  the  bales  of  cotton  export' 
ed  were  351,890.  The  value  of  all  the 
exports  of  1829  was  12,386,060  dollars, 
and  the  imports  6,857,209  dollars.  Con- 
gress granted  46,088  acres  of  land  for  « 
college,  and  873,000  acres  for  schools. 
There  are  colleges  at  New  Orleans  and 
Jackson.  The  civil  law,  which  prevailed 
under  the  French  dominion,  is  retained, 
except  as  altered  by  statute.  By  the  con- 
stitution the  two  houses  select  for  gov- 
ernor one  of  the  two  candid^tPi  having 
the  most  votes  of  the  electors,  and  the 
governor  is  to  be  chosen  lor  4  years  ; 
members  of  congress  are  ineligible.  The 
representatives  are  chosen  for  2  years  and 
the  senators  for  4.  The  clergy  are  ex* 
eluded  from  civil  office.  The  judges  are 
lemovable  hy  address. 

LOVELL,  John,  a  schoolmaster  in 
Boston,was  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1728,  and,  after  suc- 
ceeding Jeremy  Gridley  as  assistant,  for 
some  years,  in  the  south  grammar  or 
Latin  school,  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  school  in  1738.  He  w?s  "the  master" 
nearly  40  years.     Many  of  the  principal 
men  of  the  revolution  had  been  under  his 
tuition.    But  unhappily  he  was  himself  a 
loyalist  and  in   1776  accompanied    the 
British  army  to  Halifax,  where  he  died 
in  1778,  aged  about  70.     He  was  suc- 
ceeded iji  his  school  by  Samuel  Hunt. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  of  sol-d  judg- 
ment,   rigid   in   discipline,    yet  huitior- 
ous  and  an  agreeable  companion.— «He 
published  a  funeral  oration  on  P.  Faneuil, 
1743,  and  several  political  and  theologi- 
cal pamphlets.    In  the  Pietas  &c.  printed 
ai  Cambridge-he  wrote  no.  2,  25,  26,  and 
'i7,  partly  in  Latin. — Eliot. 

LOVELL,  James,  a  schoolmaster  in 
Boston,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1756,  and 
w  is  for  many  years  a  distinguished  teach- 
er of  the  Latin  school,  associated  with 
his  father.     In  the  revolution   he  was  a 


! 


.^'^ 


M9 


LOVEWELL. 


firm  whigjdevoted  to  the  cause  of  liberiy. 
For  his  patriotic  zeal  gfen.  Gage  shut 
hioi  up  in  prison  :  and  he  was  carried  as 
a  prisoner  by  the  British  troops  to  Ha*- 
ifaxi  where  he  was  for  a  long  time  kept 
in  close  confinement.  The  father  was  a 
tory  refugee  ;  the  son  a  whig  prisoner. 
On  his  return  to  Boston  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  congress,  in  which  station 
his  services  were  of  great  advantage  to 
his  country.  On  the  committee  of  for- 
eign correspondence  he  was  laborious  and  \  well  and  8  of  his  men  were  killed  ;   the 


LOW. 

vaied  on  poles,  for  each  of  which  one 
hundred  pounds  was  paid  out  of  the  pub- 
lic treasury  at  Boston.  He  marched  a 
third  time  with  46  men.  Leaving  a  few 
men  at  a  fort,  which  he  built  at  Odsapy 
pond,  he  proceeded  with  34  men  to  the 
north  end  of  a  pond  in  Pij^wawkett,  now 
Fryeburg  in  Maine,  and  there  a  severe 
action  was  fought  with  a  party  of  43  In- 
dians, commanded  by  Paugus  and  Wah- 
wn,  May  8, 1725.    At  the  first  fire  Love- 


faithful.  One  of  the  letters  of  the  com- 
mittee, to  which  his  name  is  affixed,  is 
dated  Oct.  1777.  In  May  1773  he  was 
associated  with  R.  H.  Lee  and  R.  Mor- 
ris. Before  the  establishment  of  the  pres- 
ent constitution  of  Massachusetts  he  was 
tlie  collector  of  the  customs  for  Boston, 
and  afterwards  was  naval  officer  for  Bos- 
ton and  Charlestown,  in  which  station  he 
continued  till  his  death.  He  died  July 
1814,  aged  76.  He  published  oratio  in 
funere  H.  Flyntii,  I76p.  Several  of  his 
letters  are  found  in  the  life  of  A.  Lee. 

LOVEWELL,    John,    captain,    the 
hero  of  Pigwawkett,  was  the    son  of 
Zttccheus  L.,  who  wasan  ensign  in  the 
army  of  O.  Cromwell,  and  who  settled 
at  Dunstable,  and  died  there,  aged   120, 
being  the  oldest  person,  who  ever  died  in 
New  Hampshire.     Zaccheus  had  3  sons  ; 
Zaccheus,  a  colonel  in  the  French  war  of 
1759 ;  Jonathan,  a  preacher,  representa- 
tive, and  judge  ;  and  the  subject  of  this 
article.    In  the  Indian  wars  a  large  boun- 
ty being  offered  forscalps,capt.  Lovewell, 
at  the  head  of  a  volunteer  company  of 
SO  men,  marched  to  the  north  of  Winipise- 
ogee  lake  and  killed  an  Indian  and  took  a 
boy  prisoner  Dec.  19,  1724.    Having  ob- 
tained his  reward  at  Boston,  he  augment- 
ed hid  company  to  70  and  marched  to  the 
same  piece.    There  dismissing  30  men 
for  the  want  of  provisions,  he  proceeded 
with  40  men  to  a  pond  in  Wakefield,  now 
trailed.  Love  well's  pond,  where  he  discov- 
ered 10  Indians  asleep  by  a  fire ;  they 
were  on  their  march  from  Canada  to  the 
frontiers.    He  killed  them  all  Feb.  20, 
1725,  and  with  savage  triumph  entered 
Dover  with  their  4calps  hooped  and  el^- 


remainder  retreated  a  short  distance  to  a 
favorable  position    and  defended  them- 
selves.   With  the  pond  in  their  rear,  the 
mouth  of  an  unfordable  brook  on  their 
right,  a  rocky  point  on  their  left,  and 
having  also  the  shelter  of  some  large  pine 
trees,  they  fought  bravely  from  iO  o'- 
clock till  evening,  when  the  Indians, — 
who  had  lost  their  leader,  Paugus,  killed 
by   Mr.  Chamberlain, — retired,  and  fled 
from  Pigwawkett.     Ensign  Robbins  and 
two  others  were  mortally  wounded;  these 
were  necessarily  left  behind  to  die.   Elev- 
en, wounded  but  able  to  march,  and  nine, 
unhurt,  at  the  rising  of  the  moon  quitted 
the  fatal  spot.    Jonathan  Frye,  the  chap- 
lain, lieut.  Farwell,  and  another  man  died 
in   the  woods  in  consequence  of  their 
wounds.    The  others,  with  the  widows 
and  children  of  the  slain,  received  a  grant 
of  Love  well's  town,  or  Suncook,  now, 
Pembroke,  N.  H.,  in  1728,  in  recompense 
of  their  sufferings.  The  bodiesof  ISwere 
afterwards  found  by  col.  Tyng  and  bu- 
ried.   Capt .  L.  had  two  sons ;  John  died 
in  Dunstable,  and  col.  Nehemiah  in  Co- 
rinth, Vermont.    His  daughter  married 
capt  Joseph  Baker  of  Pembroke.     The 
last  of  Ills  company,  Tho.   Ainsworth, 
died  at  Brookfield  Jan.  1794,  uged  85.— 
Symmes'  tnemoiri  of  the  fight;  Farmer; 
Belknap,  ii.  61 — 70  ;  Farmer'!  hitt.  eol. 
I. ;  II.  94, 180  ;  iii.  64,  17S. 

LOW,  James,  m.  d.,  a  physician,  was 
born  at  Albany  Dec.  9,  1781,  and  was 
educated  at  Schenectady  college.  He 
studied  bis  profession  4  years  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  returning  in  1808  commenced 
the  practice  at  Albany  in  connexion  with 
his  Itirmer  teacher,  Dr.Wm*  McClelland, 


LOWELL.  ' 

and  was  extensively  employed .  He  died 
Feb.  3,  1822,  aged  40.  For  some  years 
he  delivered  lectures  on  chemistry.  He 
was  a  scholar,  an  enthusiast  in  poetry, 
and  a  promoter  of  learning.  He  publish- 
ed an  inaugural  dissertation,  de  tetano, 
1807  ;  account  of  the  epidemic  pneumo- 
nia in  med.  reg.  iv  ;  observations  on  the 
moth  destructive  to  bees  ;  notes  to  Hoo-. 
per's  Vade  Mecum,  and  to  Bell  on  the 
venereal. — Thacher. 

LOWELL,  John,  minister  in  Newbu- 
ry, was  a  descendant  of  Percival  L.,  a 
merchant,  who  came  from  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, and  settled  at  Newbury,  where  he 
died  Jan.  8,  1665.  His  father,  Ebenezer 
L.  of  Boston,  die<?  in  Boston  in  1711, 
aged  36.  He  was  born  March  14,  1704; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721  ; 
was  ordained  over  the  third  church  in 
Newbury  Jan.  19,  1726  ;  and  died  May 
15,  1737,  aged  63.  Mr.  Gary  was  his 
successor.  He  was  amiable,  candid,  lib- 
eral, and  Bocial.respected  for  his  learning, 
and  a  useful  minister.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  ofT.  Barnard, 
1738  ;  before  col.  Titcomb  and  his  sol- 
diers, 1755  ;  on  the  death  of  col.  Moses 
Titcomb,  who  fell  near  lake  George, 
1760. — Ttieker'sfun.  serm. 

LOWELL,  John,  l  l.  d.,  judge,  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  the  year  1760.  Hav- 
ing settled  in  Boston  as  a  lawyer,  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress  in  1781 . 
or  the  conwention,which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  Mass.. he  was  a  distinguished 
member.  In  1789  Washington  appoin- 
ted him  judge  of  the  district  court ;  and 
on  the  new  organization  of  the  courts  of 
the  United  States  in  Feb.  1801  he  was 
appointed  chief  judge  of  the  first  circuit. 
He  died  at  Roxbury  May  6,  1802,  aged 
58.  Uniting  to  a  vigorous  mind,  which 
was  enriched  with  literary  acquisitions,  a 
refined  taste  and  conciliatory  manners, 
and  being  sincere  in  the  profession  and 
practice  of  the  Christian  religion,  his  de- 
cease was  deeply  felt  and  lamented.  For 
18  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  corpora- 
tion of  Harvard  uollege,  andoneoftlio 
fbundera  df  the  Americian  academy.    His  i 


LOWNDES. 


NT 


son,  Francis  C,  proprietor  of  the  Lowell 
factories,  d-jd  in  1817  ;  his  sons,  John 
and  Charles,  are  still  living.  He  wrote 
an  English  poem,  no  S,  in  the  "Pitas" 
&c,printed  at  Cambridge.  He  pronounced 
before  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences  in  Jan.  1791  an  elegant  eulogy 
on  their  late  president,  James  Bowdoin, 
which  is  prefixed  to  the  second  volume 
of  the  memoirs  of  that  society. 

LOWNDES,     William,    i,  l.  d.,  a 
statesman,  was  a  native  of  S.  Carolina, 
and  was  a  distinguished  member  of  con- 
gress for  a  period  often  years  from  about 
1812  to  1822,  when  from  ill  health  he 
resigned.     In   1818  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  of  ways  &  meann.    While 
on  a  voyage  from  Philadelphia  to  Lon- 
don in  the  ship  Moss  he  died  at  sea  Oct. 
27,  J  822,  aged  42.    His  family  was  with 
him. — A  writer  in  the  National  Regis- 
ter describes  him  as  tall,  slender,  emacia- 
ted, of  a  rueful  countenance ;  a  man  of 
wealth  and  probity ;   modest,  retiring, 
and  unambitious;  with  a  mind  of  the 
first  order,  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and 
logical,  and  a  memory   of   uncommon 
power,  and  standing  in  the  first  rank  of 
American  statesmen.     There  must  have 
been  some  most  extraordinary  excellen- 
ces in  his  character,  for  he  was  respected 
and  beloved  even  by  his  political   adver- 
saries.    He  had  a  heart  of  kindness,  pu- 
rity of  morals,  frankness  and  candor,  a 
sound  judgment,  wisdom  pre-eminent,  & 
patriotism  most  ardent.    His  feeble  voice 
and  awkward  gesticulation  were  of  little 
advantage  to  his  oratory.    But  his  strong, 
comprehensive  mind  and  his  love  of  coun- 
try, together  with  his  virtues,  gave  him 
1  peRtuasive  power.      On  hearing  of  the 
victory  of  lake  Erie,  he  rose  and  electri- 
fied the  house  with  his  eloquence.     Had 
he  lived,  he  might  have  been  the  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.     It  was  said  of  him  in 
congress  by  Mr.  Taylor  of  N.    York, — 
"  the  highest  &  best  hopes  of  the  coun- 
try looked  to  Wm.  Lowndes  for  their  ful- 
filment    The  most  honorable  office  in 
the  civilized  world,  the  chief  magistracy 
of  this  free  people,  would  have  been  illua- 
tratted  by  his  Virtues  and  tatente. "    Cbn- 


pn 


LUDLOW.  1 


oernitig  that  office,  of  leekiiig  which  by 
•ny  intrigue,  or  artifice,  or  effort  of  his 
own  whatever  Mr.  Lowndes  was  totally 
incapable,  he  remarked,  "the  office  of 
president  of  the  U.  S.  is  one  neither  to 
be  solicited  nor  declined."  It  were  happy 
for  our  country,  if  the  same  modest  spirit 
e.Kerted  a  controlling  spirit  over  our  great 
statesmen,  and  if  the  honors  of  high  of- 
fice were  merited  by  public  services  and 
private  virtues,  and  not  sought. 

LUDLOW,  Roger,  deputy  governor 
of  Massachusetts  and  of  Connecticut,  was 
a  pious  gentleman  of  a  good  family  in  the 
west  of  England,  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  Maverick  and  Warhani  and  was 
one  of  the  first  sealers  of  Dorchester  in 
1630.  He  was  an  assistant  4  years,  be- 
ing chosen  such  in  England.  In  May 
1682,  when  gov.  Winthrop  told  him, 
that  the  people  intended  to  ask  of  the 
next  general  court,  that  the  assistants 
might  be  chosen  annually,  "  he  grew  into 
passion,  and  said,  that  then  we  should 
have  no  government,  &c.  "  In  1634  he 
was  deputy  governor  ;  but  failing  to  be 
chosen  governor,  lie  complains  of  the 
election,  as  agreed  upon  by  the  deputies 
in  private.  For  this  he  was  left  out  of 
the  magistracy.  In  consequence  he  re- 
moved in  1635  with  the  first  settlers  to 
Windsor  ;  and  in  Connecticut  he  was  for 
19  years  one  of  the  most  useful  and  dis- 
tinguished men.  He  was  every  year  a 
magistrate  or  deputy  governor  ;  he  was 
also  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  uni- 
ted colonies.  Removing  in  1639  to  Fair- 
field, his  situation  made  him  particularly 
interested  in  the  protection  of  the  wes- 
tern frontier  against  the  Dutch  and  Indi- 
ans. The  commissionerSjin  consequence 
of  an  alleged  plot  of  the  Dutch,  voted  in 
1653  to  make  war  against  them  ;  but 
Massachusetts  refused  to  concur,  much 
to  the  dissatisfaction  of  N.  Haven  and  in 
disregard,  it  was  asserted,  of  the  power, 
stipulated  to  belong  to  the  commission- 
ers, to  make  war  and  peace.  At  this  pe- 
riod the  inhabitants  of  Fairfield  deter- 
mined to  make  war  with  Manhadoes, 
and  chose  Mr.  Ludlow  commander  in 
chief.    He  txcepted    the    appointment. 


LYMAN. 

But  the  general  court  of  N.  Haven  dis- 
countenanced the  project  and  punished 
his  ofHcers,  Basset  and  Chapman,  for  at- 
tempting to  make  an  insurrection,  and 
for  raising  volunteers.  Probably  in  con- 
sequence of  this  affair  Mr.  Ludlow  em- 
barked in  Apr.  1654  for  Virginia  with  his 
family,  and  carried  away  the  socords  of 
Fairfield  with  him.  The  time  and  place 
of  his  death  are  not  known .  Mr.  Endi- 
cott  was  his  brother  in  law.  He  was 
ambitious  and  aspiring.  Yet  he  deserves 
honoral>!e  remembrance  for  his  knowedge 
of  jurisprudence  &  various  public  services. 
He  compiled  the  first  Connecticut  code 
of  laws,  which  was  printed  in  1673. 

LYMAN,  Fhinehas,  major  general, 
was  born  at  Durham,  Conn.,  about  1716; 
was  graduated  ici  1738  at  Yale  college, 
in  which  he  was  afterwards  a  tutor  S 
years ;  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Suffield. 
He  sustained  various  public  ofRces.  In 
1755  he  was  appointed  major  general  and 
commander  in  the  chief  of  the  Connecti- 
cut forces.  When  sir  W.  Johnson  was 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  lake  George,  the 
command  devolved  on  him  and  he  ani- 
mated his  men  to  a  successful  combat. 
For  five  hours,  in  front  of  the  breast  work 
he  issued  his  orders  with  the  utmost 
coolness.  Yet  Johnson,  who  was  in  every 
respect  his  inferior,  in  his  mean  jealousy 
gave  him  no  praise  ;  he  wished  to  bear 
away  the  honor  himself;  he  was  in  fact 
made  a  baronet  for  this  battle,  and  receiv- 
ed 5,000^  In  1753  he  served  with 
Abercrombie,  and  was  with  lord  Howe, 
when  he  was  killed.  He  was  also  at  the 
capture  of  Crown  Point  by  Amhersta  id  at 
the  surrender  of  Montreal.  In  1762  he 
commanded  the  provincial  troops  in  the 
expedition  against  Havana.  His  services 
were  important  and  he  acquired  a  high 
reputation.  In  1763  he  went  to  Eng- 
land as  the  agent  of  a  company,  called 
the  "  Military  Adventurers,  "  and  wast- 
ed 11  years  of  his  life.  The  company 
had  purchased  of  the  6  nations  of  Indians, 
under  the  authority  of  Connecticut,  a 
tract  of  land  on  the  Susquehannah  river. 
The  proprietors  of  Pennsylvania  claim- 
ing the  same  tract,  the  government  of 


t 


LYMAN. 


LYNBE. 


Connecticut  reeummended  to  the  com- 
pany to  obtain  a  confirniation  from  the 
king.  For  this  purpose  gen.  Lyman 
went  to  England.  Probahly  he  formed 
other  projects.  Dr.D  wight  repreBent9,u<at 
the  object  of  the  company  was  to  obtain 
a  tract  on  the  Missisctippi  and  Yazoo, 
boing  deluded  for  years  by  idle  promises, 
his  mind  sunk  down  into  imbecility.  At 
last  his  wife,  who  was  a  sister  of  Dr. 
Dwight's  father,  sent  his  second  son  to 
England  to  solicit  his  return  in  1774. 
About  this  time  a  tract  was  granted  to 
the  petitioners.  Ailer  his  return  he  em- 
barked with  his  eldest  son  for  the  Missis- 
sippi. Both  died  soon  after  their  arrival 
at  West  Florida  in  1775.  Mrs.  Lyman 
and  all  her  family,  ,but  her  second  son, 
accompanied  by  her  only  brother, 
col.  Dwight,  proceeded  id  1776  to  the 
neighborhood  of  Natchez.  Within  a 
few  months  she  died,  and  col.  Dwight 
also  died  in  1777.  The  Spanish  warcom- 
pelled  the  whole  company  in  1781  or 
1782  to  flee  from  Natchez  and  with  in- 
credible Buiferings  to  make  a  journey  of 
more  than  1,000  miles  to  Savannah, 
where  two  of  the  daughters  of  gen.  Ly- 
man died.  His  four  sons  joined  the  Brit- 
ish in  the  war.  One  of  them,  once  bril- 
liant, gay,  and  ingenious,  came  to  Suf- 
field,  about  1783,  pennyless,  and  died  in 
poverty  and  melancholy.  Ti  >.  history  of 
this  unhappy  family  is  not  encouraging 
to  adventure  and  emigration. — Dtoight, 
1. 505  ;  III.  361. 

LYMAN,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Hatfield,  Mass.,  was  graduated  in  1769 
at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  a  tutor 
from  1770  to  1771.  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  ordained  at  Hatfield  ;  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  a  cancerous  humor,  which 
aflticted  him  nearly  3  years,  March  S7, 
1838,  aged  78'  In  his  painful  sickness  he 
never  complained :  his  last  words  express- 
ed his  trust  in  Christ  as  a  St^ior.  He 
was  an  original  member  of  the  American 
foreign  mission  society,  and  in  1823  and 
several  subsequent  years  was  its  president. 
He  published  election  sermon,  1787  ;  two 
ocasional  sermons,  1804 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  H.  Lord,  1804 ;  at  the  convention, 


1806  ;  at  the  opening  of  the  bridge,  1807; 
at  Charlestown,  1811  ;  on  the  death  of 
S.  Hopkins,  1811  ;  two  sermons  on  the 
overthnw  of  the  French  army  ia  Russia, 
1818  ;  the  foreign  mission  sermon,  1819. 

LYMAN,  William,  brig,  general,  con- 
sul of  the  U.  S.  at  London,  was  a  native 
of  Northampton,  Mass.,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1776.  For  some  years 
he  was  a  member  of  congress  from  Hamp- 
shire county,  then  residing  at  North- 
ampton. He  went  in  1805  as  consul  to 
London,  wh<:re  he  died  in  Oct.  1811, 
aged  about  58. 

LYNCH,  Thomas,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  born  Aug.  5,  1749  at 
Prince  George's  parish.  South  Carolina. 
His  ancestor,  Jonack  L.,  emigrated  from 
Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  England ;  and  afterwards 
studied  law  at  the  Temple.  In  1773  he 
returned.  In  1775  he  commanded  « 
company  in  the  first  S.  Carolina  regi- 
ment. Being  chosen  to  succeed  his  fa- 
ther, then  in  ill  health,  as  a  member  of 
congress,  he  signed  in  1776  the  declare- 
ation  of  independence.  He  set  out  on 
his  return  in  company  with  his  father, 
who  died  at  Annapolis.  His  own  ill 
health  constrained  him  a.'  the  close  of 
1779  to  embark  with  his  wife  in  a  ehip, 
commanded  by  capt.  Morgan  ;  but  noth- 
ing was  ever  afterwards  known  concern- 
ing the  vessel.  Probably  he  and  his 
companion  went  down  together  into  the 
depth  of  the  ocean.  He  was  about  38 
years  of  age.  He  had  ability,  integrity, 
snd  firmness,  and  was  amiable  in  the  re- 
lations of  private  life. — Ooodrieh. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of 
Massachu8etts,was  born  at  Salem  in  1 666; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  I6811  ; 
and  studied  law  at  the  Temple.  He  was 
appointed  a  judge  in  1712,  and  chiv>f  jus- 
tice in  1739.  From  172»  to  1737  he  was 
a  member  of  the  council.  He  died  March 
28, 1745,  aged  79. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
graduated  in  1718  ;  from  1737  he  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  council.  At 
the  trial  of  capt.  Preston  in  1770  he  pre- 


^1^^ 


610 


LYNDON. 


f' 


■ided  in  court.    H«  reitigned  the  office  of 
chier justice  in  177S. 

LYNDON,  Joaias,  governor  ofR.  Is- 
land in  1768,  died  in  1778  aged  74.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  baptist  society  in 
Providence,  to  which  he  bequeathed  his 
house  and  other  property. 

LYON,  Richard,  a  |)oet,  came  early  to 
this  country.  In  1649  he  was  a  private 
tutor  to  a  young  English  student  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  lived  with  pref  ..lf>nt  Dunster: 
he  was  a  preacher.  After  Eliot's  'Bay 
Psalms'  were  published,  when  it  was 
deemed  necessary  to  revise  them,  Mr. 
Lyon  was  appointed  to  this  service  with 
president  Dunster.  Many  passages  from 
other  parts  of  the  Bible,  called  the  Spirit- 
ual Songs  ofthe  Old  and  New  Testament, 
•re  inserted.  The  20th  ed.  was  published 
in  1733. 

LUZERNE,chevalier  Caesar  Anne  De 
La.roinister  from  France  to  the  U.S. .suc- 
ceeded M.  Gerard,  having  been  previous- 
ly employod  in  a  diplomatic  capacity  in 
Bavaria.  He  arrived  at  Philadelphia 
Sept.  31, 1779,  from  which  time  till  the 
end  ofthe  war  he  continued  in  his  office, 
having  the  esteem  and  confidence  ofthe 
American  people.  After  five  years  he 
was  succeeded  by  M.  Barb^  Marbois,  the 
secretary  of  legation,a8  Charg^  d'  affaires. 
From  Jan.  1788  Luzerne  was  ambassa- 
dor at  London  till  his  death  Sept.  14, 
1.791,  at  the  age  of  50.  His  correspon- 
dence, in  regard  to  America,  is  published 
in  the  10th  and  11th  vols,  of  Diplomatic 
correspondence,  edited  by  Jared  Sparks. 

MACCLINTOCK,  Samuel,  d.  d., 
minister  of  Greenland,  N.  Hampshire, 
was  born  in  Medford,  Mass.  May  1,1733. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  college  in  New  Jer- 
sey in  1761.  Being  invited  to  become  an 
assistant  to  William  Allen  of  Greenland, 
he  was  ordained  about  the  year  1757,  and 
afler  a  ministry  of  47  years  he  died  April 
37,1804,  aged  71.  He  was  an  eminent 
divine.  Though  he  had  no  predilection  for 
the  field  of  controversy ;  yet,when  forced 
into  it,  he  evinced  himself  a  master  of  ar- 
gument. An  enemy  to  all  civil  and  re- 
ligious   impoiitions,    during    the    war 


MADISON. 

he  was  repeatedly  in  the  army  in  the 
character  of  a  chaplain.  His  exhorta- 
tions animated  the  soldiers  to  the  conflict. 
Under  afflictions  he  was  submissive  to 
ths  divine  will.  As  he  was  averse  to  pa- 
rade, he  directed  his  funeral  to  he  attended 
in  a  simple  manner.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon on  the  justice  of  God  in  the  mortali- 
ty of  man,  1759;  a  sermon  against  the 
baptists,  entitled,  the  Artifices  of  deceivers 
detected,  and  Christians  warned  against 
them,  1770 ;  Herodias,  or  cruelty  and 
revenge  the  effects  of  unlawful  pleasure, 
1772 ;  a  sermon  at  the  commencement  of 
the  new  constitution,  1734;  an  epistola- 
ry correspondence  between  himself  and 
J.  C.  Ogden,  1791  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Jesse  Appleton,  1797  ;  >i  sermon,  entitled 
the  choice,  occasioned  by  the  drought,  the 
fever,  and  the  prospect  of  war,  1798  ;  an 
oration  commemorative  of  Washington, 
1800. — Piieat.  evang.  mag.  i.  9-13. 

MACKLIN,  Robert,  was  born  in 
Scotland  and  died  at  Wakefield,  N.  H., 
in  1787,  aged  115.  He  lived  several 
years  in  Portsmouth. 

MADISON,  James,  bishop  of  Virgin- 
ia, was  born  Aug.  37,  1749  near  Port 
Republic,  Rockingham  county,  Virginia. 
His  father  was  clerk  of  West  Augusta  dis- 
trict. He  was  educated  at  William  and 
Mary  college,  and  was  distinguished  for 
classical  learning.  Cnder  Mr.  Wythe 
he  studi<!d  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  ;  but  he  soon  resolved  to  devote  him- 
self to  theology.  In  1773  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  mathematics  in  William  and 
Mrary  college,  and  in  1777  was  appointed 
the  president,  and  visited  England  for  his 
improvement  in  science.  Until  1784  he 
was  not  only  president,  but  professor  of 
mathematics,  and  afterwards  was  profes- 
sor of  natural,  moral,  and  political  philoso- 
phy until  his  death.  He  was  in  the  lec- 
ture room  from  4  to  6  hours  every  day 
through  the  week.  He  first  introduced 
lectures  on  political  economy.  In  1 788  he 
was  chosen  bishop.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  eloquent.  He  died  March  6, 
1813,  aged  63.  His  wife  was  Mrs.  Ma- 
ry Tait  of  Williamsburg.  He  was  tall 
and  slender,  of  a  delitoatecbnatitution,  tern- 


m 


MADISON. 

pente  and  »lMteinioui.  In  his  diipoii- 
Uon  he  wu  mild  and  benevolent,  of  aim- 
pie,  but  courteous  and  winning  mannera. 
— He  publiahed  a  ttianlcsgiving  stirmon, 
1781  ;  a  ie  ier  to  J.  M  1795;  ad- 

dreaa  to  the  episcopal  chuu>>-,  1*^99  ;  dis- 
course on  the  death  of  WB^Uiigton  ;  a 
large  map  of  Vi>  tjinia  ;  and  several  pie- 
ces in  Barton's  journal. 

MADISON,  George,  governor  of 
Kentucky,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  the  age 
of  17  went  out  as  a  soldier  in  defence 
of  the  western  frontier,  and  was  engaged 
in  several  battles  with  the  Indians.  In 
St.  Clair's  defeat  he  was  wounded.  In 
the  war  of  1812  he  was  an  officer  at  the 
battle  of  Raisin.  Ailer  having  been  -  0 
years  a'^^'t.or  of  the  public  accounts,  he 
was  ch(  -,.  1  governor  for  the  term  of  four 
years  in  .  j16,  but  in  a  few  weeks  after 
his  election  he  died  at  Paris  in  Oct.  1816 
and  was  buried  at  Frankfort.  Lt.  gov. 
Slaughter  was,  in  consequence,  the  act- 
ing governor  nearly  4  years. 

MADOCKAWANDO,    sachem    of 
Penobscot,  or  chief  of  the  Malecites,  was 
a  powerful  chief  in  the  war  of  1676: 
Mugg  was  his  prime  minister.    At  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Casco  fort  in  May 
1690  by    Portneuf,  whom  capt.  Davis 
calls  BurniiTe,  he  wan  present  with  his 
Indians.     June  10,  1692  he  co-operated 
with  a  Frenchman    in  an    unsuccessful 
attack  on  Storer's  garrison    in    Wells, 
commanded  by  capt.  Convers.    He  aRer- 
wards  entered  into  the  treaty    of  Pe- 
maquid,  but  Thury,  the  missionary,  per- 
suaded him  again  perfidiously  to  take  up 
the  hatchet.    In  1694  he  accompanied 
the  Sieur  de  Villieu,  who  had  under  him 
950  Indians,  in  the  attack  on  Oyster  river, 
at  Piscataqua,  killing  and  capturing  July 
17th  nearly  100  persons,  and  burning  20 
houses.      Mataveando,    as     Charlevoix 
calls  him,  fought  bravely  by  the  side  of 
the  Frenchman.    He  carried  the  scalps  to 
Canada  and  was  rewarded  by  Frontenac. 
MAORUDER,  Allen  B.,  a  .ienator  of 
the  U.  S.  from  Louisiana  in  1812,  had 
been  previously  a  lawyer  in  Kentucky. 
He  died  at  Opelousas  in  April  1832.    He 
had  collected  materials  fbra  general  histo- 


MAINE. 


»S1 


ry  of  the  Indians.  He  published  a  char- 
acter of  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  refleetbns  on 
the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  U.  8., 
1806. 

MAINE,  one  of  f  *,  United  Stater, 
wss  discoverd  by  Ma.iin  Pring  in  June 
1603.  He  ranged  the  roast  from  the 
Penobscot  to  Massachusetts  bay.  The 
country  was  called  Mawoothen.  In  1606 
George  Weymouth  visited  the  Penob- 
scot river.  An  attempt  was  nude  tp 
form  a  permanent  settlement  in  Maine  in 
1C07..  th  .Tie  year  in  which  Virginin 
was  settled,  and  IS  years  before  the  set- 
tlement at  Plymouth.  George  Popham 
ard  Raleigh  Gilbert  commanded  the  Gifl 
ak...  the  Mary  and  John,  and  arrived 
with  100  men  at  the  island  of  Monhegan 
Aug.  Ith,  and  landed  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sagadahoc  or  Kennebec,  on  the  west- 
er!) shore,  near  cipe  Small  point.  Gov. 
Sullivan  mistakes  in  supposing,  that  they 
landed  on  Stage  Island,  for  Purchassayt, 
they  landed  "  in  a  westerly  peninsula." 
There  they  heard  a  sermon ;  read  their 
patent  and  laws  ;  and  built  a  fort,  called 
fort'^^  George.  When  the  ships  return- 
ed Dec.  5'.h,  they  left  a  colony  of  45  per- 
sons. I'opham  was  president,  and  Gil- 
bert admiral.  During  the  winter  the 
store  house  was  burnt,  and  Popham  died, 
and  thft  colony  was  so  much  discouraged, 
that  n  >.  ',  in  1608,  ships  arrived  with 
supplit'  it  wsb  concluded  to  return  in 
them  to  £i<g!and.  Purchas  relates,  that 
the  sellers  were  informed  by  the  Indiana 
of  cannibals  near  Sagadahoc  "  with  teeth 
three  inches  long,  but  they  saw  them  not." 
The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
inl63'>. 

Sir  Ferdinand©  Gorges  obtained  a 
charter  of  the  land  from  Piscataqua  to 
Sagadp.ii'w,  called  the  province  of  Maine. 
The  name  probably  was  given  from 
Maine  in  France,  of  which  the  queen  of 
England  was  the  proprietor.  Gorges 
set  up  a  ' '.  vernment.  In  1640  the  first 
general  court  was  held  at  Saco.  But  this 
government  l)eing  feeble,  the  inhabitants 
submitted  themselves  to  Massachusetts 
in  1659,  and  sent  deputies  to  the  general 
wiurt  at  Ebstini.     In  the  new  charter  of 


%  <?5' 


»M 


i"  1 


MAKIN. 


in  1699  Mtine  wu  included.  In 
1830  it  wi<.  t»naitted  from  Mass.  and 
admitted  inio  the  union  as  an  independ- 
ent dtate.-  The  population  of  Maine  was 
in  1790,  96,540  ;  in  ISOO,  161,719  ;  in 
1810,  228,705  ;  in  1820,  298,333  ;  in 
1830,  999,  462.— No  slate  is  more  favor- 
ably situated  for  ship  building  and  navi- 
gation, on  account  of  the  great  numlcrof 
navigable  rivers  and  bays,  which  indent  a 
coast  of  300  miles.  The  tonnage  in  1829 
was  232,999.— The  greater  part  of  the 
land  is  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  and 
the  climate  is  very  favorable  to  health, 
although  the  cold  of  winter  is  severe. 
The  Thermometer  sometimes  descends  to 
80  degrees  below  zero.  In  the  winter  of 
1891-1892  there  were  4  months  of  good 
sleighing  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  At 
Brunswick,  at  the  time  of  writing  this  ar- 
ticle, the  snow  fell,  April  28th,  1832,  sev- 
eral inches,  and  sleighs  were  in  motion. 
Yet  on  the  preceding  day  the  fragrant 
Epigaea  was  found  in  blossom. — By  the 
constitution  of  Maine  the  representatives, 
senators,  and  governor  are  to  be  chosen 
uinuc'ly,  The  governor  has  a  council  of 
•ev«!.<,  Mhr>  are  choaen  by  the  two  houses 
ie  r..'jivt.'nUjn.  The  judges  are  disquali- 
f  o*  it  the  uge  of  70. 

MAKiN,  Thomas  a  poet,  was  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
died  in  1735.  In  the  year  1689  he  was 
usher  to  George  Keith  in  the  Friends' 
public  grammar  school,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  succeeded  him  as  master.  He 
was  for  some  time  clerk  of  the  provincial 
assembly,  which  was  held  in  the  Friends' 
meeting  house .  He  published  two  Latin 
poems  in  1728  and  1729  inscribed  to 
James  Logan,  and  entitled,  encomium 
Pennsylvaniae,  and  in  laudes  Pennaylva- 
niffi  poeraa  ;  extracts  from  which  are  pre- 
served in  Proud's  history  ofthat  province. 

MALBONE,  Edward  G.,  a  valuable 
portrait  painter, was  a  native  of  Newport, 
R.  Island .  At  an  early  period  of  life  he 
discovered  a  propensity  for  painting, 
which  became  at  length  so  predominant, 
that  he  neglected  every  other  amusement 
for  its  indulgence.  When  a  school  boy 
he  delighted  in  drawing  rude  sketches  of 


MALBONE. 

the  objects  of  nature .  As  he  obtained  the 
nr.-?aasry  assistances  to  improvement,hls 
talents  were  d'  v  loped.      He  frequented 

the  theatre  ti  cox^mplate  the  illusions  of 
scenery  ;  and  by  the  regularity  of  his  tt> 
tentions  behind  the  scenes  in  the  forenoon, 
he  attracted  the  notice  of  the  painter,who 
discovered  unusual  genius  in  his  young 
acquaintance  and  accepted  his  assistance 
with  the  brush.  He  was  at  length  permit- 
ted to  paint  an  entire, new  scene,  and  as  a 
reward  received  a  general  ticket  of  admis- 
sion. His  intervals  of  leisure  were  now 
employed  in  drawing  heads,  and  after- 
wards in  attempting  portraits.  His  rapid 
progress  in  the  latter  occupation  convin- 
ced him,  that  he  had  talents  for  it,  and 
gave  alacrity  to  his  exertions ;  and  he 
was  soon  induced  to  devote  to  it  his 
whole  attention.  As  he  now  began  to  be 
known  and  patronized  as  a  miniature 
painter,  his  natural  propensity  was  nour- 
ished by  the  prospect  of  reputation  and 
wealth.  He  visited  the  principal  cities, 
and  resided  successively  in  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  and  Boston.  In  the  winter 
of  1800  he  went  to  Charleston,  where  his 
talents  and  the  peculiar  amenity  of  his 
manners  enhanced  the  attentions,  which 
he  received  from  the  hospitality  of  its  in- 
habitants. In  May  1801  he  sailed  from 
Charleston  to  London,  where  he  resided 
some  months,  absorbed  in  admiration  of 
the  paintings  of  celebrated  masters.  With 
mind  improved  by  study  and  observation, 
and  animated  by  the  enthusiasm  of  gen- 
ius, he  visited  the  different  galleries  of 
living  painters,  enlarging  his  ideas  and 
profiting  by  the  contemplation  of  their 
works.  He  was  introduced  to  the  ac- 
quaintance of  the  president  of  the  royal 
academy,  who  gave  him  free  access  to  his 
study,  and  showed  him  those  friendly  at- 
tentions, which  were  more  flattering 
than  empty  praises  to  the  mind  of  his 
young  countryman.  He  even  encouraged 
him  to  remain  in  England,  assuring  him, 
that  he  had  nothing  to  fear  from  profes- 
sional competition.  But  be  preferred  his 
own  country,  and  returned  to  Charleston 
in  the  winter  of  1801.  He  afterwards 
continued  bis  pursuits  in  different  parts 


Ri 


MALTBY. 


MANLY. 


65J 


of  the  continent,  slwayi  (indlnij  employ- 
ment. By  hia  sedentary  habiia  and  in- 
tenw  application  tuhia  prereatiional  labora 
hia  health  waa  to  much  impaired,  (hat  in 
the  summer  of  lb06  he  waa  compelled  to 
relinquiah  hia  pencil,  and  indulge  in  exer- 
cise ,  but  hia  frame  had  become  too  weak 
to  become  again  invigorated.  As  he  felt 
the  symptoms  of  an  opproaching  on- 
sumption,his  physicians  advised  him  to  try 
the  effect  of  a  change  of  climate.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  winter  he  therefore  took 
a  passage  in  a  vessel  for  Jamaica;  but,  the 
change  not  producing  much  benefit,  he 
returned  to  Savannah,  where  he  lan- 
guished till  his  death.  May  7,  1807. 

Though  he  had  not  reached  all  the  per- 
fection, which  maturer  years  would  have 
given,  yet  his  pencil  will  rescue  his  name 
from  oblivion.  His  style  of  painting  was 
chaste  and  correct,  his  coloring  clear  and 
judiciously  wrought,  and  his  taste  alto- 
gether derived  from  a  just  contemplation 
uf  nature.  In  his  female  heads  particularly 
there  was,  when  his  subjects  permitted, 
enchanting  delicacy  and  beauty.  To  his 
professional  excellence  he  added  the  vir- 
tues, which  endeared  him  to  his  friends. 
His  heart  was  warm  and  generous.  The 
profits  of  hia  8kill,which  were  very  con- 
uiderable,  contributed  to  the  happiness  of 
his  relations  ;  and  aa  their  welfare  was 
an  object,  which  seemed  always  to  ani- 
mate his  exertions,  his  mother  and  sis- 
ters deeply  deplored  his  death. 

MALTBY,  Isaac,  general,  lived  in 
Hatfield,  and  was  a  representative  in  the 
legislature  and  a  member  of  the  church. 
He  removed  to  Waterloo,  New  York, 
where  he  died  in  Sept.  1819.  He  pub- 
lished elements  of  war,  13mo.  1813;  a 
treatise  on  courts  martial  and  military 
law,  1813. 

MAN,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Wren- 
tham,  Maas.,  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1665.  After  preaching  one  or  two 
years  in  Wrentham,  he  was  driven  away 
by  the  Indian  war  March  SO,  1676,  but 
after  the  war  ha  returned  to  hia  labora 
Aug.  il,  1680  and  continued  them  till  hia 
death.  No  church  being  previously 
formed,  ha  wm  not  ordained  till  April  H, 
70 


ofh"' 

gii  ..II 

22<  ,0f' 
age  ul 


1693.  He  died  May  23,  1719,  aged  71. 
He  was  a  man  of  erudition,  a  fuithi\il 
pastor,  an  accomplished  preacher,  good, 
pious,  and  eminent.  His  successors  were 
Henry  Messinger,  who  died  March  80, 
1760,  and  Mr.  Bean. 

MANIGAULT,  Gabriel,  a  merchant 
of  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  a  patriot  of  the 
revolu!  ID,  was  born  in  1704  of  parent* 
driv  m  France  by  Catholic  persecu- 

tion lis  commercial  pursuits  for 

50  ye:  mestly  acquired  a  fortune 

.lliun  of  dollars.  Inthebe- 
the  wor  he  loaned  the  state 
In  May  1779,  at  the 
I  the  British  gen.  Provost 
appeared  before  Charleston,  he  equipped 
himself  as  a  soldier,  and  equipping  also 
his  grandson  of  15  years,  he  led  him  to 
the  lines  to  repel  an  expected  assault.  He 
died  in  1781  aged  77.  His  daughter 
married  Lewis  Morri.s,  and  lost  her  life  in 
tliegreat  hurricane  on  Sullivan's  island 
in  1833.  His  son,  Peter,  also  a  patriot 
and  speaker  of  the  house  from  1766  to  hia 
death,  died  in  1773,  aged  43.  Integrity 
and  benevolence  were  prominent  trails  in 
the  character  of  Mr.  M.  He  bequeathed 
to  a  charitable  society  5,000/.  He  was  a 
member  and  a  zealous  supporter  of  the 
French  calvinistic  church. 

MANLY,  John,  a  captain  in  the  navy 
of  the  U.  S.,  received  a  naval  commission 
from  Washington,  Oct.  24,  1775.  In- 
vested with  the  command  of  the  schooner 
Lee,  he  kept  the  hazardous  station  of 
Massachusetts  bay  during  a  most  tem- 
pestuous season,  and  the  captures,  which 
he  made,  were  of  immense  value  at  the 
moment.  An  ordnance  brig,  which  fell 
into  his  hands,  supplied  the  continental 
army  with  heavy  pieces,  mortars,  and 
working  tools,  of  which  it  was  very  dea- 
titute,  and  in  the  «vent  led  to  the  evacua- 
tion of  Boston.  His  services  were  the 
theme  of  universal  eulogy.  Being  raised 
to  the  command  of  the  frigate  Hancock  of 
S3  guns,  hia  capture  of  the  Fox  increased 
his  high  reputaiion  for  bravery  and  skill. 
But  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Rain- 
bow of  40  guns  July  8, 1777,  and  suffer* 
edalong  and  rigoroiu  confiiwm^at  Q» 


^>.\!> 

.o^**"^^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


■  ^tji!"- 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


■tt  l&i   |22 
140    12.0 


lit 

u 
u 


Photograiiric 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^.  ^' 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTiR.N.Y.  USM 

(716)  t72-4503 


'W'- 


554 


MANNING. 


MARION 


board  that  ship  at  HaliPaxt  And  in  Mill 
priBon,  precluded  from  further  actual  aet- 
viee  till  near  the  cloae  of  the  war.  In 
Sept.  1783  the  Hague  frigate  was  intrus- 
ted to  his  care.  The  cruise  was  peculiar- 
ly unhappy.  A  few  days  after  leaving 
Martinique  he  was  driven  by  a  British 
seventy  four  on  a  sand  bank  at  the  back 
of  Oaudaloupe.  Three  ships  of  the  line, 
having  joined  this  ship,  came  to  within 
point  blank  shot,  and  with  springs  on 
their  cables  opened  a  most  tremendous 
fire.  Having  supported  the  heavy  can- 
nonade for  three  days,  on  the  fourth  day 
the  frigate  was  got  off,  and,  hoisting 
the  continental  standard  at  the  main  top 
gallant  mast,  19  guns  were  fired  in  fare- 
well defiance.  On  his  return  to  Boston 
a  few  months  afterwards,  he  was  arrested 
to  answer  a  variety  of  charges  exhibited 
againt  him  by  one  of  his  officers.  The 
proceedings  of  the  court  were  not  alto- 
gether in  approbation  of  his  conduct. 
Memoirs  of  his  life,  which  should  vindi- 
cate his  character,  were  promised,  but 
they  have  never  appeared.  He  died  in 
Boston  Feb.  13, 1793,  aged  59,  and  was 
buried  with  distinction. 

MANNING,  James,  d.  d.,  first  presi- 
dent of  the  college  in  R.  Island,  was 
bom  in  New  Jersey  Oct.  33,  1738,  and 
was  graduated  at  Nassau  hall  in  1762. 
When  he  began  to  preach,  several  of  his 
baptist  brethren  inNew  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania proposed  the  establishment  of 
a  college  in  Rhode  Island  on  account  of 
tbe.religiousfreedom,which  was  there  en- 
jojred,  and  directed  their  attention  to- 
wards him  as  its  president .  The  charter 
was  obtained  in  Feb.  1764,  and  in  1765  he 
removed  to  Warren  to  make  preparations 
for  carrying  the  design  into  execution.  In 
Sept.  the  seminary  was  opened,and  it  was 
soonieplenished  with  students.  In  1770 
the  institution  was  removed  to  Providence, 
where  a  spacious  building  had  been  erec- 
ted. He  was  soon  chosen  pastor  of  the 
baptist  church  in  that  town,  and  he  con- 
tinued in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of 
these  two  offices,  except  in  an  interval  of 
aboi^t  six  months  in  1786,  when  he  was  a 
member  of  congress,  till  his  death  of  the 


apoplexy  July  39,  1791,  aged  53.  He 
was  of  a  kind  and  benevolent  disposi- 
tion, social  and  communicative,  and  fitted 
rather  for  active  life  than  for  retirement. 
Though  he  possessed  goodabilitie8,he  was 
prevented  from  intense  study  by  the  pe- 
culiarity of  his  constitution.  His  life 
was  a  scene  of  labor  for  the  benefit  of  oth- 
ers. His  piety  and  his  fervent  zeal  in 
preaching  the  gospel  evinced  his  love  to 
God  and  man.  With  a  dignified  and 
majestic  appearance,  his  address  was 
manly,  familiar,  and  engaging.  In  the 
government  of  the  college  he  was  mild 
yet  energetic. 

MANNING,  John,  a  physician,  prob- 
ably a  descendant  of  JohnM.,who  lived  in 
Ipswich  in  1640,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Jo- 
seph M.  of  Ipswich,  who  died  at  the  age 
of  79.  He  was  born  Nov.  1737,  and, 
after  practising  in  Ipswich  1 1  years,  went 
to  England  in  1771  for  his  medical  im- 
provement. In  the  American  war  he 
served  as  a  surgeon  one  campaign  on 
Long  Island  and  R.  Island.  He  died 
Nov.  1824,  aged  nearlv  87.  In  his  poli- 
tics he  was  a  democrat  or  republican. 
On  public  worship  he  was  a  regular  at- 
tendant. He  lefts  sons,  physicians. — 
Thaeher. 

MANSFIELD,  Jared,  colonel,  ll.  d., 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the 
military  academy  at  West  Point,  was 
born  in  N.  Haven  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1777.  He  was  afterwards 
surveyor  general  of  the  United  States 
and  professor.  A  few  years  before  his 
death  he  retired  from  West  Point  to 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  resided  while 
surveyor.  While  on  a  visit  to  N.  Ha- 
ven, he  died  Feb.  3,  1830,  aged  71.  Col- 
onel Totten,  U.  S.  engineer,  is  bis  neph- 
ew. He  published  Essays  mathematical 
and  physical,  1803. 

MARION,  Francis,  a  brave  officer  in 
the  revolutionary  war,  was  born  near 
Georgetown,  S.  Carolina,  in  1733.  In 
1759  he  served  as  a  soldier  against,  the 
Cherokee  Indians.  In  the  revolutionary 
war  he  assisted  in  the  defence  of  fort 
Moultrie  and  commanded  a  regiment  at 
the  siege  of  Ch«rlestowii.    He  was  pro- 


MARKOE. 

moted  by  gov.  Rutledge  to  the  rank  oi 
brig,  general  in  17S0.  On  tlie  advance 
of  Gates,  he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of 
16  men,  and  captured  a  small  British 
guard,  rescuing  150  continental  prisoners. 
As  the  militia  was  in  no  subordinntion, 
sometimes  he  had  not  more  than  a  dozen 
men  with  him.  Sept.  4th  he  marched 
with  53  men  to  attack  a  body  of  300  tories. 
He  first  surprised  a  party  of  forty  five, 
killing  and  wounding  all  but  fifteen,  and 
then  put  the  mainbodyof  two  hundred 
to  flight.  His  conduct  was  most  gener- 
ous as  well  as  brave.  Not  one  house  was 
burned  by  his  orders,  for  he  detested  ma- 
king war  upon  poor  women  and  chil- 
dren. At  one  time  he  was  obliged  to 
convert  the  saws  of  sawmills  into  horse- 
men's swords  for  his  defence.  For 
months  he  and  his  party  slept  in 
the  open  air,  and  sheltered  themselves 
in  the  thick  recesses  of  swamps,  whence 
they  sallied  out  and  harassed  the  enemy. 
After  the  war  he  married  Mary  Videau, 
a  lady  of  wealth,  and  resided  in  his  native 
parish  of  St  John's.  As  a  member  of 
the  legislature  he  nobly  resisted  all  retali- 
atory measures  towards  the  tories.  He 
died  in  Feb.  1795.  As  a  prudent,  hu- 
mane, enterprising,  brave  partisan  officer, 
he  had  no  superior.  His  life,  written 
by  general  P.  Horry  &  M.  L.  Weems, 
W88publi8hed,6th  edit.  1818.  Thesoldier 
and  companion  of  Marion  had  little  con- 
cern in  writing  the  book.  It  bears  all  the 
marks  of  Mr.  Weems'  wild,  undisciplined 
pen ;  one  can  scarcely  read  it  without 
mingled  laughter  and  tears. 

MARKOE,  Peter,  a  poet,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  4792.  He  published  mis- 
cellaneous poems,  1787  ;  the  times,  a  po- 
em, 1788  ;  the  patriot  chief,  a  tragedy ; 
reconciliation,  an  opera ;  and  was  sup- 
poaed  to  be  theauthor  of  Algerinespy. 

MARSH,  Ebenezer  Grant,  professor 
of  languages&  ecclesiastical  hist,  in  Yale 
college,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  John  Marsh, 
minister  of  Wethersfield,  a  native  of 
Haverhtll,  who  died  in  18?1,  aged  78. 
He  wasgradubted  at  Yale  college  in  1795. 
In  1798  he  was  elected  an  instructer  in 
the  Hebrew  language,  and  in  1799  one  of 


MARYLAND. 


iis 


the  tutors.  In  1802  he  was  elected  « 
professor;  but  the  hopes,  which  had 
been  excited  by  his  talents  and  unequalled 
industry,  were  blasted,  and  his  increas- 
ing  usefulness  was  terminated  by  his 
death  Nov.  16, 1808,  aged  26.  He  was 
a  man  of  amiable  manners,  pure  morals, 
and  unquestioned  piety.  As  a  preacher 
of  the  gospel  he  was  uncommonly  accep- 
table. His  literary  acquisitions  were 
great.  He  published  an  oration  on  the 
truthofthe  mosaic  history  of  the  crea- 
tion, 1798;  a  catalogue  of  the  historical 
writers  of  this  country,  entitled,  a  series 
of  American  historians  from  the  first  di»- 
coveiy  ofhisQountry  to  the  present  time, 
1801  ;  and  an  ekborate  oration,  delivered 
belbre  the' American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences  in  1802,  designed  to  confirm  the 
truth  of  scripture  history  by  the  testimo- 
ny of  eastern  writers.  This,  it  is  be- 
lieved, with  improvements,  was  a  pos- 
thumous publication. — DvnghV$  and 
Dana's  term.,  and^'outier^  oratitn  on 
his  death;  Hist.  eol.  ix.  108—111. 

MARSHALL,  Humphrey,  a  botanist 
and  industrious  horticulturist,  died  about 
1805.  He  published  Arbustum  Ameri- 
canum,  the  American  grove,  or  alphabet- 
ical catalogue  of  forest  trees  and  shrubs, 
Philadelphia,  8vo.  1785  and  1788.  It 
was  translated  into  French,  1788. 

MARYLAND,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  was  granted  by  king 
Charles  I  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  lord  Baltic 
more,  June  20,  1632.  It  received  its 
name  in  honor  of  the  queen  Hesriettii 
Maria,  daughter  of  Henry  tije  great, 
king  of  France.  It  was  the  first  colony, 
which  was  erected  into  a  province  of  the 
British  empire,  and  governed  by  laws 
enacted  in  a  provincial  legislature.  The 
proprietor  arrived  in  Feb.  1634,  andiit 
March  at  the  head  of  about  200  Roman 
cathoRcs  he  took  possession  of  the  terri- 
tory, which  had  been  granted  him. 
Lord  Baltimore,  himself  a  Roman  catho^ 
lic,e8tablished  his  province  on  the  basis  <^ 
perfect.freedom  in  religion  and  security  {to 
property.  The  land  was  purph|ised  of 
the  Indians  for  a  considerajbion,  which 
seemed  to  be  satiafactoiy.    fifty  acres  of 


55« 


MARYLAND. 


MASON. 


hnd  were  given  to  every  emigrant  in 

ibeolute  fee. 

A  collection  of  regulations  was  pre- 
pared by  the  assembly  in  16S8.  The 
province  was  divided  into  baronies  and 
manors,  and  bills  were  posaed  for  set- 
tling the  glebe,  and  for  securing  the  lib- 
erties of  the  people.  A  house  of  assem- 
bly, composed  of  reprcsenutives,  was 
established  in  1689,  and  a  code  of  laws 
passed.  All  the  inhabitants  were  requir- 
ed to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
king,  and  the  rights  of  the  proprieUry 
were  acknowledged.  At  this  period  the 
colony  was  very  inconsiderable  in  num- 
bers and  wealth,forageneralcontribution 
was  thought  necessary  to  erect  a  water- 
mill  for  the  use  of  the  colony.  Slavery 
seems  to  have  existed  at  the  time  of  its  or- 
iginal settlement.  The  encroachments 
of  the  English  awakened  the  apprehen- 
•ions  of  the  natives,  that  they  should  be 
annihilated  as  a  people,  and  an  Indian 
war  commenced  in  1643,  which  lasted 
several  years,  and  which  brought  with  it 
the  usual  sufferings.  Ailer  a  peace 
was  made,  salutary  regulations  were 
adopted,  securing  to  the  Indians 
their  rights.  A  rebellion  in  1645,  pro- 
duced by  a  few  restless  men,  obliged 
the  governor  to  flee  into  Virginia ;  but  it 
was  suppressed  in  the  following  year. 
The  constitution  was  established  in  1646, 
and  it  continued  with  a  little  interruption 
till  1776.  The  parliament  of  England  as- 
sumed the  government  of  Maryland  in 
1663,  and  within  a  few  years  after  this 
event  an  act  was  passed,  declaring,  that 
none,  who  professed  the  popish  religion, 
should  be  protected  in  the  province.  The 
eontrast  between  this  act  and  the  previ- 
ous one  of  the  Roman  catholics  refloats 
the  highest  honor  on  the  liberality  of  the 
latter.  The  authority  of  the  proprietary 
waa  re-established  at  the  restoration,  and 
ha  appointed  a  governor.  In  1663  the 
prosperity  of  the  province  was  considera- 
bly cheeked  by  the  incursions  of  the  Jan- 
«doa  Indians  {  hut  by  the  aid  of  the  Sus- 
<quehannahs  they  were  repelled.  The 
government  experienced  a  variety  of 
changes,  being  sometimes  io  the  posses- 


sion of  the  crown,  and  sometimes  in  the 
hands  of  the  proprietary.  In  17 1 6  it  was 
restored  to  the  proprietary,  and  it  was  not 
again  taken  away  until  the  late  revoin- 
tion.  Maryland  was  not  behind  her  sis- 
ter states  in  herefibita  to  support  the  vio- 
lated rights  of  this  country  in  the  strug- 
gle, which  terminated  in  the  separation 
of  the  colonies  from  Great  Britain.  A 
convention,  which  met  at  Annapolis  in 
July  1775,  drew  up  a  form  of  association 
to  be  signed  by  all  the  freemen  of  the 
province.  This  state  did  not  adopt  the 
articles  of  the  confederation  till  March  1, 
1781 .  The  present  constitution  of  Mary- 
land was  formed  in  August  1776.  It  es- 
tablishes a  general  assembly,  consisting 
of  a  house  of  delegates,  who  are  chosen 
annually,  and  of  a  senate,  the  members 
of  which  are  elected  every  five  years  by 
electors,  appointed  by  the  people  for  that 
purpose.  The  governor  is  elected  annu- 
ally by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses,  and  is 
incapable  of  continuing  in  oiBce  more  than 
three  years  successively,  and  not  eligible 
again  until  the  expiration  of  four  years 
ailer  he  has  left  the  office.  The  judges 
are  removable  by  address  of  two  thirds  of 
the  legislature.  Amendments  of  the  con- 
stitution are  made  by  aet  of  the  legisla- 
ture, if  the  act  be  cf>'  '  '^ed  by  the  next 


MASON,  John,  ^^,  ^in,  proprietor  of 
N.  Hampshire  was  a  merchant  of  Lon- 
don and  afterwards  governor  of  New- 
foundland. On  his  return,  he  met  with 
sir  V/m.  Alexander,  who  was  induced  to 
enga^i'e  in  the  project  of  settling  the  new 
world,  and  obtained  a  patent  of  Acadie  or 
Nova  Scotia  in  1631.  In  the  same  year 
Mason  obtained  of  the  Plymouth  compa- 
ny, of  which  he  was  a  member,  a  grant  of 
the  laud  from  Salem  river  to  the  Merri- 
mae  and  up  to  the  heads  thereof,  called 
Mariana ;  in  1633  he  and  Gorges  obtain- 
ed a  grant  of  the  lands  between  the  Mer- 
rimae  and  Sagadahoc,  extending  back  to 
the  lakes,  called  Laeotua ;  he  obtained 
Nov.  7,  1639  a  new  patent  of  New 
Hamp$hire.  He  died  Nov.  36,  16S5. 
His  daughter,  Jane,  married  John  TuF- 
ton,  who(«  son,  Robert  T.,  assumed  the 


:^,k'^P'i%>' 


MASON. 


't-Ti:^;.'' 


It? 


mme  of  Maion.  He  had  been  at  g^reat 
expense  in  the  settlement  of  his  province, 
with  no  advantage.  His  heirs  sold  their 
rights  to  Samuel  Allen  in  1691. 

MASON,  John,  major,  a  brave  soldier, 
and  author  of  the  history  of  the  Pequot 
war,  was  born  in  England  about  the 
year  1600.  He  was  bred  to  arm>  in  the 
Netherlands  under  sir  Thomas  Fairfax, 
whose  good  opinion  he  so  much  concilia- 
ted, thataf\er  his  arrival  in  this  country, 
when  the  struggle  arose  in  England  be- 
tween king  Charles  I  and  the  parliament, 
sir  Thomas  addressed  a  letter  to  Mason, 
requesting  him  to  join  his  standard  and 
give  his  assistance  to  those,  who  were 
contending  for  the  liberties  of  the  people. 
The  invitation  however  was  declined. 
Mason  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Dorchester,  being  one  of  the  company 
of  Mr.  Warham  in  16S0.  From  this 
place  he  removed  to  Windsor  about  the 
year  1636,  and  assisted  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  a  new  colony .  The  Pequot 
war,  in  which  he  was  so  distinguished, 
was  in  the  year  1637.  The  Pequot  In- 
diana were  a  spirited  and  warlike  nation, 
who  lived  near  New  London.  In  1634  a 
tribe  which  was  in  confederacy  with  them, 
murdered  a  captain  Stone  and  a  captain 
Norton  with  their  crew  of  eight  men, 
and  then  sunk  the  vessel.  A  part  of  the 
plunder  was  received  by  Sassacus,  the 
Pequot  sachem.  In  1636  the  Pequots 
killed  a  number  of  men  at  Saybrook, 
where  there  was  a  garrison  of  about  SO 
men;  inconsequence  of  which  Mason  was 
sent  down  the  river  by  the  Connecticut 
colony  in  March  1637  for  the  relief  of  the 
ibrt.  He  remained  there  a  month,  but 
not  an  Indian  was  to  be  seen.  In  April 
the  Pequots  killed  nine  of  the  English  at 
Wetheiafield,  and  destroyed  much  pro- 
perty. The  colony  was  now  reduced  to 
a  most  lamentable  condition.  The  inhab- 
itaata  were  in  number  but  about  350  and 
moat  of  the  men  were  needed  for  the  la- 
bor of  the  plantations.  Many  of  the  cat- 
tle had  been  lost  by  the  want  of  hay  or 
com ;  there  were  perhaps  not  five 
ploughsin  the  colony;  and  the  people  were 
sufiering  for  want  of  provisions.    They 


were  at  the  same  time  so  harassed  by  a 
powerful  enemy,  that  they  coukl  neither 
hunt,  fish,  nor  cultivate  their  fields,  hot 
at  the  peril  of  their  lives.  They  were 
obliged  to  keep  a  constant  watch.  At 
this  crisis  a  court  was  summoned  at 
Hartford  on  the  first  of  May.  Besidea 
the  six  magiatrates,  there  were  also  com- 
mittees from  the  few  towns  in  the  cok>ny 
to  compose  the  court.  As  the  Pequots 
had  killed  about  30  and  were  endeavoring 
to  efiect  a  union  of  all  the  Indians  in  a 
plan  for  the  extirpation  of  the  English, 
it  was  determined,  that  an  ofiensive  war 
should  be  carried  on  against  them  and 
that  ninety  men  should  immediately  be 
raised,  43  from  Hartford,  SO  from  Wind- 
sor, and  18  from  WethersfieM.  The  lit- 
tle army  under  the  command  of  Mason, 
with  Mr.  Stone  for  their  chaplain,  fell 
down  the  river  on  the  tenth,  and  arrived 
at  Saybrook  on  the  1 7th.  They  had  uni- 
ted with  them  about  70  Indiana  under 
the  command  of  Uncas,  sachem  of  the 
Mohcgans,  who  had  lately  revolted  from 
Sassacus.  At  Saybrook  Mason  and  his 
officers  were  entirely  divided  in  opinion 
respecting  the  manner  of  prosecuting 
their  enterprise.  The  court  had  directed 
the  landing  of  the  men  at  Pequot  harbor, 
from  whence  they  were  to  advance  upon 
the  enemy  ;  but  Mason  was  of  opinion, 
that  they  should  sail  past  the  Pequot  coun- 
try to  Narraganaett,  and  then  return  and 
take  the  enemy  by  surprise.  This  opinion 
was  a  proof  of  his  discernment  and  mili- 
tary skill.  The  Pequots  were  expecting 
them  at  the  harbor,  where  they  kept  a 
watch  day  and  night ;  and  the  place  was 
encompassed  by  rocks  and  thwkets,  afibr- 
ding  the  Indians,  who  were  the  more 
numerous,  every  advantage.  It  would 
be  difficult  to  land,  and  if  a  landing  was 
effected  it  would  be  difficult  to  approach 
the  enemy's  forta  without  being  much 
harassed,  and  giving  an  opportunity  for 
all  of  them  to  escape,  if  they  were  unwil- 
ling to  fight.  Besides,  by  going  first  to 
Narraganaett  the  hope  was  indulged,  that 
some  accession  to  their  ibrce  might  be 
procured.  These  reasons  weighed  much 
with  Mason,  but  not  with  the  other  offi- 


5SS 


MASON. 


een,  who  were  afraid  to  exceed  their 
commiwion.  In  this  perplexity  Mr. 
Stone  WH  deeired  to  seek  wisdom  from 
above.  Having  spent  must  of  Thursday 
Bight  in  prayer  on  board  the  Pink,  in  the 
morning  he  went  on  shore  and  told  Ma- 
son, he  was  entirely  satisfied  with  his 
plan.  The  council  was  again  called,  and 
the  plan  was  adopted.  On  Saturday  the 
SOth  they  arrived  at  Narragansett ;  but 
the  wind  was  so  unfavorable,  that  they 
could  not  land  until  Tuesday  at  sun  set. 
He  inunediately  marched  to  the  residence 
of  the  sachem,  Miantunnomu,  and  dis- 
elosed  to  him  the  object,  which  he  had 
In  view.  Two  hundred  of  the  Narragan- 
setts  joined  him,  and  on  Wednesday  they 
Marched  about  18  or  30  miles  to  the 
eastern  Nihantick,  which  was  a  frontier 
to  the  Pequots.  Here  was  the  seat  of 
one  of  the  Narragansett  sachems,  who 
was  so  unlViendly,  that  he  would  not  suf- 
fer any  of  the  English  to  enter  the  fort. 
A  strong  guard  was  in  consequence  pla- 
ced round  it,  that  none  of  the  Indians 
•hottU  come  out,  and  alarm  the  Pequots. 
The  little  army  continued  its  march  on 
Thursday,  having  in  its  train  about  500 
Indians.  In  the  evening  they  reached 
the  neighborhood  of  one  of  the  Pequot 
forts  at  Mistic.  The  army  encamped, 
being  exceedingly  fatigued  in  conse- 
quence (^  the  heat  and  the  want  of 
neeessaries.  The  guards,  who  were  ad- 
vanced considerably  in  front,  heard  the 
enemy  singing  until  midnight.  It  was 
a  time  of  rejoicing  with  them,  as  they 
had  seen  the  vessels  pass  a  few  days  be- 
fore and  concluded  that  the  English  had 
not  courage  to  attack  them.  About  two 
houn  before  day  on  the  mornins;  of  Fri- 
day, May  96th,  the  captain  assembled 
his  men,  and  prepared  himself  for  deter- 
mining the  fate  of  Connecticut.  The 
blessing  of  God  was  briefly  and  devoutly 
imptored.  With  less  than  eighty  brave 
men  he  marched  forward,  the  Indians, 
who  were  much  afraid,  having  fallen  in 
the  rear.  He  told  them  to  stay  behind 
at  what  distance  they  pleased,  and  to  see 
whether  Englishmen  would  not  fight. 
As  Mason  approached  within  a  rod  of  the 


fort,  a  dog  barked,  and  an  Indian  roared 
out,  Owanux!  Owanux!  [Englishmen! 
Englishmen !]  The  troops  pressed  on, 
and,  having  fired  upon  the  Indians 
through  the  pallisadoes,  entered  the  fort 
at  the  principle  entrance,  sword  in  hand. 
After  a  severe  conflict,  in  which  a  num- 
ber of  the  enemy  were  killed,  victory  was 
still  J'^'jbtfiiK  fnr  the  Indians  concealed 
themselves  in  and  about  their  wigwams, 
and  iVom  their  retreats  made  good  use  of 
their  arrows.  At  this  crisis  the  captain 
cried  out  to  his  men,  "  we  must  burn 
them",  and  seizing  a  fire  brand  in  one  of 
the  wigwams  set  fire  to  the  mats,  with 
which  they  were  covered.  In  a  short 
time  all  the  wigwams  were  wrapped  in 
flames.  Mason  drew  his  men  without 
the  fort,  encompassing  it  completely ;  k. 
the  sachem,  Uncas,  with  his  Indians  and 
such  of  the  Narragansetts  as  remained, 
took  courage  and  formed  another  circle 
in  the  rear.  The  enemy  were  now 
thrown  into  the  utmost  terror.  Some 
climbed  the  pallisadoes  and  were  brought 
down  by  the  fire  of  the  muskets  ;  othera 
were  so  bewildered,  that  they  rushed  into 
the  very  flames.  A  number  collected  to 
the  windward  and  endeavored  to  defend 
themselves  with  their  arro^vs,  and  about 
forty  of  the  boldest  issued  forth  and  were 
cut  down  by  the  swords  of  the  English. 
In  a  little  more  than  an  hour  the  whole 
work  of  destruction  was  completed. 
Seventy  wigwams  were  burned  and  600 
Indians  perished.  Seven  escaped,  and 
seven  were  taken  prisoners.  Two  only 
of  the  English  were  killed,  and  sixteen 
wounded.  The  victory  was  complete, 
but  the  army  was  in  great  danger  and 
distress.  So  many  were  wounded  and 
worn  down  by  fatigue,  that  only  about 
forty  could  be  spared  to  contend  with  the 
remaining  enemy.  In  about  an  hour  SOO 
Indians  came  on  from  another  fort ;  but 
Mason  led  out  a  chosen  party  and  check- 
ed their  onset.  It  was  determined  to 
march  immediately  for  Pequot  harbor,  in- 
to which  a  few  minutes  before,  to  their 
unutterable  joy,  they  had  seen  their  ves- 
sels enter,  guided  by  the  htuid  of  provi- 
dence.    When  the  march  commenced. 


.''i'VSir>   l!s''*A>i*.*l/-. 


MASON. 


vr^!M-A«r 


5U 


the  Indians  tdvmnc«d  to  the  hill,on  which 
the  fort  had  atood.    The  de«olation,which 
here  presented  itaelf  to  their  view,  filled 
them  with  rage ;  they  atamped  and  tore 
their  hair  in  the  transporta  of  pasaion ; 
&  roahing  down  the  hill  with  great  fury 
aeemed  determined  to  avenge  themselves 
on   the   destroyers  of  their  brethren. 
But  the  superiority  of  fire  arms  to  their 
bows  and  arrowa  kept  them  at  a  distance. 
Mason  reached  the  harbor  in  safety;  and, 
putting  his  wounded  aboard,  the  next  day 
marched  by  land  to  Saybrook  with  about 
twenty  men.     His  safe  return,  and  the 
success,  which  attended  the  expedition, 
filled    the   whole  colony  with  joy  and 
thanksgiving.       Several  providential  e- 
vents  were  particularly  noticed.    It  was 
thought    remarkable,   that  the   vessels 
should  come  into  the  harbor  at  the  very 
moment,when  they  were  so  much  needed. 
As  Maaon  entered  a  wigwam  for  fire  to 
burn  the  fort,  an  Indian  was  drawing  an 
arrow  to  the  very  head,  and  would  have 
killed  him  instantly,  had  not  one  Davis  at 
this  critkal  moment  cut  the   bowstring 
with  his  sword.     So  completely  was  the 
object  of  the  expedition  effected,  that  the 
renmining  Pequots  were  filled  with  such 
terror,  that  they  burned  their  wigwams 
and  fled  from  their  abode.    The  greatest 
part  of  them  went  towards  New  York. 
Mason  was  sent  out  to  pursue  them,  and 
he  took  100  prisoners  of  the  old  men, 
women,  and  children.     The  rest,  about 
two  hundred  in  number,  soon  submitted 
themselves,  engaging  never  to  live  in 
their  country  again,  and  becoming  sub- 
ject to  the  sachems  of  Moheganand  Nar- 
ragansett  with  the  disgraceful  necessity 
or  never  again  being  called  Pequots. 

Soon  after  this  war  Mason  was  appoin- 
ted by  the  government  of  Connecticut 
maj.  gen.  of  all  their  forces,  &  continued 
in  this  ofiice  till  his  death.  He  remained 
a  magistrate,  to  which  station  he  was 
first  chosen  in  1643,  till  May  1660,  when 
he  was  elected  deputy  governor.  In  this 
office  he  continued  ten  years,  till  May 
1670,  when  his  infirmities  induced  him  to 
retire  from  public  life.  After  the  Pe- 
quot  war,  at  the  request  of  the  inhabi- 


tantaof  Saybrook  and  for  the  defenea'of 
the  coktny  he  removed  ftom  Windsor  to 
that  place  in  1647.     Thence  in  1669  he 
removed  to  Norwich,  where  he  died  in 
1673  or  1678,  aged  73.    HeleftSsona, 
Samuel,John,  and  Daniel,  whose  deseen- 
danta  are   numeroua;  one  of  them  m 
Jeremiah  Mason  of  Portsmouth.    Mason 
held  the  same  reputation  for  military  tal- 
ents in  Connecticut,  which  Standish  held 
in  Plymouth  colony.      Both  rendered 
the  most  important  services  to  their  coun- 
try.    Both  werel  bred  to  arms  in  the 
Dutch  Netherlands.     Standish  waa  of 
short  stature ;  but  Mason  was  tall  and 
portly,  and  equally  distinguished  fcv  hi* 
courage&vigor.  He  was  alao  a  gentleman 
of  prudence  and  correct  morals.    At  the 
request  of  the  general  court  he  drew  np 
and  published  a  brief  history  of  the  Pe- 
quot  war.     It  is  reprinted  in  Increase 
Mather's  relation  of  troublea  by  the  In- 
dians, 1677.      It  was  also  republiahed 
more  correctly,  with  an  introduction  and 
some  explanatory   notes,   by   Thomas 
Prince   in    17S6. — ItUrod.  to  JtfiMon's 
hitt.  ;  TrumbuU,  i.  68-87,  S37  ;  Holmet. 
MASON,  George,  an  eminent  states- 
man of  Virginia,  was  a  member  of  the 
general  convention,which  in  1787  ftamed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
but  refused  to  sign  his  name,  as  one  of 
that  body,  to  the  instrument,  which  they 
had  produced.    In  the  following  year  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention, 
which  considered  the  proposed  plan  of 
federal  government.     He   united  with 
Henry,  and   opposed  its  adoption  with 
great  energy.  .  He  thought,  that  the 
confederation  was  about  to  be  converted 
into    a    consolidated    government,   for 
which,  lie  said,  many  of  the  members  of 
the  general  convention  avowed  an  attach- 
ment; and  he  was  desirous  of  introducing 
amendments.    He  contended  for  the  ne- 
cessity of  an  article,  reserving  to   the 
state  all  powers  not  delegated.    This  ar*- 
ticle  is  now  among  the  amendments  of 
the  constitution.     He  wished  also,  that 
there  should  be  a  limitation  to  the  contin- 
uance  of  the  president  in  office.      So 
averse  was  he  to  that  sectktn,  which  al- 


MASON. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


loifadtlM  staire  trade  for  twenty  yean, 
that,  attMhed  as  he  waa  to  the  Hnion  of 
ail  tke  States,  he  declared,  that  he  would 
not  admit  the  aouthern  statea  iato  the 
Qinoii,UDleas  they  would  agree  to  discon- 
tiaus  the  traffic.  He  died  at  hi«  seat  at 
dunston  Hall,  Virginia,  in  the  autumn  ot 
179S,  aged  67. 

MASON,  John  M.,  d.  d.,  minister  in 
New  York,  was  the  son  Dr.  John  M., 
minister  or  the  Scotch  church  in  N.  Y. 
who  died  in  1793,  aged  57.  He  was  born 
Msfrek  19, 1770,  aid  was  graduated  at 
Columbia  college  in  1789.  Having  stu- 
died theology  with  his  lather,  he  comple- 
ted his  education  at  Edinburgh.  In 
179S  he  succeeded  his  fiither  in  the 
church  in  Cedar  street,  fiy  his  letten  on 
frequent  communion,written  in  1798,  the 
associate  reToroied  churches  were  induced 
to  change  the  old  custom  of  communing 
but  twice  a  year  for  a  more  frequent 
«ommemoration  of  the  death  of  the  Re- 
deemer. Appointed  profeosor  of  theology 
in  1801,  he  performed  the  duties  until  hia 
health  declined.  In  1810  his  connexion 
with  Cedar  street  church  was  dissolved, 
and  in  1813  he  became  the  pastor  of  a  new 
church  in  Murray  street.  From  1811  to 
1816  hewaa  the  provost  of  Columbia  col- 
lege. In  1816  he  travelled  in  Europe  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health  ;  in  1819  he  suf- 
fered from  two  poraly  tic  attacks.  From 
1831  he  presided  over  Dickinson  college 
in  Pennsylvania  until  1834,  when  be  re- 
turned to  NewYork,  and  lingered  the 
reat  of  his  days  the  shadow  of  what  he 
once  was.  He  died  Dec.  27, 1839,  aged 
69. 

He  was  eminent  for  erudition  and  for 
his  intellectual  powera.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  uncommonly  eloquent.  But  he  was 
harsh  and  overbearing,  somewhat  in  pro- 
portion "  to  the  robustness  of  hia  faculties 
of  mind  and  body."  He  edited  for  some 
yean  the  Christian's  magazine,  in  which 
he  had  a  controveray  with  bishop  Hobart 
on  episcopalianism;  in  that  work  his  letters 
on  frequent  communion,  a  plea  for  com- 
munion on  catholic  principles,  and  other 
writings  are  found.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon, preached  before  the  N.  Y.  missiona- 


ry society,  1797;  before  the  Lonhin 
missionary  society  sbout  1803;  an  ora- 
tk)n  on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800  ; 
of  Hamilton,  1804.  Four  volumes  of 
his  sermons  were  publiHhed  in  1898. 

MASON,  Armistead  T.,  general,  a 
senator  of  the  U.  S.,  was  the  son  of  Ste> 
phens  Thompson  Mason,  a  senator  fVom 
Virginia,  and  was  born  in  1785.  He  ably 
defended  Norfolk  in  1813.  On  the  re- 
signation of  Mr.  Giles  he  was  elected 
senator  in  bis  place  in  1816,  the  term  of 
office  expiring  in  1817.  In  consequence  of 
a  political  dispute  with  b*3  relative,  John 
McCarty,  they  fought  a  duel  with  mu»> 
keta  at  Bladensburg  Feb.  6, 1819,  when 
gen.  Mason  was  killed,  aged  33.  In  the 
correspondence  with  his  antagonist, which 
was  pnblished,  he  manifested  the  most 
malignant  ferocity.  The  benevolent  tem- 
per, enjoined  by  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ,  would  have  excluded  from  his 
heart  that  hatred  of  his  brother,  which 
led  to  his  own  destruction.  Since  the  be- 
ginning of  thepresentcentury  there  have 
been  more  than  a  hundred  murdert  com- 
mitted by  duellists  in  this  country,  and 
the  blood  of  more  than  a  hundred  unaven- 
ged murders  cries  to  heaven  against  our 
guilty  land.  Muj.  Campbell  was  execu- 
ted in  London  in  Sept.  1808  for  killing 
capt.  Boyd  in  a  duel ;  yet  in  our  republic 
no  "honorable  murderer"  has  yet  been 
brought  to  the  gallows.  Blackstone,  in 
expounding  the  law  of  England,  says  of 
deliberate  duelling  that  "  both  parties 
meet  avowedly  with  an  intent  to  mur- 
der."  The  law  of  God  and  the  lawa  of 
our  country  require,  thit  the  murderer 
shall  be  put  to  death. 

MASSACHUSETTS,oneof  the  Uni- 
ted States  of  America,  was  formerly  di- 
vided into  the  two  colonies  of  Plymouth 
and  of  Massachusetts  bay,  which  were 
distinct  for  many  yeara.  Roger  Wil- 
liams, who  was  skilful  in  the  Indian  lan- 
guage, and  anxious  to  ascertain  the  im- 
poi*  of  the  names  of  places,  says,  "  I  had 
learnt,  that  the  Massachusetts  was  so 
called  from  the  Blue  Hills.  "  Cotton  in 
his  ms.  vocabulary  of  the  language  of 
the  Plymouth  Indians  gives  the  mean- 


wri«A,**>*M     MASSACHUSETTS. 


Ml 


int  ^<  m  Ml  in  the  form  of  an  mtm** 
"*    Bat  M  WaohuMtt  in  the  Indkn 
»aMf/,uid  M  Eliot  in  hi*  Bihie 
fivM  MahMg    M  meMlng  frMrt,  the 
combiMtion    of   Mahatg     WaehtiMtt, 
neeiing  Oraet  Hili,[the  Bine  hill  of  Mil- 
too]  wonU  maire  the  word  MMtnehn- 
•ett.       Plymouth  wm   first  lettied  in 
Dee.  letObypenont,  who  intended  to 
eommenee  ■  plantation  in  the  territory  of 
the  aonth  Virginia  eompnny,  but  who  on 
•eeonnt  of  the  advanced  aeaaon  of  the 
year  were  indoeed   to  establish  them- 
sehrM  where  they  first  landed.     They 
finued  a  government  for  themaehres,  and 
chose  Mr.  Carver  for  their  governor. 
la  ICSO  all  the  land  fVom  sea  to  sea  be- 
tween the  fortieth  and  forty  eighth  de- 
grees of  north  latitude  was  granted  to  the 
council  at  Plymouth  in  England.    From 
thia  company  a  patent  was  obtained  in 
1 6tl .    For  several  years  the  whole  prop- 
erty of  the  colony  was  in  common.    The 
governor,  who  was  chosen  annually,  had 
at  first  but  one  assistant ;  in  16S4  he  had 
five  ;  and  in  16S8  the  number  was  in- 
creased to  seven.     The  last  patent  was 
obtained  in  1C80,  by  which  the  colonists 
were  allowed  to  establish  their  own  gov- 
ernment.   The  first  house  of  representa- 
tive* was  formed  in  I6S9,  being  rendered 
necessary  by  the  increase  of  the  inhabi- 
tanta  and  the  extension  of  the  settlements. 
The  patent  of  Massnehusettsbay  was  ob- 
tained in  16S8.     This  colony  was  boun- 
ded on  the  south  by  a  line  S  miles  distant 
from  Charles'  river ,which  passes  between 
Cambridge  and  Boston.     In  the  same 
jrcara  few  people  under  the  government 
of  John  Endicott  began  a  settlement  at 
Naumkeak,  now  Salem.    In  1689  a  form 
of  government  was  settled,  and  19  per- 
sons, resident  on  the  plantation,  were  in- 
tmsted  with  the  sole  management  of  the 
afiirs  of  the  colony.     Of  these  persons 
one  was  the  governor  and  twelve  were 
connselbrs.     All  these  were  but  deputy 
offieen,as  they  were  appointed  by  the 
governor    and    company    in   England. 
This  state  of  things  however  lasted  but  a 
short  time.     It  was  soon  determined  to 
transfer  the  government  entirely  to  New 
71 


England.     Governor  Winthrop  aeeon^ 
ingly  came  over   in    IMS  with  sboot 
1500  persona,  bringing  the  charter  with 
him.    Thb  instrument  vested  the  whoto 
executive  power  in  the  govemoTi  depviy 
governor,  and  18  assistants,  and  the  leff' 
fakthre  power  in  a  general  oeurt>  com- 
posed of  tho  above  and  of  the  freemen  oft 
the  colony.    This  assembly  was  Mitho<i«  - 
iced  to  elect  their  govMmor  nnd  all  ■»• ! 
cessary  offbers.     But  the  provision*  of ' 
the  olmrter  were  not  very  careAiHy  db- 
served.      The    emigrants,   conaiderinf* 
themselves  aa  subject  to  no  laws  excepting  '* 
those  of  reaaon,  and  eqnity,  and  scrip*  ">' 
ture,  modelled  their  government  aeeoi^  ^ 
ding  to  their  own  pleasure.  Early  in  1681  < 
the  general  court  ordained,  that  the  gov-  < 
ernor.  deputy  governor,  and  assistants 
should  be  chosen  by  the  fireemen  akme; 
they  directed  that  there  should  be  two 
conrts  instead  of  four  in  a  year ;  in  May 
1684  they  created  a  representative  body ;  ' 
they  established  judicatories  of  variona  «>■ 
kinds  ;  and  in  1644  the  general  court  waa  i- 
divided  into  the  two  houses  of  depvtieli  * 
and  of  magistrates,  each  of  which  was  to  ^ 
send  its  acts  to  the  other  for  approbation. « 
The  assistants  and  the  general  court  fat  ^ 
four  years  often  judged  and  punished  in  a  > 
summary  way  without  a  jury  ;  and  with*  ^' 
in  three  yean  after  it  was  enacted,  that 
there  should  be  no  trial,  which  should  af- 
fect life  or  residence  in  the  country,  vithf  - 
out  a  jury  of  freemen,  the  genen!  '  i  ort 
violated  this  law  in  passing  senteh:<>  .jf 
banishment  in  1 687.    Massachusetts  et.  t- 
tinued  to  increase  till  the  Indian  war  of 
1675  aiid  1676,  which  occasioned  greot 
distress.  About  600  of  the  inhabitanu  of 
New  England  were  killed,  and  13  or  IS 
towns  were  entirely  destroyed,  and  this 
cok>ny  was  the  greatest  suflerer.      In 
1684  the  charter  d'Massachinetfs  was  de- ' 
ciared  to  be  forfeited  by  the  high  court  of 
chancery  in  England  in  consequence  of 
well  founded  charges  of  disrespect  to  the 
laws  of  England,  and  of  tendencies  toi*  ^< 
ward  exercising  the  rights  of  a  free  statif.  f 
In  I6S6  Joseph  Dudley  received  his  c()nr>>' 
mission  of  president  of  New  England, 
though  Plymouth  was  not  included ;  but 


B6S 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


•tth«ol9Mor  Uwywr  Aodrot  ■rrirad 
with  •  oommiMton,  whieh  ineludtd  that 
eolooy.  In  1689  thb  tynnnical  gorn- 
■01  WM  dtpoMd  and  ianpriwiMd  by  an 
iadif  wuit  people,  and  Maanohaietta  and 
Ptymottth  ra-aatabliahcd  their  old  govern- 
ment. In  1693  a  charter  was  obtained, 
wbieh  conatituted  Maaaaohuaetts  a  pro- 
vince,, and  added  to  the  colony  or  Sly- 
nottth  the  province  of  Maine,  the  prov- 
ince of  Nova  Sootia,  and  the  Elisabeth 
ialanda,  and  Nantucket  and  Martha's 
Vineyard.  From  thia  period  Maasachu- 
aetts  and  Plynu>uth  were  blended  and  un- 
der one.gpvernmeot.  Tliia  new  charter 
greatly  abridged  the  libertieaof  the  people. 
Formerly  they  had  chosen  their  gover- 
nor 'r  but  now  the  appointment  of  the 
governor,  lieutenant  governor,  aecretary, 
and  all  the  oiBcers  of  admiralty  waa  ves- 
tad  in  the  crown.  Other  important  chan- 
ge* were  made.  This  charter  continued 
till  the  late  revolution.  During  the  at- 
temptaofShute,  Burnet,  and  other  gov- 
ernors to  procure  a  fixed  salary,  which 
ahoold  make  them  independent  of  the 
people,  the  general  court  showed  a  deter- 
mination to  prevent  the  removal  of  any 
barrier  against  tyranny.  While  the 
claimB  of  British  taxation  were  discussed 
ftom  the  year  176&-  till  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  Massachusetts  waa  con- 
apicuoua  for  the  unshaken  and  peraever- 
ing  apirit,.with  which  the  cause  of  liberty 
was  supported.  In  Oct.  1774  a  provin- 
cial congress  assumed  the  government, 
and  Jqly  1T7&  elected  counsellors,  a»  un- 
der the  old  charter.  The  constitution 
was  formed  by  a  convention  in  March 
1780yand  amended  in  1830.  The  dis- 
trict of  Maine  was  made  a  distinct 
State  in  the  year  1830.  By  the  «  jnsti- 
tutton  the  legislative  powers  are  ves- 
ted in  a  general  courts  consisting  of  a 
aeqate  and  a  house  of  representatives, 
annually  cboaenr  which  have  a  negative 
upon  each  other;  and  no  act  can  be  pass- 
ed without  the  approbation  of  the  gov- 
ernor, unleaa  ailer  a  revisal  two  thirds  of 
both  branches  are  in  favor  of  it.  The 
Ifovernor  is  chosen  every  year  by  the 
people,  and  he  has  a  council  composed  of 


MASSASSOIT. 

the  lieutenant  governor,  and  nine  others, 
ohoaen  by  the  general  court,  without 
whoae  adviee  he  ean  exeroiae  none  of  his 
powers,  except  such  ss  are  incident  to  his 
office  of  commander  in  chief.  The  gov^ 
emor  is  called  '  hia  Exoellenoy,'  and  the 
lieutenant  governor  'hia  Honor.*  The 
judges  may  be  removed  on  address.  la 
1789  there  was  an  insurrection  in  Masss- 
ehuaetts,  oeeasioned  by  the  seareity  of 
money  and  the  pressure  of  tsxcs  aid  of 
debta  to  individuals.  A  oonventwn  Atm 
fifty  towns  in  Hampshire  county  met  at 
Hatfield  in  Aug.  and  drew  up'a  eatak)gne 
of  grievances.  In  the  sane  month  a 
body  of  insurgents  took  possession  of  the 
court  house  in  Northampton ;  and  in  a 
short  time  the  flame  of  open  opposition 
to  government  was  enkindled  in  other 
counties.  But  the  rebellion  wss  snppre»- 
sed  in  1787  with  the  k)saof  but  few  lives. 
Since  then  internal  peace  has  existed.— 
Morton;  Prmee;  WtiUhrop}  Htitehm- 
•en;  Minot}  Gordon;  Holmei. 

MASSASSOIT,  sachem  or  king  of 
the  Womponeags  or  Womponoogs, 
whose  authority  extended  from  Narra- 
gansett  bay  to  Massachusetts  bay,  is 
sometimes  called  their  great  sagamore  and 
great  sachem ;  but,  although  Dr.  Dwight 
maintains,  that  sachem  means  a  principal 
chief  and  sagamore  an  inferior  one,  yet 
probably  they  are  words  of  the  same  mea- 
ning, or  the  same  word  in  difiiirent  dia- 
lects or  in  difierent  inflexions.  Hubbard 
says  the  same  as  Dr.  Dwight ;  but  Win- 
slow  speaks  of  "  saohema  or  petty  govern- 
ors." An  ancient  writer  says,  that  the 
northern  Indians  used  the  term  sagamore 
and  the  southern  the  term  sachem.  Pur^ 
chas  gives  the  word  sagamo.  Winstow, 
in  hia  account  of  his  visit  to  Maaaassoit, 
says,  that  he  went  to  the  taehimo  eomo- 
eo>  to  the  '  sachem's  house ; '  and  that 
Hobbamoc  addressed  him  with  the  words, 
N^en  loomosu  lagimut, '  my  loving  sa- 
chem.' We  may  then  regard  sachem, 
sachemo,  sagamo,  sagamore  as  the  same. 
The  name  of  M.  waa  written  by  Wins- 
low,  as  it  was  probably  pronounced,  Mas- 
sassowat ;  alao  it  was  written  Maasasoyt 
and  Massasoyet      He  waa  also  called 


MA8SASS0IT. 


HSiHTm 


MATHER. 


Awhineqnin,  OMmekin,  «nd  WooMm»- 
quM.    Hit  midene«  wu  tt  PiehaMkiek, 
orPokuokst,  MMMtinM  mlled  SowaiiM 
■nd  SowMOMt     Over  igKintt  him,  on 
Um  opfMtita  lide  of  the  grmt  b«y,  HtmI 
Um  NtrraganMtUi:  oi'  eourw  Judge  Ds- 
Yii  mieUkN  ia  ■uppoiing,  that  he  lired 
■t  Mount  Hope.    Winilow  in  going  to 
MMMHoit,  orowwd  •  river,  which,  I  lup- 
IMM,  wu  Tannton  ;  in  8  milei  he  eame 
to  Met^poiaet,  inSwanaey;  and  four 
or  five  milea  beyond  waa  Peckanokie, 
the     reiidenee   of    the    sachem.       A 
Dttteh  veaael  had  been  atranded  before 
hia  houae.    I  auppoae,  therefore,  that  he 
lived  at  Warren,  and  that  SowamB,or  So- 
wamaet  waa  Swanaey,  though  the  town 
waa  ao  called  iVom  Swanaey  in  Walea, 
whence  aome  of  the  firat  inhabitanta  came. 
March  S9, 1631   he  vialted  the  English 
pilgrima  at  Plymouth  with  hia  brother, 
Quadequina,  and  a  train  of  60  men,  and 
praeented  hiroaelfon  Spring  hill.     The 
gov.  aent  Mr.  Winalow  to  invite  him  to 
a  treaty.     While  Quadequina  detained 
Mr.  W.  aa  a  hoatage,  the  aachem  with 
SO  unarmed  men  met  capt.  Standish  and 
aftw  men  at  the  Town  brook,  where 
they  aaluted  each  other.    Maasaaaoit  waa 
then  eonduoted  to  gov.  Carver  and  made 
a  treaty,  the  artielea  of  which  he  alwaya 
laithAilly  obnerved.     The  league  laated 
to  1676.    It  waa atipulated,  "that  neither 
he  Bor  hia  ahould  injure  any  of  oura ; 
that  if  any  unjuatly  warred  againat  him,we 
wouklaid  him,  and  if  any  warred  againat 
us,  he  ahoukl  aid  ua.*'  He  waa  «a  portly 
man,  in  hia  heat  yeara,  grave  of  oount^i- 
nance,  apare  of  apeeeh."    The  Nan&- 
ganaetta  under  Canonicua  being  hoatile 
to  him,  he  waa  glad  of  the  friendship  of 
the  whites.    In  July  E.  Winalow  visited 
the  aachem  at  his  residence,  and  waa 
kindly  received.     When  he  was  sick  in 
Mareh  163S  JMr.  Winalow,  accompanied 
by  John  Hampden,  "a  gentleman  of  Lon- 
don," visited  him.  This  waa  probably  the 
celebrated  Hampden.    Maasassoit,  who 
waa  very  aiok,  in  his  gratitude  said, "  I 
will  never  forget  this  kindness;"  and  he 
discloaed  the  Indian  conspiracy  for  ithe 
destructioa  of  the  Plymouth  aeUlers. 


Capt.  Standish  in  consequence  killed  the 
ring  leaders.  The  benevolent  visit  ^ 
the  meana  of  aaving  the  colony  Oom 
truction.  M.  died  about  1665,  and  waa 
aueeeeded  by  hia  aon,  Alexander:  kiag 
PhiHp  waa  another  aon. — Btlknap  ii. 
S89,  SM>. 

MATHER,  Richard,  miniater  of Doiw 
cheater,  the  son  of  Thomaa  M.,  wae  bora 
in  Lancaahire,  England,  in  1696.     At 
the  age  of  1 6  he  waa  invited  to  take  the 
inatruetkin  of  a  achool  at  Toxteth,  near 
Liverpool.    After  auflering  for  aome  time 
that    anxiety   and  diatreaa,  which  the 
knowledge  of  hw  own  character  aa  a  ain- 
ner    produced,    he     in  hia  18th  year 
found  peace  and  joy  in  the  goapel  of  the 
Redeemer.    In  May  1618  he  waa  admit- 
ted  a  atudent  at  Oxford ;  but  in  a  few  ' 
montha  aiterwarda  he  became  the  minia-  ' 
ter  of  Toxteth,  being  ordained  by  the 
biahop  of  Cheater.    Here  he  continued 
about  16  yeara  without  any  interruption 
of  hia  benevolent  bbora.    He  preached 
every  Tueaday  at  Preacot,  and  he  al- 
waya aeized  the  opportunity,  which  hia 
attendance  upon  Ainerala  afibrded,  for  im- 
parting inatruction  to  the  living.    He 
waa  ailenced  for  nonconformity  to  the  e«-  ' 
tabliahed  church  in  1688,  but  through  tha 
influence  of  hia  iVienda  waa  soon  restored. 
He  waa  again  auapended  in  1684,  aa  he 
had  never  worn  the  eurpliee,  and  couM 
not  adopt  the  oeremoniea,  whidi  were 
enjoined.    Having  reaolvei  to  aeek  the 
peaceable  enjoyment  of  the  righta  of  ooi>> 
aeienee  a:id  the  purtty  of  Christian  ordi- 
?!aacea  in  N.  England,  he  eacaped  the 
purauivanta,  who  were  endeavoring  to 
apprehend  him,  and  embarked  at  Briatdl 
in  May  1686.    Aug.  17th  he  arrived  in 
Boston  harbor.    He  waa  in  a  fow  monliia 
invited  to  Dorcheater  ;  and,  as'the^firtt 
church  had  removed  with  Mr.  Warham 
to  Windsor,  a  new  church  waa  formed, 
of  which  he  waa  constituted  theteaeher 
Aug.  38,  1686.    He  assisted  Mr.  Eliot 
and  Mr.  Welde  in  1 640  in  making  the  N. 
England  version  of  the  psalms.     The 
ruiodel  of  church  discipline,  which  hepra^ 
sented  to  the  synod  «f  1648,  waa  the  one, 
which  waaxhiefiy  adopted  in  preibieiiBe 


MATHER. 


to  th*  moilrli,  prvpared  by  Mr.  Cotton 
•ad  Mr.  Partridge.  Ha  diml  in  the  pMM 
of  the  Chriatim,  April  M,  1669,  agad  IB. 
Hia  flrat  wife  waa  tha  daughtar  oTRd- 
Brand  Houit  i  hia  aaoond  waa  Sarah,  wid- 
ow d' John  Cotton.  Hia  6  aona  war*  by 
hia  flrat  wilk  Though  in  hia  old  age  he 
axparieneed  many  infirmitiea,  yet,  aaeh 
had  been  hia  health, that  Tur  hair  a  eentury 
he  waa  not  detained  by  aiekneaa  lo  mucli 
aa  one  Sunday  (torn  hia  piiblio  labora. 
He  waa  a  pious  Chriatian,agoodiehokr, 
•nd  a  plain  and  uaeAil  preacher.  He 
waa  eareAil  to  avoid  foreign  and  obaenre 
worda,  and  unneeeaaary  citation  of  Latin 
aenteneea,  that  all  might  underatand  him. 
While  hia  voice  waa  loud  and  diatinet, 
there  waa  alao  a  vehemeney  and  dignity 
in  hia  manner.  He  wrote  the  diaeourae 
about  the  church  covenant,  and  the  an- 
awer  to  89  questions,  publiahed  in  1689, 
which  paaa  under  the  name  of  the  elders  of 
N.  England.  Ha  wrote  alao  a  modeat 
and  brotherly  anawer  to*  Charlea  Herle'a 
book  agaiaat  the  independency  ofchurch- 
ea,  1644 ;  a  reply  to  Rutherford,  or  a  de- 
fbnce  of  the  anawer  to  Herle'sbook,1646; 
an  heart  melting  exhortation,  ke.  in  a 
letter  to  hia  countrymen  of  Lancaahire, 
1650 ;  a  eateehiam ;  a  treatise  of  justifica- 
tion, 16M ;  a  letter  to  Mr.  Hooker  to 
prove,  that  it  waa  lawibl  for  a  miniater  to 
adminiater  the  aaerament  to  a  congrega- 
tion net  particularly  under  hia  care ;  elec- 
tion aer.  about  1660 ;  an  answer  to  Mr. 
Davenport'a  work  against  the  propoai- 
tionaof  the  aynod  of  1663.  He  also  pre- 
pared for  the  preaa  sermons  on  the  sec- 
ond epistle  of  Peter,  and  an  elaborate  de- 
fence of  the  churches  of  N.  England.— 
Woad*$  Jitkenm  0»on.  ii.  437,  438  : 
JMafiMiMi,  III.  138—130 ;  Hut.  eol. 
vni.  10 ;  I.MiatherU  aeeomt  of  kit  life. 
MATHER,  Samuel,  minister  of  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  the  aon  of  the  preceding,  was 
bom  in  Lancashire  May  IS,  1636.  Ac- 
companying hia  fkther  to  this  country,he 
waa  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1648.  >Ie  waa  appointed  the  firat  fellow 
of  the  college  and  he  was  held  in  such 
estimation  by  the  students,  whom  he  in- 
•trticted,  that,  when  he  left  them,  they 


put  on  badgea  of  moarning.  When 
he  began  to  preaeh,he  apent  some  time  in 
Rowley  aa  an  aaaiatent  to  Mr.  R«>gera. 
A  ehurch  having  been  gathered  in  the 
north  part  of  Boaton,  he  waa  invited  to 
toke  the  charge  of  it ;  but,  after  preaah* 
ing  there  one  winter,  he  waa  induced  to 
go  to  England  in  165a  Tha  church, 
which  he  left,  waa  aiWwarda  under  the 
paatoral  ear*  of  his  brother,  Increase 
Mather.  In  England  he  waa  appointed 
chaplain  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford. 
He  then  preached  in  Seothind  and  Ire- 
hind.  In  Dublin  he  waa  aenior  fellow  of 
Trinity  college,  and  waaaettled  the  min- 
ister of  the  ehurch  of  St  Niehoha. 
Though  he  reftiaed  aeveral  beneficea,  that 
were  ofiered  by  the  lord  deputy,  because 
he  did  not  wiah  to  have  the  episcopalian 
miniatera  dispkced  ;  yet  soon  after  the 
reatoration  he  waa  suspendai*  on  a  charge 
of  sedition.  Returning  to  Enghind,  be 
was  minister  at  Burton  wood,  till  ejaeted 
by  the  Bartholomew  act  in  1663.  He 
af\erwarda  gatnered  a  church  at  his  own 
house  in  Dublin,  where  he  died  in  peace 
Oct.  39,  1671,  aged  45.  Hewaaauc- 
eeeded  by  his  brother,  Nathaniel  Mather. 
Aa  a  preacher  he  held  the  firat  rank,  and 
his  name  was  known  throughout  the  king- 
dom. Hia  diacouraea  were  remarkable 
for  cleameaa  of  method.  He  published  a 
wholesome  caveat  for  a  time  of  liberty, 
1653 ;  •  defence  of  the  proteatent  relig- 
ion against  popery,  1671 ;  an  irenicum,  or 
an  eaaay  for  union  among  the  presbyteri- 
ana  ,  independente,  and  anabaptisto  \  a 
treatise  againat  atinted  liturgiea  ;  a  piece 
againat  Valentine  Greatarick,  who  pre- 
tended to  cure  diseases  by  stroking ;  a 
courae  of  sermons  on  the  types  of  the 
oU  teatement,  with  aome  diaeourses 
againat  popiah  auperstitions.— Woecf '« 
Athena  0«on.  ii.  489,  490 ;  Mtign.,  iv. 
148—158 ;  ^otieoi^orNi.  intrnwial,  ii. 
856—857. 

MATHER,  Nathaniel,  minister  in 
London,  the  son  of  Richard  Mather,  was 
born  in  Lancaster  March  90, 1680.  Af- 
ter his  arrival  in  this  country  with  his 
father,  he  was  educated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduatedj  in  1647. 


MATHER. 


H«  kfUrwanl*  wont  to  England,  nnd 
WM  prrMntad  to  tht  living  «t  B«rnttnbl« 
by  Oliver  Crnniw«ll  in  1664.  Upon  hit 
•JMtment  in  1668  he  went  into  Holland 
Mdwaenminieter  at  Rotterdam.  About 
the  year  1671  or  or  167i  he  auooeded  his 
broUier,  Sanmei  Mather,  at  Dublin. 
TheMee  he  removed  to  London,  where 
ke  wae  pastor  of  a  congregational  church, 
•ad  one  of  the  ieeturers  at  Pinner's  hall. 
Ha  died  July  S6.  1697,  aged  67.  He 
was  buried  in  the  burying  ground  near 
Bunkill  fields,  and  there  is  upon  his 
tombstone  a  long  Latin  inscription, 
written  by  Dr.  Watts,  which  ascribes  to 
him  a  high  eliaraeter  for  genius,  learning, 
piety,  and  ministerial  fidelity.  He  pub- 
lished the  righteousness  of  Ood  by  faith 
upoa  all,  who  believe,  1694 ;  a  discussion 
of  the  hwfttlaess  of  a  pastor's  officiating 
in  another's  church ;  38  sermons,  preach- 
ed at  Pinner's  hall,  and  Lime  street,  ta- 
ken in  short  hand  as  they  were  delivered, 
1701  ;  a  fast  sermon.—- CoAMiy's  eontin. 
I.  957—368. 

MATHER,  Eleazer,  first  minister  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Richard 
Mather,  was  born  May  18, 1687.  He 
was  griMluatad  at  Harvard  college  in 
1666.  Having  preached  about  two  yean 
at  Nortbampton,when  a  church  was  gath- 
ered there  in  1661  he  was  ordained  its 
minister  June  98d.  He  died  July  34, 
1669,  aged  83.  His  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  John  Warham:she  married  after 
his  death  8.  Stoddard.  His  daughter  mar- 
ried Rev.  John  Williams.  He  was  ad- 
mired as  a  man  of  talents  and  exalted  pi- 
ety, and  as  a  eealous  and  eminently  use- 
ful preacher.  After  his  death  there  was 
published  ftom  his  manuscripts  a  serious 
exhortation  to  the  succeeding  and  pres- 
ent generation,  being  the  substance  of 
his  hut  sermons,l67l. — Magn.,  in.  180. 

MATHER,  Increase,  o.  d.,  president 
of  Harvard  college,  the  son  of  Richard 
Mather,  was  born  at  Dorchester  June  31, 
1689.  He  was  graduated  in  1666.  Be- 
ginning to  preach  in  the  next  year,  and 
being  invited  by  his  brother  to  Dublin, 
he  embarked  for  England  July  3,  1667, 
and  after  an  absence  of  4  years  returned 


in  Aug.  1661.  In  the  next  month  ba 
wse  invited  to  preach  at  the  north  church 
in  Boston,  though  he  was  not  ordained 
there  till  May  37 , 1 664.  Two  yenra  be- 
fore thk,  when  the  oontrovemy  raipec- 
ting  the  subjects  of  baptism  wss  agitated, 
he  opposed  the  results  of  the  synod,  bnt* 
beinf  convinced  by  the  argumenta  oCUt, 
Mitchell,  he  aftarwarda  defiladed  tb* 
synodical  propositions.  He  was  a  meift- 
ber  of  the  synod  of  1679,  and  drew 
up  the  result,  which  was  than  agreed 
on.  When  king  Charlea  II  expressed 
his  wish  that  the  charter  of  Mass.  might 
be  resigned  into  his  hands  in  1668,  Dr. 
Mather  zealously  opposed  a  compliance 
with  his  majesty's  pleasure.  In  1688  ba 
sailed  for  England  as  agent  of  the  pro- 
vince to  procure  redress  of  grievances. 
After  several  years  of  imporunt  services 
lie  returned  with  a  new  charter,  and  ar^ 
rived  at  Boston  May  14,  1693.  He  had 
the  sole  nominatwn  of  the  first  governor. 
After  his  arrival  the  general  court  ap- 
pointed a  day  of  public  thanksgiving  for 
his  safe  return,  and  for  the  settlement  of 
the  government.  During  the  witoheraft 
delusion  be  opposed  the  violent  measures, 
whksh  were  adopted.  He  wrote  a  book 
to  prove,  that  the  devil  might  appe%r  in 
the  ahape  of  an  innocent  man,  by  means 
of  which  a  number  of  persons,  convicted 
of  witchcraft,  escaped  the  execution  of 
the  sentence.  After  the  death  of  Mr. 
Oakesin  1681  the  care  of  Harvard  college 
devolved  upon  him.  But  as  his  church 
refused  to  relinquish  him,  he  only  made 
weekly  visits  to  Cambridge  until  the  ap- 
pointment of  president  Rogers  in  the 
following  year.  After  his  death  be  was 
again  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  col- 
lege June  11,  1686,  and  he  continued  in 
thia  sUtion  till  Sept.  6,  1701,  when  he 
resigned  in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the 
general  court,  requiring  the  president  to 
reside  at  Cambridge.  He  was  unwilling 
to  leave  his  church,  though  his  aon,  Cot- 
ton Mather,  had  been  settled  as  his  col- 
league for  a  number  of  years.  Mr.  Wil- 
hird  succeeded  him.  After  a  long  life  of 
benevolent  exertion,  he  died  in  Boston 
Aug.  33, 1733,  aged  84,  having  been  i 


MATHER. 


preacher  tlxty  six  yeara,  69  of  which 
were  passed  in  the  tniniatry  in  Boston. 
His  wife  was  Maria,  the  daughter  of 
John  Cotton.  He  had  6  daughters  and 
Ssons:  Sarah  married  Rev.  Mr.  Walter, 
and  Abigail  Rev.  Joltn  White. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  of 
extensive  influence  and  usefulness.  Soon 
after  his  return  from  England  he  procur- 
ed an  act,  authorizing  the  college  to  cre- 
ate bachelors  and  doctors  of  theology, 
which  power  was  not  given  by  its  for- 
mer charter.  As  president  he  was  care- 
ful not  only  to  give  the  students  direc- 
tion in  their  literary  pursuits,  but  also  to 
impart  to  them  religious  instrnction.  He 
ftequently  called  them  one  by  one  into 
the  library,  and  there  with  the  affection 
of  a  parent  and  the  fidelity  of  a  minister 
of  the  gospel  he  would  confer  with  them 
respecting  the  salvation  of  their  souls, 
and  solemnly  charge  them  to  renounce 
their  sins,  to  embrace  the  gospel,  and  to 
devote  themselves  to  the  service  of  God. 
He  usually  preached  to  them  every  week, 
and  his  sermons,  both  at  Cambridge  and 
in  Boston,  were  designed  to  impress  the 
conscience  as  well  as  to  enlighten  the 
mind.  He  considered  him  as  the  best 
preacher,  who  taught  with  the  greatest 
simplicity.  His  deliverjr  was  somewhat 
peculiar.  He  usually  spoke  with  deliber- 
ation, but  at  times,  when  uttering  an  im- 
pressive sentence,  his  voice  became  the 
voice  of  thunder.  Always  committing 
his  sermons  to  memory,  he  never  used 
his  notes  in  the  pulpit.  Sixteen  hours 
in  every  day  were  commonly  spent 
in  his  study,  and  in  his  retirement  he 
repeatedly  addressed  himself  to  the  Lord, 
his  Maker.  He  always  kept  a  diary, 
designed  for  his  improvement  in  religion. 
Such  was  his  benevolence,  that  he  devo- 
ted a  tenth  part  of  all  his  income  to 
charitable  purposes.  His  portrait  is  in 
the  library  of  the  Mass.  historical  socie- 
ty. The  following  is  a  list  of  his  publi- 
cations. The  mystery  of  Israel's  salva- 
tion, 1659 ;  the  life  and  death  of  Richard 
Mather,  1670  ;  wo  to  drunkards,  1673  ; 
the  day  of  trouble  near  ;  important  truths 
about  conversion,  1674 ;  the  first  princi- 


ples of  N.  England  ;  a  discourse  concer- 
ning the  subject  of  baptism,  and  consoci- 
ation of  churches  ;  the  wicked  man's 
portion  ;  the  times  of  men  in  the  hands 
of  God,  1675;  history  of  the  war  with 
the  Indians  from  June  94, 1675,  to  Aug. 
19,1676;  a  relation  of  troubles  of  N.Eng. 
from  the  Indians  from  the  beginning;  an 
historical  discourse  on  the  prevalency  of 
prayer ;  renewal  of  covenant  the  duty  of 
decaying  and  distressed  churches,  1677  ; 
pray  for  the  rising  generation,  1678  ;  a 
call  to  the  rising  generation,  1679 ;  the  di- 
vine right  of  infant  baptism;  the  great  con- 
cernment of  a  covenant  people ;  heaven's 
alarm  to  the  world,  1680 ;  animadver- 
sions upon  a  narrative  of  the  baptists, 
1681  ;  diatriba  de  signo  filii  hominis ; 
practical  truths  ;  the  church  a  subject  of 
persecution,  1689  ;  a  discourse  concern- 
ing comets,  1683  ;  remarkabks  providen- 
ces ;  the  doctrine  of  divine  providence, 
1684 ;  an  arrow  against  profane  and  pro- 
miscuous dances,  1685;  the  mystery  of 
Christ ;  the  greatest  of  sinners  exhorted; 
a  sermon  on  an  execution  for  murder, 
1686;  a  testimony  against  superstitions, 
1687;  de  successu  evangelii  apud  Indos 
epistola,  1688  ;  the  unlawfulness  of  using 
common  prayer,  and  of  swearing  on  the 
book,  1689 ;  several  papers  relating  to 
the  state  of  N.  England  ;  the  revolution 
justified,  1690;  election  sermon,  1693; 
the  blessing  of  primitive  counsellors  ;  ca- 
ses of  conscience  concerning  witchcraft ; 
an  essay  on  the  power  of  a  pastor  for  the 
administration  of  sacraments,  1693  ; 
whether  a  man  may  marry  his  wife's  own 
sister ;  solemn  advice  to  young  men, 
1695;  a  treatise  of  angels,  1696  ;  a  dis- 
course on  man's  not  knowing  his  time ; 
the  case  of  conscience  concerning  the  eat- 
ing of  blood,  1697  ;  funeral  sermon  on  J. 
Baily,  1698  ;  the  surest  way  to  the  high- 
est honor  ;  on  hardness  of  heart ;  the  fol- 
ly of  sinning,  1699  ;  the  order  of  the  gos- 
pel vindicated,  1700;  the  blessed  hope, 
1 701  ;  remarks  on  a  sermon  of  George 
Keith  ;  Ichabod,  or  the  glory  departing, 
an  election  sermon  ;  the  Christian  relig- 
ion the  only  true  religion  ;  the  excellency 
of  public  spirit,  1702 ;  the  duly  of  parents 


MATHER. 


m 


to  pray  for  their  children ;  soul  saving 
gospel  truths,  170S  ;  the  voice  of  God  in 
the  stormy  winds;  practical  truths  to  pro- 
mote holiness,  1704 ;  meditations  on  the 
glory  of  Christ,  1705 ;  a  discourse  con- 
cerning earthquakes ;  a  testimony  against 
sacrilege ;  a  dissertation  concerning  right 
to  sacraments,  1706;  meditations  on 
death ;  a  disquisition  concerning  right  to 
sacraments,  1707  ;  a  dissertation  wherein 
the  strange  doctrine  of  Mr.  Stoddard  is 
refuted,  1708  ;  on  the  future  conversion 
of  the  Jews,  confuting  Dr.  Lightfoot, 
and  Mr.  Baxter  ;  against  cursing  and 
swearing,  1709;  concerning  faith  and 
prayer  for  the  kingdom  of  Christ ;  at  the 
artillery  election  on  being  very  courage- 
ous ;  awakening  truths  tending  to  conver- 
sion, 1710 ;  meditations  on  the  glory  of 
the  heavenly  world ;  concerning  the  death 
of  the  righteous  ;  the  duty  of  the  chil- 
dren of  godly  parents,  1711  ;  burnings 
bewailed  ;  remarks  upon  an  answer  to  a 
book  against  the  common  prayer ;  medi- 
tations on  thesanctiiication  of  the  Lord's 
day,  1713  ;  a  plain  discourse  showing 
who  shall  not  enter  into  heaven ;  a  fu- 
neral sermon  for  his  daughter  in  law, 
1713  ;  on  the  death  of  his  consort,  1714 ; 
Jraus  Christ  a  mighty  Savior,  and  other 
subjects,  1715;  a  disquisition  concerning 
ecclesiastical  councils  ;  there  is  a  God  in 
heaven ;  the  duty  and  dignity  of  aged 
servants  of  God,  1716 ;  at  the  ordination 
ofhis  grandson  ;  sermons  on  the  beati- 
tudes ;  practical  truths  plainly  delivered 
with  an  ordination  sermon,  1718  ;  five 
sermons  on  several  subjects,  one  of  them 
on  the  author's  birth  day,  1719  ;  a  testi- 
mony to  the  order  of  the  churches,  1730  ; 
advice  to  children  of  godly  ancestors,  a 
sermon  concluding  the  Boston  lectures  on 
early  piety  ;  several  sheets  in  favor  of  in- 
oculation for  the  small  pox,  1731  ;  a  dy- 
ing pastor's  legacy ;  Elijah's  mantle, 
nii.—RemarkableiofI.Mather;  Non- 
cottform.  tnemor.  ii.  345—349 ;  Magn. 
IT.  130,  131  ;v.  77-84;  VI.  3. 

MATHER,  Cotton,  d.  d.  f.  r.  s., 
minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  grandson  of  John  Cotton. 
He  was  born  in  Boston  Feb.   13,   1663. 


Distinguished  for  early  piety,  when  he 
was  a  school  boy  he  endeavored  to  per* 
suade  his  youthful  companions  frequeni* 
ly  to  lift  up  their  hearts  to  their  Ma- 
ker and  heavenly  Friend,  and  he  even 
wrote  for  them  some  forms  of  devotion. 
He  had  also  the  courage  to  reprove  their 
vices.  At  the  age  of  14  he  began  to  ob- 
serve days  of  secret  fasting  and  prayer, 
reading  commonly  13  chapters  in  the 
bible  every  day.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1678,  having  made 
uncommon  proficiency  in  his  studies.  At 
this  early  period  of  his  life  he  drew  up 
systems  of  the  sciences,  and  wrote  remarks 
upon  the  books,  which  he  read,  and  thus 
matured  his  understanding.  At  the  age 
of  17  he  approached  the  Lord's  table 
W'th  afiectionate  reliance  upon  Jesus 
C!r'' it  for  salvation.  Having  been  occu- 
pied for  some  time  in  the  study  of  theolo- 
gy, he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  north 
church  in  Boston  as  colleague  with  his 
father.  May  19^  1684.  Here  he  passed 
his  days  unwearied  and  unceasing  in 
his  exertions  to  promote  the  glory  of  his 
Maker,  and  the  highest  welfare  of  his 
brethren.  He  died  in  the  assurance  of 
Christian  faith  Feb.  13,  1738,  aged  65. 
His  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of  col. 
John  Phillips  ;  his  second,  widow  Hub- 
bard, daughter  of  Dr.  John  Clark  ;  his 
third,  widow  George,  daughter  of  Samu- 
el Lee.  By  his  two  first  wives  he  had 
1 5  children.  He  was  a  man  of  unequalled 
industry,  of  vast  learning,  of  unfeigned 
piety,  and  of  most  disinterested  and  ex- 
pansive benevolence.  He  was  also  dis- 
tinguished for  his  credulity,  for  his  pedan- 
try, and  for  his  want  of  judgment  and 
taste.  No  person  in  America  had  so 
large  a  library,  or  had  read  so  many 
books,  or  retained  so  much  of  what  he 
read.  So  precious  did  he  consider  time, 
that  to  prevent  visits  of  unnecessary 
length  he  wrote  over  his  study  door  in 
capital  letters,  "be  short."  Still  his 
mannera  were  never  morose,  but  easy 
and  obliging.  His  social  talents  and  va- 
rious knowledge  rendered  his  conversa- 
tion interesting  and  instructive.  Every 
morning  he  usually  read  a  chapter  of  the 


SM 


MATHER. 


Old  Teitsmfent  in  Hebrew  tnd  another  in 
the  French,  end  a  chapter  of  the  New 
Teatament  in  Greek.  Biesides  the  French 
he  understood  alao  the  Spaniah  and  Iro- 
quow,  and  in  these  languages  he  pnblish<- 
eid  treatises.  There  were  two  books,  in 
which  he  every  day  wrote  something. 
In  the  one,  which  he  called  his  quotidiana, 
he  transcribed  passages  from  the  authors, 
which  he  read.  In  the  other,  which  was 
his  diary,  he  noted  the  events  of  the  day, 
his  imperfections  and  sins,  and  every 
thing,  which  might  subserve  hia  religious 
improvement.  By  this  diary  it  appears, 
that  in  one  year  he  kept  sixty  fasts,  and 
twenty  vigils,  and  published  fourteen 
books,  besides  discharging  the  duties  of  his 
pastoral  ofBce.  As  a  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel he  wasmost  exemplary.  Always  propo- 
sing in  his  sermons  to  makn  some  particu- 
lar impression  upon  the  minds  of  his  hear- 
ers, the  whole  discourse  had  relation  to 
this  object,  and  he  endeavored  to  make 
his  sentences  short,  that  those,  who  took 
notes,  might  do  it  with  more  ease.  His 
discourses  without  doubt  were  equal  in 
length  to  those  of  his  brethren,  which  he 
himaelf  informs  us  usually  went  a  good 
way  into  the  second  hour.  He  kept  a 
liat  of  the  members  of  his  church,  and  fre- 
quently prayed  for  each  separately. 
Those  especially,  whose  cases  had  been 
mentioned  on  the  Sabbath  in  the  house  of 
public  worship,  were  remembered  by  him 
in  his  secret  addresses  to  the  throne  of 
grace.  He  usually  allotted  one  or  two 
afternoons  in  n  week  to  visiting  the  fami- 
lies of  his  congregation,  and  in  these  vis- 
its he  addressed  both  the  parents  and  the 
children,  exhorting  the  former  to  faith- 
fulness, ^nd  endeavoring  to  instruct  the 
hitter  by  asking  them  questions.  :tnd  re- 
commending to  them  secret  prayer  and 
reading  of  the  scriptures.  When  he  left 
them  he  recommended  to  their  considera- 
tion a  particular  text  of  scripture.  As 
he  published  many  pious  books,  he  was 
continually  putting  them  into  the  hands 
of  persons,  to  whom  he  thought  they 
would  be  useful.  His  success  seemed  to 
correspond  with  his  fidelity.  In  the  first 
year  of  his  ministry  about  30  were  added 


to  his  church  ;  and  he  received  the  bene- 
dictions of  many  dying  believers,  who 
spoke  of  his  hbors  as  the  means  of  their 
salvation.  He  promoted  the  establish- 
ment of  several  useAil  societies,  partion- 
larly  a  society  for  suppressing  disorders 
and  for  the  reformation  of  manners,  and 
a  society  of  peace  makers,  whose  object 
was  to  prevent  law  suits  and  to  compose 
differences.  He  arranged  the  business  of 
every  day  in  the  morning,  always  inquir- 
ing by  what  means  he  conkl  be  useful  to 
his  fellow  men,  and  endeavoring  to  devise 
new  methods  of  doing  good.  He  did  not 
content  himself  with  contriving  plans, 
but  vigorously  executed  them.  When 
he  travelled,  he  commonly  had  for  a  com- 
panion some  young  gentleman,  to  whom 
he  might  impart  instruction,  and  he  used 
to  pray  with  him  in  private,  when  they 
lodged  together.  Notwithstanding  his 
benevolent  labors  and  unwearied  industry, 
he  expressed  the  greatest  humility,  and 
spoke  of  his  days  as  passed  in  sloth  and 
sin.  He  took  some  interest  in  the  polite 
cal  concerns  of  his  country,  and  on  this 
account  as  well  as  on  account  of  his  faith- 
ful reproof  of  iniquity  he  had  many  ene- 
mies. Many  abusive  letters  were  sent 
him,  all  of  which  he  tied  up  in  a  packet 
and  wrote  upon  the  cover,  "  libels  ;  Fa- 
ther, forgive  them."  Though  he  deri- 
ved much  satisfaction  from  his  theok>gi- 
cal  and  literary  pursuits ;  yet  he  declared, 
that  in  performing  an  act  of  benevolence 
to  some  poor  and  suffering  Christian  he 
found  much  higher  pleasure.  In  his  diar 
ry  he  says,  "as  for  the  delights  of  the 
world,  I  know  of  none  comparable  to 
those,  which  I  take  in  communion  with 
my  Savktr.  As  for  the  riches  of  this 
world,  I  use  no  labor  for  them.  In  my 
Savior  I  have  unsearchable  riches  ;  and 
in  my  fruition  of  him  I  have  a  full  sup- 
ply of  all  my  wants.  As  for  the  honors 
of  this  workl,  I  do  nothing  to  gain  honors 
for  myself.  To  be  employed  in  the  Lord's 
work,  for  the  advancement  of  his  king- 
dom, is  all  the  honor  that  I  wish  for." 

Hie  publications  amounted  to  382. 
Many  of  them  indeed  were  small,  such 
as  single  sermons ;  but  others  were^f 


MATHER. 


5fi9 


conaiderable  magfnitude.    iiiii  cMaya  to 
do  good,  13010.  1710,  is  a  volume  pecu- 
liarly excellent.    It  has  lately  been  reprin- 
ted.   Dr.  Franklin  ascribed  all  his  useful- 
ness in  the  world  to  his  reading  it  in  early 
life.    His   Christian    philosopher,   8vo. 
1731,  was  admired  in  England .     His  di- 
rections for  a  candidate  of  the  ministry, 
13mo.  1735,  gained  him  a  vast  number  of 
letters  of  thanks.    Others  of  his  larger 
works  are  the  life  of  his  father,  and  ratio 
disciplinsB  fratrum  Nov-Anglorum,  or  an 
account  of  the  discipline  professed  and 
practised  in  the  churches  of  New  Eng- 
land. But  his  largest  and  most  celebrated 
work  is  his  Magnalia  Chrisli  Americana, 
or  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  New  Eng- 
land from  its  first  planting  in  1635  to  the 
year  1698,  in  seven  books,  folio,  1702. 
His  style  abounds  with  puerilities,  puns, 
and    strange  conceits,  and  he  makes  a 
great  display  of  learning ;  but  no  man 
was  so  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
history  of  New  England,  and  he  has  saved 
numerous  important  facts  from  oblivion . 
In  the  work  are  contained  biographical 
accounts  of  many  of  the  first  settlers, 
both  governors  and  ministers.    It  appears, 
that  he  gave  full  credit  to  the  stories  of 
witchcraft  ;  but  he  was  not  singular  in 
his  credulity.    Even  Dr.  Watts  wrote 
to  him, "  I  am  persuaded,  that  there  was 
much  immediate  agency  of  the  devil  in 
those  afiairs,  and  perhaps  there  were  some 
real  witches  too. "    The  (Catalogue  of  his 
publications  in  his  life,  written  by  his  son, 
occupies  eighteen  pages  ;  and  the  whole 
therefore  could  not  with  convenience  be 
here  inserted.    He  published  many  fune- 
ral sermons.    Among  his  other  works, 
which  are  principally  occasional  sermons 
or  pious  tracts,  is  the  Wonders  of  the  in- 
visible world,  4to.  1692  ;  and  Psalterium 
Americanum,  or  the  book  of  Psalms  in 
blank  verse,  with  illustrations,  1718.    Be- 
sides his  numerous  publications,  he  lefl 
behind  him  in  manuscript  the  angel  of  Be- 
thesda,  in  which  he  placed  under  every 
disease  not  only  suitable  religious  instruc- 
tions, but  the  most  simple  and  easy  medi- 
cines ;  a  large  treatise,  designed  to  pro- 
mote union  among  protestants ;    Oolia- 
72 


thus  detruncatus,  against  Mr.  Whiston, 
to  prove  that  most  of  the  Antenicene 
fathers  were  orthodox  and  not  Arian  ; 
and  Biblia  Americana,  or  the  sacred 
scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment illustrated.  This  learned  work, 
which  it  was  once  proposed  to  publish  in 
three  folio  volumes,  is  now  in  the  library 
of  the  Mass .  historical  society. — Life  by 
8.  Mather;  Middleton's  biog.  evang.  iv. 
3S3-340. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  minister  of 
Windsor,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Timo.  M., 
of  Dorchester,  and  the  grandson  of  Rich- 
ard M.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1671;  was  ordained  in  1682; 
and  died  March  18,  1726,  aged  76.  His 
predecessors  were  Warham  and  Huit; 
his  successor  was  Jonathan  Marsh. 
An  unhappy  division  existed  in  Windsor 
from  1667  to  1680.  The  two  preachers, 
neither  of  whom  were  ordained,  were 
Mr.  Chauncy  and  Mr.  Woodbridge. 
But  the  two  churches  and  town  happily 
united  in  Mr.  Mather  and  lived  in  har- 
mony during  his  ministry.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  trustees  of  Yale  college,  from 
1700  to  1724. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister 
in  Boston,  the  son  of  Cotton  M.,  whs 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1723. 
He  was  ordained  in  the  same  church,  in 
which  his  father  was  settled,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Gee  June  21,  1732.  In  about 
ten  years  a  separation  occurred,  in  con- 
sequence, it  is  believed,  of  a  difference  of 
views  in  regard  to  the  revival  of  religion 
at  that  period.  A  church  was  built  for 
him  in  Bennet  street  by  persons,who with- 
drew with  him  from  the  old  north  church. 
He  was  their  pastor  till  his  death  June  27, 
1785,  aged  79.  He  was  buried,  by  his 
own  direction,  without  any  ceremony. 
A  society  of  universalists  purchased  bis- 
church  and  still  occupy  it.  Dr.  Mather 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Wil- 
liam Waldron,  1727  ;  ol  his  father,  1728  ; 
life  of  his  father,  8vo.  1729;  essay  on 
gratitude,  1732;  on  the  death  of  queen 
Caroline,  1738  ;  an  apology  for  the  liber- 
ties of  the  churches  in  N.  England,  8vo. 
1788;   artillery  election  sermon,  1739; 


570 


MATIGNON. 


MAYHEW. 


on  the  death  oFT.  Hutchinson,  1740  ;  of 
the  prince  nf  Walea,  1751  ;  of  William 
WeUteed  and  Ellis  Gray,  1753 ;  disserta- 
tion on  the  name  of  Jehovah,  1760  ; 
convention  sermon,  1763  ;  essay  on  the 
Lord's  prayer,  1766  ;  a  modest  account  of 
the  salutations  in  ancient  times,  1768, 
anonymous  ;  the  sacred  minister,  a  poem, 
in  blank  verse,  1773  ;  America  known  to 
the  ancients,  1774  ;  all  men  will  not  be 
saved  forever,  in  answer  to  Chauncy, 
1781.— Hts(.  col.  III.  358,  363  ;  Holmes. 

MATIGNON,  Francis  Anthony,  o. 
D.,  catholic  minister  in  Boston,  was  born 
at  Paris  Nov.  10,  1753.  Appointed  pro- 
fessor in  the  college  of  Navarre  in  1785, 
after  some  years  he  received  an  annuity 
from  the  king,  which  made  him  indepen- 
dent. The  revolution  compelling  him  to 
leave  France,  bp.  Carroll  sent  him  from 
Baltimore  to  Boston  Aug.  30,  1793  ;  in 
1796  he  received  Mr.  Cheverus  as  his 
colleague.  Fe  died  Sept.  19, 1818.  He 
was  gentle  and  courteoue,  learned  and  el- 
oquent ;  and  assisted  by  the  higher  elo- 
quence of  Mp.  Cheverus  the  decayed 
catholic  society  was  rendered  flourishing. 

MATTHEWS,  John,  governor  of  S. 
Carolina,  was  a  patriot  of  the  revolution, 
and  in  1776  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court. 
He  was  appointed  in  1780  a  delegate  to 
congress,  in  which  body  his  services  were 
important.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Rutledge 
in  1783  as  governor  for  one  year,  and  in 
1784  was  appointed  a  judge  in  the  court 
of  equity.  He  died  at  Charleston  Nov. 
1803,  aged  58. 

MAVERICK,  John,  one  of  the  first 
ministers  of  Dorchester,  and  colleague 
pastor  with  Warham,  lived  in  England 
40  miles  from  Exeter  ;  he  arrived  at 
Nantasket  May  30,  1630,  and  died  at 
Boston  Feb.  3, 1636,  aged  about  60.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  humble  spirit  and  eminent- 
ly useful.  Most  of  his  church  removed 
to  Windsor. 

MAXCY,  Jonathan^  d.  d.,  president 
of  3  colleges,  was  born  at  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  Sept.  3,  1763,  and  was  graduated 
in  1787  at  the  college  in  Providence,  of 
the  baptist  church  in  which  town  he  was 
ordained  the  pastor,  Sept.  8,  1791.     He 


was  also  professor  of  divinity  in  the  col- 
lege, and  11  years  the  president  from 
Sept.  6,  1793.  In  his  pastoral  office  he 
was  succeeded  by  S.  Gano.  In  1801  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Edwards  as  the  president 
of  Union  college  in  Schenectady,  in 
which  office  be  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Nott  in  1804.  For  the  next  15  years  he 
was  the  first  president  of  the  college  of 
S.  Carolina  in  Columbia,  where  he  died 
June  4,  1830,  aged  53.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  commodore  Hopkins  of  Pro- 
vidence. He  published  a  discourse  on 
the  death  of  pres.  Manning ;  a  discourse 
on  the  atonement,  1796 ;  address  to  a 
class,  1797  ;  a  funeral  sermon  before  the 
legislature,  1818. 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  governor  of 
Martha's  Vineyard  and  the  neighboring 
islands,  resided  at  Watertown,  Mass.  in 
1636.  In  Oct.  1641  he  obtained  of  the 
agent  of  lord  Stirling  a  grant  of  the  above 
lands.  In  the  following  year  he  began  a 
settlement  at  Edgarton.  In  about  30 
years  these  islands  were  attached  to  New 
York,  and  in  1 693  they  were  annexed  to 
Massachusetts.  He  gave  his  son  much 
assistance  in  the  benevolent  work  of  con- 
verting the  heathen.  The  Indian  sa- 
chems were  afraid,  that  the  reception  of 
the  Christian  religion  would  deprive 
them  of  their  power ;  but  governor  May- 
hew  convinced  them,  that  religion  and 
government  were  distinct,  and  by  his 
prudent  conduct  removed  their  prejudices 
against  the  truth.  Having  persuaded 
them  to  adopt  the  English  administra- 
tion of  justice,  and  having  proved  him- 
self their  father  and  friend,  they  became 
exceedingly  attached  to  him  and  at 
length  submitted  themselves  to  the  crown 
of  England.  Aller  the  death  of  his  son, 
as  he  was  acquainted  with  the  language 
of  the  Indians,  and  as  he  saw  no  pros- 
pect of  procuring  a  stated  minister  for 
them,  he  began  himself,  at  the  age  of  70, 
to  preach  to  the  natives  as  well  as  to  the 
English.  Notwithstanding  his  advanced 
years  and  his  office  of  governor,  he  some- 
times travelled  on  foot  near  20  miles 
through  the  woods  in  order  to  impart  the 
knowledge  of  the  gospel  to  those,  that 


MAYHEW. 


til 


nt  in  darkness.  He  fiersuaded  the  na- 
tives at  Gayhead  to  receive  the  gospel, 
which  they  had  before  opposed.  Between 
the  years  1664  and  1667  he  was  much 
assisted  by  John  Cotton.  When  an  In- 
dian church  was  formed  Aug.  32,  1670, 
the  members  of  it  desired  hiin,  though 
above  fourscore,  to  become  their  pastur ; 
but,  as  he  declined,  they  chose  Hia- 
coomes.  When  Philip's  war  commenced 
in  1675,  the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard 
could  count  twenty  times  the  number  of 
the  English,  &  the  latter  would  probably 
have  been  extirpated,  had  not  the  Chris- 
tian religion  been  introduced  ;  but  now 
all  was  peace,  and  Mr.  Mayhew  employ- 
ed some  of  his  converts  as  a  guard. 
While  his  zeal  to  promote  the  gospel  was 
yet  unabated,  he  died  in  1681,  aged  92. 
In  his  last  moments  his  heart  was  filled 
with  Christian  joy. — Prinee't  account, 
annexed  to  Mayhew's  Indian  converts, 
880, 392-302. 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  the  first  minis- 
ter of  Martha's  Vineyard,  the  only  son  of 
the  preceding,  in  1 642  accompanied  him 
to  that  island,where  he  became  the  minis- 
ter of  the  English.  He  beheld  with 
Christian  compassion  the  miserable 
Indians,  who  were  ignorant  of  the 
true  God  ;  he  studied  their  lan- 
guage ;  he  conciliated  their  affection ; 
and  he  taught  them  the  truths  of  t.ie  gos- 
pel. The  first  convert  was  Hiacoomes 
in  1643.  Mr.  Mayhew  commenced  his 
public  instructions  to  the  Indians  in  1646, 
the  same  year,  in  which  Mr.  Eliot  began 
his  missionary  exertions  in  a  different 
part  of  the  country.  Many  obstacles 
were  thrown  in  his  way ;  but  he  perse- 
vered in  his  benevolent  labors,  visiting 
the  natives  in  their  different  abodes, 
iodgmg  in  their  smoky  wigwams,  and  us- 
ually spending  a  part  of  the  night  in  rela- 
ting to  them  portions  of  the  scripture 
history.  Before  the  close  of  the  year 
1660  a  hundred  Indians  entered  into  a 
solemn  covenant  to  obey  the  Most  High 
God,  imploring  his  mercy  through  the 
blood  of  Christ.  In  1663  there  were  283 
of  the  heathens,  who  had  embraced 
Christianity,    and    among    these  were 


eight  pawaws,  .n  priests,  who  were  so 
much  interested  to  support  the  credit 
of  their  craf\.  He  sailed  for  England  in 
Nov.  1657  to  communicate  intelligence 
respecting  these  Indians  to  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel,  and  to  procure 
the  means  of  more  extensive  usefulness  ; 
but  the  vessel  was  lost  at  sea,  and  he 
died  aged  36.  He  lef\  3  sons,— Matthew, 
who  succeeded  his  grandfather  in  the 
government  of  the  island  in  1681  and  also 
preached  to  the  Indians,  and  died  in  1710 ; 
Thomas,  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas  for 
the  county  ;  and  John.  A  grandson  of 
Matthew  was  Dr.  Matthew  Mayhew,  a 
man  of  wit  and  humor  and  uncommon 
powers  of  mind,  wl.o  died  before  1816 
aged  85. — He  had  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, and  was  a  man  of  considerable 
learning.  His  talents  might  have  procu- 
red him  a  settlement  in  places,  where 
his  maintenance  would  have  been  gener- 
ous ;  but  he  chose  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  heathen,  and  cheerfully  consented  to 
live  in  poverty  and  to  labor  with  his  own 
hands  to  procure  the  means  of  subsistence 
for  his  family.  Four  of  his  letters  res- 
pecting the  progress  of  the  gospel  were 
published  in  London. — Ind,  eonvertt, 
app.  280-392 ;  Neal'a  N.  E.  i.  262-367; 
Magnolia,  in.  300. 

MAYHEW,  John,  minister  of  Mar- 
tha's vineyard,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1652.  At  the  age  of  31  he 
was  called  to  the  ministry  among  the 
English  at  Tisbury  in  the  middle  of  the 
island.  About  the  same  time  also  he 
began  to  preach  to  the  Indians.  Ho 
taught  them  alternately  in  all  their  assem- 
blies every  week,  and  assisted  them  in 
the  management  of  their  ecclesiastical 
concerns.  For  some  years  he  received 
but  five  pounds  annually  for  his  services, 
but  he  was  content,  being  more  desirous 
of  saving  souls  from  death  than  of  acea> 
mulating  wealth.  He  sought  not  glory 
of  men,  and  wilingly  remained  unknown, 
though  he  possessed  talents,  which 
might  have  attracted  applause.  He  died 
Feb.  3,  1639,  aged  36,  leaving  an  Indian 
church  of  100  communicants,  and  several 
well  instructed  Indian  ttachers  in  difler> 


ftf« 


MAYHEW. 


ent  congregation!.  In  his  lastiickneu 
he  expressed  his  hope  of  salvation  through 
the  meritd  of  Christ. — Indian  eonv. 
app. 

MAYHEW,  Experience,  minister  on 
Martha'd  Vineyard,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  Jan.  27,  1673.  In 
March  1694,  about  five  years  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  began  to  preach  to 
the  Indians,  tailing  the  oversight  of  five  or 
•ix  of  their  assemblies.  The  Indian  lan- 
guage had  been  familiar  to  him  from  in- 
fancy, and  he  was  employed  by  the  com- 
missioners of  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel  in  N.  England  to  make  a  new 
version  of  the  Psalms  and  of  John,  which 
work  he  executed  with  great  accuracy  in 
1709.  He  died  Nov.  39,  175S,  aged  85. 
His  sons  were  Jonathan,  Joseph,  Nathan, 
and  Zechariah.  He  published  a  sermon, 
entitled,  all  mankind  by  nature  equally 
under  sin,  1724  ;  Indian  converts,  8vo, 
1737,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the 
lives  of  SO  Indian  miaiaters,  and  about 
80  Indian  men,  women,  and  youth,  wor- 
thy of  remembrance  on  account  of  their 
piety ;  a  letter  on  the  Lord's  supper, 
1741  ;  grace  defended,  8vo.  1744,  in 
which  he  contends,  that  the  offer  of  sal- 
vation, made  to  sinners  in  the  gospel, 
contains  in  it  a  conditional  prom- 
ise of  the  grace  given  in  regeneration. 
In  this,  he  says,  he  difiers  from  most  in 
the  Calvinistic  scheme  ;  yet  he  supports 
the  doctrines  of  original  sin,  of  eternal 
decrees,  and  of  the  sovereignty  of  God  in 
the  salvation  of  man. — Indian  eonv., 
appen.  306,  307  ;  Chauney'a  remarks  on 
Landajff'a  lermonflS. 

MAYHEW,  Zechariah,  a  missionary 
to  the  Indians,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  ordained  at  Martha's  Vineyard  Dec. 
10,  1767,  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  in- 
Atruction  of  the  remnants  of  the  red  men, 
being  employed  by  the  Mass.  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  among  the  Indi- 
ans. He  died  March  6,  1806,  aged  89. 
In  Oct  of  this  year  there  were  at  Gay- 
head  people  of  color  in  all  31 3.  Former- 
ly the  number  of  Indians  was  very  large. 
The  age,  attained  by  the  Mayhews,  is 
remarkable  ;  the  first  Thomas  died,  aged 


90 ;  Experience,  84 ;  John,  grandson  of 
the  first  John,  89 ;  his  brother,  Jeremi- 
ah, 85 ;  Dr.  Matthew,  85  ;  Zechariah,79. 

MAYHEW,  Jonathan,  o.  d.,  minister 
in  Boston,  the  son  of  Experience 
M.,  was  born  at  Martha's  Vineyard  Oct. 
8,  1730,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1744,  having  made  uncommon 
proficiency  in  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
ordained  the  minister  of  the  west  church 
in  Boston  June  16,  1747,  as  successor  of 
the  first  minister,  Mr.  Hooper,  who  had 
embraced  the  episcopalian  worship. 
Here  he  continued  till  his  sudden  death 
July  9,  1766,  aged  45.  He  was  succeed- 
ded  by  Dr.  Howard. 

He  possessed  superior  powers  of  mind 
and  in  classical  learning  held  an  eminent 
rank.  His  writings  evince  a  mind,  capa- 
ble of  making  the  nicest  moral  distinc- 
tions, and  of  grasping  the  most  abstruse 
metaphysical  truths.  Among  the  corre- 
spondents, which  his  literary  character  or 
his  attachment  to  liberty  gained  him 
abroad,  were  Lardner,  Benson,  Kippis, 
Blackburne,  and  Hollis.  From  the  lat- 
ter he  procured  many  rich  donations  for 
the  college  at  Cambridge.  Being  a  de- 
termined enemy  to  religious  establish- 
ments, to  test  acts,  and  to  ecclesiastical 
usurpation,  he  in  1763  engaged  in  a  con- 
troversy with  Mr.  Apthorp  respecting 
the  proceedings  of  the  society  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts, 
of  which  Mr.  Apthorp  was  a  missionary. 
He  contended,  that  the  society  was  either 
deceived  by  the  representations  of  the 
persons  employed  or  was  governed  more 
by  a  regard  to  episcopacy  than  to  charity. 
He  was  an  unshaken  friend  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty,  and  the  spirit,  which 
breathed  in  his  writings,  transfused  itself 
into  the  minds  of  many  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, and  had  no  little  influence  in  pro- 
ducing the  great  events  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  the  associate  of  Otis,  and  other 
patriots  in  resisting  the  arbitrary  claims 
of  Great  Britain.  He  believed  it  to  be 
his  duty  to  promote  the  happiness  of  his 
brethren  in  every  possible  way,  and  he 
therefore  took  a  deep  interest  in  political 
concerns.    He  possessed  singular  forti- 


MAYHEW. 


MC  CALLA. 


678 


tude  and  elevation  of  mind.    Unshackled 
by  education,  he  thought  for  himself,  and 
what  he  believed  he  was  not  afraid  to 
avow.    In  his  natural  temper    he  was 
warm,  and  he  had  not  always  a  full  com- 
mand of  himself.    His  want  of  meekness 
and  his  pride  are  peculiarly  displayed  in 
his  letter  to  John  Cleaveland.    He  was, 
however,  amiable  in  the  several  relations 
of  life,  endeared  to  his  friends,  ready  to 
perform  the  offices  of  kindness,  liberal, 
and  charitable.    Some  of  his  contempo- 
raries  considered  him  as  not  perfectly 
evangelical  in  his  sentiments.     But,  al- 
though he  thought  for  himself,  and  wish- 
ed others  to  enjoy  the  same  liberty  ;  yet 
he  did  notdegrade  his  intellectual  dignity 
by  confounding  the  difterence  between 
truth  and  falshood,  right  and  wrong,  and 
saying,  that  it  is  of  little  consequence 
what  a  man  believes.    Though  he  was 
called  liberal  in  his  sentiments,  his  chari- 
ty would  not  admit  of  attenuation  and 
expansion  to  such  a  degree,  as  to  em- 
brace every  one.    His  discourses  were 
practical  and  persuasive,  calculated  to  in- 
form the  mind,  and  to  reach  the  heart. 
He  was  most  interesting  to  the  judicious 
and  enlightened.    He    published  seven 
sermons,  8vo.  1749,  which  for  perspicu- 
ous and  forcible  reasoning  have  seldom 
been  equalled  ;  a  discourse  concerning 
unlimited  submission,  and  non-resistance 
to  the  higher  powers,  preached  Jan.  30, 
1750,  in  which  he  did  not  speak  of  the 
royal  martyr  in  the  strain  of  the   episco- 
palians; on  the  death  of  the  prince  of 
Wales,  1761  ;  election  sermon,  1754;  on 
the  earthquakes ;  sermons  on  justifica- 
tion, 1755 ;    two  thanksgiving  sermons 
for  the  success  of  his  majesty's  arms, 
1758,  and  two  on  the  reduction  of  Que- 
bec, 1759 ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the 
entire  reduction  of  Canada ;  on  the  death 
of  Stephen  Sewall ;  on  the  great  fire  in 
Boston,  1760  ;    on  the  death  of  George 
II ;  striving  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate 
explained  and  inculcated,  1761  ;  Chris- 
tian sobriety  in  eight  sermons  to  young 
men,  with  two  thanksgiving    sermons ; 
observations  on  the  charter  and  conduct 
of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 


in  foreign  parts,  1768 ;  defence  of  the 
preceding,  1764  ;  second  defence,  1765  ; 
letter  of  reproof  to  John  Cleaveland  ; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1765;  thanksgiving 
sermon  for  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act, 
1766. — Chauney'i  and  Oay'tterm. 

MAZZEI,  Philip,  a  native  of  Tus- 
cany, after  engaging  in  commercial  busi- 
ness in  London,  removed  to  Virginia. 
By  that  state  he  was  sent  on  a  secret 
mission  to  Europe,  from  which  he  re- 
turned in  1785.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
Poland  in  the  service  of  the  king.  He 
died  at  Pisa  March  19,  1816,  aged  86. 
A  notorious  letter  of  Mr.  Jefferson  was 
addressed  to  him .  lie  published  Recher- 
ches  historiques  et  politiques  sur  les  £- 
tatd-Unis,  4  vol.  8vo.  1788. 

MC  CALL,  Hugh,  major  in  the  army 
of  the  U.  S.,  died  at  Savannah,  Georgia, 
July  9,  1824,  aged  57.  He  published  a 
history  of  Georgia,  2  vols,  8vo.  1816. 

MC  CALLA,  Daniel,  d.d., minister  at 
Wappetaw,  S.  Carolina,  was  born  at 
Neshaminy,  Penns.,  in  1748  of  pious  pa- 
rents, and  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1766.  He  afterwards  taught  an  academy 
in  Philadelphia,  making  himself  great 
improvement  in  science,  acquiring  also  a 
knowledge  of  the  French,  Spanish,  and 
Italian  languages.  In  1774  he  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  churches  of  New 
Providence  and  Charleston,  Penns.  In 
the  war  he  went  as  a  chaplain  to  Canada 
and  was  made  a  prisoner  with  Thomson 
at  Trois  Rivieres.  For  some  months  he 
was  confined  in  a  prison  ship.  Here- 
turned  on  parole  at  the  close  of  1776. 
Afler  his  exchange  he  taught  an  acade- 
my in  Hanover  county.  For  21  years 
he  was  the  minister  of  the  congregation- 
al church  at  Wappetaw, '  Christ's  church 
parish, '  devoting  himself  chiefly  to  the 
critical  study  of^  the  scriptures  in  the 
original  languages.  The  death  of  his 
daughter  overwhelmed  him,  and  gave 
new  power  to  his  disease.  He  died  in 
calm  submission  April  6,  1809,  aged  60. 
His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Rev. 
John  Todd  of  Virginia  ;  his  only  child, 
who  married  Dr.  John  R.  Witherspoon, 
died  at  the  age  of  96,  leaving  one  son. 


m 


MC  CLURE. 


MC  DONOUGH. 


He  was^m  eminently  learned,  good,  and 
usefbt  man.  His  eloquence  was  almost 
unrivalled.  He  preferred  the  congrega- 
tional form  of  government  as  most  con- 
aonant  to  the  apostolical  practice.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
James  Adams.  His  sermons  and  essays, 
with  an  account  of  his  life  by  Hollings- 
head,  were  published  in  3  vols.  1810. 

MC  CLURE,  David,  D.D.,mini8terof 
Can  Windsor,  Conn.,  was  a  native  of 
Brookfield,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yalecollegein  1769.  From  Nov.  13,1776 
till  Aug.  80,  1785  he  was  the  minister  of 
North  Hampton,  N.  H.,  and  in  1796 
was  installed  at  East  Windsor,  where  he 
died  June  35,  1830,  aged  71.  His  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Pomeroy.  His 
predecessors  were  T.  Edwards  and  J. 
•Perry.  Dr.  M.  was  a  respected  and  use- 
fill  minister,  and  a  trustee  of  Dartmouth 
college.  He  published,  a  sermon  on  the 
death  ot  Dr.  Pomeroy,  1784 ;  on  the  death 
of  Erastus  Wolcott ;  with  Dr.Parish,Me- 
tHoirs  of  E.  Wheelock,  founder  of  Dart- 
mouth college,  8vo.  1810;  sermons  on 
the  moral  law,  8vo.  1818  ;  an  account  of 
Windsor  in  Hist.  col.  v. 

MC  CREA,  Jane,  murdered  by  the 
Indians,  was  the  second  daughter  of 
James  M.,  minister  of  Lamington,  N. 
Jersey,  who  died  before  the  revolution. 
After  his  death,she  resided  with  her  broth- 
er, col.  John  M.  of  Albany,  who  removed 
in  1778  to  the  neighborhood  of  fort  Ed- 
ward. His  house  was  in  what  is  now 
Northumberland,  on  the  West  side  of  the 
Hudson,  S  miles  north  of  fort  Miller 
ialls.  In  July  or  Aug.  1777,  being  on  a 
visit  to  the  family  of  Mrs.  Mc  Neil,  near 
fort  Edward,  at  the  close  of  the  week, 
■he  was  asked  to  remain  until  Monday. 
On  Sunday  morning,  when  the  Indians 
come  to  the  house,  she  concealed  herself 
in  the  cellar  ;  but  they  dragged  her  out 
by  the  hair,  and,  placing  her  on  a  horse, 
proceeded  on  the  road  towards  Sandy 
hill.  They  soon  met  another  party  of 
Indians,  returning  from  Argyle,  where 
they  had  killed  the  family  of  Mr.  Bains  ; 
these  Indians  disapproved  the  purpose  of 
taking    Miss  Mc  Crea  .to   the    British 


camp,  and  one  of  them  struck  her  with  a 
tomahawk  and  tore  off  her  scalp.  This 
is  the  accountjgiven  by  her  nephew.  The 
account  of  Mrs.  Mc  Neil  is,  that  her 
lover,  anxious  for  her  safety,  employed 
two  Indians,  with  the  promise  uf  a  barrel 
of  rum,  to  bring  her  to  him  ;  and  that  in 
consequence  of  their  dispute  for  fhe 
right  of  conducting  her,  one  of  them 
murdered  her.  Gates,  in  his  letter  to 
Burgoyne  of  Sept.  3,  says,  she  "  was 
dressed  to  receive  her  promised  husband." 
Her  brother,  on  hearing  of  her  fate,  sent 
his  family  the  next  day  to  Albany ,and,  re- 
pairing to  the  American  camp,  buried 
his  sister  with  one  lieut.  Van  Vechten  8 
miles  south  of  fort  Edward.  She  was  38 
years  of  age,  of  an  amiable  and  virtuous 
character,  and  highly  esteemed  by  all  her 
acquaintance.  It  was  said  and  believed, 
that  she  was  engaged  in  marriage  to  capt. 
David  Jones  of  the  British  army,  a  loyal- 
ist, who  survived  her  only  a  few  years, 
and  died,  as  was  supposed,  of  grief  for 
her  loss.  Her  nephew,col.  James  Mc  Crea, 
lived  at  Saratoga  in  1833. 

MC  DONOUGH,  Thomas,  commo- 
dore, was  the  son  of  a  physician  in  New 
Castle  county,  Delaware,  who  was  a 
major  in  the  war,  and  died  in  1796.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  his  father  he  obtained  a 
midshipman's  warrant  and  went  in  our 
fleet  to  the  Mediterranean .  In  the  war 
of  1813,  at  the  age  of  38,  he  commanded 
the  American  forces  on  lake  Champlain. 
His  own  ship,  the  Saratoga,  mounted  36 
guns ;  the  Confiance,  the  ship  of  the  Brit- 
ish captain  Downie,  mounted  86.  In  the 
battle  of  Sept  1 1 ,  1814,  after  an  action  of 
3  hours  and  30  minutes,  he  obtained  a 
complete  victory,  which  he  announced  to 
the  department  of  war  as  follows,  "  the 
Almighty  has  been  pleased  to  grant  us  a 
signal  victory  on  lake  Champlain  in  the 
capture  of  one  frigate,  one  brig,  and  two 
sloops  of  war  of  the  enemy. "  The  state 
of  N.  York  gave  him  1000  acres  of  land 
on  the  bay,  in  which  the  battle  was 
fought.  He  died  Nov.  10,  1835,  aged 
about  39.  His  residence  was  Middle- 
town,  Con.  His  wife,  who  was  Miss. 
Shaler  of  that  town,  died  in  Aug.,  while 


MC  DOUOALL. 


MC  IN  TOSH. 


S7S 


hewMabwnt.    He  wu  tall  and  dignified, 
of  light  hair,  complexion,  and  eyea. 

MC  DOUGALL,  Alexander,  major 
general,  was  the  son  ofa  Scotchman,  who 
sold  milk  in  the  city  of  N.  York,  nor  was 
he  ashamed  to  acknowledge,  that,  when  a 
boy,  he  assisted  his  father.  He  proved 
himself  a  zealous  whig  before  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  ;  in  Aug.  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier,  and  major  general  in 
Oct.  1777.  He  commanded  in  the  ac- 
tion at  White  Plains  and  was  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  Germantown.  In  17S1  he 
was  elected  a  delegate  to  congress ;  he 
was  afterwards  of  the  senate  of  N.  York. 
He  died  in  June  1786.  His  only  daugh- 
ter married  John  Lawrence. 

MC  GREGORE,  James,  first  minis- 
ter of  Londonderry,  N .  Hampshire,  for- 
merly had  the  care  of  a  Scot's  presbyteri- 
an  society  in  the  North  of  Ireland.  The 
sufierings  of  the  protestants  in  that  coun- 
try and  the  inextinguishable  desire  of  re- 
ligous  liberty  impelled  him  with  a  num- 
ber of  other  ministers  and  a  part  of  their 
congregations  to  seek  an  asylum  in  A- 
merica.  He  arrived  at  Boston  with 
about  lOOfamilies  Oct.  14,  1718.  In  the 
following  year  sixteen  families  settled  on 
a  tract  of  good  land  near  Haverhill,  which 
was  called  Nutfield,  and  which  they  nam- 
ed Londonderry.  Mr.  Mc  Gregore,  who 
since  his  arrival  had  preached  at  Dracut, 
was  called  to  be  their  ministen  He  died 
March  5,  1739  aged  53.  He  was  a  wise, 
aiTectionate,  and  faithful  guide  to  his  peo- 
ple both  in  civil  and  religious  concerns. 
They  brought  with  them  every  thing 
necessary  for  the  manufacture  of  linen. 
They  also  introduced  the  culture  of  pota- 
toes, which  were  first  planted  in  the  gar- 
den of  Nathaniel  Walker  of  Andover. 
—Belknap's  N.  H.  n.  55—37, 41. 

MC  GREGORE,  David,  minister  of 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  May  SO,  1777,  aged  66,  in  the 
43d  year  of  his  ministry.  He  left  8  chil- 
dren. One  of  his  daughters  married  col. 
Robert  Means,  who  died  in  Amherst  in 
1833,  leaving  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, who  married  Jeremiah  Mason,  Jesse 
Appleton,  and   Caleb  Ellis.    With  em- 


inent abilities  he  waa  an  excellant  evan« 
gelical  preacher.  He  waa  also  a  n«k>us 
and  intrepid  assertor  of  the  rights  and  lib- 
erties of  America,  and  died  in  theAiU 
persuasion,  that  the  cause  of  his  country 
wonld  triumph  and  that  here  the  church 
of  God  would  flourish  in  its  purity.  He 
published  professors  warned  of  their  dan- 
ger, 1741  ;  on  the  trial  of  the  spirits,  in 
answer  to  Caldwell,  1743  ;  the  bielievei'a 
all  secured,  1747  ;  on  the  death  of  J. 
Moorhead,  1774. 

MC  INTOSH,  Lachlan,  general,  an 
ofHcer  of  the  revolution,  was  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  Georgia  and  the  piinei- 
pal  military  officer  of  the  province.  Sept. 
16,  1776  he  was  appointed  brigadier  gen- 
eral. Having  murdered  Mr.  Gwinnett 
in  a  duel,  the  event,  instead  of  banishing 
him  from  the  army,  was  the  cause  of  his 
removal  to  the  north.  Having  aerved 
till  the  end  of  the  war,  he  waa  a 
member  of  congress  in  1774.  In  1786 
he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat 
with  the  southern  Indians.  He  died  at 
Savannah  Feb.  20,  1806,  aged  80. 

MC  INTOSH,  John,  general,  waa 
an  officer  of  the  Georgia  line  in  1775,  and 
served  during  the  war  with  unblemished 
honor.  In  1814  he  commanded  the  Geor- 
gia division,  which  went  to  Pensacola. 
He  died  at  his  plantation  in  Mc  Intosh 
county  Nov.  12,  1826,  aged  about  70. 
He  was  a  sincere  Christian. 

MC  INTOSH,  William,  general,  an 
Indian  chief,  was  one  of  the  three  great 
chiefs  of  the  Creeks;  the  others  were  Big 
Warrior,  and  Little  Prince,  who  died  in 
Apr.  1828.— He  was  about  6  feet  in 
height,  dignified,  generous,  and  brave; 
temperate  ;  and  the  only  chief,  who  could 
converse  in  English  with  facility.  About 
the  year  1826  he  was  killed  by  his  tribe 
on  the  charge  of  treachery,  in  bargain- 
ing away  their  territory  to  the  whites. 
A  chief,  who  assisted  in  killing  him, 
made  this  speech:  "Brothers!  Mcin- 
tosh is  dead.  He  broke  the  law  of  the 
nation.  The  law,  which  he  made  him- 
self. His  face  was  turned  to  the  white 
men,  who  wish  to  take  our  land  from  us. 
'  His  back  was  to  his  own  people.    His 


MC  INTOSH. 


MCKEAN.''-^ 


Mri  wera  •hut  to  th«  oriet  of  our 
women  •nd  ohiklren.  Hi«  hnrt  wm  e«- 
tmnged  from  ui.  Tho  words  of  his  talk 
w«r«  deceitfhi.  They  came  to  us  like 
the  sickly  breez«,  that  flies  over  the 
Biarsh  of  the  great  river.  *' 

MC  INTOSH,  Duncan,  a  noble  phi- 
jaathropist,  a  native  of  Scotland  and  an 
American  citizen,  died  at  Aux  Cayes  in 
Nov.  1830.  At  the  revolution  in  St. 
Domingo  he  was  living  there,  a  merchant 
of  immense  wealth  ac(]uired  by  trade  ;  he 
might  have  withdrawn,  and  secured  his 
property ;  but  he  remained  and  sacrificed 
his  estate  and  risked  his  life  in  the  sacred 
MUse  of  humanity.  When  400,000  ig- 
norant slaves  had  broken  their  chains  and 
were  devastating  the  Island  and  thirsting 
for  the  blood  of  the  whole  French  popu- 
ktioD,  and  when  all  were  flying  for  safe- 
ty, there  was  found  one  man,  who  re- 
mained as  the  preserver  and  benefactor 
of  the  miserable.  With  his  gold  he 
bought  the  victims  out  >  of  the  hands  of 
the  executioners ;  others  he  rescued  by 
force.  In  defiance  of  the  decree  of  death 
against  those,  who  should  conceal  the 
French,  he  maintained  them  3  months  in 
the  places,  whore  they  were  concealed. 
More  than  once  was  he  thrown  into  a 
dungeon  ;  but  on  recovering  his  freedom 
he  engaged  with  new  ardor  in  the  work 
of  benevolence.  During  the  revolutiona- 
ry storm  of  7  or  8  mouths'  continu- 
ance he  was  able,  by  his  indefatigable 
exertions,  to  save  in  vessels,  which  he 
freighted  for  that  pupose,  more,  than 
900  men  and  <  600  women  and  children. 
While  the  heart  is  susceptible  of  the 
emotions  of  gratitude  and  admiration 
towards  men  of  great  virtues  and  heroic 
benevolence,  the  name  of  Mcintosh  will 
not  be  forgotten. — Portfol.  new  teries, 
I.  S85— 297. 

MC  KEAN,  Thomas,  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution, 
the  son  of  William  M.,  an  Irishman,  who 
settled  in  New  London,  Penns.,  was 
born  March  19,  I7S4.  He  was  educated 
in  the  excellent  school  of  Dr.  Allison  at 
New  London.  Having  studied  law  in 
Newcastle,  he  settled  in  that  county. 


He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1763  ;  of  the  congress  of  1765 ;  and  of 
that  of  1774,  having  his  residence  at  this 
period  at  Philadelphia.  He  remained  in 
congress  a\  a  delegate  from  Delaware 
iVom  1774  to  1788;  yet  was  he  at  the 
same  time  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania 
from  1777,  being  claimed  by  both  states. 
He  was  present  in  congress  July  4, 1776, 
and  voted  for  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, and  signed  it  as  engrossed,  Aug. 
3d,  yet  in  the  printed  journal  his  name 
was  omitted.  The  subsequent  signers, 
who  were  lot  present  July  4th,  were 
Mr.  Thornton,  B.  Rush,  G.  Clymer,  J. 
Smith,  O.  Taylor,  and  O.  Ross.  As  a 
member  of  the  convention  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, he  urged  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution. In  1799  he  succeeded  Mr.  Mif- 
flin as  governor  and  remained  in  office  till 
1808,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Snyder.  In  his  politics  he  accorded  with 
Jefferson.  After  the  close  of  1808  he 
passed  his  days  in  retirement.  He  died 
June  34,  1817,  aged  88.  As  chief  justice 
for  83  years  he  was  very  eminent.  His 
decisions  were  accurate  and  profiund. 
He  once  had  occasion  to  say, — "  no  act 
of  my  public  life  was  ever  done  from  a 
corrupt  motive,  nor  without  a  deliberate 
opinion  that  the  act  was  proper  and  law- 
ful in  itself.  " — Ooodrieh. 

MC  KEAN,  Joseph,  d.  d..  ll.  d., 
professor  Of  rhetoric  and  oratory  at  Har- 
vard college,  was  born  at  Ipswich  April 
19,  1776.  His  father  was  Wm.  M.,  a 
native  of  Glasgow ;  his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Joseph  Manning  of  Ips- 
wich. Having  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1794,  he  for  a  few  years  taught 
a  school  in  Ipswich  and  the  academy  in 
Berwick.  In  Nov.  1797  he  was  ordained 
as  the  minister  of  Milton;  his  infirm 
health  induced  him  to  ask  a  dismission 
Oct.  3, 1804.  He  afterwards  engaged  in 
the  business  of  instruction  at  Boston. 
He  was  inaugurated  Oct.  31,  1809  as 
professor  of  oratory  at  Cambridge,  in 
which  office  he  was  industrious  and 
punctual.  It  was  with  him  a  maxim, 
that  what  was  worth  doing  at  all  was 
I  worth  doing  well.    He  died  at  Havana, 


MC  KEEN. 


MEAD. 


in 


whither  he  went  for  his  health  in  conae- 
quenoe  of  a  pulmonary  complaint,  March 
17,  181!),  aged  41,  trualing  in  the  mer- 
cy orOod  through  the  meriuof  his  Son. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  maj.  Swasey 
of  Ipswich.  Prof.  Mc  Kean  possessed  a 
powerful  mind,  and  was  an  impressive 
orator.  He  was  an  efficient  member  of 
the  historical  society.  He  published  a 
valedictory  sermon,  1804  ;  two  fast  ser- 
mons on  friendship  and  patriotism,  1814 ; 
at  the  ordination  of  J.  B.  Wight,  1815  ; 
of  N.  L.  Frothingham,  1816  ;  on  the 
death  of  John  Warren,  1815  ;  at  the  in- 
stallation of  Dr.  Richmond,  1817 ;  me- 
moir of  John  Eliot  in  hist,  collections ; 
addition  to  Wood's  continuation  of  Gold- 
smith's England. 

MC  KEEN,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  first  pres- 
ident of  Bowdoin  college,  was  born  at 
Londonderry,  N.  Hampshire,  Oct.  15, 
1757.  His  immediate  ancestors  were 
from  the  north  of  Ireland,  though  of 
Scotch  descent.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1774,  having  evinc- 
ed while  in  that  seminary  a  decided  predi- 
lection fur  mathematical  pursuits.  After 
eight  years'  employment  in  a  school  in 
his  native  town,  and  afler  being  some 
time  an  assistant  in  the  academy  at  An- 
dover,  he  directed  his  attention  to  theol- 
ogy, and  was  ordained  successor  of  Dr. 
Willard,  as  pastor  of  the  church  in  Bever- 
ly, in  May  1785.  Here  he  continued 
with  reputation  and  usefulness  17  years. 
Being  chosen  president  of  Bowdoin  col- 
lege, which  had  been  incorporated  eight 
years,  but  had  not  yet  been  carried  into 
operation,  he  was  inducted  into  that  im- 
portant ofTice  Sept.  3,  1803.  He  died  of 
the  dropsy  July  15,  1807,  aged  49,  leav- 
ing the  seminary,  over  which  he  had  pre- 
sided, in  a  very  flourisliing  condition. 
He  possessed  a  strong  and  discriminating 
mind,  his  manners  were  conciliating 
though  dignified,  and  his  spirit  mild 
though  firm  and  decided.  He  was  inde- 
fatigable in  his  exertions  to  promote  the 
interests  of  science  and  religion.  He  was 
respectable  for  his  learning  and  exempla- 
ry for  his  Christian  virtues,  being  pious 
without  ostentation  and  adhering  to  evan- 
73 


gelical  truth  without  bigotry  or  superati- 
tion.    He  published  a  sermon  at  the  faat, 

1799  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Rufbs  Ander- 
son, 1704;  of  A.  Moor,  1796;  twodi»> 
courses  on  the  fast,  1798  ;  at  the  election, 

1800  ;  at  the  fast,  1801 ;  and  some  p»« 
pers  in  the  transactions  of  the  American 
academy ;  his  inaugural  address,  with 
Mr.  Jenks'  eulogy,  1803. 

MC  KNIGHT,  Charles,  M.D.,  a  phy- 
sician, of  Irish  descent,  was  born  in 
Cranbury,  N.  Jersey  Oct.  10,1750,  and 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1771. 
He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Shippen. 
In  the  revolutionary  war  he  was  the  ae- 
nior  surgeon  of  the  flying  hospital  in  the 
middle  department.  After  the  war  hs 
settled  in  N.  York,  where  he  delivered 
lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He  died 
in  1790,  aged  40.  His  wife  wu  Mra. 
Litchfield,  daughter  of  John  M.  Scott. 
He  published  a  paper  in  memoirs  of  Lon^ 
don  med.  soc.  iv. 

MC  LEAN,  John,  a  merchant  of 
Boston,  died  in  Oct.  1833,  aged  64.  He 
once  failed  for  a  large  sum  and  was  re> 
duced  to  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  the 
bankrupt  act.  Afterwards,  while  he  waa. 
in  Italy  for  his  health,  he  engaged  in  such 
commercial  pursuits,  as  enabled  him  to 
acquire  a  large  fortune.  Having  thni 
the  ability,  lie  honorably  paid  all  his  old 
creditors,  although  they  had  no  legal 
claims  upon  him.  In  his  last  will,  after 
providing  for  his  wife,  Ann  Amory,  he 
bequeathed  the  large  sum  of  100,000  doU 
lara  to  the  Massachusetts  general  hospi- 
tal in  Boston  ;  also  50,000  dollars  to  the 
hospital  and  to  Harvard  university  on  the 
death  of  an  individual. 

MC  MAHON,  Bernard,  a  gardener 
and  florist,  founded  in  1809  a  botanic 
garden  near  Philadelphia,  and  died  in 
Sept.  1816.  He  published  the  American 
gardener's  calendar,  1806. 

MEAD,  Asaj  minister  of  Brunswick, 
Maine,  was  born  at  Meredith,  N.  H., 
in  1793,  and  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1818.  His  father  was  a  bap> 
tist.  He  studied  theok)gy  at  Andover, 
was  ordained  at  Brunswick  in  Dec. 
1833,  and  dismissed  in  1889.    Afler  toU» 


MK.GAl'OLENSIS. 


MELLEN. 


ing  for  a  few  muntht  aa  an  ag«nt  of  the 
temperanea  and  peace  tocietiea,  he  was 
intuited  Aug.  18,  1880  at  Eaat  Hartford, 
Conn,,  where  he  died  of  the  Typhus  fe- 
ver Oct.  36,  1831,  aged  80.  His  mind 
was  vigorous,  and  he  was  conspicuous 
for  industry.  He  always  kept  several 
•ermons  on  hand,  which  he  had  never 
preached,  and  prepared  his  discourses  for 
the  sabbath  before  the  end  of  the  week. 
While  on  a  journey  to  Maine  a  short 
time  before  he  died,  ho  wrote  5  or  6  ser- 
mons. He  died  in  peace  and  hope.  His 
■on,  John  Mooney,  nearly  6  years  old, 
a  chikl  of  great  promise  and  undoubted 
piety,  died  April  8,  1831.  He  published 
a  discourse  before  the  Cumberland  con- 
ference, 1836 ;  a  call  to  the  temperate, 
1837  ;  a  sermon  before  the  Hartford 
county  peace  society,  1331  ;  a  memoir  of 
John  Mooney  Mead,  pp.  93,  1831. 

MEGAPOLENSIS,  John,  junior,  a 
minister  of  the  Dutch  church  at  Albany, 
wrote  an  account  of  the  Mohawk  Indians 
in  1644.  A  translation  is  ia  Hazard,  i. 
517-536. 

MEIGS,  Return  Jonathan,  colonel,  a 
hero  of  the  revolution,  was  probably  a 
descendant  of  John  M.,  who  lived  n  i 
Weymouth  in  1641.  Living  in  Con- 
necticut in  1775,  immediately  ai'ixr  the 
battle  of  Lexington  he  marched  a  compa- 
ny of  light  infantry  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston.  With  the  rank  of  major  he  ac- 
oompanied  Arnold  in  his  march  through 
the  wilderness  of  Maine  in  order  to  at- 
tack Quebec.  His  printed  journal  gives 
thebeataccountofthiaexpedition.  Inthe 
assault  on  Quebec  by  Montgomery  and 
Arnold  at  the  close  of  the  year  he  was 
made  a  prisoner  with  captains  Mor- 
gan and  Dearborn.  In  1776  he  was  (-> - 
changed  and  returned  home,  and  the 
next  year  was  appointed  colonel.  His 
expedition  to  L.  Island  in  May  1777  was 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  enterprises  of 
ih'  war,  for  which  he  received,  Aug.  3, 
the  "inks  of  congress  and  a  sword.  At 
♦he  h  -  '  of  a  few  companies  lie  attacked 
th3  B; i"  'i  troops  at  Sagg  harbor  with 
fixed  (ja^c  isti-,  made  90  prisoners,  and 
drJ)t;'oyed  13  vessels  and  much  forage 


without  the  k)Si  of  a  man.  In  1770  h« 
commanded  a  regiment  under  Wayne  at 
the  capture  of  Stony  Point  and  was  hon- 
orably mentioned  by  Washington.  Af- 
ter the  war,  about  1788  or  1789,  he  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  wilderness 
of  Ohio.  For  the  first  emigrants  he 
drew  up  a  system  of  regulations,  which 
were  posted  on  a  large  oak  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Ohio  and  Muskingum  riv- 
ers, the  bark  of  the  tree  being  cut  away 
for  the  space  of  the  sheet.  Of\en  was 
the  venerable  oak  consulted.  He  was 
the  agent  for  Indian  aifairs  as  early  aa 
1810.  He  died  at  the  Cherokee  Agency 
Jan.  38,  1833,  at  an  advanced  age.  His 
journal  of  the  expedition  to  Quebec  from 
Sept.  9,  1775  lo  Jan.  1,  1776  is  published 
in  Amer.  remembrancer  for  1776 }  <n  3 
Hist.  col.  II.  337 — 347  ;  and  a  summary 
of  it  in  Maine  hist.  col.  i. 

MEIGS,  Return  Jonathan,  governor 
of  Ohio,  son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded 
Mr.  Huntington  as  governor  in  1810  and 
remained  in  oilicc,  until  he  was  appointed 
iMst  master  general,  in  the  place  of  Mr. 
Granger,  in  Feb.  1814.  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  John  Mc  Lean  in  1833.  He  died 
at  Marietta  in  March  1335. 

MELISH,  John,  a  geographer,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland  ;  came  to  this  country 
in  1809 ;  and  died  at  Philadelphia  Dec. 
30,  1833,  aged  53.  He  published  travels 
in  the  U.  S.,  and  in  O.  Britain  and  Can- 
ada 3  vols.  8vo.  1813  ;  a  description  of 
the  roads &c.,  1814  ;  traveller's  directory, 
1815  ;  description  of  the  U.  S.,  1816  ; 
universal  school  geography  and  atkis  ; 
the  necessity  of  protecting  manufactures, 
1818  ;  maps  of  Fenns.  and  of  the  U.  S.; 
information  to  emigr   <  ',  1Si9. 

MELLEN,John,  mii'su  ••  i  Sterling. 
Mass.,  was  born  at  !  .y<.  .  '.,ch35, 
1733,  and  was  gra  .  ..c  Hu:/ard  col- 

lege in  1741 .  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  church  in  Lancaster,  now  Sterling, 
December  19,  1744.  His  connexion 
with  his  society  was  dissolved  in  conse- 
quence of  disputes,  occasioned  principally 
by  liis  endeavors  to  maintain  what  ha 
considered  the  order  of  the  churches.  In 
1784  be  became  the  minister  of  Hanover, 


MELLEN.  *  >« 


ME8SHEIMER. 


119 


where  he  continued  to  diaeharge  the  du- 
tiee  of  the  sacred  office  until  Feb.  1805, 
when  hi«  infirmities  induced  him  to  relin 
quieh  it.  He  won  removed  to  Heading, 
and  clotted  a  long  and  useful  life  in  tl^ 
house  of  his  daughter,  the  relict  of  Ca- 
leb Prentiss,  July  4,  1807,  aged  85.  His 
sons  were  John,— Honry,  a  lawyer  and 
poet,  who  died  at  Dover,  N.  H.  July  31, 
1809,  aged  61,— and  Prentiss,  chief  jus- 
tiee  r  '  Mi  ao,  who  was  born  in  1764. 
V  •  i'  es. '  cuble  in  his  profession,  and 
in  ..'  .'  *  all'ectionate  remembrance 
of  .11.1  faithiiil  labors  as  a  minister  of  the 
g  r*l.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordioationof  J.  Palmer,1753;  aia  general 
mustei,  1766 ;  on  the  mortal  sickness 
amung  his  people,  1766 ;  on  the  conquest 
of  Gauada,  1760 ;  religion  productive  of 
music  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Levi  Whit- 
man, 1786;  before  a  lodge  of  free  masons, 
1799  ;  on  the  thanksgiving,  1796  ;  on 
the  duty  of  making  a  profession  of  Chris- 
tianity; 16  discourses  on  doctrinal  sub- 
jects with  practical  improvements,  8vo. 
1765. 

MELLEN,  John,  minister  of  Barn- 
stable, son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
July  8,  1763 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1770 ;  was  ordained  Nov.  13, 
1783 ;  and  died  at  Cambridge  Sept.  19, 
1838,  aged  76.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  professor  Frisbie.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  I.  Dunster, 
1791  ;  masonic  discourse,  1793 ;  at  a 
dedication,  1795 ;  at  the  eleetion,  1797  ; 
Dudleian  lecture,  1799. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  brigadier  general, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated 
for  the  profession  \>t'  medicine.  On  his 
emigration  to  this  country  he  settled  and 
married  in  Virginia.  He  served  with 
Washington  in  the  war  against  the 
French  and  Indians,  which  terminated  in 
1763,  and  was  by  him  greatly  esteemed. 
He  was  with  Braddock  in  the  campaign 
of  1766.  In  the  action  at  fort  Du  quesne 
he  was  wounded,  and,  faint  with  the  loss 
of  blood,  he  lay  down  under  a  fallen  tree. 
One  of  the  pursuing  Indians  jumped  up- 
on the  very  tree,  but  did  not  discover 
him.    Mercer  found  a  brouk,  at  which  he 


refresh'^}  himself.  In  his  hunger  h«  fJMl 
'>n  a  rattieaimke,  which  he  had  kilM. 
Aiitr  pursuing  hi»  solitary  way  through 
a  wilderni'"''  of  100  miles,  he  arrived  at 
fort  Cumberland, — At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  ol  tf'**  revolution  he 
abandon>><l  his  extensive  medicai  practice 
andonteu-d  the  army.  He  was  dmltn- 
guished  in  the  battlo  of  Trenton.  In  the 
action  near  Princeton,  Jan.  S,  1777,  he 
commanded  the  van  of  the  Americans.. 
com])08cd  principally  of  Southern  militia. 
While  exerting  himself  to  rally  them,  his 
horse  was  killed  under  him.  He  wm 
surrounded  by  some  British  soldiers,  who 
refused  him  quarter  and  stabbed  him  with 
their  bayonets,  and  bruised  his  head  with 
the  butt-end  of  their  muskets,  leaving 
him  on  the  field  as  dead.  Ho  dicrJ  Oom 
the  wounds  on  his  lioad  Jan.  I9tl),  nged 
about  56.  He  was  buried  at  Plu'!tdel- 
phia  ;  30,000  of  the  inhabitants  foil  wed 
him  to  the  grave.  He  was  a  valnftble 
officer.  Wilkinson  regarded  him  as  sec- 
ond only  to  Washington.  He  was  v  -ll 
educated,  polished  in  manners,  gen  !e 
and  diffident,  yet  in  the  hour  of  peril  i^:;- 
norant  of  fear,  patriotic  and  disinterested. 
Provision  was  made  by  congress  in  1793 
for  the  education  of  his  youngest  son, 
Hugh  Mercer.  His  son,  colonel  John 
M .,  who  accompanied  Monroe  to  Franee 
as  secretary,  died  Sept.  80,  1817.— 
Marihall,  ii.  663  ;  Holmes.  -^ 

MERCER,  John,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, was  a  soldier  of  the  revolution.  In 
1783  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress from  Virginia  ;  in  1787  he  was  a 
member  from  Maryland  of  theconvention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  U. 
S.,  and  also  a  member  of  congress  firom 
Maryland.  He  was  governor  from  1801 
to  1803,  where  he  was  succeeded  by 
Robert  Bowie.  He  died  at  Philadelphia 
Aug.  90, 1831,  aged  64. 

MESSHEIMER,  Fred.  Val.,a  nat- 
vralist,  minister  of  the  Lutheran  church 
at  Hanover,  York  county,  Penns-,  devo- 
ted much  time  to  the  study  of  the  ento- 
mology of  this  country,  but  was  not  en- 
couraged. He  died  about  1814.  He 
leA:  a  sou,  with  similar  intelligence  and 


METCALF. 

tnte.-^He  published  a  catalogue  of  in 
Mctsof  Penns.  1806. 

METCALF,  Joseph,  first  minister  of 
Falmouth,  Massa.,  was  born  in  April 
1683 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1703 ;  and  died  greatly  lamented  May 
1729,  aged  41,  leaving  a  widow  and  8 
female  children.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  Jonathan  Lee.  In  the  account 
of  Solomon  Allen  and  of  J.  Lee  Mr.  Met- 
calPs  name  is  by  mistake  mentioned  as 
Nathan  instead  of  Joseph. 

MEYER,  Hermann  us,  D.D.,  minister 
of  the  reformed  Dutch  church,waB  invited 
from  Holland  to  take  the  charge  of  the 
church  at  Kingston  or  Esopus,  N.  York. 
Upon  his  arrival  in  1762  he  was  received 
with  that  respect  &  affection,which  were 
due  to  his  character.  But  his  preaching 
■Don  excited  opposition.  He  was  too 
evangelical,  practical,  and  pointed,  ad- 
dretsing  the  conscience  too  closely  to  suit 
the  taste  of  many  of  his  principal  hear- 
ers. No  plausible  ground  of  opposition, 
hoivever,could  be  found  until  his  marriage. 
The  Dutch  churches  in  this  country 
were  at  this  time  divided  into  two  parties, 
called  the  coetus  and  the  conferentie  par- 
tie8,of  which  the  former  wished  to  estab- 
lish judicatories  with  full  powers  in  Amer- 
ica, and  the  latter  was  desirous  of  retain- 
ing the  churches  in  subjection  to  the 
classis  of  Amsterdam.  His  marriage  in- 
to a  leading  family  of  the  coetus  party&  an 
intimate  friendship,which  soon  succeeded, 
with  other  families  and  distinguished  char- 
acters of  the  same  party  furnished  his  ene- 
mies with  an  occasion  of  standing  forth 
•gainst  h''m.  A  number  of  the  neighbor- 
ing ministers  were  invited  to  attend  and 
decide  in  the  dispute,  and  they  proceeded 
to  suspend  him  from  his  ministry  in  that 
place.  He  was  afterwards  settled  at 
Pompton  in  N.  Jersey ,where  he  contined 
to  labor  with  much  diligence,  faithfulness, 
and  8ucCv3S  till  his  death.  He  died  in 
1791,  without  ever  being  able  to  effect  a 
reconciliation  with  the  church  at  Kings- 
ton, greatly  beloved  and  respected  in  all 
the  other  Dutch  churches.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  erudition,  of  a  mild  and 
humble    temper,  polite   and  unaffected 


MIANTUNMOMU. 

in  his  manners,  and  eminently  pious. 
Appointed  by  the  general  synod  of  the 
Dutch  church  a  professor  of  the  oriental 
languages  and  a  lector  or  assistant  to  the 
professor  of  theology,  as  such  he  render- 
ed very  important  services  in  preparing 
candidates  for  the  ministry. — Mason's 
christian's  mag.  ii.  10 — 12. 

MIANTUNNOMU,  or  Miantono- 
mob,  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  was 
the  nephew  and  successor  of  Canonieus, 
and  in  the  old  age  of  the  latter  took  upon 
him  the  government  in  1636.  In  the  same 
year  he  made  a  treaty  with  the  English 
at  Bo  3ton.  He  was  the  friend  and  bene- 
factor of  the  settlers  in  Rhode  Island. 
In  the  Pequot  war  of  1637  several  of  his 
chiefs  and  many  of  his  men  joined  capt. 
Mason.  It  was  estimated  at  this  period, 
that  he  had  5,000  warriors,  probably  the 
number  is  much  exaggerated.  In  1638 
he  and  Uncas,  sachem  of  Mohegan,  and 
the  English  entered  into  an  agreement 
at  Hartford.  The  sachems  engaged  not 
to  make  war  upon  each  other  without 
first  appealing  to  the  English.  In  1643 
Uncas  attacked  Sequasson,  a  sachem  on 
Conne<!ticut  river,  killing  and  wounding 
about  20  men,  and  burning  the  wigwams. 
Miantunnomu,  a  kinsman  and  ally  of 
Sequasson,  took  up  the  quarrel ;  he  first 
complained  of  Uncas  to  the  governor  at 
Hartford  ;  he  asked,  whether  any  ofience 
would  be  taken,  if  he  made  war  upon 
Uncas  ?  T  he  governor  replied  ,that  if  Un- 
cas had  injured  him  and  refused  to  give 
satisfaction,  Miantunnomu  would  be  led 
"  to  take  his  course.  "  This  seems  to 
have  been  submitting  the  affair  to  the 
judgment  of  the  sachem.  He  according- 
ly marched  to  Mohegan  at  the  head  of 
800,  or  1,000  men,  and  on  a  great 
plain  in  Norwich  was  defeated  by  Uncas, 
who  had  only  5  or  600  men,  and  taken 
prisoner.  Uncas  ap|)lied  to  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  United  colonies,  Winthrop, 
Winslow,  Eaton,  &c,  for  advice  as  to 
disposing  of  his  prisoner.  They  deci- 
ded, after  enumerating  several  charges, 
that  he  might  be  put  to  death  in  the  ju- 
risdiction of  Uncas.  This  decision  in 
regard  to  a  prisoner  in  their  hands,  an 


MICHAUX. 


MIDDLETON. 


881 


Indian  kingf,  who  had  been  their  ally 
against  the  Pequots  and  a  friend  of  the 
whites,  was  ungenerous  and  iniquitous, 
and  a  stain  upon  tlie  character  of  the 
commissioners.  The  prisoner  was  talcen 
to  a  place  bet  ween  Hartford  and  Wind- 
sor, where  some  of  Uncas'  men  lived, 
and  a  brother  of  Uncas  killed  him  with 
a  hatchet.  This  is  the  account  of  Win- 
throp.  Trumbull  says,  on  the  authority 
of  a  manuscript  of  Mr.  Hyde,  that  he 
was  put  to  death  at  Sachem's  plain,  in 
the  easterly  part  of  Norwich,  and  that  a 
pile  of  stones  was  placed  upon  his  grave. 
He  was  a  "  a  goodly  personage,  of  tall 
stature,  subtle  and  cunning  in  his  con- 
trivements,  as  well  as  haughty  in  his  de- 
signs .  "  His  execution  by  the  advice  of 
the  commissioners  roused  the  indignation 
of  Canonicus  and  Pessacus,who  the  next 
year  threatened  war,  but  were  induced 
to  enter  into  terms  of  peace.  Probably 
this  unhappy  event  contributed  to  light 
up  the  subsequent  dreadful  war  of  king 
Philip,  who  was  assisted  by  the  Narra- 
gansetts.  It  is  known  also,  that  it  fos- 
tered in  the  breasts  of  the  Indians  a  con- 
tempt of  Christianity.  In  every  respect 
generosity,  forgiveness,  and  kindness  as 
well  as  justice  are  advantageous. 

MICHAUX,  Andr^,  a  botanist,  was 
born  inFrancein  1746.  He  married  in  1769 
Cecilia  Claye;  hutshediedin  1770.  After 
extending  his  botanical  excursions  to 
Spain,  and  spending  two  years  in  Persia, 
came  to  America  in  Oct.  1785.  During 
about  9  years  he  travelled  over  the  mid- 
dle, southern,  and  western  states,  and 
proceeded  to  the  north  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Hudson's  bay,  procuring  trees 
and  shrubs  for  the  establishment  at 
Rambouillet.  For  the  preservation  of 
his  plants  he  established  botanical  gar- 
dens at  N.  York  and  near  Charleston. 
On  his  return  to  Europe  in  1796  he  was 
shipwrecked,  but  saved  most  of  his  collec- 
tions. He  had  sent  .60,000  stocks  to 
Rambouillet,  of  which  but  few  had  es- 
caped the  ravages  of  the  revolution. 
His  salary  for  7  years  he  could  not  obtain, 
nor  any  employment  from  government 
In  1800,  however,  he  was  sent  out  on  an 


expedition  to  New  Holland.  He  died  of 
a  fever  at  Madagascar  in  Nov.  1803. 
He  published  Histoire  des  Chenev  de 
Amerique  Septentrionale,  fol.  Paris,  86 
plates,  1901;  Flora  Boreali— Americana, 
2  vols.  8vo.  Paris,  1803,  51  plates. 

MICHAUX,  Francois  Andr^,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  1770.  He 
published  the  beautiful  work,  entitled  the 
North  American  Sylva,  5  vols.  8vo. 
Philad.  1817,  150  colored  engravings ; 
and  voyage  a  I'Ouest  de  Monts&c.l804; 
the  same,  translated,  entitled  Travels  in 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  Lond. 
1805. 

MIDDLETON,  Peter,  m.  d.,  a  phy- 
sician in  N.  York,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land. In  1750  he  assisted  Dr.  Bard  in 
the  first  dissection  in  this  country,  and  in 
1767  was  appointed  professor  of  physiol- 
ogy and  pathology.  He  died  in  1781. 
He  published  a  medical  discourse,  1769 ; 
and  a  letter  on  the  croup,  in  med.  repos. 
IX. —  Thacher. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  was  bom  on  the  banks  of 
Ashley  river,  S.  Carolina,  in  1743.  His 
father,  Henry,was  president  of  congress  ; 
his  grandfather,Arthur,was  the  first  royal 
governor  of  S.  Carolina.  He  received  an 
excellent  education  at  Westminster  and 
Cambridge,  England,  and  then  travelled 
several  years  upon  the  Continent.  After 
returning  and  marrying  the  daughter  of 
Walter  Izard  he  again  travelled  in  Eu- 
rope. In  1773  he  settled  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Ashley  river  in  Carolina.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  both  he 
and  his  father,  a  man  of  great  wealth, 
entered  zealously  into  the  American  cause. 
In  1775  he  was  one  of  the  secret  commit- 
tee of  defence,  and  also  of  the  council  of 
safety,  and,  the  next  year,  on  the  com- 
mittee to  prepare  a  constitution.  He 
was  also  sent  a  delegate  to  congress  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence, 
but  resigned  his  seat  at  the  close  of  1777. 
In  1779  he  suffered  in  his  property,  like 
others,  by  the  ravages  of  war.  At  the 
capture  of  Charleston  in  1780  he  was  ta- 
ken prisoner  and  confined  at  St.  Augus- 
tine nearly  a  year.     At  length  in  July 


982 


MIFFLIN. 


MILLER. 


1781  he  was  exchanged  and  proceeded  in 
a  cartel  to  Philadelphia.  He  was  now 
«gain  appointed  a  member  to  congresd. 
He  died  of  an  intermittent  fever  Jan.  1, 
1783,  aged  43.— Goodrich. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  a  major  general 
in  the  American  army,  and  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  about  the  year 
1744of  parents,  who  werequakers,  and 
his  education  was  intrusted  to  the  care 
of  Dr.  Smith,  with  whom  he  was  con- 
nected in  habits  of  cordial  intimacy  and 
friendship  for  more  than  40  years.  Ac- 
tive and  zealous,  he  engaged  early  in  op- 
position to  the  measures  of  the  British 
parliament.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
first  congress  in  1774.  He  took  arms, 
and  was  among  the  first  officers  commis- 
sioned on  the  organization  of  the  conti- 
nental army,  being  appointed  quarter 
master  general  in  Aug.  1775.  For  this 
offence  he  was  read  out  of  the  society  of 
quakers.  In  1777  he  was  very  useful  in 
animating  the  militia  ;  but  he  was  also 
suspected  in  this  year  of  being  unfriendly 
to  the  commander  in  chief,  and  of  wish- 
ing to  have  some  other  person  in  his 
place.  His  sanguine  disposition  and  his 
activity  might  have  rendered  him  insen- 
sible to  the  value  of  that  coolness  and 
caution,  which  were  essential  to  the  pres- 
ervation of  such  an  army,  as  was  then 
under  the  command  of  Washington.  In 
1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  U. 
S.  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instru- 
ment. In  Oct.  1788  he  succeeded  Frank- 
lin as  President  of  the  supreme  executive 
council  of  Pennsylvania,  in  which  station 
he  continued  till  Oct.  1790.  In  Sept. 
a  constitution  for  this  state  was  formed 
by  a  convention,  in  which  he  was  pres- 
ident, and  he  was  chosen  the  first 
governor.  In  1794,  during  the  in- 
BU'rection  in  Pennsylvania  he  employ- 
ed to  the  advantage  of  his  country  the 
extraordinary  powers  of  elocution,  with 
which  he  was  endowed.  The  imperfec- 
tion of  the  militia  laws  was  compensated 
by  his  eloquence.  He  made  a  circuit 
through  the  lower  counties,  and  at  dif- 
ferent places  publicly  addressed  the  mili- 


tia on  the  crisis  in  the  aflairs  of  their 
country,  and  through  his  animating  ex- 
hortations the  state  furnished  the  quota 
required.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  office 
of  governor  by  Mr.  McKean  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1799,  and  he  died  at  Lancas- 
ter Jan.  20,  1800,  aged  56.  He  was  an 
active  and  zealous  patriot,  Avho  had  devo- 
ted much  of  his  life  to  the  public  service. — 
Smith's  sermon  on  his  death. 

MILES,  John,  minister  of  the  first 
baptist  church  in  Massachusetts,  was  set- 
tled at  Ilston  near  Swansea  in  South 
Wales  from  1649  till  his  ejectment  in 
1663.  He  soon  came  to  this  country  and 
formed  a  church  at  Rehoboth  in  Bristol 
county  in  1663.  The  legislature  of  Ply- 
mouth colony  granted  to  these  baptists  in 
1667  the  town  of  Swansey,  to  which 
place  they  removed.  He  died  Feb.  3, 
1683.  His  wife  was  Ann,  the  daughter 
of  John  Humphrey. — Baylies'  memoir 
of  Plymouth,  ii.  239. 

MILLEDGE,  John,  governor  of 
Georgia,  was  in  1780  attorney  general, 
and  governor  in  1802.  He  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  congress  and  a  sena- 
tor of  the  U.  S.  from  1806  fo  1809.  He 
died  at  his  seat  at  the  Sand  Hills  Feb.  9, 
1818,  aged  61.  He  was  the  pruicipal 
founder  of  the  university  of  Georgia. 

MILLER,  John,  minister  of  Dover, 
Delaware,-the  son  of  John  M. ,  a  native 
of  Scotland,  who  married  and  settled  in 
Boston  in  1710, — was  born  in  Boston 
Dec.  24,  1722,  and  experienced  the  pow- 
er of  religion  under  the  ministry  of  Dr. 
Sewall.  Having  studied  theology  with 
Mr.  Webb,  he  was  ordained  in  the  old 
South  in  April  1749  with  a  view  to  his 
establishment  at  Dover,  where  he  was  a 
minister  more  than  40  years,  having  the 
charge  also  of  the  church  at  Smyrna,  12 
miles  distant.  He  died  in  July  1791, 
aged  68.  Among  his  many  sons,  all  of 
whom  engaged  in  the  learned  professions, 
were  Edward  Miller,  and  Samuel  Miller, 
now  one  of  the  professors  in  the  theologi- 
cal seminary  at  Princeton. — Another  son, 
a  physician  in  the  army,  died  in  1777. — 
With  a  sound  mind  he  was  a  good  scholar, 
a  faithful  preacher  a  great  lover  and  ma- 


MILLER. 


MILLS. 


Mi 


kerof  peace,  and  a  centre  of  literary  and 
religious  influence. 

MILLER,  Edward,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian of  N.  York,  third  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Dover,  Delaware,  May 
9,  1760  ;  his  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
A.  Millington  of  Talbot  county,  Mary- 
land.   He  was  educated  by  his  father 
and  at  Newark  academy  under  F.  Alli- 
son and  A.  Mc  Dowell.    Having  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Ridgeiy,  he  entered 
the  army  as  surgeon's  mate  in  1780,  and 
in  1781  went  as  surgeon  in  an  armed 
ship  to   France.      After   attending  the 
lectures  at  Philadelphia,  he  commenced 
the  practice  in  Frederica,  but  removed 
thence  to  Maryland  and  in  1786  to  Do- 
ver, where  he  remained  ten  years.  About 
1793  he  wrote  an  able  letter  to  Dr.  Rush, 
asserting  the  domestic  origin  of  the  yel- 
low fever.    In  1796,  in  order  to  enjoy 
the  society  of  his  only  surviving  brother, 
he  removed  to  N.  York,  where  his  prac- 
tice was  extensive,  and  where  he  projec- 
ted and  published,  with  Dr.  Mitchill  and 
Smith,  the  Medical  repository,  the  first 
number  of  which  appeared  in  Aug.  1797. 
This  was  the  first  work  of  the  kind  in 
the  U.  S. ;  he  lived  to  see  nearly  1 5  vols, 
completed.      In  1803  he   was  appointed 
resident  physician  of  N.  York.    In  1805 
he  drew  up  a  learned  report,  maintain- 
ing the  domestic  origin  of  the  yellow  fe- 
ver.   In  1807  he  was  elected  the  profes- 
sor of  the  practice  of  physic  in  the  uni- 
versity of  New  York  ;  in  1809  one  of  the 
physicians  of  the  hospital.      The  typhus 
fever,  succeeding  an  inflammation  of  the 
lungs,  terminated  his  life  March  17,1812, 
aged  51.      Four  of  his  brothers,  in  two 
of  the  learned  professions,  died  in  early 
life. — He  was  a   distinguished  scholar, 
and  in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Rush  "  inferior 
to  no  physician  in  the  U.  S."     He  was 
a  man  of  probity,  and  honor,  and  charity, 
with  a  heart  of  sympathy,  and  courtesy 
of  manners.     His  gratuitous  services  to 
the  pooi  have  been  seldom  equalled.     In 
his  habits  he  was  remarkably  temperate, 
seldom  using  any  drink  but  water,  and 
rejecting    the   use  of  tobacco  in  every 
form  as  an  odious  practice,  and  a  provo- 


cative to  the  love  of  drinking.  He  wa» 
a  believer  in  Christianity,  and  devoutly 
perused  the  Holy  Scriptures.  His  medi> 
cal  works,  with  a  biographical  sketch  by 
his  brother,  Samuel  Miller,  were  publish- 
ed, 8vo.  1814.— TAacAer,  S85-893. 

MILLS,  Samuel  J.,  agent  of  the  A- 
merican  Colonization  society,  was  the 
son  of  the  minister  of  Torringford,Conn., 
and  was  born  April  21,  1783.  At  an 
early  period  he  had  such  a  sense  of  his 
sin,  that  for  two  years  he  regarded  his 
existence  as  a  curse.  In  answer  to  the 
prayers  of  his  parents  he  was  cheered 
with  the  Christian  hope.  He  graduated 
at  Williams'  college  in  1809.  While  in 
that  seminary  his  mind  was  deeply  im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  foreign 
missions,  and  he  endeavored  to  awaken 
a  similar  feeling  in  the  hearts  of  his  fel- 
low students.  At  the  theological  Semi- 
nary in  Andover  he  united  with  Newell, 
Judson,  Nott,  and  Hall  in  a  resolution  to 
undertake  a  foreign  mission.  He  with 
the  three  first  offered  themselves  as  mis- 
sionaries to  the  general  association  of 
ministers  of  Massachusetts  at  Bradford, 
June  27,  1310.  In  1812  and  1813  he 
and  J.  F.  Schermerhorn  made  a  mission- 
ary tour  in  the  western  states.  He  was 
ordained  with  other  missionaries  at  New- 
buryport  June  21, 1815.  He  made  a  sec- 
ond tour  with  D.   Smith  in   1814  and 

1815.  Heascertained,thatin  March  1815 
not  a  bible  could  be  found  for  sale  or  to  be 
given  away  in  New  Orleans:  in  this  city 
he  distributed  many  bibles  in  French  and 
English,  and  visited  the  sick  soldiers. 
Finding,  that  70  or  80,000  families  at  the 
south  were  destitute  of  a  bible,  he  sug- 
gested at  the  close  of  his  report  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  national  society  like  that  of 
the  British.  His  efforts  contributed  to 
the  establishment  of  the  society.  May  8, 

1816.  The  plan  of  the  United  Foreign 
Mission  society,  which,  however,  accom- 
plished but  little,  originated  with  him, 
while  residing  with  Dr.  Griffin  at  New- 
wark,  as  did  also  the  African  school, 
which  existed  a  few  years  at  Parsippany, 
near  Newark.  He  attended  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Colonization  society  Jan. 


M4 


MINOT. 


MINTO. 


1,  1817,  which  was  established  by  the 
exertions  of  Dr.  Finley.  Appoinled, 
with  E.  Burgess,  to  visit  England  and 
explore  the  coast  of  Africa  for  the  socie- 
ty, he  sailed  in  Nov.  1817  and  in  a  won- 
derful manner  escaped  ship  wreck  on  the 
coast  of  France.  As  the  ship  was  drif- 
ting towards  a  ledge  of  rocks,  the  captain 
despaired  of  preservation  and  jumped  into 
the  boat  with  his  two  sons,  all  of  whom 
were  lost.  A  strong  current  as  the  ship 
approached  the  rocks  carried  her  away 
from  them.  He  sailed  from  England  for 
Africa  Feb.  2,  1818,  and  arrived  on  the 
coast  March  12th.  After  a  laborious  in- 
spection of  more  than  two  months  he 
embarked  on  his  return  in  the  brig  Suc- 
cess May  22,  1818.  A  severe  cold, 
which  he  took  early  in  June,  was  succee- 
ded by  a  fever,  of  which  he  died  June 
16, 1818,  aged  34.  He  was  buried  in  the 
depths  of  the  ocean.  He  was  eminently 
pious  and  benevolent ;  and,  when  the  sea 
gives  up  its  dead,  he  will  rise  to  heavenly 
glory.  His  memoirs  by  Gardiner  Spring 
were  published,  3vo.  1820. 

MINOT,  George  Richards,  a  histo- 
rian, was  born  in  "Boston  Dec.  28,  1758. 
Distinguished  in  early  life  by  the  love  of 
learning,  graceful  modesty,  and  amiable 
manners,  he  was  peculiarly  endeared, 
while  at  school,  to  his  excellent  instructer, 
Mr.  Lovell,  and  in  college  he  secured  the 
esteem  of  the  governors  of  the  institution 
and  the  warmest  attachment  of  his  com- 
panions. He  was  graduated  in  1778. 
Having  pursued  the  study  of  the  law  un- 
der the  care  of  William  Tudor,  he  began 
its  practice  with  a  high  reputation  and 
with  fixed  principles  and  habits.  But 
his  attention  was  immediately  diverted 
somewhat  from  his  profession  by  his  ap- 
pointment as  clerk  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, in  1781,  soon  after  the  new 
constitution  had  commenced  its  operar 
tion.  While  in  this  station,  the  duties 
of  which  he  discharged  with  the  greatest 
fidelity  and  impartiality,the  causes, which 
produced  the  insurrection,  were  opera- 
ting, and  he  had  an  oportunity  of  being 
well  acquainted  with  the  proceedings  of 
the  house.       Of  these  transactions  he 


wrote  a  sketch,  which  was  published  in 
the  Boston  magazine  for  1784  and  1785. 
After  the  insurrection  was  suppressed,  he 
wrote  a  history  of  it,  which  was  praised 
equally  for  its  truth,  moderation,  perspi- 
cuity, and  elegance.  Of  the  convention 
in  Mass.,  which  considered  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  he  was  chosen 
the  secretary.  In  Jan.  1792  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  probate  for  the  county  of 
Sufiblk,  aud  several  years  afterwards 
judge  of  the  municipal  court  in  Boston. 
He  died  Jan.  2,  1802,  aged  4S.  Amidst 
the  violence  of  parties  his  mildness,  can- 
dor, and  moderation  gained  him  the  re- 
spect of  all.  His  conversation  was  inter- 
esting, for  his  mind  was  enriched  with 
various  knowledge,  and  there  was  a 
modesty  and  benignity  in  his  character, 
which  attracted  and  delighted.  Humble 
and  devout,  he  complied  with  the  ordi- 
nances of  Christianity ,and  trusted  entire- 
ly to  the  mercy  of  God  for  salvation. 
He  published  an  oration  on  the  Boston 
massacre,  March  5,  1782;  history  of  the 
insurrection  in  Mass.,  8vo.  1788 ;  an 
address  to  the  charitable  fire  society, 
1796  ;  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ;  a 
continuation  of  the  history  of  Massachu- 
setts bay  from  1748  to  1765,  with  an  in- 
troductory sketch  of  events  from  its  orig- 
inal settlement.  The  first  volume  of  this 
work,  which  is  a  continuation  of  Hutch- 
inson, was  published  in  8vo.  1798  ;  the 
second  volume  was  almost  completed  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  and  it  has  since 
been  published.  The  narrative  is  per- 
spicuous, and  the  style  simple  and  pure, 
and  a  model  of  historical  eloquence. — 
Hist.  soc.  VIII.  89-109. 

MINTO,  Walter,  ll.  d.,  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  in  the  college  of  N. 
Jersey,  was  born  in  Scotland  Dec.  3, 
1753,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh.  By 
the  persuasion  of  the  earl  of  Buchan  he 
wrote  a  book  to  prove,  that  the  original 
discovery  of  logarithms  was  to  be  attribu- 
ted to  Napier,  the  laird  of  Merchiston. 
The  earl  sent  him  to  America  in  1786, 
being  desirous  of  laying  a  foundation  of 
mathematical  science  in  the  land  of 
Columbus  and  of  Washington.     Soon 


I  % 


MIRANDA. 


MITCHELL. 


^Hi 


after  his  arrival  he  was  chosen  Goathemat' 
ical  professor  in  Princeton  college.  In 
this  situation  he  was  respected  and  use- 
I'ul.  He  died  Oct.  31,  1796,  aged  43. 
He  was  a  sincere  Christian  and  a  truly 
learned  man.  Besides  the  book  on  Na- 
pier he  published  a  demonstration  of  the 
path  of  the  new  planet ;  researches  into 
some  parts  of  the  theory  of  the  planets, 
&c.  9vo.  1783  ;  and  an  oration  on  the 
progress  and  importance  of  the  mathe- 
matical sciences,  &c.  1788. 

MIRANDA,  Don  Francisco,  general, 
was  born  of  a  Spanish  family  at  Caracas, 
of  which  province  his  grandfather  was 
governor.  In  1783  he  visited  the  U.  S., 
and  travelled  on  foot  over  a  part  of  Eu- 
rope. In  the  French  revolution  he  was 
a  major  general  in  the  service  of  France. 
From  the  prison,  into  which  he  was  cast, 
he  escaped  to  England  in  1797.  Having 
been  again  banished  from  France  for  op- 
posing the  French  consul  in  1803,  he  re- 
solved to  emancipate  S.  America  from 
the  domin  ion  of  Spain.  Having  obtained 
secret  assistance  and  encouragement,  he 
sailed  from  N.  York  in  1806  with  a  num- 
ber of  American  volunteers.  At  St.  Do- 
mingo he  chartered  two  schooners ;  they 
were  captured  on  the  coast,  while  he  es- 
caped in  his  ship.  In  1810  he  renewed 
his  attempt,  but  was  obliged  to  capitulate 
to  gen.  Monteverde,  who  in  disregard  of 
the  agreement  treated  him  as  a  prisoner. 
He  was  sent  to  Spain,  and  died  after  four 
years'  confinement  in  the  dungeons  of 
the  inquisition  at  Cadiz. 

MISSISSIPPI,  one  of  the  United 
States,  was  originally  inhabited  by  the 
Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  Indians.  Settle- 
ments were  begun  by  the  French  about 
1716.  In  1763  it  was  ceded  to  England. 
In  1798  the  country  was  erected  into  a 
territorial  government,  and  formed  into  a 
distinct  state,  separate  from  Alabama,  in 
1817.  The  population  of  both  in  1800 
was  8,860  ;  in  1810,  40,353 ;  that  of  Mis- 
sissippi, in  1816,  45,939 ;  in  1830,  75, 
448,  of  which  33,814  were  slaves ;  in 
1830,  136,306,  of  whom  65,659  were 
slaves.  The  climate  and  soil  of  the  state 
are  favorable  to  the  growth  of  cotton. 
74 


There  are  ample  funds  for  the  endowo 
ment  of  schools.  Jefferson  college  is  at 
Washington,  6  miles  from  Natchez. 
The  constitution,  which  was  adopted  in 
1817,  provides,  that  the  governor  shall 
be  chosen  for  two  years,  and  that  tha 
lieutenant  governor  shall  be  president  of 
the  senate .  Senators  and  repreaentativea 
are  chosen  annually.  Judges  are  remov- 
able on  address.  The  clergy  are  exclu- 
ded from  civil  office.  Slaves,  as  in  Ken- 
tucky, are  not  to  be  emancipated  by  law 
without  the  consent  of  the  owners  nor 
without  compensation,  nor  to  be  prohibi- 
ted from  being  brought  into  the  state  by 
emigrants. 

MISSOURI,  one  of  the  United  States, 
was  a  part  of  Louisiana.  St.  Louis  was 
settled  in  1764 ;  the  inhabitants  being 
Canadians.  In  1830  it  was  made  a  dis^ 
tinct  State.  The  question  of  allowing 
'  M  introduction  of  slaves  was  very  ear- 
nestly debated  in  congress.  It  was  de- 
termined to  allow  them  to  be  introduced. 
The  population  in  1820  was  66,586,  of 
whom  10,333  were  slaves ;  in  1830, 
140,074,  of  whom  34,990  were  ihvtn. 
In  this  state  are  extensive  prairies,  cov- 
ered with  various,  beautiful  flowers.  A 
tract  of  100  miles  by  40  abounds  in  lead 
ores.  More  than  3,000,000  pounds  are 
annually  smelted.  There  is  a  catholic 
college  at  St.  Louis.  The  constitution 
of  this  state  is  similar  to  that  of  M  ississip- 
pi.  The  number  of  representatives  is 
never  to  exceed  100. 

MITARK,  sachem  of  Gay  Head  on 
Martha's  vineyard,  being  converted  to 
the  Christian  faith  by  Mr.  Mayhew,  be- 
came a  preacher.  Of  the  English  he  was 
a  faithful  ally,  and  died,  regretted  by  all 
the  islanders,  Jan.  30,  1688.  He  said— 
"  I  have  hope  in  God,  that  when  my 
soul  departs  out  of  this  body,  God  wiU 
send  his  messengers,  who  shall  conduct  it 
to  himself  to  be  with  Jesus  Christ,  where 
that  everlasting  glory  is.  " 

MITCHELL,  Jonathan,  minister  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Jonathan 
M.,  was  born  in  England  in  1624.  He 
was  brought  to  this  country  in  1635  by 
his  parents,  who  sought  a  leftige  from 


188 


MITCHELL. 


eccleaiastieal  tyranny  in  the  wilderaesa. 
His  father  first  settled  at  Concord ;  after- 
wards he  lived  at  Saybrook,  Wethers- 
field,  and  Stamford  ;  and  died  in  1645. 
Mr.  Mitchell  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1647,  having  made  great  ac- 
quisitions in  knowledge  and  improve- 
ments in  virtue.  Under  the  ministry  of 
Mr.  Shepard  his  mind  was  impressed  by 
the  truths  of  religion.  While  at  college 
he  kept  a  diary  in  Latin.  When  he  be- 
gan to  preach,  he  was  invited  to  settle 
at  Hartford,  but  he  was  ordained  at  Cam- 
bridge, as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Shepard, 
Aug.  31,  1650.  Soon  after  his  settle- 
ment president  Dunster  embraced  the 
principles  of  antipedobaptism.  This  was 
a  peculiar  trial  to  him ;  but,  though  he 
felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  combat  the  prin- 
ciples of  his  former  tutor,  he  did  it  with 
such  meekness  of  wisdom,  as  not  to  lose 
his  friendship,  though  the  controversy 
occasioned  his  removal  from  the  college. 
In  1662  he  was  a  member  of  the  synod, 
which  met  in  Boston  to  discuss  and  settle 
a  question  Concerning  church  member- 
ship and  church  discipline,  and  the  result 
was  chiefly  written  by  him.  The  deter- 
mination of  the  question  relating  to  the 
baptism  of  the  children  of  those,  who  did 
not  approach  the  Lord's  table,  and  the 
support  thus  given  to  what  is  called  the 
halfway  covenant,  was  more  owing  to 
him  than  to  any  other  man.  Consider- 
ing baptized  persons  as  members  of  the 
church  and  liable  to  its  discipline,  he 
thought,  that  their  children  should  be  ad- 
mitted to  baptism.  He  died  in  the  hope 
of  glory  July  9,  1668,  aged  43.  His 
wife  was  Margaret,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Shepard,  his  predecessor.  His  children 
were  John  ;  Nathaniel ;  Samuel,  a  gradu- 
ate of  1681  ;  and  Jonathan,  a  graduate  of 
1687. — Mr.  M.  was  eminent  for  piety, 
wisdom,  humility,  and  love.  His  vigor- 
ous powers  of  mind  were  diligently  culti- 
vated ;  his  memory  was  very  retentive ; 
and  he  had  acquired  much  learning.  He 
wrote  his  sermons  with  care  and  yet 
preached  without  notes,  speaking  with 
great  majesty,  and  attaining  towards  the 
close  of  his  discourses  a  fervency,  which 


was  most  energetic  and  impressive.  His 
deliveiy  was  inimitable.  He  was  fre- 
quently called  to  ecclesiastical  councils, 
and,  possessing  singular  acuteness,  pru- 
dence, and  moderation,he  was  well  quali- 
fied to  heal  differences.  Attached  to  the 
institutions  of  the  founders  of  New  Eng- 
land, he  frequently  said,  that  if  it  should 
become  a  general  opinion,  that  all  persons, 
orthodox  in  judgment  as  to  matters  of 
faith,  and  not  scandalous  in  life,  should 
be  admitted  to  partake  of  the  Lord's  sup- 
per without  any  examination  concerning 
the  work  of  saving  grace  in  their  hearts, 
it  would  be  a  real  apostacy  from  former 
principles,  and  a  degeneracy  from  the 
reformation  already  attained.  He  was 
faithful  and  zealous  in  the  discharge  of 
the  duties  of  the  sacred  ofRce.  Besides 
his  stated  labors  on  the  sabbath,  he 
preached  a  monthly  lecture  upon  man's 
misery  by  sin,  salvation  by  Christ,  and 
holy  obedience,  which  was  much  at- 
tended by  persons  from  tbe  neighboring 
towns.  He  published  a  letter  of  counsel 
to  his  brother,  1664  ;  an  election  sermon, 
entitled,  Nehemiah  upon  the  wall  in 
troublesome  times,  1667  ;  a  letter  con- 
cerning the  subject  of  baptism,  1675  ;  a 
discourse  of  the  glory,  to  which  God  hath 
called  believers  by  Jesus  Christ,  printed 
London,  reprinted  Boston,.  13mo,  1721. 
— His  life  by  C.  Mather;  magnalia,  iv. 
158—185;  Hit.  «oc.  vii.  23,37,47— 51. 
MITCHELL,  John,  m.  d.  f.  r.  s.,  a 
botanist  and  physician,  came  from  Eng- 
land to  Virginia  about  the  year  1700.  He 
died  in  1773.  His  residence  was  chiefly  at 
Urbana,  a  small  town  on  the  Rappahanoc, 
about  73 miles  from  Richmond.  Heap- 
pears  to  have  been  a  man  of  observation, 
acuteness,  and  enterprise,  as  well  as  learn- 
ing. He  wrote  in  1743  an  essay  on 
the  causes  of  the  different  colors  of 
people  in  different  climates,  which  was 
publishedin  the  philosophical  transactions, 
vol .  xliii.  He  attributes  the  difference  of 
the  human  complexion  to  the  same  causes, 
which  have  been  assigned  by  Dr.  Smith, 
to  the  influence  of  climate  and  modes  of 
life  ;  and  he  thinks,  that  the  whites  have 
degenerated  more  from  the  original  com- 


MITCHELL. 

plezion  in  Noah  and  hia  family,  than  the 
Indiana  or  even  negroes.  The  color  of 
the  descendanis  of  Ham  he  considers  a 
blessing  rather  than  a  curse,  as  without  it 
they  isould  not  well  inhabit  Africa.  He 
published  also  an  essay  on  the  prepara- 
tions and  uses  of  the  various  kinds  of 
potash  in  philosophical  transactions  vol 
xlv;  a  letter  concerning  the  force  of 
electrical  cohesion  in  vol.  li ;  and  d  use- 
ful work  on  the  general  principh  d  of  bota- 
ny, containing  descriptions  of  a  number 
of  new  genera  of  plants,  4to.  1769 .  It  is 
believed,  that  he  was  also  the  author  of 
the  map  of  North  America  published  in 
1755,  which  was  accompanied  by  a  large 
pamphlet,  entitled,  the  contest  in  Ameri- 
ca, and  followed  by  another,  entitled  the 
present  state  of  Great  Britain  and  North 
America,  1767.  His  manuscripts  on  the 
yellow  fever,  as  it  appeared  in  Virginia  in 
1743,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
by  whom  they  were  communicated  to 
Dr.  Rush.— Jlfi7/cr'»  retrospect,  i.  318  ; 
II.  867 ;  Thaeher. 

MITCHELL,  Ammi  R.  a  physician, 
the  son  of  judge  David  Mitchell,  was 
born  at  North  Yarmouth,  Maine,  May  8, 
1763.  Having  studied  physic  at  Ports- 
mouth, when  at  the  close  of  the  war  the 
America,  a  74  gun  ship,  was  presented 
by  congress  to  the  king  of  France,  he 
accompanied  Dr.  Meaubec,  the  surgeon 
of  the  ship,  to  Brest,  where  he  enjoyed 
many  advantages  for  improvement  in 
surgery.  On  his  return  he  settled  at 
North  Yarmouth,  where  he  had  exten- 
sive practice  through  life.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  Christian  ;  for  21  years 
a  deacon  of  the  church.  He  died  May 
14, 1834,  aged  63.  He  was  found  dead 
in  the  street,  having  been- thrown  from 
his  gig,  as  he  was  riding.  He  published 
an  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800 ;  an 
address  on  sacred  music,  1813. — Cum- 
mtflg-<'  »erm.;   Thaeher. 

MITGHELL,Alfred,  minister  of  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  the  son  of  judge  Stephen 
Mix  M . ,  was  born  at  Wethersfield  May 
23, 1790;  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1809  ;  and,  having  studied  theology  at 
Andover,  was  ordained  as  the  successor 


MONRO. 


587 


of  Mr.  Hooker  Oct  37,  1814.  Ha  died 
Dec.  19,  1831,  aged  41.    He  was  a  man 

of  intellectual  power,  of  firmness,  and 
zeal,  yet  modest  and  retiring.  Almost 
his  last  words  were — "  the  will  of  the 
Lord  be  done.  "  He  published  several 
occasional  sermons.  From  the  lines, 
written  on  his  death  by  Mrs.  Sigourney, 
who  once  attended  on  his  preaching,  the 
following  is  an  extract.  She  had  heard, 
that  one  of  his  last  expressions  was  "  am 
/  to  near  my  hornet " 

"  Pureapirit*  should,  not  pass  unmourn'd. 

This  earth  ii  poor  without  them. — But  a  view 
Of  better  climet  broke  o'er  thee,  and  thy  soul 
Roae  o'er  iti  itricken  tont  with  out.* pread  wing 
Of  leraph  rapture: — for  to  reach  a  home, 
Where  is  no  rootleu  hope,  no  vain  desire, 
No  film  o'er  faith's  bright  eye,  for  love  no 

blight,— 
la  glorious  gain.— Teacher  and  giiide,forewell." 
MONIS,  Judah,  the  first  Hebrew  in- 
structer  in  Harvard  college,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Italy,  and  afler  his  arrival  in  this 
country  began  his  instructions  about  the 
}'ear  1730.  Though  a  Jew  he  embraced 
the  Christian  religion,  and  was  publicly 
baptized  at  Cambridge  in  1733.  Afler 
the  death  of  his  wife  in  1761  he  resigned 
his  office,  ijrhich  he  had  sustained  for 
about  forty  years,  and  retired  to  North- 
borough.  In  that  town  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  the  family  of 
Rev.  John  Marty  n,  who  married  a  sister  of 
his  wife.  He  died  April  35,  1764,  aged 
81,  bequeathing  forty  six  pounds  to  be 
divided  among  seven  of  the  neighboring 
ministers,  and  136/.  as  a  fund,  the  inter- 
est of  which  was  to  be  given  to  the  indi- 
gent widows  of  ministers.  He  published 
truth,  whole  truth,  nothing  but  the 
truth,  1732,  and  a' Hebrew  grammar, 
4to.  1735. 

MONRO,  George,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian, was  born  at  Newcastle,  Delaware, 
Feb.  23,  1760;  his  father,  George  M., 
came  from  Scotland.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army.  On 
the  return  of  peace  he  spentthree  years 
in  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  profited 
by  the  lectures  of  CuUen,  Gregory,  Black, 
Home,  Brown,  and  Monro.  He  pub- 
lished at  this  period  a  Latin  dissertation 


1 


wt 


MONROE. 


I   #4^  *.    -'v  «»•  t    k  •■ 


on  Cynanohe,  which  wm  commended  by 
Cullen.  In  1786  he  eettled  on  his  ftnn 
at  St.  George's,  Newcutle  county ;  in 
1798  he  removed  to  Wilmington,  where 
he  pused  the  remainder  of  hia  lire  in  ex- 
tenaive  practice  as  a  physician  and  sur- 
geon. He  was  an  infidel  till  about  ISOO, 
when  he  publicly  acknowledged  his  be- 
lief in  Christianity,  and  joined  the  pres- 
byterian  church,  and  ever  afterwards  ex- 
hibited the  virtues  of  an  eminent  Chris- 
tian. In  all  his  habits  he  was  simple. 
Hedrank  nothing  but  water.  His  strict 
economy  enabled  him  to  be  extensively 
charitable  ;  his  charities  prevented  him 
fVom  accumulating  property.  Of  uniform 
piety,  he  was  punctual  in  attending  upon 
every  religious  ordinance.  The  eternal 
welfare  of  his  patients  weigtied  upon  his 
heart ;  he  conversed  with  them  on  relig- 
ion. His  Bible  was  always  open  before 
him ;  he  relished  no  book,  company,  or 
employment,  which  was  not  spiritual. 
An  ossification  of  his  heart  terminated 
his  life  Oct.  11,1819,  aged  69.  His  wife 
was  Jemima,  daughter  of  col.  John  Has- 
let, who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Princeton. — 
Thaeher. 

MONROE,  James,  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  April  28, 1758 
ou  the  Potomac,  in  Westmoreland  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  land  of  his  ancestor, 
one  of  the  first  patentees  of  the  province. 
His  father  was  a  mason.  Having  been 
educated  at  Wm.  and  Mary  college,  he 
m  1776  entered  as  a  cadet  in  the  regiment, 
commanded  by  col.  Mercer.  Being  ap- 
pointed a  lieutenant,  he  joined  the  army 
.  of  Washington,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
'battles  of  Harlem  heights,  and  White 
Plains.  In  the  attack  on  Trenton,  Dec. 
S6, 1776,  he  was  wounded  through  the 
left  shoulder,  and  for  his  bravury  was 
promoted tobeacaptainof infantry.  Being 
■oon  appomted  aid  to  lord  Stirling,  he 
■erved  as  such  in  1777  and  1778,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine, 
Germantown,  and  Monmouth.  In  1778 
he  proposed  to  raise  a  regiment  in  Vir- 
ginia, but,not  being  successful,  he  engag- 
ed in  the  study  of  the  law  under  Mr. 
Jefierson,  yet  rendered  good  military  ser- 


vice in  the  repulse  of  invaaioiM.  In  1780 
he  was  military  commissioner  for  Virgin- 
ia and  visited  the  southern  army  under 
De  Kalb.  In  1782  he  was  elected  from 
king  George  county  to  the  assembly ;  the 
next  year,at  the  age  of  34,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress.  His  enlarged  views  at 
this  period  were  evinced  by  his  propo- 
sition in  1786,  which  however  was  not 
adopted,  to  vest  congress  with  power  to 
regulate  trade  with  all  the  states.  Hav- 
ing served  three  years,  he  returned  home 
in  1786.  In  the  mean  time  he  had  mar- 
ried a  beautiful  young  lady,  whose  person 
&  conversation  had  attracted  much  notice 
in  Paris  and  London.  In  1788  he  was  a 
meni^ber  of  the  convention  of  Virginia, 
which  considered  the  constitution  of  the 
U.  S., — an  assembly  of  illustrious  and 
eloquent  men,  never  equalled  in  any  state. 
From  1790  to  1794  he  was  a  senator  of 
the  U.  S.  Washington  sent  him  in  1794 
a  minister  plenipotentiary  to  France.  He 
was  recalled  in  1797,  As  he  had  been 
severely  censured  in  a  letter  of  Mr.  Pick- 
ering, the  secretary  of  state,  of  June  13, 
1796  for  not  vindicating  at  the  French 
court  the  British  treaty,  he  published  on 
his  return  the  whole  of  his  correspon- 
dence, with  100  pages  of  preliminary 
observations.  He  was  attached  to  the 
republican  party  as  contradistinguished 
from  the  federalists.  From  1799  to  1802 
he  was  governor  of  Virginia.  When 
Mr.  Livingston  was  resident  minister 
at  Paris,  he  was  appointed  to  join  him  p.s 
envoy  extraordinary  in  1802  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana.  This  service  hav.  ng 
been  performed,  he  repaired  in  1803  to 
London  as  successor  of  Mr.  King,  min- 
ister at  the  British  court.  In  1805  he 
assisted  Mr.  Charles  Pinckney  in  a  nego- 
tiation in  Spain,  and  then  returned  to 
London,  where  he  remained  two  or  three 
years,  occupied  in  important  duties.  He 
remonstrated  against  the  seizure  of  ves- 
sels under  the  orders  in  council.  With 
Wm.  Pinkney  he  negotiated  a  commer- 
cial treaty  with  great  Britain,  which 
Mr.  Jefferson  rejected,  because  it  did  not 
provide  against  impressment.  Afler  an 
absence  of  5  years  returning  home  in 


MONROE. 


MONTGOMERY. 


580 


1808,  he  paned  the  two  next  yean  on 
his  farm  in  Albemarle  county.    In  1811 
he  waa  again  elected  governor  of  Virgin- 
ia.   Mr.  Madison  nominated  him  as  sec- 
rstary  of  state,  as  successor  of  R.Smith, 
N0V.9&,  1811,  and  he  remained  in  office 
till  1817,  being  also  secretary  at  war  as 
successor  of  J.  Armstrong  from  Sept  37, 
1814  toMar.3, 1816,  when  Mr.  Crawford 
was  appointed .    Being  elected  the  5th 
president  of  the  U.  S.,  he  commenced  his 
administration  March  4,  1817,  and,  be- 
ing subsequently  re-elected, with  only  one 
dissenting  vote,  continued  in  his  high 
office  8  years  till  1835.    His  wife,  the 
daughter  of  Lawrence  Kortwright,  died 
in  Virginia  at  Oak  Hill,  his  residence  in 
Loudoun  county,  Sept.  33,  1830.    He 
died  July  4,  1331,  aged  73.    It  was  re- 
markable, that  Adams  and  Jefferson  also 
died  July  the  fourth,  1836.    He  lefl  no 
son;  one  daughter  married  judge  George 
Fay  of  Richmond  and  was  lefl  a  widow 
in  Sept.  1830 ;  another  married  Samuel 
L.  Gouverneur  of  N.  York,  at  whose 
house  Mr.  Monroe  died. — He  was  an 
attendant  on  the  episcopalian  worship. 
Mr.  Monroe  possessed  a  very  determined 
spirit  and  was  distinguished  for  unweari- 
tA.  industry.    There  was  much  energy  in 
the  measures  of  his  administration:  the 
army  &  navy  were  strengthened;  surveys 
and  plans  of  fortifications  were  made  ;  a 
cession  of  Florida  for  Spain  was  obtain- 
ed; the  independent  states  of  S.  Ameri- 
ca were  recognized,  .ind  the  bold  declara- 
tion was  made  to  the  world,  that  an  inter- 
ference of  European  powers  in  respect  to 
those  states  would  not  be  tolerated.    Vig- 
orous efforts  were  also  made  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  slave  trade  ;  the  pension 
for  the  revolutionary  soldiers  was  voted ; 
and  the  generous  La  Fayette  received 
from  theU.  S.  the  just  acknowledgment 
of  his  services  in  promoting  the  establish- 
ment of  American  liberty. — Though  in 
the  course  of  his  life  he  had  received  from 
the  public  treasury  for  his  services  358, 
000  dollars,  he  retired  from  the  office  of 
presidency  deep  in  debt.     He  was,  how- 
ever, at  last  relieved  by  the  adjustment 
by  congress  of  his  claims,  founded  chiefly 


on  the  disbursements  made  daring 
war. 

MONTCALM,  Louis  Joseph  De, 
marquis  of  St.  Veran,  a  distinguished 
French  general,  was  born  of  a  noble  fam- 
ily at  Candiac  in  1713,  and  entered  early 
in  the  army.  He  commanded  with  repu- 
tation in  Italy,  Bohemia,  and  Germany. 
In  1756  he  became  a  field  rbarshal,  and 
was  sent  to  Canada,  where  he  succeeded 
Dieskau . .  He  soon  took  Oswego  ;  and 
in  1757  fort  William  Henry;  and  in 
1758  he  repulsed  Abercrombie  with  much 
slaughter  from  the  walls  of  Ticonderoga. 
When  Wolfe  in  his  attack  upon  Quebec 
had  gained  the  plains  of  Abraham  Sep- 
tember ISth,  1750,  Montcalm '  resolved 
upon  a  battle,  and  accordingly  marched 
out.  The  commanders  of  the  two  ar- 
mies both  fell,  equally  illustious  for  bra- 
very, and  both  occupied  by  the  event  of 
the  battle  at  the  moment  they  were  about 
to  exchange  time  for  eternity.  The  for- 
mer rejoiced,  that  he  should  die  in  the 
arms  of  victory,  and  the  latter  that  he 
should  not  survive  the  surrender  of  Que- 
bec.—  Wynne,  11.  135,  141  ;  Marthall, 
I.  407,  414, 450,  456—464. 

MONTGOMERY,  Richard,  a  major 
general  in  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland  in  the 
year  1737.  He  possessed  an  excellent 
genius,  which  was  matured  by  a  good  ed- 
ucation. Entering  the  army  of  Great 
Britain,  he  successfully  fought  her  battles 
with  Wolfe  at  Quebec  in  1759,  and  on 
the  very  spot,  where  he  was  doomed  to 
fall,  when  fighting  against  her  under  the 
banners  of  freedom.  After  his  return  to 
England  he  quitted  his  regiment  in  1773, 
though  in  a  fair  way  to  preferment.  He 
had  imbibed  an  attachment  to  America, 
viewing  it  as  the  rising  seat  of  arts  and 
freedom.  Afler  his  arrival  in  this  coun- 
try he  purchased  an  estate  in  New  York 
about  a  hundred  miles  from  the  city,  and 
married  a  daughter  of  judge  Livingston. 
He  now  considered  himself  as  an  Ameri- 
can. When  the  struggle  with  Great 
Britain  commenced,  as  he  was  known  to 
have  an  ardent  attachment  to  liberty,  and 
had  expressed  his  readiness  to  draw  his 


690 


MONTGOMERY. 


MOODY. 


•word  on  the  wde  or  the  colonies,  the 
comtnond  of  the  continental  Torces  in  the 
northern  department  was  intrusted  to  him 
and  general  Schuyler  in  the  fall  of  I77&. 
By  the  indisposition  of  Schuyler  the 
chief  command  derolved  upon  him  in  Oc- 
tober. He  reduced  fort  Chamblee  and 
Nov.  8d,  captured  St.  Johns.  On  the 
13th  he  took  Montreal.  In  Dec.  he  join- 
ed Arnold  &  marched  to  Quebec.  Theci^y 
was '  besieged  and  on  the  last  day  of  the 
year  it  was  determined  to  make  an  assault. 
The  several  divisions  were  accordingly 
put  in  motion  in  the  midst  of  a  heavy  fall 
of  snow,  which  concealed  them  from  the 
enemy.  Montgomery  advanced  at  the 
head  of  the  New  York  troops  along  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and,  approaching  one  of 
the  barriers,  ho  was  pushing  forwards, 
when  one  of  the  guns  of  the  battery  was 
discharged,  and  he  was  killed  with  his 
two  aids.  This  was  the  only  gun,  that 
was  fired,  for  the  enemy  hod  been  struck 
with  consternation,  and  all  but  one  or 
two  had  fled.  But  this  event  probably 
prevented  the  capture  of  Quebec .  When 
he  fell,  Montgomery  was  in  a  narrow  pas- 
sage, and  his  body  rolled  upon  the  ice, 
which  formed  by  the  side  of  the  river. 
After  it  was  found  the  next  morning 
among  the  slain,  it  was  buried  by  a  few 
soldiers  without  any  marks  of  distinction. 
He  was  thirty  eight  years  of  age.  In 
his  person  he  was  tall  and  slender,  genteel 
and  graceful.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
military  talents,  whose  measures  were  ta- 
ken with  judgment  and  executed  with 
vigor.  With  undisciplined  troops,  who 
were  jealous  of  him  in  the  extreme,  he 
yet  inspired  them  with  his  own  enthusi- 
asm. He  shared  with  them  in  all  their 
hardships,  and  thus  prevented  their  com- 
plaints. His  industry  could  not  be  wea- 
ried, nor  his  vigilance  imposed  upon,  nor 
his  courage  intimidated.  Above  the  pride 
of  opinion,  when  a  measure  was  adopted 
by  the  majority,  though  contrary  to  his 
own  judgment,  he  gnve  it  his  full  support. 
By  tlie  direction  of  congress  a  monument 
of  white  marble  of  the  most  beautiful 
simplicity,  with  emblematical  devices, 
was  executed  by  Mr.  Cassiers  at  Paris, 


and  it  is  erected  to  his  memory  in  front 
of  St.  Paul's  church,  New  York.  His 
remains,  in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the 
legislature  of  >N.  Y.,  were  taken  up  by 
his  nephew,  col.  L.  Livingston,  in  June 
1818,  the  place  of  burial  being  pointed 
out  by  an  old  soldier,  who  attended  the 
funeral  43  years  before,  and  conveyed  to 
New  York,  where  they  were  again  com- 
mitted to  the  dust  in  St.  Paul's  church 
with  ihe  highest  civil  and  military  honors. 
His  widow  was  then  alive.— SmtfA't  ora- 
tion on  hii  death}  Manhall,  ii.  .903— 
311  ;  Warren,  u  369—368,  481. 

MOODY,  Joshua,  minister  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.  Hampshire,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1633.  His  father,  Wiliiam,  one 
of  the  early  settlers  of  Newbury, « anie  to 
this  country  in  1634.  He  wa?  r/,^dua- 
ted  at  Harvard  college  in  1662t .  He  be- 
gan to  preach  at  Portsmouth  about  the 
year  1668,  but  was  not  ordained  till  1671. 
In  the  year  1683,  when  Cranfield  was 
governor,  one  of  the  members  of  Mr. 
Moody's  church  was  guilty  of  perjury 
in  relation  to  a  vessel  sent  out  of  the 
harbor;  but  h?i  found  means  to  settle 
the  affair  with  (V  governor  and  collector. 
The  faithful  mi^.i8ter  oC  the  gospel  how- 
ever believed,  that  a  regard  to  the  purity 
and  reputation  of  the  church  rendered  it 
necessary,  that  a  notorious  offence  should 
be  the  subject  of  ecclesiastical  discipline. 
The  governor,  when  called  upon,  refu- 
sed to  furnish  the  evidence  of  the  man's 
perjury,and  even  threatened  Mr.  Moody, 
if  he  proceeded.  But  the  servant  of  Je- 
sus Christ  was  not  to  be  intimidated.  He 
preached  against  false  swearing  ;  he  cal- 
led the  offender  to  an  account  ;  and  even 
obliged  him  to  make  a  public  confession. 
Cranfield  in  revenge  issued  an  order,  re- 
quiring the  ministers  to  admit  all  persons 
ofsuitable  years  and  not  vicious  to  the 
Lord's  supper  from  the  first  of  Jan.  1684, 
under  the  penalty  of  the  statutes  of  uni- 
formity. He  at  the  same  time  signified 
to  Mr.  Moody  his  intention  of  partaking 
the  supper  on  the  next  Sunday,  and  re- 
quiryig  him  to  administer  it  according  to 
the  liturgy.  As  Mr.  Moody  refused  to 
administer  the  ordinance  to  an  unworthy 


MOODY. 


501 


applicant,  a  proaeeution  was  immediately 
commenced  agfainat  him,  and  hewaasen- 
tenced  to  aix  months  imprisonment  with- 
out bail  or  mainprize.  Two  ofthe  judges, 
who  dissented  from  this  sentence,  were 
removed  fVom  their  offices.  At  length 
by  the  interposition  of  friends  he  obtained 
a  releaae,  though  under  a  strict  charge 
to  preach  no  more  within  the  province. 
He  then  accepted  of  an  invitation  from 
the  firat  church  in  Boston  to  be  an  assis- 
tant minister,  and  was  so  highly  esteem- 
ed, that  upon  the  death  of  president  Ro- 
gers he  was  invited  to  take  the  oversight 
of  the  college  ;  but  he  declined.  In  the 
days  of  the  witchcrafl  delusion  in  16S3, 
he  manAilly  resisted  the  unjust  and  vio- 
lent measures  towards  the  imagined  oflfen- 
ders.  Particularly,  when  Philip  English, 
a  merchant  of  Salem,  was  accused  with 
his  wife,  and  both  were  imprisoned  in 
Boston,  just  before  the  appointed  time  of 
trial  Mr.  Moody  preached  from  the  teat, 
if  they  per$eeute  you  in  one  city,  flee  to 
another,  and  provided  for  their  flight  to 
N.  York,  by  which  means  they  escaped 
a  trial  and  probable  condemnation.  His 
zeal  against  this  wretched  delusion  occa- 
sioned, however,  his  dismission  from  the 
church ,  where  he  was  preaching.  In  the 
following  year  he  returned  to  Portsmouth, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  use- 
fulness and  peace.  On  the  approach  of 
his  last  sickness  he  went  for  advice  to 
Boston,  where  he  died  July  4, 1697,  aged 
64.  His  son,  Samuel,  a  graduate  of  1689, 
was  a  preacher  at  New  Castle,  N.  H. 
He  was  aucceeded  by  Mr.  Rogers. 
Though  he  was  deeply  impressed  with 
his  unworthiness  of  the  divine  mercy  ; 
yet  he  indulged  the  hope  of  glory,  and 
was  desirous  of  entering  into  the 
presence  of  the  Redeemer,  whom  he  had 
served  in  his  gospel .  He  wrote  upwards 
of  four  thousand  sermons.  He  published 
a  practical  discourse  concerning  the 
choice  benefit  of  communion  with  God 
in  his  house,  being  the  sum  of  seve- 
ral sermons,  13mo.  1685,  reprinted  1746; 
an  election  sermon,  1692. — C  MatherU 
fun.  aer. ;  Magnolia,  iv.  192-199. 
MOODY,  Samuel,  minister  of  York 


in  the  district  of  Maine,  the  son  of 
Caleb  M.,  and  grandson  of  Wm.  M., 
was  born  Jan.  4,  1676;  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1697.  He  waa  or- 
dained Dec.  20,  1700  as  successor  of 
Shubael  Dummer,  who  waa  killed  by  the 
Indians,  and  died  NoVi  1S,1747,  aged  70. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Lyman.  His 
son,  Joseph  Moody,  the  first  minister  of 
the  north  church  in  York,  died  March 
30, 1759,  aged  53,  leaving  a  son,  Samuel, 
who  after  being  SO  years  the  distinguish- 
ed preceptor  of  Dummer  academy,  died 
at  Exeter  Dec.  17,  1795,  aged  69.  He 
had  many  eccentricities  in  his  conduct ; 
but  he  was  eminent  for  piety  and  was  a 
remarkably  useful  minister  of  the  gospel. 
In  his  younger  years  he  oilen  >  preached 
beyond  the  limits  of  his  own  parish,  and 
wherever  he  went,  the  people  hung  upon 
his  lips.  In  one  of  his  excursions  he 
went  as  far  as  Providence,  where  his  ex- 
ertions were  the  means  of  laying  the 
foundation  of  a  church.  Though  a  zea- 
lous friend  to  the  revival  of  religion, 
which  occurred  throughout  the  country  a 
short  time  before  hisdeeath  ;  yet  he  gave 
no  countenance  to  separations.  Such 
was  the  sanctity  of  his  character,  that  it 
impressed  the  irreligious  with  awe.  To 
piety  he  united  uncpmmon  benevolence. 
While  with  importunate  earnestness  he 
pleaded  the  cause  of  the  poor,  he  was 
very  charitable  himself.  It  was  by  hia 
own  choice,  that  he  derived  his  support 
from  a  free  contribution,  rather  than  a 
fixed  salary  in  the  usual  way.  In  one  of 
bin  sermons  he  mentions,  that  he  had 
been  supported  twenty  years  in  a  way 
most  pleasing  to  him,and  had  been  under 
no  necessity  of  spending  one  hour  in  a 
week  in  care  for  the  world.  Yet  he  waa 
sometimes  reduced  almost  to  want, 
though  his  confidence  in  the  kind  provi- 
dence of  God  never  failed  him .  Some 
remarkable  instances  of  answers  to  his 
prayers,  and  of  correspondences  between 
the  event  and  his  faith  are  not  yet  forgot- 
ten in  York.  The  hour  of  dinner  once 
came,  and  his  table  was  unsupplied  with 
provisions  ;  but  he  insisted  upon  having 
the  cloth  laid,  saying  to  his  wife,  he  was 


MOORE. 


MOORHEAD. 


eonfident,  that  they  ihould  be  rurniihed 
by  the  bounty  oi'  Ood.  At  thii  moment 
■ome  une  rapped  at  the  door,  and  pre- 
lented  a  ready  cooked  dinner.  It  w»a 
aent  by  perrtona,  who  on  that  day  had 
made  an  entertainment,  and  who  knew 
the  poverty  of  Mr.  Moody.  He  wat  an 
irritable  man,  though  ho  waa  conatantly 
watchAil  against  this  infirmity.  He  once 
went  into  a  tavern  and  among  a  number 
of  gamblers  found  a  member  of  his 
church.  In  his  indignation  he  seized 
hold  of  him,  and  cast  him  out  at  the 
door.  In  one  of  his  sermons  the  doc- 
trine, which  he  drew  from  his  text,  and 
which  was  the  foundation  of  his  discourse, 
was  this,  "  when  you  know  not  what  to 
do,  you  must  not  do  you  know  not  what." 
He  published  the  doleful  state  of  the  dam- 
ned, especially  of  such  as  go  to  hell  from 
under  the  gospel,  1710 ;  election  sermon, 
1731  ;  a  summary  account  of  the  life  and 
death  of  Joseph  Quasson,  an  Indian. — 
StUlivan't  Maine,  238  ;  a  fun.  term,  on 
Moody. 

MOORE,  Alfred,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  U.  S.,  was  a  native  of  N. 
Carolina  and  a  patriot  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  a  captain  in  a  Carolina  regiment 
at  the  age  of  19,  and  sacrificed  a  great  por- 
tion of  his  ample  fortune  in  the  cause  of 
his  country.  After  the  peace  he  studied 
law,  and  in  his  profession  was  the  rival  of 
Davie  and  acquired  a  large  fortune.  He 
succeeded  Mr.  Iredell  as  judge  in  1800, 
but  resigned  the  office  in  1805.  He  died 
at  BelfontOct.  15,  IBlO,  aged  55. 

MOORE,  Benjamin,  d.d.,  bishop  of 
N.  York,  was  born  at  Newtown,  L.  Is- 
land, Oct.  16,  1743,  and  educated  at 
King's  college,  N.  York.  His  father  wag 
Samuel  M.,  a  farmer.  He  was  chosen 
the  rector  of  Trinity  church  in  1800;  was 
president  of  Columbia  college  from  1801 
to  181 1 ;  and  was  for  some  years  a  bishop. 
He  died  at  Greenwich  Feb.  37,  1816, 
aged  67.  He  was  succeeded  by  bishop 
Hobart.  He  published  a  sermon  before 
the  convention,  1804 ;  on  disobedience, 
in  Amer.  preacher,  vol.  i ;  iniquity  its 
own  accuser,  in  vol.  ii. 

MOORE,  William,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 


cian,brother  of  the  preceding  was  born  at 
Newtown,  L.  Island  in  1764.  In  1778  he 
went  to  Europe  for  his  medical  education. 
For  more  than  40  years  he  was  in  exten- 
sive practice  in  N.  York  and  highly  re»- 
pcoted  for  his  virtues  and  religion.  He 
died  in  April  1834,  aged  70.  He  publish- 
ed various  papers  in  the  Amer.  med.  reg- 
ister, the  Repository,  and  the  N.  Y. 
Journal. — Thaeher, 

MOORE,  Zephaniah  Swift,  o.  o., 
president  of  Williams'  college  and  first 
president  of  Amherst  college,  was 
born  at  Palmer,  Mass.,  Nov.  30,  1770; 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in 
179S  ;  and  waa  the  minister  of  Leicester 
from  1798  till  1811,  when  he  was  appoin- 
ted professor  of  languages  in  Dartmouth 
college.  In  Sept.  1815  he  was  chosen 
piesident  of  Williams'  college.  Having 
co-operated  in  the  ineffectual  attempt  to 
remove  this  college  to  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, his  situation  was  rendered  unpleasant 
at  Williatnstown;  so  that  when  the  colle- 
giite  seminary  was  established  at  Am- 
herst in' 1831,  and  before  it  was  incorpor- 
ated as  a  college,  he  was  invited  to  pre- 
side over  it.  He  died  of  the  cholera  at  Am- 
heist  June  35,  1833,  aged  52.  His  wife 
wai  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Drury  of 
Ward.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  Mr.  Cotton  at  Palmer, 
1811  ;  at  the  election,  1818. 

MOORHEAD,  John,  minister  in 
Boston,  was  born  near  Belfast  in  Ireland 
about  the  year  1703,  and  completed  his 
education  at  one  of  the  universities  of 
Scotland.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  1739 
or  1730,  being  invited  to  become  the 
minister  of  some  emigrants  from  the 
north  of  Ireland,  who  had  sought  in  that 
town  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty.  The  first  meeting  for 
the  election  of  elders  was  held  July  14, 
1730,  and  the  church  was  formed  accor- 
ding to  the  model  of  the  presbyterian 
church  of  Scotland.  He  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  his  benevolent  work,  and  such 
was  the  success  of  his  labors,  and  the  ac- 
cession of  foreign  protestants,  that  the 
communicants  in  1736  were  about  250. 
He   died  Dec.  3,  177S,  aged  70.     His 


MORELL. 

■ueceMorwM  Rob.  Annan.  He  viiitcd 
one*  or  twice  in  the  year  all  the  ftmiliea 
of  his  congregation  for  the  purpose  of 
imparting  religious  instruction,  and  he 
concluded  his  visit  with  prayer,  which 
he  always  performed  upon  his  knfet. 
Keeping  the  great  object  of  the  ministry 
continually  in  view,  he  was  unwearied 
in  his  endeavors  to  promote  the  edifica- 
tion and  salvation  of  his  people.  His 
mind  was  not  destitute  of  strength,  his 
imagination  was  lively,  and  his  manner 
was  solemn,  a£Gectionate,  and  pathetic. 
—Panopli$t,  II.  S98-806. 

MORELL,  William,  a  poet,  accom- 
panied Robert  Gorges  to  this  country  in 
Sept.  1633,  with  a  commission  to  super- 
intend the  ecclesiastical  concerns  of  N. 
England.  But,  as  Gorges  failed  in  his 
plan  of  a  general  government,  Morell  had 
no  opportunity  to  act  under  his  commis- 
sion. He  lived  about  a  year  at  Wey- 
mouth and  Plymouth,  and  then  returned. 
The  result  of  his  observations  on  the  coun- 
try, the  Indians,  &c.  he  wrought  into  a 
poem,  which  he  published  in  Latin  and 
Englinh.  It  is  printed  in  the  histor.  col- 
lections, I.    The  following  is  a  specimen. 

"A  grand  child  to  earth'i  pnradiM  if  born, 
Well  limb'd,  well  nerv'd,   fair,  rich,  iweet, 

yet  forlorn ; 
Thou  blett  director,  w  direct  my  venei 
That  it  may  win  her  people,  friend*,  com- 

mercn ; 
Whikt  her  tweet  air,   rich  loil,  bleit  Mai,  my 

pen 
Shall  blate,  and  tell  the  natures  of  her  men.*' 

MORGAN,  Abel,  baptist  minister  of 
Pennepek,  Penn.,  wasbornin  Wales  in 
1637  and  came  to  this  country  in  1711. 
He  died  Dec.  16,  1733.  He  compiled  a 
folio  concordance  to  the  Welch  Bible, 
printed  at  Philadelphia  ;  and  also  trans- 
lated "  Century  confession"  into  Welch, 
with  additions. — Benedict,  i.  583. 

MORGAN,  John,  m.  d.  f.  r.  s.,  a 
learned  physician,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1735.  When  he  had  completed 
the  study  of  physic  under  the  care  of 
Dr.  Redman,  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  his  country  as  a  surgeon  and  lieuten- 
ant with  the  provincial  troops  in  the 
75 


MORGAN. 


69S 


last  wsr,  which  was  carried  on  against 
the  French  in  America.  He  acquired 
both  skill  and  reputation  as  a  surgeon  in 
the  army.  In  the  year  1760  he  went 
to  Europe  to  prosecute  his  studies  in 
medicine.  After  attending  the  lecture* 
of  William  Hunter,  he  spent  two  years 
at  Edinburgh,  where  he  received  the  in- 
structions of  Monro,  Cullen,  Rutherford, 
Wliyt,  and  Hope.  He  then  published 
an  elaborate  thesis  upon  the  formation  of 
pus,  and  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  medicine.  From  Edinburgh 
he  went  to  Paris.  He  also  visited  Hol- 
land and  Italy.  During  his  absence  he 
concerted  with  Dr.  Shippon  the  plan  of 
a  medical  school  in  Philadelphia,  and  on 
his  arrival  in  1765  was  immediately  elec- 
ted professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  college  of  that  city. 
He  soon  delivered  his  plan  for  connecting 
a  medical  school  with  the  college.  In 
1769  he  saw  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  for 
in  that  year  five  young  gentlemen  receiv- 
ed the  first  honors  in  medicine,  that  were 
conferred  in  America.  He  was  active  in 
establishing  the  American  philosophical 
society  in  1760.  In  1773  he  went  to  Ja- 
maica to  solicit  benefactions  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  general  literature  in  the 
college.  In  Oct.  1775  he  was  appointed 
by  congress  director  general  and  physi- 
cian in  chief  to  the  general  hospital  of  the 
American  army  in  the  place  of  Dr.Church. 
He  immediately  repaired  to  Cambridge  ; 
but  in  1777  he  was  removed  from  his  of- 
fice wilhoi't  an  opportunity  to  vindicate 
himself.  The  dissensions  between  the 
surgeons  of  the  general  hospital  and  of 
the  regiments  and  other  circumstances 
gave  rise  to  calumnies  against  him.  Af- 
ter his  removal  he  presented  himself  be- 
fore a  committee  of  congress,  appointed 
by  his  request,  and  was  honorably  acquit- 
ted. He  died  Oct.  15,  1789,  aged  53. 
His  successor  in  the  professor's  chair  was 
Dr.  Rush.  Ho  published  tentamen  med- 
icuni  de  puris  confectione,  1763  ;  a  dis- 
course upon  the  institution  of  medical 
schools  in  America,  1765  ;  four  disserta- 
tions on  the  reciprocal  advantages  of  a 
perpetual  union  between  Great  Britain 


Mi 


MORGAN. 


and  her  American  colonies,  1766  ;  a  rec- 
ommendation of  inoculation,  1776;  a 
vindication  of  his  public  character  in  the 
station  of  director  gen<>ra!. — Rush's  ad- 
dreit,  4*6.;  ^Inerican  tnuieum,  vi.  353- 
355. 

MORGAN,  Daniel,  brigadier  general, 
a  distinguished  officer  of  the  revolution, 
was  born  in  N.  Jersey  in  1737.  At  the 
age  of  18  he  emigrated  to  Virginia  in 
1755,  and  being  without  property,  depen- 
dent on  his  daily  labor,  he  obtained  em- 
ployment from  farmerRobertsof  Berkeley 
county,  now  Jefferson.  Afterwards  he 
was  engaged  to  drive  a  wagon  for  J. 
Ashley,  who  lived  on  Shenandoah  river 
in  Frederic  county.  At  last  he  be- 
came the  owner  of  a  wagon  and  horses, 
and  was  employed  by  J.Ballantine  on  Oc- 
coquan  Creek.  A  British  writer  mention- 
ed it  as  a  matter  of  a  reproach,  that  gen- 
eral Morgan  was  once  a  wagoner.  He 
shared  in  the  perils  of  Bradduck's  expedi- 
tion against  the  Indians,  probably  as  a 
wagoner,  and  was  wounded  by  a  bullet 
through  his  neck  and  cheek.  It  is  said 
aUo,  that  in  this  campaign  he  was  un- 
justly punished  on  the  charge  of  contume- 
ly to  an  officer  and  received  500  lashes. 
From  the  age  of  20  to  that  of  30  he  was 
dissipated,  a  frequenter  of  tippling  and 
gambling  houses,  and  often  engaged 
in  pugilistic  combats,  at  Berrystown,  a 
small  village  in  Frederic  county.  From 
this  degradation  he  rose  to  useflilness  and 
honorasa  soldier.  In  civil  life  he  might  al- 
so have  been  distinguished,  had  he  sought 
to  educate  himself. — The  profits  of  his 
business  as 'a  wagoner  enabled  him  to 
buy  a  tract  of  land  in  Frederic,  on  which 
he  built  a  house,  and  where  he  lived  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war.  Soon  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton he  was  appointed  a  captain  by  con- 
gress June  32,  1775  and  directed  to  raise 
a  company  of  riilemien  and  march  to  Bos- 
ton. Recruiting  very  soon  96  men,  he 
arrived  at  Boston  after  a  march  of  21 
days.  In  Sept.  he  was  detached  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Q,u(!bec  and  marched 
with  Arnold  through  the  wilderness  of 
Maine.    In  the  attack  on  the  city  of  Que- 


bec Dec.  31,  1775,  he  was  with  the  par- 
ty, which  attacked  on  the  northerly  side, 
along  the  St.  Charles ;  Montgomery 
made  the  attack  en  the  southerly  side, 
along  the  St.  Lawrence.  Arnold  being 
wounded,  Morgan  and  his  riflemen  as- 
saulted the  battery  of  two  guns  at  the 
west  angle  of  the  town  in  a  street  called, 
not  Saint  des  Matelots,  as  Marshall  says, 
but  Sault  au  Matelot,  or  sailor's  leap  ; 
and  firing  into  the  embrasures  and 
mounting  the  barricade  by  ladders,  soon 
carried  the  battery.  Col.  Green,  who 
commanded,  marched  about  day  light  to 
attack  the  second  barrier,  which  was  just 
around  the  angle  of  the  town.  But  this 
attack  was  ineffectual,  as  the  enemy  fired 
from  the  stone  houses  on  each  side  of  the 
street  as  well  as  from  the  port  holes,  be- 
sides pouring  over  grape  shot  from  a  can- 
non on  a  high  platform  within  the  barrier. 
In  the  rear  also  there  was  a  strong  force 
to  prevent  their  retreat.  Morgan  and 
the  survivors  were  taken  prisoners.  Af- 
ter his  exchange  he  rejoined  the  army, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
regiment.  Being  sent  to  the  assistance  of 
gen.  Gates,  he  contributed  to  the  capture 
of  Burgoyne,  though  Gates  neglected  to 
speak  of  his  merit.  He  afterwards  serv- 
ed under  Gates  and  Greene  in  the  cam- 
paign at  the  south.  With  admirable 
skill  and  .bravery  he  defeated  Tarleton  in 
the  battle  of  the  Cowpens  Jan.  17,1781, 
taking  upwards  of  500  prisoners.  For 
this  action  congress  voted  him  a  golden 
medal.  Soon  afterwards  he  retired  from 
the  army,  and  returned  to  his  farm.  In 
the  Whiskey  insurrection  in  1794  Wosh- 
ington  summoned  him  to  command  the 
militia  of  Virginia.  He  afterwards  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  In  July 
1799  he  published  an  address  to  his  consti- 
tuents, vindicating  the  administration  of 
Mr.  Adams.  His  health  declining,  he 
removed  from  his  residence,  called  Sara- 
toga, to  a  farm  near  Berrysviile,  and  af- 
ter a  few  years  to  Winchester.  Gen.  Lee 
says,  that  no  man  better  loved  this  world 
and  no  man  more  reluctantly  quitted  it. 
In  his  last  years  he  manifested  great  pen- 
itence for  the  follies  of  his  early  life,  and 


MORGAN. 


595 


became  a  member  of  the  presbyterian 
church  of  Winchester.  Ha  died  July  6, 
1803,  aged  65,  after  a  long  and  distress- 
ing sickness.  His  son  was  a  captain  in 
the  northern  army  in  1813. — He  was 
stout  and  active,  6  feet  in  height,  fitted 
for  the  toils  of  war.  In  his  military  com- 
mand he  was  indulgent.  His  manners 
were  plain,  and  liia  conversation  grave 
and  sententious.  Reflecting  deeply,  his 
judgment  was  solid,  and  what  he  under- 
took he  executed  with  unshaken  courage 
and  perseverance. 

MORGAN,  William,  captain,  a  vic- 
tim of  free-masonry,  was  born  in  Culpe- 
per  county,  Virginia,  about  1775.  He 
fought  in  the  battle  of  N.  Orleans  under 
gen.  Jackson  Jan.  8, 1815.  In  Oct.  1819 
he  married  Lucinda  Pendleton  of  Rich- 
mond, Virginia.  In  1831  he  removed  to 
York,  Upper  Canada,vrhere  he  commenc- 
ed the  business  of  a  brewer ;  but,  his 
buildings  being  destroyed  by  fire,  he  re- 
moved to  Rochester,  and  then  to  Batavia, 
in  the  slate  of  N.  York.  His  trade  was 
that  of  a  mason.  Having  resolved  to 
publish  a  book,  disclosing  the  ridiculous 
secrets  of  free-masonry, and  his  intentions 
being  known,  the  free-masons  resolved  to 
suppress  the  book  and  to  punish  him  for 
bis  anti-masonic  conduct.  He  was  first 
thrown  into  prison  at  Canandaigua  for  an 
alleged  debt;  a  free-mason  paid  the  debt, 
and,  taking  him  out  of  the  prison,  placed 
him  in  a  carriage  at  the  door,  Sept.  11, 
1836  ;  and,  thus,  attended  and  guarded  by 
a  sufficient  number  of  free-masons,  he 
was  conveyed  80  or  99  miles  to  fort  Ni- 
agara, commanded  by  col.  King,  a  free- 
mason. After  being  confined  a  few  days, 
he  was  removed  from  the  fort,  and  has 
never  been  seen  since'that  time.  The  ev- 
idence eUcited  has  put  it  beyond  a  duubt, 
that  he  was  murdered  by  free-masons  in 
the  night  of  Sept.  19, 1836  ;  and  his  body 
was  probably  sunk  in  the  Niagara  river. 
This  murder  was  the  consequence  of  the 
masonic  oatht,  the  result  of  the  principles 
of  free-masonry ;  and  many  masons,  in 
various  places,  have  justified  the  deed. 
Capt.  Morgan  was  a  royal  arch  mason, 
being  the  seventh  degree,  and  he  had  ta- 


ken seven  oaths,  binding  himself  not  to 
reveal  any  of  the  secrets  of  masonry  un- 
der penalty  of"  having  his  throat  cut  a- 
cross,  his  tongue  torn  out  by  the  roots,  "  ' 
— and  having  "  his  lefl  breast  torn  open, 
his  heart  and  vitals  taken  from  thence 
and  thrown  over  his  left  shoulder,  "  and 
other  penalties  of  similar  horror.  In  the 
execution  of  these  penalties  Morgan 
was  doubtless  murdered  by  free-masons. 
— Such  an  event  as  the  abduction  and 
murder  of  a  fellow  citizen  for  merely  ex- 
posing the  imposture  of  free-masonry, 
which  he  had  engaged  to  keep  secret,natU'- 
rally  aroused  the  indignant  spirit  of  the 
people  of  this  country,  especially  as  free- 
masonry, too  strong  for  the  laws, still  pro- 
tected the  murderers.  Richard  Rush,  the 
minister  to  London  and  secretary  of  staie 
in  the  administration  of  J.  Q.  Adams,  ia 
his  letter  of  March  3,  1883  says—"  A 
fellow  citizen  in  New  York  has  been  mur- 
dered by  a  large  and  daring  confederacy 
of  free-masons  for  telling  their  secrets. 
The  spirit,  that  led  to  this  deed,  has 
proved  itself  able  to  rescue  the  murderers 
from  punishment ;  for  masonic  witnesses 
would  not  testify  against  brother  masons, 
nor  would  masonic  jurymen  convict 
them,  although  jurymen  not  masonic 
were  satisfied  of  their  guilt.  This  is  e- 
nough .  It  shows  the  lodge  to  be  too  strong 
for  the  law.  Can  there  be  a  greater  re- 
proach to  the  Republic? " — "It  has  been 
demonstrated,  that  evil  minded  men  or 
those  of  weak  understandings  committed 
murder  under  color  of  these  oaths.  "— 
"  Masonry  works  in  the  dark. — Such  an 
institution  is  dangerous.  It  ought  not  to 
be  allowed  to  exist  in  a  well  governed 
country.  " — "  I  am  for  suspending  all 
other  political  differences  till  we  get  rid  of 
it.  " — "  Its  charities  are  mixed  up  with 
the  demon  spirit  of  its  terrific  oaths. — It 
continues  to  this  hour  to  insult  society 
by  retaining  in  fellowship  criminals,  con- 
victed under  the  laws  of  the  land  of  hav- 
ing had  a  share  in  this  crime.  "  He 
deems  it  therefore  an  American  duty  "  to 
vindicate  the  sanctity  of  the  laws,  and  to 
expel  from  the  land  an  institution, 
which  has  outraged  them. "    'J  lie  con- 


596 


MORGAN. 


MORRIS. 


vention  of  the  people,who  are  engaged  in 
this  work  of  overthrowing  masonry,  in 
Sep.1831  nominated  Wm.Wirt,  formerly 
attorney  gen.  of  the  U.  S^as  a  candidate 
for  president ;  and  Mr.  Wirt,  who  had 
been  himself  a  mason  of  the  first  or  sec- 
ond degree,  in  his  letter  of  Sept.  38th 
says,  speaking  of  the  masonic  oaths—"  In 
one  of  them,  called  the  Royal  Arch,  the 
candidate  swears  among  other  things, 
that  he  will  aid  and  assist  a  companion 
Royal  Arch  Mason  in  distress  and  es- 
pouse  his  cause  so  far  as  to  extricate  him 
from  the  same,  if  in  his  power,  whether 
he  be  right  or  wrong,  and  that  he  will 
conceal  the  secrets  of  a  companion  Royal 
Arch  mason,  given  him  in  charge  as 
such,  murder  and  treason  not  excepted ; 
and  in  other  oaths,  in  still  higher  degrees, 
I  also  observe,  that  the  candidate  binds 
himself  to  avenge  the  violated  secrets  of 
the  Lodge  by  the  infliction  of  death  on 
the  offender,  and  to  avenge  the  wrongs 
of  a  brother  to  the  utmost  extremity ; 
and  the  whole  mixed  up  with  the  most 
horrible  imprecations  and  blasphemous 
mockeries  of  the  rites  and  tenets  of  the 
Christian  religion.  " — Afler  speaking 
further  of  the  wide  spread  conspiracy 
against  Morgan  and  of  the  evidence,  that 
allegiance  to  the  Lodges  is  deemed  of  high- 
er obligation  than  allegiance  to  the  laws, 
he  adds,  "  If  this  be  masonry,  as  accor- 
ding to  this  uncontradicted  evidence  it 
seems  to  be,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  say- 
ing, that  I  consider  it  at  war  with  the 
fundamental  principles  of  the  social  com- 
pact, as  treason  against  society,  and  a 
wicked  conspiracy  against  the  laws  of 
God  and  man,  which  ought  to  be  put 
down. "  John  Q.  Adams  says,  "  the 
use  of  the  name  of  Washington  to  give 
an  odor  of  sanctity  to  the  institution,  as  it 
now  stands  exposed  to  the  world ,is,  in  my 
opinion,  as  unwarrantable  as  that  of  my 
father's  name."  This  exposure  has  been 
made  by  masons  themselves  .Whether  the 
institution  of  masonry,  with  its  false  pre- 
tensions to  antiquity,  its  mummeries,  its 
ridiculous  secrets,  its  horrible  oaths,  and 
shocking  blasphemies  all  exposed  to  full 
light,  and  red  with  the  blood  of  its  victim, 


can  yet  sustain  itself  in  this  land  of  laws 
and  of  morals  and  of  Christianity,  assailed 
by  230  newspapers  established  for  the 
special  purpose  of  overthrowing  the  in- 
stitution, and  with  ten  thousands  of  in- 
telligent, patriotic,  and  indignant  men 
frowning  upon  it,  remains  to  be  seen. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  was  the  son  of  Richard  M.,  an 
officer  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  who  at 
the  restoration  came  to  New  York,  and, 
obtaining  a  grant  of  some  thousand  acres 
of  land  in  West  Chester  county,  died  in 
1673.  He  was  !born  a  short  time  before 
the  death  of  his  father,  and  was  adopted 
by  his  uncle.  Once  through  fear  of  his 
resentment  he  strolled  into  Virginia,  and 
thence  to  the  West  Indies.  On  his  re- 
turn however  he  was  received  with  joy. 
He  was  for  several  years  chief  justice  of 
New  York.  He  was  the  second  coun- 
cillor of  New  Jersey,  named  in  Cornbu- 
ry's  commission  in  1702,  and  continued 
with  several  suspensions  till  1738,  when 
he  was  appointed  the  first  governor  of 
New  Jersey  as  a  separate  province  from 
New  York.  He  died  May  14,  1746, 
aged  about  73.  He  directed  his  body  to 
be  buried  at  Morrisania  in  a  plain  cofRn 
without  covering  or  lining  with  cloth  ;  he 
prohibited  rings  and  scarfs  from  being 
given  at  his  funeral ;  he  wished  no  man 
to  be  paid  for  preaching  a  funeral  sermon 
upon  him,  though  if  any  man,  church- 
man or  dissenter,  minister  or  not,  was  in- 
clined to  say  any  thing  on  the  occasion, 
he  should  not  object.  He  prohibited  any 
mourning  dress  to  be  won:  on  his  account, 
as  he  should  die,  when  divine  providence 
should  call  him  away,  and  waa  unwilling, 
that  his  friends  should  be  at  the  expense, 
which  was  owing  only  to  the  common 
folly  of  mankind.  One  of  his  sons  was  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  vice  admiralty ; 
another,  Robert,  was  chief  justice  of  N. 
Jersey,  and  judge  of  the  district  court, 
and  died  June  2, 1815,  aged  71  ;  and  a 
third  was  lieut.  gov.  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  a  man  of  letters,  and  thou^'h  a 
little  whimsical  in  his  temper  was  grave 
in  his  manners  and  of  a  most  penetrating 
mind.      No  man  equalled  him  in    the 


MORRIS. 


69T 


knowledge  of  the  law  and  in  the  arts  of 
intrigue.  Acute  in  controversy /when  he 
had  advanced  an  argument,  he  would  not 
yield  it,  unless  it  was  disproved  by  dem- 
onstration almost  mathematical. — Smith's 
N.  Jersey,  428-435  ;  Smith's  N.  York, 
125,  126. 

MORRIS,  Robert  Hunter,  chief  jus- 
tice of  New  Jersey,  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  for  near  36  years  one  of  the 
council  of  this  colony,  and  was  also  lieut. 
governor  of  Pennsylvania  from  Oct.  1754 
to  Aug.  1756.  The  office  of  chief  justice 
he  resigned  in  the  fall  of  1757  and  he  died 
Feb.  20, 1764.  His  vigorous  powers  of 
mind  were  improved  by  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. As  a  judge  he  was  impartial  and 
upright.  Insisting  upon  strict  adherence 
to  the  forms  of  the  courts,  he  reduced  the 
pleadings  to  precision  and  method.  His 
address  was  easy,  and  there  was  a  com- 
manding influence  in  his  manners.  He 
was  free  from  avarice  ;  generous  and 
manly,  though  sometimes  inconsiderate 
in  the  relations  of  life  ;  often  singular, 
sometimes  whimsical,  always  opinionat- 
ed, and  mostly  inflexibl*. — Smith's  Nev) 
Jersey,  438,  439. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  major  gene.-al,grand- 
sonof  governor  Lewis  M.,  was  born  at 
the  manor  of  Morrisania  in  1726.  He 
was  the  eldest  of  four  brothers  :  Staats 
was  an  officer  in  the  British  service  and  a 
member  ofparliament;  Richard  was  judge 
of  the  vice-admiralty  court,  New  York, 
chief  justice,  and  died  in  April  1810 ;  and 
Gouverneur  was  a  member  of  congress. 
After  graduating  at  Yale  college  in  1746 
he  settled  down  in  domestic  life  at  Mor- 
risania, having  married  a  Miss  Walton, 
and  being  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits. 
In  May  1775  he  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  no  one  was  more  zealous  for 
the  interests  of  his  country.  He  was 
sent  to  Pittsburgh  to  detach  the  western 
Indians  from  the  British.  Disregarding 
his  private  interest,  he  voted  for  the  dec- 
laration of  independence,  although  Brit- 
ish ships  were  lying  within  cannon  shot 
of  his  House.  His  beautiful  manor  of 
Morrisania  was  soon  desolated  ;  his 
woodland  of  1,000  acres  was  destroyed  ; 


and  his  family  driven  into  exile.  He  re- 
tired from  congress  in  1777,  and  was  af- 
terwards general  of  the  militia.  He  died 
Jan.  22,  1798.  aged  71.  Three  of  his 
sons  served  tiieir  country  ;  one  as  the 
aid  of  Sullivan  and  in  the  family  of 
Green  ;  another  as  the  aid  of  Lee  ;  and 
a  third  as  lieutenant  of  artillery.  One  of 
these,  I  suppose,  was  colonel  Lewis  M., 
who  died  at  Morrisania  in  Nov.  1834, 
aged  70. 

MORRIS,  Robert,  superintendent  of 
the  finances  of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  in 
Lancashire,  England,  in  June  llSi; 
when  he  was  at  the  age  of  IS  his  father 
brought  him  to  tins  country.  About 
1749  he  was  placed  in  the  counting  house 
of  Charles  Willing,  an  eminent  merchant 
of  Philadelphia,  after  whose  death  he  was 
taken  into  partnership  by  his  son,  Thos. 
Willing.  The  partnership  lasted  from 
1754  to  1793,  a  period  of  89  years.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution  the  houss 
of  Willing  and  Morris  was  more  exten- 
tensively  engaged  in  commerce  than 
any  other  house  in  Philadelphia.  His 
enterprise  and  credit  have  seldom  been 
equalled .  In  1776  he  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  his  name 
is  affixed  to  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. In  the  beginning  of  1781  he  wa» 
intrusted  with  the  management  of  the 
finances,  and  the  services,  which  in  this 
station  he  rendered  to  his  country  were 
of  incalculable  value,  being  assisted  by 
his  partner,  Gouverneur  Morris.  He 
pledged  himself  personally  and  extensive^ 
ly  fbr  articles  of  the  most  absolute  neces- 
sity to  the  army.  It  was  owing  in  a 
great  degree  to  him,  that  the  decisive  op- 
erations of  the  campaign  of  1781  were 
not  impeded,  or  completely  defeated  from 
the  want  of  supplies.  He  proposed  the 
plan  of  a  national  bank,  the  capital  to  be 
formed  by  individual  subscription,  and  it 
was  incorporated  on  the  last  day  of  1781. 
The  army  depended  principally  upon 
Pennsylvania  for  flour,  and  he  himself 
raised  the  whole  supplies  of  this  state  on 
the  engagment  of  being  reimbursed  by 
the  taxes,  which  had  been  imposed  by 
law.  In  1782  he  had  to  struggle  with  the 


MORRIS. 


MORRISON. 


greatest  difficulties,  for  with  the  most 
judicious  and  rigid  economy,  the  public 
resources  failed,  and  against  him  were 
the  complaints  of  unsatisfied  claimants 
directed.  He  resigned  his  office  after 
holding  it  about  three  years.  In  his  old  age 
he  engaged  in  land  speculations,  by  which 
he  lost  his  fortune,  and  in  his  last  years 
he  was  confined  in  prison  for  debt.  Sure- 
ly those  Iaw8,which  send  a  man  to  prison 
for  misfortune  and  not  for  crime,  will  at 
last  come  to  be  regarded  as  discreditable 
to  a  civilized  community.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  May  8,  1806,  aged  71.  His 
wife  was  the  sister  of  bishop  White.  A 
part  of  his  laborious  correspondence  is 
published  in  the  Diplomatic  correspond- 
ence by  J.  Sparks. — Marshall,  iv.  457- 
460,  557,  565. 

MORRIS,  Gouverneur,  minister  of 
the  U.  S.  to  France,  the  youngest 
son  of  Lewis  Morris  by  a  second  mar- 
riage, was  born  at  Morrisania,  near  New 
York,  Jan.  SI,  1752,  and  was  graduated 
at  King's  college  in  1768.  Having  stu- 
died with  William  Smith,  he  was  chosen 
in  May  1775  a  member  of  the  provincial 
congress,  and  he  served  zealously  in  the 
same  body  in  subsequent  years  ;  in  Octob. 
1777  he  was  a  member  of  the  continental 
congress.  In  1780  he  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia. Being  thrown  from  his  carriage 
in  the  street,  the  bones  of  his  leg  were  so 
fractured,  as  to  render  amputation  neces- 
sary. The  loss  was  supplied  by  a  'rough 
stick,'  which  he  never  changed  for  a 
handsome  leg.  In  July  1781  he  was  an 
assistant  to  Robert  Morris  in  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  finances,  an:?  after  the  war 
engaged  with  him  in  commercial  enter- 
prises. They  were  not  connected  by 
blood.  In  Dec.  1786  he  purchased  from 
his  brother,  a  lieutenant  general  in  the 
British  service,  the  estate  of  Morrisa- 
nia and  soon  made  it  his  abode.  In  the 
next  year  he  was  a  member  for  Pennsyl- 
vania of  the  convention,  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  U.  S.  He  propo- 
sed a  senate  for  life.  From  1788  to  1792 
he  resided  chiefly  in  Paris,  engaged  in 
selling  lands  and  in  money  speculations. 
In    1792  he  was  appointed  a  minister 


plenipotentiary  to  France  and  held  this 
place  till  Oct.  1794.  Afterwards  he  trav- 
elled on  the  continent.  Returning  t? 
this  country  in  the  autumn  of  1798,  he 
was  chosen  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.  in  1800 
to  fill  a  vacancy  till  1803.  In  the  contest 
for  the  presidency  he  preferred  Jefferson 
to  Burr.  The  project  of  the  great  canal 
of  New  York  was  promoted  by  his  ef- 
forts. He  died  at  Morrisania  Nov.  6, 
1816,  aged  64.  His  wife  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  1816,  was  Miss  Randolph  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  lived  in  hospitality  &  was  admi- 
red for  his  various  knowledge  and  his  co- 
pious and  eloquent  conversation  ;  yet  he 
was  sometimes  overbearing  and  indis- 
creet. He  delivered  two  months  before 
his  death  an  address  to  the  historical  soci- 
ety,in  which  he  points  out  the  superiority 
of  scriptural  history  to  all  other  history. 
He  regarded  religious  principle  as  neces- 
sary to  national  independence  and  peace. 
"There  must  be  soipethingmore  to  hope, 
than  pleasure, wealth ,  and  power.  Some- 
thing more  to  fear  than  poverty  and  pain. 
Something  afler  death  more  terrible  than 
death.  There  must  be  religion.  When 
that  ligament  is  torn,  society  is  disjointed 
and  its  members  perish."  This  final  tes- 
timony in  favor  of  scripture  is  the  more 
important,  as  Mr.  Jefferson  represents, 
that  he  did  not  believe  in  Christianity. 
He  published  Observations  on  the  Amer- 
ican revolution,  1779  ;  address  against 
the  abolition  of  the  bank  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, 1785  ;  an  eulogy  on  Washington ;  an 
eulogy  on  Hamilton  ;  an  eulogy  on  G. 
Clinton  ;  an  oration  before  the  N.Y.  hist, 
society,  181 2;  oration  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons  in  France,  1814  ;  inaugural 
discourse  as  president  of  the  N.  Y.  histo- 
rical society,  Sept.  4,  1816.  His  life, 
with  selections  from  his  correspondence 
&c.  was  published  by  Jared  Sparks  in  3 
vols.  8vo.  1832.  ' 

MORRISON,  William,  d.d.,  minister 
of  Londonderry  N.  Hampshire,  a  native 
of  Scotland,  succeeded  David  Mc  Gre- 
gore,  and  was  ordained  in  the  West  par- 
ish of  L.  Feb.  1 2, 1 788.  He  died  March 
9,  1818,  aged  69,  and  was  succeeded  Jan. 
16,  1822  by  Daniel  Dana,  now  one  of  the 


MORSE. 


■'^% 


t    rff./ij'iV 


MORTON. 


599 


> 
and 


ministers  of  Newburyport.  He  was  an 
eminently  pious  and  useful  minister.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  election,  1793  ; 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  J.  Walker, 
181S. 

MORSE,  Jedidiah,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  was  a  native    of 
Woodstock,  Con.,  and  a  descendant  of 
Anthony  M.  who  lived  in    Newbury, 
Mass.  inl6S6.      He  was  born  in  1761 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1783  ; 
was  installed  April  30,  1789.    His  prede- 
cessors were  James,  Symmes,  Harvard, 
Allen,  the  Shepards,  Morton,  Bradstreet, 
Stevens,  Abbot, .  Prentice,    and    Paine. 
About  1821  he  was  dismissed  and  Mr. 
Fay  was  settled  as  his  successor.     He 
died  at  New  Haven  June  9,   1S36,  aged 
65.    His  wife  was  Miss  Bree/e  of  New 
Jersey,  r.  grand  daughter  of  president 
Finley,  and  was  eminent  for  her  intelli- 
gence and  virtues:  she  died  May,  38, 
1828.     One  of  his  sons  is  distinguished 
as  a  painter  ;  and  two  are  the  editors  of 
the  New  York  Observer,  one  of  whom  is 
known  to  the  public  by  his  excellent  geo- 
graphical writings. — Dr.   Morse  estab- 
lished the  publication  of  the  Panoplist 
and  was  for  some  time  its  principal  editor, 
until  it  was  committed  to  Mr.  Evarts. 
His  zeal  for  the  orthodox  faith  caused  him 
to  be  much  engaged  in  controversy,  par- 
ticularly in  regard  to  the  election  of  the 
HoUis  professor  of  divinity  at  Harvard 
college.      He  deserves  the  title  of  the 
American  Geographer.      He  first  pub- 
lished Geography  made  easy,  1 784,  and 
American   Geography    Svo.   1789.      in 
179S  it  appeared  in  two  vols,  and  in  many 
subsequent  editions.      He  published  also 
the  American  gazetteer,  1797,  and  1804. 
He  published  also  thanksgiving  sermons, 
1795,  1798,  1799  ;    fast  sermons,  1798, 
1799,  1812 ;   on  the  death  of  R.  Carey, 
1790  ;  of  Tho.  Russell,  1796  ;  of  James 
Russell,  1798  ;    of  George  Washington, 
1800;   of  Mary  Russell,  1806  ;  masonic 
sermon,  1798  ;    address  to  the  Andover 
students,  1799  ;  before  the  Humane  so- 
ciety; at  the  artillery  election,  1808  ;  his- 
tory of  New  England,  with  E.  Parish, 
1804 :   true  reasons,  on  which  the  elec- 


(lopjof  a  professor  of  divinity  was  oppo- 
sed 1^5  ;  at  the  African  meeting  house, 
1808  ;  at  the  ordination  of  H.  May,  1803; 
of  J.  Huntington,  1808  ;  before  the  asy'^ 
lum  1807;  before  the  society  for  propaga- 
ting the  gospel,  1810 ;  at  the  conven- 
tion, 1813  ;  before  a  moral  association, 
1818 ;  appeal  to  tht  public  on  the  contro- 
versy concerning  Harvard  college,  1814; 
at  theannual  meetingof  the  commissioners 
for  foreign  missions,  1831  ;  report  on  In- 
dian afiiiirs,  being  a  narrative  of  a  tour 
made  in  1830,  Svo. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  an  early  settler 
in  N.  E.  and  a  disturber  of  the  public 
peace,  was  a  lawyer  in  England  and  came 
first  to  this  country  in  June  1622,  with 
Weston's  company  who  made  a  tempora- 
ry settlement  at  Weymouth.  He  arrived 
again  with  capt.  Wollastonin  1635,  and 
settled  at  Mount  Wollaston,  now  Brain- 
tree.  Here  the  company  which  did  not 
consist  of  persons  influenced  by  any  reli- 
gious considerations,  "fell  to  great  licen- 
tiousness of  life,  in  all  profaneness,  and 
the  said  Morton  became  lord  of  misrule." 
He  supplied  the  Indians  with  arms, 
that  they  might  hunt  for  him  ;  and  in 
this  way,  as  well  as  by  his  injustice  en- 
dangered the  existence  of  the  religious 
settlements.  On  May  day  1628  a  new 
name  was  given  to  Pasonagessit  or  mount 
Wollaston,  that  of  "  ^la-re  Mount,"  com- 
monly written.  Merr  Mount,  on  which 
occasion  there  was  a  .  vel.  A  pine  tree 
80  feet  in  length,  with  :i  pair  of  buck's 
horns  nailed  near  the  top,  was  brought  to 
the  place  with  drums,  guns,  &  pistols  and 
raised  up  ;  a  barrel  of  beer  and  a  case  of 
bottles  were  provided ;  and  the  company 
danced  around  the  may-pole  hand  in 
hand,  while  one  filled  out  the  liquor  and 
all  joined  in  a  licentious  song  ;  which, 
says  M.,  was  "lamentable  to  the  precise 
separatists  at  Plymouth."  The  magis- 
trates, at  the  common  request  of  dilferent 
plantations,  ader  ineffectual  remonstran- 
ces with  Morton,  sent  capt.  Standish  to 
suppress  the  pestilent  establishment. 
Morton  was  taken  prisoner  and  tianspor- 
ted  to  England ;  but  the  next  year  he  re- 
turned, and  he  was  again  seized  by  the 


MORTON. 


gov.  of  Mass.  and  transported,  and  his  i 
house  was  demolished  "  that  it  might  be 
no  longer  a  roost  for  such  unclean  birds." 
He  came  again  to  this  country  in  1 643 
and  after  being  arrested  and  imprisoned 
a  year  for  his  scandalous  book,  was  dis- 
missed with  a  fine  in  1644.  His  age 
saved  him  from  corporal  punishment. 
He  died  in  poverty  at  Agamenticus  about 
1 646.  He  published  New  E  nglish  Cana- 
an, containing  account  of  the  nativeu,  a 
description  of  the  country,  and  the  tenets 
and  practice  of  the  church,  4to.  1632. 
The  aame  work  has  the  imprint,  Amster- 
dam, 1637,  pp.  188.  It  proiesses  to  be 
written  upon  10 years'  knowledge.  Asa 
specimen  of  his  skill  in  natural  history, 
he  says,  that  the  humming  bird  "  lives 
upon  the  bee,which  he  catcheth  among  the 
flowers.  Flowers  he  cannot  feed  upon 
by  reason  of  his  sharp  bill."  He  des- 
cribes the  principal  persons  under  ficti- 
tious names  ;  Mr.  Endicott  is  capt.  Lit- 
tleworth,  Winthrop  is  Joshua  Temper- 
well,  Standish  is  capt.  Shrimp.  He  re- 
lates, that  at  Wessagusset  a  young  man 
stole  corn,  and  was  tried  by  Edw.  John- 
son, a  special  judge,  and  sentenced  to 
death ;  when  it  was  proirased  to  put  the 
young  man's  clothes  on  an  old,  impotent, 
sickly  man,  that  was  about  to  die,  and 
hang  him  instead  of  the  young  man  ;  and 
"  so  they  did."  Such  is  my  memoran- 
dum after  examining  the  book  many 
years  ago  ;  Mr.  Savage,  however,  says, 
that  he  states  that  the  proposal "  was  not 
agreed  to."  In  either  case,  this  was  the 
origin  of  the  story  in  Hudibras. — Prince, 
76—80 ;  Hutehinaon,  i.  8,  31,  32. 

MORTON,  Charles,  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land about  the  year  1626,  and  educated  at 
Oxford,  of  which  college  he  was  fellow. 
He  was  at  first  a  royalist  and  zealous  for 
the  church  of  England  ;  but,  observing 
in  the  civil  wars,  that  the  most  debauched 
generally  attached  themselves  to  the  king 
in  opposition  to  the  more  virtuous  part, 
of  the  nation,  he  was  led  to  attend  more 
to  the  controversy  between  the  prelatists 
and  the  puritans.  At  length  he  became  a 
puritan  himself.      He  began  his  ministry 


at  Blisland.  After  his  ejectment  by  the 
act  of  uniformity  in  1662  he  preached 
privately  to  a  few  people  till  the  fire  of 
London,  in  1666,  after  which  event  he 
removed  to  that  city  and  esublished  an 
academy  at  Newington  green.  Among 
his  pupils  was  De  Foe,  the  author  of 
Robinson  Crusoe.  Many  young  minis- 
ters were  educated  by  him.  After  about 
twenty  years'  continuance  in  an  employ- 
ment, for  which  he  was  eminently 
qualified,  he  was  so  infested  by  processes 
from  the  bishop's  court,  that  he  was  obli- 
ged to  desist  from  it.  He  came  to  New 
England  in  July  1686,  and  was  installed 
pastor  of  thechurch  in  Charlestown  Nov. 
5,  1686.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death 
April  1 1 ,  1698,  aged  71.  He  was  succee- 
ded by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  He  was  eminent 
in  every  kind  of  learning.  Having  a  gen- 
tle and  benignant  temper,  he  was  endear- 
ed to  all  his  acquaintance.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  treatises,  but  they  are  chiefly 
compendious,  for  he  was  an  enemy  to 
large  volumes,  often  quoting  the  adage,  a 
great  book  is  a  great  evil.  In  Calaniy's 
continuation  there  is  a  copy  of  his  advice 
to  those  of  his  pupils,  who  were  designed 
for  the  ministry.  Two  of  his  manuscripts 
are  still  preserved  in  this  country  ;  the 
one  in  the  library  of  the  Mass.  hist,  soci- 
ety, entitled,  compendium  physicsa  ex 
authoribus  exiractum  ;  and  the  other  in 
the  library  of  Bowdoin  college,  entitled  a 
complete  system  of  natural  philosophy  in 
general  and  special.  He  published  the 
little  peace  maker ;  foolish  pride  the  make 
bate,  1674  ;  the  gaming  humor  considered 
and  reproved  ;  the  way  of  good  men  for 
wise  men  to  walk  in  ;  season  birds,  an 
inquiry  into  the  sense  of  Jer.  viii.  7 ; 
meditations  on  the  first  14  chapters  of 
Exodus,  &c. ;  the  spirit  of  man,  medita- 
tions on  1  Thess.  v .  23  ;  of  common 
places  or  memorial  books  ;  a  discourse  on 
improving  the  country  of  Cornwall,  a 
part  of  which  on  sea  sand  for  manure  is 
printed  in  the  philos.  transactions  April 
1675  ;  considerations  on  the  new  river  ; 
letter  to  a  friend  to  prove  money  not  so 
necessary  as  imagined  ;  the  ark,  its  loss 
and  recovery. 


MORTON. 


MOULTRIE. 


601. 


MORTON,  Nathaniel,  secretary  of 
Plymouth  colony,  was  born  in  England  in 
1613  and  was  the  son  of  George  M.,  who 
came  to  this  country  in  July  1633  and 
died  at  Plymouth  in  June  1634,  leaving  a 
widow,  the  sister  of  gov.  Bradford,  and 
four  sons;  from  John,one  of  these,  descen 
ded  Marcus  M.,  and  from  Ephraim  de- 
scended Perez  M. ,  distinguished  men, 
now  living  in  Mass. — Mr.  M.  was  ap- 
pointed in'  1645  clerk  or  secretary  of  the 
colony  court,  and  continued  in  ofRce  40 
years  till  his  death  June  38,  1685.  He 
wrote  in  1680  a  brief  ecclesiastical  histo- 
ry of  the  church  at  Plymouth  in  the  rec- 
ords of  the  church,  which  is  preserved  by 
Hazard  ;  and  New  England's  memorial, 
or  a  brief  relation  of  the  most  memorable 
and  remarkable  passages  of  the  providence 
of  God,  manifested  to  the  planters  of  N. 
England,  4to.  1669.  This  work,  which 
is  confined  very  much  to  Plymouth  colo- 
ny, was  compiled  principally  from  man- 
uscripts of  his  uncle,  William  Brad- 
ford, extending  from  the  year  1630 
to  1646,  and  he  had  access  also  to  the 
journals  of  Edward  Winslow.  This 
work  has  been  of  great  service  to  succee- 
ding historians.  A  second  edition  was 
printed  in  1731 ;  a  third  in  1773;  a  fourth 
edition  13mo.  ;  and  a  fifth,  with  notes,  by 
judge  Davis,  Svo.  1836. 

MORTON,  John,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  a  native  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Penns.,  now  Del'^ware.  In  1764  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  assembly 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  afterwards  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court.  Elected  a  member 
of  congress  in  1774,  he  in  1776  voted  in 
favor  of  the  declaratioTi  of  independence. 
Had  he  voted  on  the  o:her  side,  the  voice 
of  Pennsylvania  would  have  been  against 
the  declaration,  as  the  other  delegates 
were  equally  divided  on  the  subject.  Of 
the  committee  on  the  system  of  confede- 
ration he  was  the  chairman.  He  died 
at  the  close  of  1777  of  a  fever,  aged  55, 
leaving  three  sons  and  five  daughters.  He 
was  a  professor  of  religion  and  a  benevo- 
lent and  excellent  man. — Ooodrick. 

MOULTON,  Jeremiah,  colonel,  was 
born  in  York,  Maine,  in  1688  and  was  ta- 
76 


ken  prisoner  by  the  Indians  Jan.  33,1693, 
old  style,  when  York  wen  destroyed  by 
the  Indians.  He  was  released,  with  oth- 
er children,  in  gratitude  for  the  humanity 
of  col.  Church,  who  in  one  of  his  expedi- 
tions had  released  several  Indian  prison- 
ers, old  women  and  children.  The  sava- 
ges were  not  ungrateful  for  acts  of  kind- 
ness. In  Aug.  1734  he  and  capt.  Harmon 
with  308  men  and  S  Mohawk  Indians 
marched  against  the  Indian  settlement  at 
Norridgewock,  in  consequence  of  attacks 
upon  the  frontiers.  There  being  4  com- 
panies, the  other  commanders  were  capt. 
Bourne,  and  lieut.  Bean.  They  left  Rich- 
mond fort  Aug.  8,  old  style,  or  Aug.  19  ; 
the  next  day  arrived  at  Taconic,  where 
they  left  their  boats  and  a  guard  of  40 
men.  Aug.  31  they  marched  by  land, 
&  in  the  evening  fired  upon  two  Indians, 
who  proved  to  be  the  daughter  and  wife 
of  Bomaseen ;  the  former  was  killed ;  the 
latter  taken  prisoner.  Aug.  33  they  ap- 
proached the  village  ;  Harmon  with  80 
men  marching  circuitously  by  the  fields, 
and  Moulton  with  80  men  directly  upon 
Norridgewock,  which  he  surprised.  The 
Indians,  consisting  of  about  60  warriors, 
were  defeated  and  the  chapel  and  village 
destroyed.  Father  Ralle  was  killed  in 
a  wigwam,  and  36  Indians,  among  whom 
were  Bomaseen,  and  his  son  in  law,  Mog, 
also  Job,Canabesett,  and  Wissememet,  all 
noted  warriors.  One  of  the  Mohawks 
was  killed,  bul  none  of  the  whites.  Har- 
mon carried  the  scalps  to  Boston  and 
being  chief  in  command  was  made  a  lien- 
tenant  colonel  for  the  exploit  of  Moulton, 
who  obtained  no  reward.  At  the  reduc- 
tion of  Louisbourg  in  1745  he  comman- 
ded a  regiment,  andwas  afterwards  sheriiF 
of  the  county,  councillor,  and  judge  of 
the  common  pleas  and  of  probate.  He 
died  at  York  July  30, 1765,  aged  77.  His 
son  and  grandson  were  sheriffs. 

MOULTRIE,  John,an  eminent  physi- 
cian of  S.  Carolina,  was  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope, and  came  to  Charleston  about  the 
year  1733.  For  forty  years  he  was  at 
the  head  of  his  profession.  He  died  about 
the  year  1 773,  u  ni versal  ly  lamented.  He 
was  the  idol  of  his  patients.     So  great 


•>r 


60S 


MOULTRIE. 


MOXON; 


WH  the  confidence  reposed  in  his  judg- 
ment, that  tho8e,who  wore  usually  atten- 
ded by  him,  preferred  hia  advice  and  as- 
■iitanee,  even  on  the  festive  evening  of 
St.  Andrew's  day,  to  the  advice  of  any 
other  professional  man  in  his  most  collec- 
ted moments.  He  possessed  excellent 
talents  for  observation,  and  was  very  sa- 
gacious in  finding  out  the  hidden  causes 
of  diseases  and  in  adapting  remedies  for 
their  removal.  On  account  of  his  death 
a  number  of  the  ladies  of  Charleston  went 
into  mourning. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  m.  d.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  eminent  for  literature  and 
medical  science,  was  the  first  Carolinian, 
who  obtained  a  medical  degree  from  the 
university  of  Ediuburgh,where  in  1749  he 
defended  a  thesis  de  febre  flava.  He  was 
afterwards  lieutenant  governor  of  East 
Florida.— JRam<ay>«  reo.  of  med.,  43 ; 
MUler,  11.  364. 

MOULTRIE,  William,  governor  of 
8.  Carolina,  and  a  major  general  in  the 
American  war,  was  devoted  to  the  service 
of  his  country  from  an  early  period  of 
his  life.  In  the  Cherokee  war  in  1760  he 
was  a  volunteer  under  the  command 
of  gov.  Littleton.  He  was  afterwards  in 
another  expedition  under  col.  Montgom- 
ery. He  then  commanded  a  company  in 
a  third  expedition  in  1761,  which  hum- 
bled the  Cherokees,  and  brought  them 
to  terms  of  peace.  He  was  among  the 
foremost  at  the  commencement  of  the  late 
revolution  to  assert  the  liberties  of  his 
country,  and  braved  every  danger  to  re- 
dress her  wrongs.  His  manly  firmness, 
intrepid  zeal,  and  cheerful  exposure  of 
every  thing  he  possessed,  added  weight 
to  his  counsels,  and  induced  others  to  join 
him.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  was 
colonel  of  the  second  regiment  of  S.  Caro< 
lina.  His  defence  of  Sullivan's  island 
with  344  regulars  and  a  few  militia,  &  his 
repulse  of  the  British  in  th^ir  attack  up- 
on the  fort  June  23,  l776iP'ained  him  hon- 
or. In  consequence  of  his  good  conduct 
he  received  the  unanimous  thanks  of  con- 
gres?,  and  in  compliment  ia  iiim  the  fort 
was  from  that  time  called  fort  Moultrie. 
In  1779  he  gained  a  victory  ovci-  the  Brit- 


ish in  the  battle  near  Beaufort.  In  1780 
he  was  second  in  command  in  Charleston 
during  the  siege.  After  the  city  surren- 
dered he  was  sent  to  Philadelphia.  In  1783 
he  returned  with  his  countrymen  and  was 
repeatedly  chosen  governor  of  the  state, 
till  the  infirmities  of  age  induced  him  to 
withdraw  to  the  peaceful  retreat  of  do- 
mestic life.  He  died  at  Charleston  Sept. 
27,  1805,  aged  75.  The  glory  of  his 
honorable  services  was  surpassed  by  his 
disinterestedness  and  integrity.  An  at- 
tempt was  once  made  on  the  part  of 
the  British  to  bribe  him,  and  he  was 
thought  to  be  more  open  to  corruption, 
as  he  had  suffered  much  in  hia  private 
fortune.  But  resolving  to  share  the  fate 
of  his  country,  he  spurned  the  offers  of  in- 
demnification and  preferment  which  were 
made  him.  He  was  an  unassuming,  easy, 
and  afiiible  companion,  cheerful  and  sin- 
cere in  his  friendships.  He  published 
memoirs  in  the  American  revolution,  so 
far  as  it  related  to  N.  audS.  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  2  vols.  Svo.  1802.  This  work 
is  principally  a  collection  of  letters,  writ- 
ten by  civil  and  military  officers  in  the 
time  of  the  war. — HolUngshead'a  diae. 

MOUNTAIN,  Jacob,  first  episcopal 
bishop  of  Quebec,  was  consecrated  about 
the  year  1794  and  died  at  Marchmont, 
near  Quebec,  June  19,  1825,  aged  75. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Stewart. 

MOURT,  George,  published  a  Rela- 
tion or  Journal  of  the  beginning  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  English  plantation,  set- 
tled at  Plymouth  in  N.  E.  by  certain 
English  adventurers,  both  merchants  and 
others,  London,  1622.  This  was 
abridged  by  Purchas  in  h.  x.  eh.  iv. ;  and 
republished  in  Hist.'  col.  viii.  203-239. 
The  parts  of  the  orijinal  relation,  which 
are  omitted  in  the  abridgment,  are  pub- 
lished in  2  hist.  col.  ix.  2G-74.  This 
Relation,  probably  written  by  different 
per8ons,includesa  journey  to  Packanokik, 
the  habitation  of  the  great  king,  Massas- 
soit.  Concerning  Mourt  himself  nothing 
is  known ;  it  is  supposed,  that  he  was  one 
of  the  merchant  adventurers. 

MOXON,  George,  first  minister  of 
Springfield,  Mass.,  was  born  near  Wake- 


MUHLENBERG. 


MURRAY. 


m 


field  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge.  Coming  to  this  country  as 
a  preacher,  in  1G37,  he  was  in  that  yet 
settled  at  Springfield,  where  he  remaiiied 
until  1653,  when  he  returned  to  England. 
He  preached  in  different  places  till  disa- 
bled by  age  and  the  palsy.  He  died  at 
Congleton  Sept.  15, 1687,  aged  84.  His 
son,  George,  was  ejected  from  a  parish  in 
Essex  in  1662. — Some  sermons  on  self 
denial  were  prepared  for  the  press,  but 
not  printed.  He  was  so  good  a  Latin 
|)oet,  that  it  was  difficult  to  distinguish 
his  odes  from  those  of  Horace,  whom  he 
imitated. 

MUHLENBERG,  Henry  Melchior, 
D.  D.,  the  founder  of  the  German  Lu- 
theran church  in  the  U.S.,  was  born  at 
Eimbeck,  in  Hanover,  Germany,  in  1711, 
and  came  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
the  pastor  of  a  German  Lutheran  church 
45  years,  and  distinguished  for  his  piety 
and  learning.  He  died  in  1787,  aged  76. 
His  three  sons,  Peter,  Frederick,  and 
Henry,  were  distinguished  men  :  Freder- 
ic Augustus,  treasurer  of  the  state,  presi- 
dent of  the  convention,  which  ratified  the 
constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  member  of  con- 
gress and  speaker  of  the  house  in  1793, 
died  at  Lancaster  June  4,  1801,  aged  51. 

MUHLENBERG,  Peter,  major  gen- 
eral in  the  army  of  the  revolution,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  about  1745.  In 
obedience  to  the  wishes  of  his  father  he 
studied  divinity  and  ofRciated  as  an  epis- 
copal clergyman  in  Virginia  until  1776, 
when  he  was  elected  a  memH«^r  of  the 
convention.  He  soon  entered  the  mili- 
tary service  in  command  of  a  regimeiit. 
In  conducting  a  storming  party  at  York 
town  he  &  all  his  men  were  wounded .  In 
Feb.  1777  he  was  appointed  bri^.  general, 
and  major  general  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
In  1801  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  U.  S.  from  Pennsylvania,  and  in 
1802  collector  of  the  post  of  Philadelphia, 
in  which  office  he  continued  till  his 
death,  Oct.  1, 1807,  aged  62. 

MUHLENBERG,     Henry     Ernst, 
D.  D.,  a  botanist,  the  son  of  Rev.  Henry 


M.  M.,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  county, 


New  Providence, 
Penns.,  Nov.  17, 


1753.  In  1763  he  was  sent  to  Halle 
with  his  two  elder  brothers  to  finish  his 
education.  On  his  return  in  1770  he 
was  ordained  at  the  early  age  of  17  and 
in  1774  appointed  one  of  the  assistants  of 
his  father  in  the  Philadelphia  congrega- 
tion. In  1780  he  accepted  a  call  from 
Lancaster,  where  he  lived  about  35  years 
in  the  exemplary  discharge  of  the  duties 
of  his  office.  He  died  of  the  apoplexy 
May  Si3,  1816,  aged  61.  While  he  was 
a  learned  theologian  and  well  acquainted 
with  the  ancient  languages,  and  skilful 
also  in  medicine,  chemistry,  and  mineral- 
ogy, he  was  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  botany.  He  was  in- 
duced first  to  cultivate  this  science  in 
1777,  when  he  was  driven  from  Philadel- 
phia in  consequence  of  its  being  occupied 
by  the  British.  From  this  time  he  corre- 
sponded with  many  learned  botanists  in 
Europe  and  America.  Of  many  learned 
societies  he  was  a  member.  His  herba- 
rium was  purchased  and  presented  to  the 
Amer.  phil.  society.  He  published  Catalo- 
gus  plantarum  Amer.  Septent.  1718  ;  De- 
scriptio  uberior  graminium  &c.  1816. 
He  loft  Flora  Lancastriensis  in  manu- 
script.— Encye.  Amer. 

MUNSON,  Aeneas,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  N.  Haven  June  24, 
1734 ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1753; 
and,  having  been  a  tutor,  was  a  chaplain 
in  the  army  in  1755  on  Long  Island. 
Ill  health  induced  him  to  study  medicine 
with  John  Darly  of  Easthampton.  He 
practised  physic  at  Bedford  in  1756  and 
removed  in  1760  to  N.  Haven,  where  he 
died  June  16,  1826,  aged  nearly  93.  For 
more  than  half  a  century  he  had  a  high 
reputation  as  a  physician,  and  was  in  the 
practice  70  years.  Of  the  medical  society 
of  Conn,  he  was  the  president.  He  was 
a  man  of  piety  from  an  early  period  of  his 
life,  /.tthe  '  .dsideof  his  patients  he 
was  accusiume  .  to  commend  them  to  God 
in  prayer.  It  was  vith  joyoi  s  Christian 
hope,  that  this  venerable  old  man  went 
down  to  theuead. — Thaeher. 

MURRAY,  Joseph,  a  friend  of  litera- 
ture, was  a  native,  it  is  believed,  of  Great 
Britain,  and  educated  in  that  country. 


604 


MURRAY. 


He  was  one  of  hit  majesty's  council  and 
attorney  general  for  the  province  of  New 
York.  He  left  the  whole  of  his  estate, 
consisting  of  books,  lands,  and  other  prop- 
erty, in  value  to  the  amount  of  about 

#36,000  to  King's  college Miller,  ii. 

857. 

MURRAY,  William  Vans,  minister 
of  the  U.  S.  to  i.he  Baiavian  republic, 
was  born  in  Maryland  in  the  year  1761 
or  1762.  After  the  peace  of  1783  he 
went  to  London  and  resided  three  years 
aa  a  student  in  the  temple.  At  an  age 
when  the  passions  are  generally  unre- 
strained ;  with  a  constitution  of  exquis- 
ite sensibility  ;  and  in  the  midst  of  a 
splendid  and  luxurious  metropolis,  he  re- 
tained the  resolution  and  the  firmness  to 
devote  his  time  and  attention  to  those  ob- 
jects, which  were  to  mark  the  usefulness 
of  his  future  life.  The  observations  of 
Dr.  Price,  of  Mr.  Turgot,  and  of  the 
abbe  de  Mably  on  the  constitutions  and 
laws  of  the  U.  S.  being  published  during 
his  residence  in  England,  he  studied 
them  with  persevering  and  honest  re- 
search, and  gave  the  public  result  of  his 
reflections  in  a  pamphlet,  which  was  fa- 
vorably received.  In  the  summer  of 
1784,  during  a  vacation,  he  made  an  ex- 
cursion of  about  six  weeks  to  Holland  ; 
and  during  this  short  time,  in  which  he 
travelled  over  that  country,  he  was  most 
assiduous  in  the  use  of  his  pen.  The 
minutes,  which  he  then  took,  he  after- 
wards digested  and  methodized  into  a 
regular  work.  The  intelligence  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  to  whom  he  was  most 
affectionately  attached,  reaching  him  at  a 
time,  when  his  health  was  precarious,  he 
sunk  under  the  affliction,  and  did  not  rise 
from  his  bed  for  6  weeks.  After  a  tedious 
convalescence  of  several  monthshe  return- 
ed to  his  native  country.  He  immediately 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law;  but  the 
voice  of  his  country  soon  called  him 
to  her  councils.  He  was  first  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Maryland, 
and  at  three  successive  elections  from 
1791  to  1797  to  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Mie  U.  S.  This  sta- 
tion he  filled  with  v  istinguished  honor. 


His  eloquence  in  debate  placed  him  in  the 
same  rank  with  Madison  and  Ames, 
Giles  and  Dexter.  A  regard  to  his  for- 
tune, which  was  not  affluent,  at  length 
induced  him  in  1797  to  decline  being  a 
candidate  for  re-election  to  congress.  But 
his  merit  and  talents  had  not  escaped  the 
discerning  eye  of  Washington,  who  in 
one  of  the  last  acts  of  his  administration 
appointed  Mr.  Murray  as  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  the  Batavian  republic. 
This  station  had  been  occupied  about 
three  years  by  John  Q.  Adams,  who 
now  received  a  commission  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  at  Lisbon.  Mr.  Murray 
arrived  at  the  Hague  at  a  very  critical 
period  of  affairs,  for  the  misunderstanding 
between  the  U.  S.  and  France  was  ap- 
proaching to  a  rupture,  and  the  influence 
of  the  latter  over  the  Batavian  councils 
was  uncontrolled.  But  by  a  judicious 
mixture  of  firmness,  of  address,  and  of 
conciliation  he  succeeded  in  preserving 
uninterrupted  harmony  between  the  A- 
merican  and  Batavian  nations.  With 
Mr.  Ellsworth  and  Mr.  Davie  he  assis- 
ted in  making  the  treaty,  which  was  sign- 
ed at  Paris  Sept.  30,  1800,  and  which 
has  contributed  in  a  great  degree  to  the 
prosperity  of  America.  Immediately 
after  signing  that  instrument  he  returned 
to  his  station  as  minister  resident  at  the 
Hague,  where  he  remained  till  his  return 
to  the  U.  S.  in  Dec.  1801,  it  having  been 
judged  unnecessary  to  continue  the  ex- 
pense of  supporting  that  mission.  From 
this  period  he  lived  in  retirement  at  his 
seat  in  Cambridge  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland.  His  health,  which  had  always 
been  infirm,  soon  began  to  decline  ,and 
he  died  Dec.  11, 1803,  aged  41.  In  pri- 
vate life  he  was  remarkably  pleasing  in 
his  manners  and  at  once  amusing  and  in- 
structive in  his  conversation.  With  a 
mind  of  incessant  activity  he  united  the 
fancy  of  a  poet.  He  had  a  strong  and 
genuine  relish  for  the  fine  arts,  a  refined 
and  delicate  taste  for  literature,  and  a  per- 
severing fondness  for  the  pursuits  of  sci- 
ence. The  keenness  of  his  sensibility 
and  the  rapidity  of  his  conceptions  gave 
him  a  sense  of  decorum,  which  seemed 


.lA4i-- 


MURRAY. 


605 


■Imoat  intuitive.  His  fkcility  in  writing 
was  proportioned  to  the  vivacity  of  his 
mind.  His  letters  by  their  elegance,  their 
simplicity,  their  poignant  wit,  and  un- 
bounded variety  of  style,  might  serve  as 
models  of  epistolary  correspondence. 

MURRAY,  John,  a  philanthropist,  a 
brother  of  Lindley  Murray,  the  gramma- 
rian, was  born  in  New  York,  August  S, 
1768,  and  after  acquiring  a  fortune  as  a 
merchant  retired  flrom  business  and  de- 
voted his  income  and  toils  to  enterprises 
of  benevolence.  Ho  died  Aug.  4, 1819, 
aged  61.  He  was  a  Quaker.  The  soci- 
ety for  the  manumission  of  slaves  was 
promoted  by  his  efforts,  and  he  assisted 
in  founding  and  supporting  most  of  the 
benevolent  institutions  of  New  York,  and 
was  liberal  in  his  benefactions.  He  exer- 
ted himself  to  effect  the  repeal  of  the 
criminal  code  and  to  establish  the  peni- 
tentiary system.  For  35  years  he  was  a 
governor  of  the  N.  York  hospital.  Such 
men  of  beneficence  deserve  to  be  held  in 
lasting  honor. 

MURRAY,  John,  first  universalist 
minister  in  Boston,  was  born  at  Alton, 
Hampshire  county,  England,  about  1741. 
His  father  was  an  episcopalian;  his  moth- 
er a  presbyterian.  They  removed  from 
Alton  to  Ireland.  In  early  life  he  be- 
lieved the  doctrine  of  election  ;  then  he 
became  a  methodist  preacher  in  Mr. 
Wesley's  connexion  ;  and  afterwards  he 
was  attached  to  Mr.  Whitefield.  Re- 
pairing to  London,  he  soon  forgot  the 
character  of  a  minister.  Good  company, 
music,  dancing,  Vaux  Hall,  and  the  play 
houses  intoxicated  him.  He  says — "  I 
plunged  into  a  vortex  of  pleasure."  Vis- 
iting a  young  lady  to  convert  her  from 
the  error  of  univcrsalism,  the  following 
was  the  argumentation.  She  asked, 
what  is  an  unbeliever  damned  for  not  be- 
lieving? He  replied — for  not  believing, 
that  Jesus  Christ  is  his  complete  Savior. 
She  again  asked,  must  the  unbeliever  be- 
lieve, that  Jesus  Christ  is  his  Savior? 
Must  he  believe  a  lie?  Is  Christ  the 
Savior  of  the  unbelievei'  ?  By  this 
argument  he  was  overwhelmed.  His 
own  erroneous  definition  of  faith  was  in- 


deed refute*!  by  the  questions  of  the  lady; 
but,  instead  of  abandoning  that  error,atid 
regarding  Christ  as  the  Savior  only  of 
them,  who  believe,  he  was  led  to  regard 
him  as  the  actual  Savior  of  all  men,  be- 
lievers or  tinbelievors.  Having  lost  his  wife 
&child,  he  came  to  America  in  poverty  in 
Sept.  1770.  He  preached  at  Brunswick, 
N.  Jersey,  Newport,  and  Providence, 
and  first  in  Boston  Oct.  30,  1773  ;  after- 
wards in  Newburyport  and  New  Lon- 
don, in  N.  York  and  Pennsylvania.  In 
May  1775  he  was  a  chaplain  in  a  R.  Is|. 
and  regiment.  After  preaching  in  Glou> 
cester,  he  was  established  in  Boston  about 
the  year  1785,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  there.  Afler  six  years  of 
helplessness  he  died  in  peace,  Sept.  8, 
1815,  aged  74.  His  widow,  Judith,  sis- 
ter of  gov.  Sargent,  of  Mississippi,  a  na- 
tive of  cape  Ann,  died  at  Natchez  June 
6,  1830,  aged  69:  she  wrote  the  Repos- 
itory and  Gleaner,  3  vols.  1798,  first  pub- 
lished in  Mass.  mag.  with  the  signature 
of  Constantia :  she  wrote  also  poetical  es- 
saySjsigned  Honors  Martesia,  in  B.  week, 
mag. — Mr.  M.  was  aTrinitarian.  He  re- 
garded Winchester  as  a  believer  in  pur- 
gatorial satisfaction,  and  as  teaching, 
that  every  man  is  his  own  Savior.  He 
believed,  that  myriads  of  men  w^ould  rise 
to  the  resurrection  of  damnation,  and 
would  call  on  the  rocks  to  hide  them  from 
the  wrath  of  the  Lamb  ;  yet  he  seems  to 
have  considered  that  damnation  as  ending 
at  the  judgment  day,  when  the  judge 
would  separate  all  men  from  sin  and 
death  and  from  the  evil  angels.  He  sup- 
posed, that  in  the  day  of  judgment  the 
devil  and  hia  angels  would  be  placed,  as 
the  gnats,  on  the  left  hand  of  the  judge, 
and  all  men  on  the  right  hand, — in  most 
obvious  contradiction  to  the  scripture, 
which  says,  that  "  all  nations  "  will  be 
gathered,  to  be  separated.  This  amounts 
in  fact  to  a  denial  of  the  future  judp.ent. 
But  since  his  death  Mr.  Balfour  has  ex- 
plicitly maintained,  that  there  will  be  no 
future  reckoning  day.  At  last  this  error 
of  denying  a  future  judgment,  and  thus 
subverting  the  moral  government  of  God, 
appeared  so  great  and  perilous  to  a  num- 


606 


MURRAY. 


NELSON. 


ber  of  univemlut  miniaten,  who  aiwrt 
I  future  retribution  and  tlie  punishment 
though  not  everlasting,  of  the  wicked, 
that  in  August  1831  they  announced 
their  full  and  entire  separation  from  the 
denomination  of  Universaiista,  and  the 
establishment  of  a  religious  community 
by  the  name  of  the  "  Massachusetts  As- 
sociation of  Universal  Restorationists." 
The  ministers  thus  iissociated,  are  Paul 
Dean  of  Boston,  Charles  Hudson  of 
Westminister,  Adin  Ballou  of  Mendon, 
Lyman  Maynard  of  Oxford,  Nathaniel 
Wright  of  Attleborough,  &  Seth  Chand- 
ler ;  also  David  Pickering  of  Providence, 
R.  I.  and  P.  R.  Russell  of  Winchester, 
N.  H.  There  are  other  ministers  in 
Maine  and  in  other  New  England  states, 
who  adopt  the  same  views  and  who  will 
be  likely  to  separate  from  the  universa- 
lists  and  to  join  this  or  a  similar  union  of 
restorationists.  Mr.  Murray  published 
Letters  and  Sketches  of  sermons,  3  vols. 
Hitf  life,  by  himself,  was  published  in 
1816. 

MURRAY,  Alexander,  commodore, 
was  born  in  Chestertown,  Maryland,  in 
1755.  His  father  was  a  physician  ;  his 
grand  father,  banished  from  Scotland  for 
adhering  to  the  cause  of  the  pretender  in 
1715,  settled  at  Barbadoes.  As  a  lieut. 
and  captain  in  the  army  he  fought  in  the 
battles  of  White  Plains,  Flatbush,  and 
N.York,  and  served  till  the  close  of  1777. 
He  afterwards  took  the  command  of  a  let- 
ter of  marque.  Twice  was  he  taken 
prisoner  ;  the  second  time  in  the  frigate 
Trumbull ;  he  afterwards  served  in  the 
Alliance  under  Barry  until  the  close  of 
the  \^ar.  He  then  successively  comman- 
ded the  Insurgent  and  the  Constellation, 
and  went  with  a  squadron  to  the  Medi- 
terranean to  protect  our  trade  against  the 
Barbary  states.  He,  at  last,  commanded 
the  navy  yard  at  Faiiadelphia,  and  died 
near  Germantown  Oct.  6,  1821,  aged  66. 
To  great  firmness  and  resolution  he  uni- 
ted a  mild  and  serene  temper. 

MURRAY,  James,  major,  a  military 
adventurer,  was  born  in  R .  Island  about 
J765  ;  his  name  was  Lillibridge,  which 
he  changed  to  Murray.     In  consequence 


of  a  quarrel  with  his  family,  he  went  to 
sea  in  early  life  ;  in  1790  he  arrived  at 
Tranquebar  on  the  coast  of  Cororoandel, 
and  joining  the  Mahrattas,  who  were  at 
war  with  the  British,  he  encountered  in 
their  service  during  1ft  years  every  kind 
of  peril  and  hardship.  Having  displeased 
Holkar,  the  chief,  by  preserving  the  lives 
of  British  officers,  he  abandoned  his  ser- 
vice and ,  raising  a  large  force,  oecupitd 
as  a  sovereign  a  largo  district.  At  length 
he  went  over  to  the  British  with  7,000 
native  cavalry,  the  command  of  which 
he  retained.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
having  acquired  a  large  fortune,  he  deter- 
mined to  return  to  America.  A  few 
days  before  he  proposed  to  set  sail,  he 
made  a  splendid  entertainment  in  Caleut> 
ta.  After  dinner,  for  the  entertainment 
of  his  guests,  he  mounted  a  favorite  Ara- 
bian horse  to  leap  over  the  table,at  which 
thisy  sat, — a  feat,  which  he  had  often  per- 
formed. But  the  horse,  having  his  feet 
entangled  in  the  carpet,  threw  his  rider, 
who  in  a  few  days  died  of  the  injury,  in 
1806.  Thus  died,  the  victim  of  his  van- 
ity, the  best  horseman  in  India,  the  sol- 
dier, unrivalled  in  the  use  of  the  broad 
sword,  who  had  fought  in  many  battles. 

NASH,  Francis,  brigadier  general,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  a  captain  in 
North  Carolina  in  1771,  when  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  firmness  and  brav- 
ery in  an  action  with  the  insurgents.  In 
the  revolutionary  war  he  was  appointed  a 
colonel  by  the  convention  of  N.  Carolina 
in  Sept.  1775,  and  brigadier  general  in 
the  continental  army  in  Feb.  1777.  In 
the  battle  of  Germantown  Oct.  4,  1777 
he  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  head  of 
his  brigade,  which  with  Maxwell's  form- 
ed a  corps  de  reserve  under  lord  Stirling. 

NELSON,  Thomas,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was 
born  at  York  Dec.  26,  1738,  being  the  el- 
dest son  of  Wm.  N.,  a  rich  merchant. 
At  the  age  of  14  he  was  sent  to  England 
for  his  education.  At  the  university  of 
Cambridge  Beilby  Porteus  was  his  tutor. 
In  1761  he  returned  to  thisconntry.  Be- 
ing a  member  of  the  general  convention 
of  Virginia  in  1775,  he  introduced  a  res- 


NEWELL. 


007 


dution  fur  organixin;  &  military  force. 
In  Aug.  1775  he  wan  appointed  a  mem- 
ber orcongrea  ;  in  the  next  year  he  aign- 
ed  the  declaration  of  independence  ;  but 
ill  health  in  1777  induced  him  to  resign 
hia  aeat.  He  waa  aoon  appointed  briga- 
dier general  and  commander  in  chief  of 
the  forcca  of  the  colony.  He  also  aided 
the  cauae  of  his  country  by  hia  property. 
In  1781  he  succeeded  Mr.  Jefferson  as 
governor  of  Virginia.  His  efforts  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  were  very  impor- 
tant and  were  particularly  noticed  by 
gen.  Washington  after  the  capture  of 
York,  in  his  general  orders  Oct.  30, 1781. 
In  about  a  month  alYerwarda  his  ill  health 
caused  him  to  resign  the  office  of  chief 
magistrate.  An  act  was  passed  Dec.  91st 
to  legalize  certain  acts  of  his  administra- 
tion, which  owing  to  peculiar  circum- 
stances were  done  without  the  advice  of 
the  council.  He  died  at  his  estate  in 
Hanover  Jan.  4,  1789,  aged  50.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Philip  Grymes 
of  Brandon.  He  had  four  brothers,  zeal- 
ous friends  of  the  revolution  ;  of  these 
the  last,  Robert  N.,  died  at  Malvern  hills 
in  Aug.  1818,  aged  66.— As  a  soldier  he 
was  active  and  intrepid.  Most  ardently 
waa  he  attached  to  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty. He  was  refined  in  man"  ..social, 
and  benevolent. — Ooodrich 

NELSON,  Roger,  ({(<neral,  a  soldier 
and  patriot  of  the  revoluiK^n,  was  for 
many  years  a  distinguishes:!  member  of 
congress  from  Maryland.  He  died  at 
Frederickstown  June  7,  1815,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age. 

NEWELL,  Samuel,  a  missionary  at 
Bombay,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1807,  and  studied  theology  at  An- 
dover.  With  Judson,  Nott,  and  Mills 
he  offered  himself  as  a  missionary  to  the 
general  association  of  ministers  at  Brad- 
ford June  37,  1810 ;  was  ordained  at  Sa- 
lem with  Judson,  Nott,  and  Rice  Feb.  6, 
1812 ;  and  sailed  on  the  19th  for  Calcut- 
ta. On  his  arrival  he  was  ordered  by  the 
Bengal  government  i,o  leave  the  country. 
Proceeding  first  to  the  Isle  of  France,  he 
suffered  the  affliction  of  losing  his  wife 


and  was  useftd  in  prefKiring  the  way  for 
the  subsequent  mission  in  that  island.  He 
aAerwards  joined  Mr.  Hall  at  Bombay 
and  in  1817  was  joined  by  Mr.  Oravea 
and  Mr.  Nichols.  He  continued  at  Bom- 
bay a  faithful  laborer  in  the  service  of  Je- 
sus Christ  until  his  death.  He  was  seis- 
ed with  the  epidemic,  spasmodic  ehoterm 
in  the  morning  of  May  29th,  and  died, 
without  being  able  to  say  any  thing  of 
his  hopes,  at  1  o'clock  the  next  morning, 
May  30,  1831,  aged  about  36.  The  same 
disease  in  4  years  had  swept  over  India, 
Burmah,  and  the  Asiatic  islands  and  hur- 
ried millions  to  the  tomb;  it  is  now,  18SS, 
prevailing  in  London  and  Paris.  A  few 
days  before  hia  death  he  visited  at  Tan- 
nah  many  of  the  sick  and  dying,  from 
whom  probably  he  took  the  disease,  as  it 
was  deemed  somewhat  contagious.  At 
that  time  from  60  to  100  were  dying  dai- 
ly in  Bombay. — Mr.  N.  was  very  mod- 
est and  humble,  possessed  great  tender- 
ness of  feeling,  and  was  entirely  devoted 
to  the  arduous  and  important  labors  of  a 
missionary.  He  wrote  with  Mr.  Hall 
The  Conversion  of  the  world,  or  the 
claims  of  600  millions  &c.  3d  edit.  1818. 
NEWELL,  Harriet,  the  wife  of  the 
preceding,  the  daughter  of  Moses  At- 
wood  of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  was  born  Oct. 
10,  1793,  and  received  an  excellent  edu- 
cation. At  the  age  of  15  she  made  a 
profession  of  religion,  ^he  sailed  with 
her  husband  from  Calcutta  for  the  Isle  of 
France  Aug.  4, 1812 ;  about  three  weeka 
before  her  arrival  she  became  the  mother 
of  a  daughter,  who  died  on  the  5th  day, 
Oct.  13,  and  was  buried  in  the  ocean.  In 
a  few  weeks  Mrs.  Newell  died  of  the  con- 
sumption at  the  Isle  of  France  Nov.  80, 
1312,  aged  19.  Ue  departed   in  the 

peace  and  triumph  "f  an  eminent  Chris- 
tian. In  writing  o  her  mother,  Mr. 
Newell  said,  "  Come,  then,  let  us  min- 
gle our  griefs  and  weep  together ;  for 
she  was  dear  to  us  both  ;  and  she  too  is 
gone.  Yes,  Harriet,  your  lovely  daugh- 
ter, is  gone,  and  you  will  see  her  face  no 
more  !  Harriet,  my  own  dear  Harriet, 
the  wife  of  my  youth  and  the  desire  of 


and  child  ;  he  afterwards  went  to  Ceylon,  my  eyes,  has  bid  me  a  last  farewell,  and 


0Oif         NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


left  me  to  mourn  and  weep  !  Yes,  she  is 
gone.  I  wiped  the  cold  sweat  or  death 
from  her  pale,  emaciated  face. — Oh,  Har- 
et,  Harriet,  for  thou  wast  very  dear  to 
me.  Thy  last  sigh  tore  my  heart  asun- 
der, and  dissolved  the  charm,  which  tied 
me  to  the  earth."— Her  life,  written  by 
Dr.  Woods,  has  passed  through  many 
editions.  The  cause  of  missions  was 
greatly  promoted  by  the  delineation  of 
her  character  and  the  description  of  her 
sufferings. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  one  of  the 
United  States,  was  first  settled  in  1623 
by  persons  sent  out  by  Gorges  and  Ma- 
son under  authority  of  a  grant  from  the 
council  of  Plymouth.  The  council  had 
been  established  in  1630  by  king  James 
and  he  gave  to- it  the  territory  extend- 
ing from  the  fortieth  to  the  forty 
eighth  degree  of  north  latitude.  The 
settlements  went  on  but  slowy  for  several 
years.  In  1638  three  associations  for 
government  were  formed  at  Portsmouth, 
Dover,  and  Exeter.  In  1641  and  1642 
the  inhabitants  of  these  towns  voluntari- 
ly submitted  themselves  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Massachusetts,  securing  to  them- 
selves the  same  privileges  with  the  rest 
of  the  colony,and  being  exempted  from  all 
public  charges,  except  such  as  arose 
among  themselves.  New  Hampshire 
was  separated  from  Massachusetts  and  a 
royal  government  established  in  1680, 
consisting  of  a  president  and  council  ap- 
pointed by  the  king,  and  representatives 
chosen  by  the  people.  A  change  was 
made  in  1686  and  all  New  England  was 
intrusted  to  a  p~r:i:  .snt  and  council. 
After  the  imprisonment  of  Andros  the 
union  with  Massachusetts  was  revived 
in  1689,  but  in  1692  the  old,  separate 
government  was  re-established.  From 
1699  to  1702  it  was  united  with  New 
York  and  Massachusetts,  and  from  1702 
to  1741  with  Massachusetts.  A  separ- 
ate government  subsisted  from  this  peri- 
od till  the  revolution  in  1775,  when  a 
provincial  convention  was  formed.  A 
temporary  constitution  was  formed  in 
1776  ;  a  new  constitution  was  established 
in  1784,  and  this,    being   altered  and 


amended  in  1,792,  is  the  permanent  con- 
stitution of  the  state.  The  population, 
in  1810,  was  214,460  ;  in  1820,  'i44,161 ; 
in  1830,  269,538.  New  Hampshire  suf- 
fered much  in  the  Indian  wars,  and  in 
all  military  enterprises  it  took  an  active 
part.  During  the  war  in  opposition  to 
the  encroachments  of  the  British  parlia- 
ment its  troops  were  distinguished.  The 
constitution  of  this  state  establishes  a 
general  court,  consisting  of  a  house  of 
representatives,  and  a  senate,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  are  annually  chosen.  The 
governor  also  is  annually  elected  by  the 
people,  and  has  a  council  to  advise  him. 
NEW  JERSEY,  one  of  the  United 
States,  was  first  settled  by  the  Swedes, 
and  was  formerly  a  part  of  New  Nether- 
lands, which  was  divided  into  Nova  Caesa- 
rea,  or  New  Jersey,  and  New  York,  in 
1664,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the 
English.  It  has  its  name  from  the  Island 
of  Jersey,  the  residence  of  the  family  of 
sir  George  Carteret,  to  whom  this  terri- 
tory was  granted.  Philip  Carteret  was 
appointed  governor  in  1665,  and  took 
possession  of  Elizabethtown,  the  capital, 
then  consisting  of  four  families,  just  set- 
tled in  the  wilderness.  In  1672  he  was 
driven  from  his  government  by  insurgents, 
who  refused  the  payment  of  quit  rents 
under  pretence,  that  they  held  their  pos- 
sessions by  Indian  grants  &  not  irom  the 
proprietors.  In  1673  the  Dutch  retook 
New  Netherlands,  but  in  the  following 
year  it  was  restored  by  treaty  to  the 
English.  In  1676  New  Jersey  was  divi- 
ded into  East  and  West  Jersey.  The 
government  of  the  latter  was  retained  as 
a  dependency  of  New  York,  and  a  con- 
fusion of  jurisdiction  commenced,  which 
long  distracted  the  people,  and  whk:h  at 
length  terminated  in  the  annihilation  of 
the  authority  of  the  proprietors.  West 
Jesey  was  reinstated  in  its  former  privile- 
ges in  1680.  Sir  George  Carteret  in  1682 
transferred  his  rights  in  East  Jersey  to 
William  Penn.  At  this  time  there  were 
supposed  to  be  in  the  province  about  sev- 
en hundred  families .  In  1688  the  Jers  es 
were  added  to  the  jurisdiction  of  New 
England.    They  were  united  under  one 


NEWMAN. 


NEW  YORK. 


609 


government  in  1703,  and  received  the 
single  name  of  New  Jersey.  Cornbury, 
governor  of  New  York,  was  appointed 
also  to  the  chief  command  of  New  Jersey, 
and  the  union  continued  till  1738,  when 
this  colony  received  a  separate  governor. 
During  the  war  with  Great  Britain  this 
state  suffered  much.  Her  losses  in  pro- 
portion to  population  and  wealth  were 
greater  than  those  of  any  other  of  the 
thirteen  states.  Her  soldiers  gained 
great  distinction,  and  she  can  boast  of 
places  rendered  famous  by  exploits;  plr,ces, 
which  cannot  be  mentioned  without 
bringing  to  the  recollection  the  name  of 
Washington, who  earned  in  them  thelau- 
rels,with  which  his  head  has  been  encircled 
by  American  historians.  The  Indians 
of  N.  Jersey,  who  removed  to  Green 
Bay,  Michigan,  in  conveying  their  lands 
south  of  the  Raritan,  reserved  the  right 
of  fishing.  In  1832  the  state  granted 
them  3,000  doll,  for  this  reserved  right, 
and  in  the  act  it  was  asserted,  that  every 
Indian  right  &  title  in  N.  J.had  been  ac- 
quired by  fair  and  voluntary  transfer. 
The  [)opulation,  in  1820,  was  277, 575 ;  in 
1830, 320,779.  The  present  constitution 
of  New  Jersey  was  adopted  by  a  provin- 
cial congress  July  2, 1776,  By  this  in- 
strument the  power  of  enacting  laws  is 
vested  in  a  legislative  council  and  a  gen- 
eral assembly,  the  members  of  which  are 
annually  chosen.  The  governor  is  ap- 
pointed by  a  joint  vote  of  these  two  bod- 
ies every  year.  He  has  a  casting  vote  in 
the  council,  and  with  them  is  a  court  of 
appeals  in  the  last  resort.  The  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  continue  in  office  for 
five  years,  and  all  are  appointed  by  the 
council  and  assembly. 

NEWMAN,  Samuel,  first  minister  of 
Rehoboth,  Mass.  was  born  at  Banbury, 
England,  in  1600,  and  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  came  to  this  country  in 
1636.  After  his  arrival  he  spent  a  year 
and  a  half  at  Dorchester,  and  then,  be- 
coming the  pastor  of  the  church  at  Wey- 
mouth, continued  there  about  five  years. 
In  1644  he  removed  with  a  part  of  his 
church  and  settled  at  Rehoboth.  He  died 
July  5,  1663,  aged  63.  While  he  was 
77 


indefatigable  in  his  study  of  the  scrip- 
tures, and  animated  and  zealous  in  his 
preaching,  he  was  also  hospitable,  chari- 
table, and  pious.  In  his  last  illness  he 
sent  for  one  of  his  deacons,  and,  afker  re- 
questing him  to  make  a  prayer,  said, 
"  and  now,  ye  angels  of  the  Lord,  come 
and  do  your  duty. "  He  then  im- 
mediately expired.  Antipas  N.,  the 
minister  of  Wenham,  who  married  in 
1658  Eli/.abeth,the  daughterof  gov.  Win- 
throp,  and  died  Oct.  15,  1672,  is  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  his  son. — He  compiled  a 
concordance  of  the  scriptures,  which  was 
published  in  London  in  a  thick  folio, 
5th  ed.  1720.  While  he  was  at  Reho- 
both he  revised  it,  using  pine  knots  in 
the  night  instead  of  candles.  It  passes 
under  the  name  of  the  Cambridgf  con- 
cordance.— Magnolia,  m.  113 — 1 16. 

NEW^TON,  Roger,  d.d.,  minister  of 
Greenfield,  Mass.,  was  bom  at  Durham, 
Conn.,  May  23, 1737  ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1758  ;  was  ordained  Nov. 
18,  1761 ;  and,  after  having  Gamaliel  S. 
Olds  as  his  colleague  for  a  few  years, 
died  Dec.  10,1816,  aged  79.  His  son, 
Roger,  educated  at  Yale  college  and  a 
tutor,  died  Aug.  19,  1789. — ^He  was  a 
faithful,  useful  minister,  prudent,  and 
courteous  and  amiable  in  all  the  relations 
of  life. 

NEW  YORK,one  of  the  United  ^tates, 
was  discovered  in  1608  by  Henry  Hud- 
son, who  passed  up  the  river,  which 
bears  his  name .  His  right  to  the  coun- 
lij,  which  he  had  discovered  under  a 
commission  from  king  James  I,  he  sold 
to  the  Dutch.  In  1614  the  states  gen- 
eral granted  a  patent  for  an  exclusive 
trade  on  Hudson's  river  to  a  number 
of  merchants,  who  built  a  fort 
near  Albany.  In  the  same  year  the 
Dutch  were  visited  by  captain  Argal 
from  Virginia,  and  being  unable  to  resist 
him  the"  submitted  for  the  time  to  the 
king  of  England.  The  country  was 
granted  by  the  states  general  to  the  West 
India  company  in  1621.  In  June  1629 
Wouter  Van  Twiller  arrived  at  fort 
Amsterdam,  now  New  York,  and  took 
upon  himself  the  government.    The  ex- 


610 


NEW  YORK 


NICHOLS. 


tension  of  the  Eng^lish  settlements  natu- 
rally occasioned  some  disputes  respecting 
the  boundaries  of  the  Dutch  possessions. 
The  last  Dutch  governor  was  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  who  began  his  administra- 
tion in  1647.  The  inroads  upon  his  ter- 
ritory kept  him  constantly  employed. 
In  1655  he  subdued  the  few  Swedes  on 
the  west  side  of  Delaware  bay,  and  plac- 
ed the  country  under  the  command  of  a 
lieutenant  governor.  But  he  was  him- 
self obliged  at  last  to  submit  to  the  Eng- 
lish. The  country  in  the  possession  of 
the  Dutch  was  given  by  the  king  of  Eng- 
land to  the  duke  of  York  and  Albany. 
An  expedition  was  fitted  out,  and  Aug. 
27,  1664  governor  Stuyvesant  was  re- 
duced to  the  necessity  of  capitulating  to 
colonel  Nicolls,  and  the  whole  of  the 
New  Netherlands  soon  became  subject 
to  the  English  crown.  The  country 
was  retaken  by  the  Dutch  in  1673,  but  it 
was  restored  in  the  following  year.  In 
1683  the  inhabitants  of  New  York  first 
participated  in  the  legislative  power. 
Previously  to  this  period  they  had  been 
completely  subjected  to  the  governor ; 
but  in  this  year  they  were  summoned  to 
choose  rapresentatives  to  meet  in  an  as- 
sembly. In  1688  New  York  was  annex- 
ed to  the  jurisdiction  of  New  England. 
In  1691  a  governor  arrived  from  England 
and  the  first  assembly  after  the  revolu- 
tion was  held.  The  population,  in  1702 
was  20,708  ;  in  1790,  340,120  ;  in  1800, 
586,050;  in  1810,  959,049;  in  1820, 
1,872,812;  in  1830,  1,919,404.  The 
Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  opened  in 
1825,  cost  upwards  of  9  millions  of  dol- 
lars. Many  rail  road  companies  have 
been  incorporated. 

From  the  influence  of  the  French  over 
the  Indians  and  from  its  proximity  to 
Canada  New  York  suffered  many  incon- 
veniences ;  but  the  war  against  the  French 
was  frequently  carried  on  with  vigor,  and 
the  friendship  of  the  Indians  was  gener- 
ally secured.  While  this  colony  was 
subject  to  England  the  government  was 
vested  in  a  governor  and  council,  appoin- 
ted by  the  king,  and  twenty  seven  repre- 
sentatives elected  by  the  people.    Vacan- 


cies in  the  council  were  tilled  up  by  the 
governor.  The  constitution  of  New 
York  was  established  by  the  convention, 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  April  20, 1777 
and  amended  in  1801.  A  new  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  in  1821 .  The  legisla- 
ture consists  of  the  assembly  of  1 28  mem- 
bers, and  the  senate  of  32  ;  the  represen- 
tatives and  one  fourth  of  the  senators  are 
chosen  annually.  The  governor  is  cho- 
sen for  two  years,  by  plurality  of  votes. 
The  lieutenant  governor  presides  in  the 
senate.  Sufirage  is  almost  universal: 
free  colored  persons,  however,  must  be 
free  holders  in  order  to  be  electors.  The 
clergy  are  incapable  of  holding  civil  or 
military  offices .  The  senate,  chancellor, 
chief  justice,  and  two  judges  constitute 
the  court  for  the  trial  of  impeachments 
and  the  correction  of  errors.  The  chan- 
cellor holds  a  court  in  equity  cases. 

NICHOLAS,  Wilson  Cary,  governor 
of  Virginia,  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
the  revolution,  and  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention, which  ratified  the  constitution 
of  the  U.  S.  He  was  for  years  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives and  of  the  senate  of  the  U.  S., 
being  chosen  senator  from  Virginia  in 
Dec.  1799  in  the  placeof  Henry  Taze- 
well deceased.  He  ably  supported  the 
measures  of  Jefierson's  administration. 
Accepting  the  office  of  collector  of  the 
ports  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth  in  1304, 
he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate.  He 
was  afterwards  a  member  of  the  house  ; 
but  he  resigned  his  seat  in  1809.  In 
1814  he  succeeded  James  Barbour  as 
governor,  and  was  succeeded  by  col. 
James  Preston  in  1717.  He  died  at 
Milton  Oct.  10,  1890.  He  published  a 
letter  to  his  constituents,  1809. 

NICHOLS,  John,  missionary  to 
Bombay,  was  ordained  at  Boston,  with 
the  missionaries,  Swift,  Graves,  Parsons, 
And  Buttrick,  Aug.  2,  1817,  and  sailed 
for  Bombay  with  his  wife  and  Allen 
Graves  and  his  wife,  and  Philomela  Thur- 
ston Sept.  5, 1817,  and  arrived  Feb.  23, 
1818.  After  toiling  in  his  benevolent 
work  nearly  seven  years,  he  died  of  a 
fever  at  Bombay  Dec.  10, 1824. 


i!i 


NICHOLSON. 


NILES. 


(m 


NICHOLSON,  James,  a  naval  officer, 
descended  from  ancestora,  who  were 
ihs  early  settlers  ofMarylandjWas  born  in 
Chestertown  in  1737,  and  was  trained  to 
the  sea  with  two  brothers,  who  were  af- 
terwards commanders  in  the  navy.  Hav- 
ing married,  he  resided  in  the  city  of  N. 
York  from  1768  till  1771,  when  he  re- 
turned to  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland. 
In  177^  he  was  put  in  command  of  the 
Maryland  ship  of  war,  the  Defence,  in 
which  in  March  he  re-captured  several 
vessels,  which  the  British  had  taken. 
In  1778  he  was  intrused  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  Trumbull,  a  frigate  of  32 
guns,  in  which,  June  3,  1780,  he  fought 
a  severe  battle  of  three  hours  with  the 
Wyatt,  losing  about  30  men,  when  the 
vessels  parted.  He  was  afterwards  cap- 
tured and  carried  into  N.  York,  where 
he  continued  to  live  after  his  release  at 
the  ■•>  c  '  the  war.  During  the  con- 
trovr  V  ?.erning  Jay's  treaty,  he  wfls 
at  tl,^  .KK.M  of  the  opponents  to  it  in  N. 
York.  In  1801  he  succeeded  Mr.  Clark- 
son  as  commissioner  of  loans  for  the 
state  of  New  York.  He  died  near  N. 
York  Sept,  2, 1804,  aged  63 .  His  three 
daughters  married  Albert  Gallatin,  Wil- 
liam Few,  and  John  Montgomery,  a 
member  of  congress  and  mayor  of  Balti- 
more: itiBremarkable,that  Mr.  MontgomT 
eryand  col.  Few  were  buried  on  the  same 
day,in  1828.  Commodore  Samuel  N.,who 
I  suppdse  was  his  brother,  died  at  Charles- 
town  Dec.  29,  1811,  aged  69. 

NICHOLSON,  Joseph  Hopper,  chief 
judge  of  the  sixth  judicial  district  and  a 
judge  ■  of  the  court  of  appeals  of  Mary- 
land, died  March  4,  1817,  aged  47  years. 
His  talents  were  invigorated  by  a  good 
education.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
conspicuous  member  of  congress.  H  e 
was  appointed  a  judge  in  1803.  On  the 
bench  his  dignity,  integrity,  and  abilities 
commanded  respect.  In  private  life  he 
was  amiable  and  beloved.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Walter  Doraey. 

NICOLL,  John,  m.  d.  a  physician 
in  New  York,  was  a  native  of  Scotland 
and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh.  Re- 
taining the  highest  attachment  to  the 


doctrini?;  constitution,and  discipline  of  the 
church  of  Scotland,  after  his  arrival  in 
this  country  be  was  one  of  the  principal 
founders  and  benefactors  of  the  first  pres- 
byterian  church  in  New  York,  which 
was  established  in  1719.  He  spent  a 
considerable  part  of  his  estate  in  erecting 
a  house  Of  worship.  As  a  physician  he 
was  unwearied  in  his  attention  to  hia 
patients.  The  poor  he  cheerfully  visited 
without  the  prospect  of  reward.  After  a 
life  distinguished  for  benevolence  and  pie- 
ty he  died  Oct.  3,  1743,  aged  63. 

NICOLLS,  Richard,  colonel,  first 
English  povprnor  of  N.  York,  was  com- 
missioned in  1664,  with  Carr.CaTtwright, 
and  Maverick,  to  determine  complaints 
and  appeals  in  all  causes,  military,  crimi- 
nal, and  civil,  throughout  N.  England. 
Nicolls  proceeded  to  Manhattan  and 
obliged  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor, 
to  capitulate  Aug.  27,1664,and  gave  toN. 
Amsterdam  the  nameof  N.  York.  Sept. 
14th  fbrt  Orange  was  captured  and  called 
Albany.  He  established  a  regiilar  gov- 
ernment at  N.  York.  The  purchase  of 
lands  from  the  Indians  on  L.  Island  was 
prohibited,  except  with  a  license  from 
the  governor.  In  1667  he  retired  from 
the  government  with  honor,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Lovelace,  who  purchased 
Staten  Island  from  the  natives. 

NILES,  Samuel,  minister  of  Braintree, 
Mass.,  a  descendant  of  John  Niles,  who 
lived  in  Braintree  from  1639  till  hia  death 
in  Feb.  1694,  was  born  May  1,  1674 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1699.  He  afterwards  preached  for  some 
time  in  R.  Island  in  a  district,  called 
ministerial  lands.  In  1710  he  .removed 
from  Kingston  to  Braintree,  where  he 
was  ordained  minister  of  the  second 
church  May  33, 1711.  In  1759,  60  years 
after  he  received  the  first  honors  of 
the  college,  he  took  the  degree  of  master 
of  arts.  He  died  May,  1,  1762, 
aged  88.  He  published  a  brief  and  sor- 
rowful account  of  the  present  churches  in 
N.  England,  1745  ;  vindication  of  divera 
important  doctrines,  8vo.  1752 ;  script- 
ure doctrine  of  original  sin,  in  answer  to 
Taylor,  8vo.  1757. 


iStt 


NILES. 


NISBET. 


NILES,  Surouel,  minister  of  Abing- 
ton,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Samuel  N.,who 
was  distinguished  in  public  life,  was  born 
in  Braintree  in  1744  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1769.  He  was  or- 
dained Sept.  26,  1771  ;  his  predecessors 
were  *  nuel  Brown,  who  died  in  1749, 
and  E^ekiel  Dodge,  who  died  in  1770. 
After  suffering  from  the  palsy  about  two 
years,  he  died  Jan.  16,  1814,  aged  69. 
His  suci.essor  was  Holland  Weeks.  His 
brother,  Judge  Nathaniel  N.,  died  in  W. 
Fairlee,  Vermont  ,in  Nov.  1838,  aged 
86. — He  was  a  faithful,  useful  minister, 
and  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind,  inclined  to 
metaphysical  investigations.  He  pub- 
lished Remarks  on  a  sermon  by  John 
Reed,  about  1813. 

NINIG RETT,  sachem  of  Niantick,or 
Nehanuck,  or  Nayantick,  was  one  of  the 
Narragansett  chiefs  at  the  settlement  of 
R.  I.  by  the  whites.  His  name  is  vari- 
ously written,  Ninegret,  Ninegrad,  Nin- 
icrete,  Ninicrafl,  Nynigrett.  He  was 
the  uncle  of  Miantunnomu  ;  but  in  the 
war  of  the  latter  with  the  Pequots  in 
1 632  he  did  not  participate.  However, 
he  assisted  the  English  in  the  Pcquot 
war  of  1637,  hiscountry  being  in  t}ie  line 
of  m^rch,  and  when  ..le  division  of  the 
300  surviving  Pequots  was  made  among 
the  conquerorB,\he  received  20  and  Mian- 
tunnomu 80.  Tha  commissioners  of  the 
united  colonieu  Sept.  30, 1653  determined 
to  make  war  with  him,  and  ordered  250 
soldiers  to  be  immediately  raised.  He 
was  suspected  of  joining  in  a  plot  with 
the  Dutch,  for  che  destruction  of  the  Eng- 
lish colonies,  for  he  had  spent  the  prece- 
ding winter  at  Manhadoes  with  Stuyve- 
eani,  the  Dutch  governor,  and  had  visit- 
ed the  western  Indians.  The  commis- 
aioner  from  Massachusetts  wasopposed  to 
the  war,  and,  as  that  colony  did  not  con- 
cur in  the  measure,  it  was  not  prosecuted. 
In  the  mean  while  Ninigrett  waged  his 
war  with  the  L.  Island  Indians  ;  and,  re- 
fusing to  appear  at  Hartford,  war  was 
again  determined  on  in  Sep.  1654.  Mnj.S 
Witlard  marched  from  Mass.  into  the 
JS^arraganaett  country  to  demand  the 
Pequots  under  Ninigrett,  and  tribute ; 


he  brought  off  100  Pequots,  but  Nini- 
grett had  fled.  His  country  ^:M  not  t^id 
w&ste,  probably  from  the  forbearance  of 
M'"^sachusetts,  averse  to  the  war.  Oct. 
13,  ^660  he  and  Scuttup  and  other  chiefs 
mortgaged  their  territory  to  H.  Ather- 
ton  and  his  partners  and  delivered  posses- 
aion  by  turf  and  twig  at  Pettequamscot 
in  1663.  He  did  not  join  in  Philip's  war 
and  in  consequence  his  tribe  escaped 
the  ruin,  which  came  upon  the  other 
tribes.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
known.  In  1761  the  number  of  his  tribe 
was  348  ;  and  there  was  a  sachem  Nini- 
grett, probably  his  descendant. 

NISBET,  Charles,  d.  d.,  first  presi- 
dent of  Dickinson  college,  Penns.,  was 
bom  in  Scotland  in  1737,  and  was  for 
many  years  minister  of  Montrose.  Du- 
ring the  struggle  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies,  such  was  his  attachment 
to  liberty,  that  he  dared  to  lift  up  his 
voice  in  ikvor  of  America/.  When  Dick- 
inson college  was  founded  at  Carlisle  in 
1783  he  was  chosen  its  principal,  though 
he  did  not  arrive  in  this  country  and  enter 
upon  the  duties  of  this  office  till  1785. 
He  died  Jan.  17,  1804,  aged  66.  His 
imagination  was  lively  and  fertile,  and 
his  understanding  equally  acute  and  vigo- 
rous. He  possessed  a  memory  tenacious 
almost  beyond  belief,  a  solid  judgment,and 
a  correct  taste.  He  could  repeat  with  great 
facility  all  the  beautiful  and  striking  pas- 
sages of  the  classic  authors .  He  was 
acquainted  both  with  the  anciient  learned 
languages,  and  with  the  modern  langua- 
ges of  Europe.  His  lee*' res  in  the  col- 
lege, which  were  designed  to  communi- 
cate the  elements  of  knowledge,  were 
plain  am'  -imple,  but  ^ich  in  solid  learn- 
ing. In,  ivate  life  he  was  a  most  enter- 
taining companion,  for  his  humor  was 
excellent  and  exhaustless.  His  penetra- 
ting mind  perceived  relations  and  con- 
nexions among  things,  which  escaped 
almost  every  other,  and  he  was  constant- 
ly enlivening  conversation  with  flashes  of 
wit.  He  was  master  of  the  lively  anec- 
dote, the  smart  repartee,  the  keen  irony, 
and  the  delicate  rebuke.  His  remarks  on 
men  were  often  severe  and  cutting,  for 


NIXON. 


NORRIS. 


61 S 


beingf  himself  upright,  he  had  a  rooted 
abhorrence  of  deceit  and  chicanery  in 
others.  His  independent  mind  scorneil 
the  idea  of  procuring  favor  or  ens<iring 
popularity  by  any  means  inconsistent  with 
the  most  dignified  and  virtuous  senti- 
ments, and  he  had  no  respect  for  the  man, 
who  to  obtain  the  one  or  the  other  would 
cringe  to  the  multitude.  His  manners 
wnre  gentle,  unassuming,  simple^  and  in 
the  common  affairs  and  traffic  of  this 
world  he  was  a  yery  child.  His  temper 
was  cheerful,  his  morals  unimpeached,  his 
piety  unquestioned.  As  the  principal  of 
a  college,  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  as 
a  true  patriot,  as  a  good  man  he  iias  not 
often  been  surpassed. 

NIXON,  John,  brigadier  general,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  born  at 
Framingham,  Mass.  March  4,1725.  He 
was  present  as  a  soldier  at  the  siege '  uf 
Louisburg  in  1745.  Afler  serving  in  the 
army  and  navy  seven  years,  he  returned 
to  his  native  place.  But  he  soon  again 
entered  the  army  as  a  captain.  He 
fought  in  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga, 
when  Abercrorabie  was  defeated,  and  in 
the  battle  of  lake  George.  Aflerwards 
falling  into  an  ambuscade,  he  cut  his  way 
through  the  enemy  and  escaped,  but  with 
the  loss  of  nearly  all  his  party.  In  the 
revolutionary  war,  at  the  head  of  a  com- 
pany of  minute  men  he  met  the  enemy 
in  the  battle  of  Lexington  ;  and  in  that 
of  Bunker  hill  he  was  distinguished  by 
his  bravery  at  the  head  of  a  regiment, 
and  received  a  severe  wound,  from  which 
he  never  entirely  recovered.  He  was 
made  a  brigadier  general  in  Aug.  1776. 
Washington  intrusted  him  with  the 
command  on  Governor's  is>land,  near  N. 
York.  He  was  with  Gates  in  1777.  In 
the  battle  of  Stillwater  a  cannon  ball 
passed  so  near  his  head,  as  to  impair  per- 
manently the  sight  of  one  eye  and  his 
hearing  in  one  ear.  In  bad  health  he  re- 
signed his  commission  in  17S0,  He  remo- 
ved to  Middlebury  Vt.  in  1803,  and  lived 
with  his  children.  He  died  March  !24, 
1815,  aged  90,  His  brother  col.  N.,  an 
officer  of  the  revolution,  was  drowned  in 
a  voyage  to  the  district  of  Maine.     For 


many  years  before  his  death  he  was  a 
member  of  a  congregational  church .  He 
was  respected  and  esteemed  in  the  vari- 
ous relations  of  life. 

NORRIS,  Edward,  minister  of  Salem, 
had  been  a  preacher,  before  he  arrived  in 
this  country  in  1639;  was  ordained  at 
Salem  March  13, 16'*.)as  a  colleague  with 
Hugh  Peters ;  and  died  April  10,  1659, 
aged  about  70,  having  been  solo  pastor  18 
years.  Hia  church  did  not  adopt  the 
platform  of  1648;  nor  did  they  use  the 
N.  England  psalms,  instead  of  Ains- 
worth's,  till  some  years  af\er  his  death . 
Mr.  Norris  was  tolerant,  and  did  not  join 
in  the  persecution  of  the  Gortonists  and 
Anabaptists.  In  1654  and  1651,  when 
one  person  was  executed  for  witchcraft  in 
in  Boston  and  several  others  in  the  colo- 
ny, he  withstood  the  delusion  of  tho 
times.  Yet  with  his  excellentdisposition, 
and  enlarged  views  he  urged  by  his  wri- 
tings the  prosecution  of  the  war  against 
the  Dutch,  which  the  commissioners  of 
the  united  colonies  had  recommended  in 
1653,  but  which  was  deemed  inexpedient 
by  the  government  of  Massachusetts.  If 
they  did  not  go  to  war,  he  thought  the 
curse  upon  Meroz  would  be  deserved.  In 
this  he  erred  in  spirit  and  judgment. 

NORRIS,  John,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  theological  seminary  in  Andover, 
was  for  many  years  a  respectable  mer- 
chant in  Salem,  Massa.  March  21, 
1808  he  gave  10,000  dollars  towards  es- 
tablishing the  institution  at  Andover. 
This  was  a  day  of  unequalled  munifi- 
cence, for  on  the  same  day  Messrs.  Brown 
and  Bartlet,  merchants  6f  Newburyport, 
gave  towards  the  same  object  the  former 
10,000and  the  latter  20,000 dollars.  Mr. 
Norris  lived  to  see  the  seminary  opened 
on  Sept.  28th.  He  died  Deo.  22,  1808, 
aged  57.  His  widow,  Mary  Norris,  died 
at  Salem  in  1811,  bequeathing  S0,000 
dollars  to  the  theological  seminary  at  An- 
dover and  the  same  sum  to  trustees  for 
the  benefit  of  foreign  missions  to  the  hea- 
then. In  such  esteem  was  he  held  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  that  he  was  for  several 
years  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of 
Mass.     Obtaining    through    the  divine 


614 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


NORTON. 


Messing  upon  his  industry  an  ample  for- 
tune, he  considered  himself  as  the  stew- 
<.rd  of  God,  and  his  abundant ,  liberality 
flowed  in  vaiious  channels.  Though 
his  extreme  self  diffidence  prevented  him 
from  making  a  public  profession  of  reli- 
gion ;  yet  his  house  was  a  house  of  pray- 
er,in  which  the  morning  and  evening  sac- 
rifice ascended  to  the  mercy  seat,  and  he 
was  constant  in  his  attendance  on  public 
worship.  Being  asked  by  a  friend, 
whether  he  did  not  entertain  a  ho^^e,  that 
h«  >vas  a  Christian,  he  replied  in  a  sol- 
emn manner,  "  I  would  not  relinquish  my 
hope,  that  I  am  a  child  of  God,  for  a 
thousand  worlds." 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  one  of  the 
United  States,  was  originally  included  in 
the  territory,  called  South  Virginia,  and 
it  was  in  North  Carolina  that  the  first 
English  settlements  were  made  iu  Ameri- 
ca. They  were  however  broken  up,  and 
the  first  permanent  colony  was  estab- 
lished on  the  Chesapeak.  This  state  was 
sAerwards  included  in  the  grant  of  Caro- 
lina in  1663.  It  began  to  be  settled  about 
the  year  1710  by  a  few  Palatines  from 
Germany,  who  had  been  so  much  haras- 
sed by  a  calamitous  war,  as  to  be  very 
desirous  of  a  secure  retreat,  even  though 
it  should  be  in  the  wilderness.  They 
had  scarcely  taken  possession  of  their 
fancied  asylum  in  Albermarle  and  Bath 
preciiits,  when  they  fell  a  prey  to  the 
savages.  The  colony  was  almost  des- 
troyed, 137  settlers  being  massacred.  As- 
sistance however  having  been  obtained 
from  South  Carolina,  the  Indians  were 
entirely  defeated  and  driven  back.  This 
was  in  the  year  1713.  After  this  the 
infant  colony  remained  in  peace  and  con- 
tinued to  flourish  under  the  general  gov- 
enment  of  South  Carolina  till  the  year 
1729,  when  eeven  of  the  proprietors,  for 
a  valuable  consideration,  vested  their 
property  and  jurisdiction  in  the  crown, 
and  the  colony  was  erected  into  a  sepa- 
rate province  by  the  name  of  N.  Carolina, 
&  its  present  limits  were  established  by  an 
order  of  king  Geo.  II.  It  was  made  a  regal 
governmentjthe  gov.and  council  being  ap- 
pointed by  his  majesty.  In  1771  there  was 


an  insurrcHStion  of  a  body  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, who  complained  of  oppressions 
practised  in  the  law;  theyr^alled  them- 
selves regulators,  and  it  was  their  object 
to  prostrate  the  government.  Gov. 
Tryon  marched  against  them,  and  totally 
defeated  them,  leaving  300  dead  on  the 
field.  At  the  commencen:cnt  of  the  late 
war,  the  regulators  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  British,  and  were  defeated  by  col- 
onel Caswell  in  Feb.  1776.  Dec.  18th 
the  present  constitution  of  this  state  was 
ado))ted  by  a  congress,  appointed  for 
the  purpose.  It  establishes  a  general 
assembly,  consisting  of  a  senate  and 
a  house  of  commons,  the  members  of 
which  are  annually  chosen.  The 
judges  of  the  courts  are  appointed 
by  the  general  assembly,  and  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behavior.  The  as- 
sembly also  annually  elects  the  governor, 
who  is  not  eligible  longer  than  three 
years  in  six  successive  years.  He  has  a 
council  ofseven.  The  clergy  are  exclu- 
ded from  the  legislature  and  council. 

NORTON,  John,  minister  in  Boston, 
was  born  at  Starford  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  May  6,  1606,  and  was  educat- 
ed at  the  university  of  Cambridge.  A 
lecture  was  at  this  time  supported  at 
Starford  by  a  number  of  pious  ministers, 
and  through  their  labors  Mr.  N.,  who 
was  himself  a  preacher,  though  like  many 
others  ignorant  of  his  own  character  and 
unacquaintea  with  the  truth  as  it  is  in 
Jesus,  was  impressed  with  a  sense  of  his 
sin,  and  by  the  agency  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
was  brought  to  repentance.  The  view 
•  "  his  own  heart  and  life,  compared  with 
the  holy  law  of  God,  almost  overwhelmed 
him  with  despair ;  :  ut  at  length  the  prom- 
ises of  the  gospel  administered  to  him  in- 
expressible joy.  His  attention  had  been 
hitherto  occupied  in  literary  and  scientific 
pursuits,  but  he  now  devoted  himself  ex- 
clusively to  the  study  of  theology,  and 
being  by  his  own  experience  acquainted 
with  repentance,  and  faith,  and  holiness, 
he  preached  upon  these  subjects  with 
zeal  and  effect.  He  soon  became  eminent. 
Unable  to  submit  to  the  impositions  of 
the  establishment,  he  embarked  for  New 


••* 


NOaTON. 


615 


England  in  1634,  but  a  violent  storm 
obliged  him  to  retnrn.  In  the  Tollowing 
year  he  sailed  again  for  this  country,  and 
arrived  at  Plymouth  in  Oct.  in  company 
with  Air.  Wtnslow.  He  preached  'm  this 
town  during  most  of  the  winter,  and  was 
earnestly  invited  to  take  the  charge  of  the 
church ;  but  the  8t<ite  nf  things  in  the 
colony  did  nc'.  please  hii;.  Early  in 
1696  he  removed  to  Beaton,  whore  he 
was  highly  respected,  being  consulted  by 
the  magistrateii  in  soma  of  their  most  dif- 
licult  affiurd.  Before  the  close  of  the 
year  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  settle  in 
Ipswich,  where  a  church  had  been  gath- 
ered in  1634.  In  1689  Mr.  Rogers  was 
established  as  his  colleague. — While  min- 
ister of  Ipswich  he  wrote  a  number  of 
books,  which  procured  him  s  high  repu- 
tation. He  assisted  in  forming  the  Cam- 
bridge platform,  which  was  adopted  in 
1648.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Cotton  at 
the  close  of  1653,  the  church  in  Boston 
applied  to  Mr.  Norton  to  become  their 
minister.  He  accordingly  preached  in 
that  town  for  some  time  with  the  consent 
of  his  people ;  but  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Rogers  in  1655  they  reclaimed  him. 
Though  a  number  of  councils,  called  upon 
the  occasion,  advised  his  removal  to  Bos- 
ton, the  inhabitants  of  Ipswich  declined 
giving  him  a  dismission.  At  length  the 
governor  and  magistrates  were  under  the 
necessity  of  summoning  a  council,  whose 
advice  or  result  was  Ibllowed,  as  it  was 
considered  as  partaking  more  of  the  na- 
ture of  authority.  From  this  period  he 
was  the  minister  of  Boston,  and  was  emi- 
nently useful.  After  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II  it  was  thought  necessary  to 
address  him.  Mr.  Norton  and  Simon 
Bradstreet  were  accordingly  appointed 
the  agents  of  Massachusetts  for  that  pur- 
pose. They  sailed  for  England  in  Feb. 
1662  and  returned  in  Sept., bringing  with 
them  a  letter  from  the  king,  in  which  he 
promised  to  confirm  the  charter,  but  re- 
quired that  the  administration  of  justice 
should  be  in  his  name,  and  that  all  per- 
sons of  good  and  honest  lives  should  be 
admitted  to  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
supper,   and  their  children  to  baptism. 


The  agents,  who  had  faithfully  endeav- 
ored to  serve  the  colony,  on  their  return 
met  with  a  cold  reception,  and  the  smoth- 
ered grief  of  Mr.  Norton  on  aceouiC  of 
the  ill  treatment,  which  he  received,  it  is 
thought  hastened  his  end.  He  died  sud- 
denly April  5,  1663,  aged  56.  He  lefl  no 
children.  Mr.  Davenport  succeeded  him 
in  the  ministry. 

Mr.  Norton  was  an  e'  linent  scholar 
and  divine.  In  controversy  he  was  very 
acute,  for  his  powerful  talents  had  been 
cultivated  by  an  excellent  education,  and 
he  was  familiar  with  the  subtleties  of  the 
schoolmen.  The  doctrines,  for  which 
he  contended,  were  the  following  ;  that 
there  is  one  God  subsisting  in  three  per- 
sons ;  that  the  will  of  God  is  the  cause 
of  all  causes,  and  second  causes  the  ef- 
fects of  the  first  cause;  that  the  will  of 
man  is  an  instrument  disposed  and  deter- 
mined unto  its  action  according  unto  the 
decree  of  God,  being  as  much  subordin- 
ate to  it  as  the  axe  is  to  the  hand  of  the 
hewer  ;  that  man  even  in  violating  God's 
commands  fulfils  God's  decree  ;  that  the 
infallible  ordering  of  the  existence  of  sin 
fur  a  better  end,  and  the  forbidding  of  sin, 
are  not  at  all  inconsif>.:ent,  but  fall  under 
the  compass  cf  the  same  one  volition  of 
God,  w'  !ch  cannot  be  resisted  or  defeat- 
ed ;  t  God  is  not  the  author  of  sin, 
and  yet  that  he  does  not  merely  permit 
it,  since  he  has  decreed  it ;  that  the  rep- 
robates freely  commit  such  a  measure  of 
sin,  as  fits  them  for  the  intended  measure 
of  wrath  ;  that  man  is  a  free  agent, 
having  a  real  efficiency,  though  sub- 
ordinate to  the  first  cause,  which  detei 
mines  the  second  in  its  operation  ;  that 
all  mankind  participated  in  Adam's 
sia  and  also  have  it  imputed  to  them  ; 
that  original  sin  is  the  hereditary  and  ha- 
bitual contrariety,  and  enmity  of  the  na- 
ture of  mbn  against  the  whole  will  of 
God  ;  that  God  has  elected  whom  in  his 
wisdom  and  mercy  he  pleased  to  eternal 
life  ;  that  the  conversion  of  these  is  the 
effect  of  God's  Spirit ;  that  good  works 
are  necessary  as  the  way  to  salvation, 
but  not  as  the  cause ;  that  the  only  meri- 
torious cause  of  salvation  is  the  active 


610 


NORTON. 


NOWELL. 


and  paasive  obedience  of  Jesus  Christ, 
which  u'  imputed  unto  those,  who  be- 
lieve, ana  is  received  by  faiili  blone  ; 
that  only  the  elect  believe  in  the  Redee- 
mer ;  that  their  belief  or  faith  is  the 
effect  of  specio'  absolute,  irresistible 
grace  ;  and  that  the  will  is  passive,  not 
having  the  nature  of  a  free  agent,  in  the 
first  reception  of  grace.  His  sermons 
were  written  with  great  care,  and  in  his 
extemporary  devotional  performances 
there  was  a  variety  and  fulness  and  fer- 
vor seldom  equalled.  A  good  man  of 
Ipswich  used  frequently  to  walk  to  Bos- 
ton, a  distance  of  about  thirty  miles,  4o 
attend  the  Thursday  lecture,  and  would 
say,  that  it  was  worth  a  great  journey  to 
unite  in  one  of  Mr.  Norton's  prayers. 
His  example,  according  to  Dr.  Mather, 
was  so  much  followed,  that  some  young 
miniuters  were  able  to  continue  their  ad- 
dresses to  God  for  more  than  an  hour 
with  great  propriety ;  and  without  wea- 
rying those,  who  joined  with  them.  In 
bis'  natural  temper  Mr.  Norton  wes 
somewhat  irascible,  but,  being  taught  by 
the  grace  of  God  to  govern  his  passions, 
his  renewed  heart  rendered  bim  meek, 
courteous,  and  amiable.  Still  a  mistaken 
zeal  for  the  truth  made  him,  as  it  made 
his  contemporaries,  friendly  to  persecu- 
tion. He  was  convinced,  that  some  dif- 
ference of  sentiment  must  be  permitted, 
and  wished  that  an  erroneous  conscience 
should  be  treated  with  tenderness  ;  but 
when  the  fundamental  doctrines  of 
Christianity  were  denied,  or  errors  were 
supported  by  a  contumacious  will,  espe- 
cially if  they  produced  disturbance  in  the 
state,  then  he  thought  it  indispensably 
necessary  to  be  acquainted,  to  use  his 
own  words,  "  with  the  holy  tactics  of  the 
civil  sword."  The  disuse  of  this  instru- 
ment, in  his  opinion,  gave  opportunity  for 
the  rise  of  the  man  of  sin  ;  the  abuse  of 
it  maintained  him  ;  but  the  good  use  of 
it  would  tend  to  destroy  him.  With 
these  sentiments  he  probably  encouraged 
the  magistrates  in  their  persecution  of 
the  quakers,  who  in  return  represented  to 
the  king  and  parliament,  that  "  John 
Norton,  chief  priest  in  Boston,  by  the 


immediate  power  of  the  Lord  was  smit- 
ten,and  died." 

Mr.  Norton  wrote  in  Latin  a  letter  to 
the  famous  John  Oury^  which  was  sign- 
ed by  forty  three  other  ministers.  A 
translation  of  it  may  be  found  in  S .  Ma- 
ther's apology.  In  1645  he  drew  up  at 
the  request  of  the  ministers  of  New  Eng- 
land an  answer  to  a  number  of  questions 
relating  to  church  government,  which 
were  sent  over  by  Apollonius  under  the 
direction  of  the  divines  of  Zealand. 
This  was  the  first  Latin  book  ever  writ- 
ten in  this  country.  It  was  published 
with  the  title  of  Responsio  ad  totum 
>]U(Bstionum  syllogi.n  a  clariss.  viro  dom. 
Gul.  ApoUonio  propositam,  ad  compon- 
endas  controversies  in  Anglia,  Lond. 
8vo.  1648.  He  published  also  a  discus- 
sion of  the  sufferings  of  Christ,  and  the 
questions  about  hia  righteousness  active 
and  passive,  and  the  imputation  thereof 
in  answer  to  a  dialogue  of  Mr.  Pinchin, 
13nio.  1653;  this  was  written  by  the  di- 
rection of  the  general  court ;  the  ortho- 
dox evangelist,  or  a  treatise  wherein 
many  great  evangelical  truths  are  briefly 
discussed,  4to.  1654;  election  sermon, 
1657  ;  the  life  of  Mr.  Cotton,  1658  ; 
the  heart  of  New  England  rent  by  the 
blasphemies  of  the  present  generation,  a 
treatise  concerning  the  doctrine  of  the 
quakers,  by  the  desire  of  the  general 
court,  8vo.  1660;  election  sermon,  1661  ; 
a  catechism  ;  three  choice  and  profitable 
sermons  on  several  texts,  being  the  last 
sermons,  which  he  preached  at  the  elec- 
tion, at  the  Thursday  lecture,  and  on  the 
sabbath,  1664.— Mather's  life  of  Nor- 
ton. 

NOWELL,  Increase,  secretary  of 
the  Massachusetts  colony,  was  chosen 
an  assistant  in  England  in  1629,  and  came 
to  this  country  with  Winthrop  in  the 
Arabella  1630.  He  was  chosen  ruling 
elder  Aug.  37th  but  resigned  the  odice  in 
1632,  being  convinced  that  the  offices  of 
ruler  in  the  church  and  state  were  incom- 
patible. Of  the  church  in  Charlestown 
he  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1632, 
having  been  dismissed  from  Boston.  In 
1634  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 


">  p'  \ 


NOYES. 


-f/v. 


617 


fbr  military  i^flairs.  He  w«« aeerelary  from 
1644  to  1649.  In  1649  he  entered  into 
the  association  against  wearing  long  hair. 
He  died  Nov.  1,  1665,  in  poverty.  The 
name  of  his  wife  was  Parnell,  to  whom 
1 ,000  acrea  of  land  on  Cocheco  river,  N . 
H.,  were  granted  probably  as  a  public 
acknowledgment  of  his  faithful  services. 
He  leil  several  sons,  of  whom  Samuel,  a 
graduate  of  1653,  was  a  preacher,  an  as- 
sistant from  1680  to  1686,  and  an  adher- 
ent of  the  o'i  charter  ;  and  Alexander, 
who  graduated  in  1664,  was  the  author 
of  several  almanacs. 

NOYES,  James,  one  of  the  first  min- 
isters of  Newbury,  Mass.,  was  born  in 
Wiltshire,  England,  in  1608,  and  was  for 
some  time  a  student  in  the  university  of 
Oxford.  After  he  began  to  "breach,  as  he 
could  not  conscientiously  comply  with 
the  ceremonies  of  the  established  church, 
he  accompanied  his  friend,  Mr.  Parker, 
to  New  England  in  1634.  They  arrived 
in  the  month  of  May.  Mr.  Noyes  preach- 
ed about  a  year  at  Mystic,  now  Medford, 
when  he  was  invited  to  become  the  min- 
ister of  Watertown  ;  but,  as  he  preferred 
a  settlement  with  Mr.  Parker,  who  had 
removed  from  Aggawam  to  Newbury,  he 
was  established  as  his  colleague  in  1 635, 
having  the  title  of  teacher.  He  continu- 
ed to  discharge  with  faithfulness  the  du- 
ties of  his  office  more  than  twenty  years. 
Ader  a  long  sickness,  which  he  bore 
with  patience  and  cheerfulness,  ho  died 
Oct.  22,  1636,  aged  47.  He  left  S  sons. 
Mr.  Nojus  and  Mr.  Parker  were  the 
most  cordial  and  intimate  friends.  In 
England  they  instructed  in  the  same 
school ;  they  came  to  this  country  in  the 
same  ship  ;  they  were  ministers  in  the 
same  church  ;  and,  as  Mr.  Parker  had  no 
family,  they  lived  in  the  same  house. 
Mr.  Noyes  was  very  much  beloved  by 
his  people,  for  he  was  humble,  gentle, 
and  constantly  desirous  of  doing  them 
good.  He  was  the  implacable  enemy  of 
heresy  and  schism.  Though  he  could 
never  submit  to  the  ceremonies  of  the 
English  church,  he  was  not  so  averse  to 
episcopacy  itself.  He  did  not  approve  of 
a  governing  vote  in  the  fraternitv,  and  he 
78 


thought,  that  ecclesiastical  councils  should 
hare  the  power  of  inflicting  censures  upon 
particular  churches.  He  was  eminently 
skilled  in  Greek,  and  he  had  read  the  fa- 
thers  and  the  schoolmen.  His  memory 
was  tenacious,  hit  invention  rich,  and 
his  judgment  profound.  While  his  man- 
ners were  so  amiable  and  his  disposition 
so  truly  benevolent  and  a.iectionate,  that 
no  one  was  ever  acquainted  with  him, 
who  did  not  desire  his  friendship  and  so- 
ciety ;  he  yet  was  resolute  and  determin- 
ed in  his  defence  of  the  truth.  He  was 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  eminent 
men  in  his  day.  He  '  ubiished  the  tem- 
ple m  sured,  or  a  brief  survey  of  the 
temple  mystical,  which  is  the  instituted 
church  of  Christ,  4to.  1647  ;  a  catechism, 
which  was  reprinted  in  1797  ;  Moses  and 
Aaron,  or  the  rights  of  church  and  state, 
contained  in  two  disputations,  the  former 
concerning  the  church,  the  latter  asserting 
the  sacredness  of  the  persons  of  kinga 
against  king  killing,  1661.  This  was 
published  by  Mr.Woodbridge  of  England . 
— Mather's  magnulia,iu.  145-148;  iiits^ 
col.  VII.  243. 

NOYES,  James  the  first  minister  of 
Stonington,  Conn.,  the  second  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  March  11,  1640, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1659, 
being  educated  at  the  expense  of  his  un- 
cle, Mr.  Parker.  In  the  year  1664  he 
began  to  preach  at  Stonington,  where  ho 
was  ordained  Sept.  10,  1674.  After  im- 
parting religious  instruction  to  this  peo- 
ple 55  years  he  died  Dec.  SO,  1719,  aged 
nearly  81.  His  brother,  Moses  Noyes, 
was  the  first  minister  of  Lyme  and  died 
Nov.  10,  1729,  at  the  age  of  85  years, 
sixty  of  which  he  spent  with  his  people. 
His  son,  Joseph  Noyes,  was  the  minister 
of  N.  Haven  from  July  4,  1716  till  his 
death,  June  14,  1761,  aged  72.  Mr. 
Noyes  of  Stonington  was  a  distinguished 
preacher,  carrying  an  uncommon  fervor 
and  heavenly  zeal  into  all  his  public  per- 
formances. His  ordinary  conversation 
breathed  the  spirit  of  the  world,  to  which 
he  was  endeavoring  to  guide  his  fellow 
men.  In  ecclesiastical  controversies  he 
was  eminently  useful.    Being  a  friend  of 


618 


NOYES. 


literature,  he  waa  one  or  the  first  trustees 
of  Vale  college.  He  was  also  a  council- 
lor in  civil  affairs  at  some  critical  periods. 
As  a  physician  he  was  much  consulted, 
and  he  gave  away  annually  the  amount 
of  his  salary  in  medicines.  But  he  most 
delighted  in  his  ministerial  work,  tur  his 
tenderness  and  faithfulness  in  which  he 
was  highly  esteemed  and  beloved. 

NOYES,  Nicholas,  minister  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Nicholas  N.  and  the 
nephew  of  Mr.  Noyea  of  Newbury,  was 
born  in  that  town  Dec.  33,  1647.     He 
was  educated  at  the  expense  of  his  uncle, 
Mr.  Parker,  receiving  the  first  honors  of 
Harvard  college  in  1667.     AAer  having 
preached  13  years  in  Haddani,  he  remo- 
ved to  Salem,  where  he  was  ordained  as 
colleague  with  Mr.  Higginson  Nov.  14, 
1683.     George  Curwin  was  settled  with 
him  in  1714,  but  died  in    1717.     Mr. 
Noyee,  after  a  ministry  of  34  years,  died 
Dec.  13,  1717,  aged  nearly  70.    He  was 
never  married.    Acquainted  with  all  the 
literature  of  the  times,  and  having  uncom- 
mon talents   for    his  sacred  work,  his 
death  was  deeply  and  ge)ic:ally  lamented . 
He  was  entertaining  'tnd  useful  in  con- 
versation, of  eminent  sanctity  and  virtue, 
and  always  solicitous  for  the  welfare  of 
his  people.    But  with  all  his  good  quail 
ties  he  unhappily  believed  the  reality  of 
witchcraft  and  had  some  influence  in  pro- 
moting   those  legal    inquiried  in  1693, 
which  reflect  so  much  disgrace  upon  the 
age.     He  aAerwards  however  publicly 
confessed  his  error  without  offering  any 
excuse  for  himself,  or  concealing  any  cir- 
cumstance ;  and  he  visited  and  blessed 
the  survivors,  whom  he  had  injured,  as- 
king always  their  forgiveness.    Such  con- 
duct reflects  the  highest  honor  upon  his 
character.    A  letter  of  his  containing  an 
account  of  James  Noyes  is  preserved  in 
Mather's  magnalia.    He  published    the 
election  sermon,  1698 ',  and  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  Joseph  Green  of  Salem  vil- 
lage,  nib.— Collect,  hut.  soe.  vi.  364, 
367,  373,  386. 

OAKES,  Urian,  president  of  Harvard 
college,  was  born  in  England  about  the 
year  1631,  and  was  brought  to  America 


OAKES. 

in  his  childhood.    A  sweetness  of  dispo- 
sition exhibited  itself  early  and  remained 
with  him  through  life.    He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1649.    While 
very  young  and  small  he  published  it 
Cambridge  a  set  of  astronomical  calcula- 
tions with  this  apposite  motto  ; 
Parvna  pnrva  decent  led  ineit  «aa   gratia  parrii. 
He  soon  went  to  England,    and  was 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Titchfield  in 
Hampshire.      Being    silenced    in   1662 
ivith  the  other  nonconforming  ministers, 
he  found  an  asylum  in  a  respectable  fam- 
ily, and  afterwards  preached  in  another 
congregation.     Such   was  his  celebrity 
for  learning  and  piety,  that  the  church 
nnd  society  of  Cambridge  on  the  decease 
of  Mr.  Mitchell  in  1668  sent  a  messenger 
to  England  to  invite  him  to  become  their 
minister.      He  accepted  the  invitation, 
but  through  various  circumstances  did 
not  commence  his  labors  in  Cambridge  till 
Nov.  8,  1671 .     Being  placed  at  the  head 
of  Harvard  college  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
Hoar,  he  commenced  the  duties  of  this 
office  April  7,   1675,  still    however   re- 
taining   the  pastoral  care  of  his  flock. 
But  Feb.  3,  1C80  the  corporation  appoin- 
ted him  president,  and  persuaded  him  to 
be  inaugurated,  and  to  devote  himself  ex- 
clusively to  this  object.   He  died  July  35, 
1681,  aged  49,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.   Rogers  in  the  college,  and  by  Mr. 
Gookin  in  the  church  of  Cambridge.    He 
was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition  and  dis- 
tinguished usefulness.   He  excelled  equal- 
ly as  a  scholar,  as  a  divine,  and  as  a  Chris- 
tian.    By    his  contemporaries  he  was 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  resplendent 
lights,  that  ever  shone  in  this  part  of  the 
world.    He  was  very  humble  with  all 
his  greatness,  like  the  full  ear  of  corn, 
which  hangs  near  the  ground.    In  the 
opinion  of  Dr.  Mather  America  never 
had  a  greater  master  of  the  true,  pure, 
Ciceronian  Latin,  of  his  skill  in  which 
language  an  extract  from  one  of  his  com- 
mencement orations   is  preserved  as  a 
specimen  in  the  Magnalia.    He  publish- 
ed an  artillery  election  sermon,  entitled,the 
unconquerable,  all  conquering,  and  more 
than  conquering  Christian  soldier,  1673 ; 


O'BRIEN. 


OCCOM. 


619 


tieetion  Mrmon  1678  ;  a  sermon  at  Cam- ' 
bridge  on  the  choice  of  their  military 
offlcera  ;  a  faat  aermon  ;  a  long  elegy  in 
poetry  onthe  death  or  Kev.  Mr.  Shep- 
ard  of  Cnarleatown,  1677.  Thia  is  pa- 
thetic and  replete  with  imagery  .—Hbimet' 
hUt,  Cambridge, 

O'BRIEN,  Richard,  consul  general  of 
the  U.  S.  to  the  Barbary  powers,  was  in 
early  life  an  active  seaman  ;  then  a  sue- 
ceasful  adventurer  in  the  privateering 
exploits  of  the  revolution  ;  aAerwards  a 
brave  commander  in  the  regular  naval 
service.  Falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
barbarians  of  Africa,  he  was  a  slave  in 
Algiers.  AAer  being  released  from' sla- 
very, he  was  appointed  consul  general. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  a  farmer  and  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. He  died  at  Washington  city  Fth. 
14,  1824,  aged  73. 

OCCOM,  Samson,  an  Indian  preach- 
er, was  born  at  Mohegan,  on  Thames 
river,  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  about  the 
year  1723.  Hia  parents,  like  the  other 
Indians,  led  a  wandering  life,  depending 
chiefly  upon  hunting  and  fishing  for  sub- 
sistence. Not  one  then  cultivated  the 
land,  and  all  dwelt  in  wigwams.  None 
of  them  could  read.  When  Occom  was 
a  boy,  Mr.  Jewett,  the  minister  of  New 
London,  now  Montville,  wa8  accus- 
tomed to  preach  once  a  fortnight 
at  Mohegan.  One  man  went  among  the 
Indians  to  teach  them  to  read.  During 
the  religious  excitement,  about  1739 
and  1740,  several  ministers  visited  these 
Indians,  and  the  Indians  repaired  to  the 
neighboring  churched.  Occom  at  this 
period  became  the  subject  of  religious 
impressions,  and  was  in  distress  of  mind 
for  six  months.  He  then  found  consola- 
tion. From  this  time  he  wp.h  desirous  of 
becoming  the  teacher  of  his  tribe.  He 
could  read  by  spelling  and  in  a  year  or 
two  learned  to  read  the  Bible.  At  the 
age  of  19  he  went  to  the  Indian  school  of 
Mr.  Wheelock  of  Lebanon  and  remained 
with  him  four  years.  He  afterwards,  in 
1748,  kept  a  school  in  New  London ; 
but  soon  went  to  Montauk  on  L.  Island, 
where  he  taught  a  school  among  the  In- 


diam  10  or  11  years,  at  the  same  time 
being  the  religious  teacher  of  the  Indians 
in  their  own  language,  and  preaching 
also  to  the  Skenecock  or  Yenecock  Indio 
ans,  distant  80  miles.  During  a  revival 
among  the  Montauks  many  became  Chris- 
tians. He  lived  in  a  house  covered  with 
mats,  changing  his  abode  twice  a  year,  to 
be  near  the  planting  ground  in  the  sum- 
mer and  the  wood  in  the  winter.  Amongst 
his  various  toils  for  subsistence,  he  waa 
expert  with  his  fish  hook  and  gun  ;  he 
bound  old  books  for  East  Hampton  peo- 
ple, made  wooden  spoons,  stocked  guns, 
and  made  cedar  pails,  piggins,  and  churns. 
He  was  ordained  by  the  Sufiblk  presby- 
tery Aug.  29, 1759,  and  was  from  this 
time  a  regular  member  of  the  presbytery. 
In  1766  Mr.  Wheelock  sent  hiin  to 
England  with  Mr.  Whitaker,  the  minis- 
ter of  Norwich,  to  promote  the  interests 
of  Moor's  Indian  charity  school.  ITe 
was  the  first  Indian  preacher,  who  visited 
England.  The  houses,  in  which  he 
preached,  were  thronged.  Between  Feb. 
16,  1766  and  July  32,  1767  he  preached 
in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom  between 
300  and  400  sermons.  Large  choritable 
donations  were  obtained,  and  the  school 
was  soon  transplanted  to  Hanover,  N. 
li. ,  and  connected  with  Dartmouth  col- 
lege. After  his  return,  Occom  sometimes 
resided  at  Mohegan,  and  was  often  em- 
ployed in  missionary  labors  among  di»- 
tant  Indians.  In  1786  he  removed  to 
Bi.  .herton,  near  Utica,  N.  York,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Stockbridge  Indians, 
who  were  '^f  the  Mohegan  root,  and  who 
had  formerly  been  under  the  intsruction 
of  Mr.  Sergeant  and  Mr.  Edwards.  A 
few  of  the  Mohegans  and  other  Indians 
of  Conn.,  L.  Island,  and  R.  Island  re- 
moved about  the  same  time.  The  Onei- 
das  gave  them  a  tract  of  land.  In  the 
last  years  of  his  life  he  resided  with  the 
Indians  at  New  Stockbridge,  near  Broth- 
erton,  where  he  died  in  July  1792,  aged 
69.  Upwards  of  300  Indians  attended 
his  funeral. — The  flattering  attentions, 
which  he  received  in  England,  might 
have  awakened  some  emotions  of  pride, 
and  occasioned  some  discontent  with  his 


690 


OODEN. 


OGLETHORPE. 


previuui  narrow  circumatanees.  In  a 
few  initancet  he  wan  betrayed  iiitoexceu 
and  intemperance  ;  but  then  he  humbled 
himHelfand  reformed.  He  did  not,  like 
many  white  men,  deatroy  himself  by 
Btrong  drink.  Dr.  Dwight  saya,  "  I 
heard  Mr.  Occom  twice.  Hiadiacourtea, 
though  not  proofs  of  auperior  talenta, 
were  decent ;  and  his  utterance  in  aome 
degree  eloquent.  Hia  character  at  timea 
labored  under  some  imputations. — Yet 
there  iagood  reason  to  believe,  that  moat, 
if  not  all,  of  them  ,were  unfounded  ;  and 
there  is  satiflfactory  evidence,  that  he 
was  a  man  of  piety.  "  J.  Johnson  was 
another  Indian  preacher  of  the  same  tribe, 
An  account  of  the  Montauk  Indiana, 
written  by  Occom,  is  {iresorved  in  the 
hist,  collections.  He  says,  that  they  had 
a  multitude  of  gods.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon at  the  execution  of  Moses  Paul,  an 
Indian,  at  N.  Haven,  Srpt.  3,  1773. — 
BueWa  ord.  serm. ;  Hist.  eol.  iv.  6S  ;  v. 
IS  ;  IX.  89,  90  ;  x.lOS  ;  Dwight,  ii.  113. 
OGDEN,  Jacob,  a  physician,  was 
born  at  Newark,  N.  Jersey,  in  1731, 
and  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine 
at  Jamaica,  L.  Island,  where  he  lived  in 
high  reputation  as  a  physician  nearly  40 
years.  He  died  in  1779,  aged  58.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  an  injury,  re- 
ceived in  consequence  of  a  fright  of  his 
horse.  He  published  letters  on  the  Ma- 
lignant sore^throat  distemper  in  1769  and 

1774.  He  recommended  the  use  of  mer- 
cury. Perhaps  he  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce in  that  disorder  the  mercurial  treat- 
ment.— Thaeher. 

OGDEN,  Matthias,  brigadier  in  the 
army  of  the  U.  S.  took  an  early  &  a  decided 
part  in  the  contest  with  Great  Britain. 
He  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge,  and 
such  was  hia  zeal  and  resolution,  that  he 
accompanied  Arnold  in  penetrating 
through    the  wilderness  to   Canada  in 

1775.  He  was  engaged  in  the  attack 
upon  Quebec  and  was  carried  wounded 
from  the  place  of  engagement.  On  his 
return  from  this  expedition  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  regiment, 
|n  which  station  he  continued  until  the 
conclusion  of  the  war.    On  the  occur- 


rence of  peace  he  waa  honored  by  eon- 
gr«>s«  with  a  commission  of  brigadier 
general.  He  died  at  Elizabeihtown,  N. 
Jersey,  March  SI,  1791.  H|  wasdis- 
tinguished  for  hia  liberality  ud  philan- 
thropy. He  was  generous,  amiable,  and 
endeared  to  his  friends. 

OGILVIE,  James,  an  orator,was  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland.  His  fkther.  Rev.  Dr. 
0.,who  died  in  1814,  was  a  branch  of  the 
noble  family  of  Finlater .  From  the  age 
of  1 8  to  S5  he  had  the  chargeofan  academy 
at  Milton,  Albemarle  county,  Virginia. 
He  relinquished  his  school  in  1807  and 
delivered  in  the  principal  cities  lectures  as 
models  of  oratory.  It  waa  a  hazardous 
but  successful  undertaking.  He  received 
much  applause  ;  and  for  that  he  hunger- 
ed. However,  although  his  gestures 
were  very  graceful,  there  was  a  monoto- 
ny in  his  voice.  He  wanted  the  fire  and 
vehemence  of  passion.  Returning  to 
Europe,  he  was  very  unsuccessful  in  his 
lectures  in  London  and  Edinburgh,  and 
was  overwhelmed  with  disappointment. 
In  1830  he  succeeded  to  the  lordship  of 
Finlater,  but  died  soon  at  Aberdeen,  Sept. 
18,  1S30,  aged  45.  It  was  reported, 
that  he  killed  himself.  He  was  in  Amer- 
ica addicted  to  the  use  of  opium  for  the 
purpose  of  exhiliration.  He  published 
Philosophical  essays,  1816. 

OGLETHORPE,  James,  the  founder 
of  Georgia,  was  born  in  England  about 
the  year  1 688.  Entering  the  army  at  an 
early  age,  he  served  under  prince  Eugene, 
to  whom  he  became  secretary  and  aid 
de  camp.  On  the  restoration  of  peaco 
he  was  returned  a  member  of  parliament, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  useful  sen- 
ator by  proposing  several  regulations  for 
the  benefit  of  trade,  and  a  reform  in  the 
prisons.  His  philanthropy  is  commemo- 
rated in  Thomson's  seasons.  His  benev- 
lence  led  him  in  1733  to  become  one  of 
the  trustees  of  Georgia,  a  colony,  the  de- 
sign of  whose  settlement  was  principally 
to  rescue  many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Great  Britain  from  the  miseries  of  pover- 
erty,  to  open  an  asylum  for  the  persecu- 
ted protestants  of  Europe,and  to  carry  to 
the  natives  the  blessings  of  Christianity. 


OGLETHORPE. 


Ml 


In  the  proKcution  of  this  design  Mr. 
Oglethrope  embsrked  in  Nov.  with  a 
number  of  emigrants,  and,  arriving  at 
Carolina  in  the  middle  of  Jan.  1788, 
proceeded  immediately  to  Savannah  river, 
end  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  of  Sa- 
vannah. He  made  treaties  with  the  In- 
dians, and  crossed  the  Atlantic  several 
times  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  col- 
ony. Being  appointed  general  and  com- 
mander in  chief  of  his  majesty's  forces  in 
S.  Carolina  and  Georgia, he  brought  from 
England  in  1788  a  regiment  of  600  men 
to  protect  the  southern  frontiers  from  the 
Spaniards.  A  mutiny  was  soon  excited 
in  his  camp,  and  a  daring  attempt  was 
made  to  asBassinnte  him  ;  but  his  life  was 
wonderfully  preserved  through  the  care 
of  that  providence,  which  controls  all 
earthly  agents,  and  superintends  every 
event.  AAer  the  commencement  of  the 
war  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain  in 
1730  he  visited  the  Indians  to  secure  their 
friendship,  and  in  1740  he  went  into 
Florida  on  an  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  St.  Augustine.  As  the  Spaniards 
laid  claim  to  Georgia,  3000  men,  a  part  of 
whom  were  from  Havana,  were  sent  in 
1742  to  drive  Oglethorpe  from  the  fron- 
tiers. When  this  force  proceeded  up 
the  Alatamaha,  passing  fort  St.  Simon's 
without  injury,  he  was  obliged  to  retreat 
to  Frederica.  He  had  but  about  700 
men,  besides  Indiana.  Yet  with  a  part  of 
these  he  approached  within  two  miles  of 
the  enemy's  camp,  with  the  design  of  at- 
tacking them  by  surprise,  when  a  French 
soldier  of  his  party  fired  his  musket  and 
ran  into  the  Spanish  lines.  His  situa- 
tion was  now  very  critical,  for  he  knew, 
that  the  deserter  would  make  known  his 
weakness.  Returning  however  to  Fred-  < 
erica,  he  had  recourse  to  the  following 
expedient.  He  wrote  a  letter  to  the  de- 
serter, desiring  him  to  acquaint  the  Span- 
iards with  the  defencless  state  of  Frederi-  j 
ca,  and  to  urge  them  to  the  attack  ;  if  he 
could  not  effect  this  object,  he  directed  I 
him  to  use  all  his  art  to  persuade  them  to 
stay  three  days  at  fort  Simon's,  as  within 
that  time  he  should  have  a  reinforcement 
of  3,000  land  forces,  with  6  ships  of  war, 


cautioning  him  at  the  same  time  not  to 
drop  a  hint  of  admiral  Vernon's  medita- 
ted atuck  upon  St.  Augustine.  A  S|)an- 
ish  prisoner  was  intrusted  with  this  letter 
under  promise  of  delivering  it  to  the  de- 
serter. But  he  gave  it,  ay  was  expected 
and  intended,  to  the  commander  in  chief, 
who  instantly  put  the  deserter  in  irons. 
In  the  perplexity,  occasioned  by  this  let- 
ter, while  the  enemy  was  deliberating 
wliut  measure  to  adopt,  three  ships  of 
force,  which  the  governor  of  S.  Carolina 
had  sent  to  Oglethorpe's  aid,  appeared  ofl* 
the  coast.  The  Spanish  commander  was 
now  convinced  beyo  J  all  question,  that 
the  letter  instead  of  being  a  strat  igem 
contained  serious  instructions  to  a  spy  ,and 
in  this  moment  of  consternation  urt  .ire  to 
the  fort,  and  embarked  '  o  precip' '  .  (ely,  as 
to  leave  behind  him  a  number  of  cannon 
with  a  quantity  of  military  stores.  Thi'^ 
by  an  event  beyond  human  foresight  o;; 
control,  by  the  correspondenc>  Vtween 
the  artful  suggestions  of  a  miliuir^  genius 
and  the  blowing  of  tlie  winds,  vas  the  in- 
fant colony  prov'dentially  saved  from  des- 
truction, and  Oglethorpe  letrieved  his 
repu.  tion  and  gained  the  character  of  an 
able  general.  He  now  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  never  again  revisited  Georgia. 
In  1745  he  was  promoted  to  tiie  rank  of 
major  general,  and  was  sent  against  the 
rebels,  but  did  not  overtake  them,  for 
which  he  was  tried  by  a  court  martial  and 
honorably  acquitted.  AAer  the  return  of 
Gage  to  England  in  1775  the  command 
of  the  British  -irmy  in  America  was  offer- 
ed to  general  <'»!'•'  lorpe.  He  professed 
his  readiness  to  ;.(cept  the  appointment,  if 
the  ministry  woiild  authorise  him  to  as- 
sure the  colonies,  that  justice  would  be 
done  thciix  ;  but  the  command  was  given 
to  sir  William  Howe.  He  died  in  Aug. 
1785  at  the  age  of  97,  being  the  oldest 
general  in  the  service.  Upon  his  tomb, 
in  Cranham  church,  Essex,  is  the  follow- 
ing inscription. 

"Religion  watches  o'or  his  urn, 
And  all  the  virtues  bending  mourn. 
Humanity,  with  liinguid  eye. 
Melting  lor  other's  misery; 
Prudence,  whose  hands  a  measure  hold; 


633 


O'HARA. 


OLIVER. 


Am)  Temperance,  with  a  reia  of  gold} 
Fidelity 't  traniparent  vest, 
And  Fortitude  in  armour  dreat; 
Wisdom's  gr<ty  locks  and  Freedom  Join 
Tlie  moral  train  to  bless  his  shrine, 
And,  pensive ,  all  around  his  ashes  holy, 
Their  last  sad  honors  pay  in  order  melancho- 
ly." 

—Marshall,  i.  !ll  8-344  ;  Thompson's 
seasons,  winter,  359-388. 

O'HARA,  James,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Pitt8burg,Penn.,wasborn  in  Ireland  in 
1764,  and  came  to  America  in  1772  with- 
out friends  or  capital.  Engaging  in  the 
Indian  trade,  he  became  qualified  for  em- 
ployment by  the  government  in  frequent 
missions  to  the  Indian  tribes.  Under 
gen.  Wayne  he  was  very  useful  to  the 
army  as  quarter  master  general.  Duly  es- 
timating the  fine  locality  of  Pittsburgh, 
he  early  purchased  there  an  extensive  re- 
al estate  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
princely  fortune.  The  first  glass  works 
and  brewery  were  establi'shed  by  him.  He 
died  Dec.  19,  1819,  aged  66.  Mary  Car- 
son, his  daughter,  married  in  18S3  Wm. 
Croghan.  His  intelligence  and  wit  gave 
a  charm  to  hia  conrereation  j  he  was 
most  hospitable,  liberal,  and  beneficent. 
The  citzens  mourned  him  as  a  father. 

OHIO,  one  of  the  United  States,  was 
not  settled  till  the  year  1788.  It  was  for- 
merly included  in  Virginia,  the  legisla- 
ture of  which  state  in  1781  ceded  the  ter- 
ritory northwest  of  the  Ohio  river  to  the 
United  States,  reserving  however  several 
portions  of  land,  and  among  them  one 
for  the  officers  and  soldiers,  by  whom  the 
British  posts  were  reduced.  The  settle- 
ment in  Ohio  was  commenced  at  Mariet- 
ta April  7,  1788,  under  the  superinten- 
dence of  general  Rufus  Putnam.  Before 
this  time  there  were  no  inhabitants  in  the 
territory  excepting  the  Indians,  a  few 
Moravians,  and  trespassers  on  public 
lands.  The  country  was  at  first  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  governor,  appointed 
by  congress  for  three  years,  a  secretary, 
and  a  court  consisting  of  three  judges. 
There  was  also  a  legislative  council  and  a 
house  of  representatives.  It  was  to  be 
admitted  into  the  union,whenever  it  con- 
tained sixty  thousand  free   inhabitants. 


This  event  occurred  April  38,  1803.  A 
constitution  was  immediately  formed  and 
adopted,  and  the  government  was  organi- 
zed March  3,  1803.  The  representatives 
are  chosen  annually  and  the  senators  and 
governor  every  two  years.  The  judges 
are  chosen  by  the  legislature  for  7  years. 
Slavery  is  prohibited. 

OJEDA,  Don  Alonzo  de,  a  follower 
of  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage,  was 
celebrated  for  his  personal  endowments 
and  daring  spirit.  Of  small  size,  yet  he 
had  great  strength  and  activity,  was  ex- 
pert in  all  kinds  of  weapons,  most  adven- 
turous and  fierce  in  fight.  Once,  when 
queen  Isabella  was  in  the  tower  of  a 
church  at  Seville,  he  walked  out  on  a 
beam  which  projected  30  feet  from  the 
tower  at  a  dizzy  height.  In  Jan.  1494 
he  explored  the  interior  of  Hispaniola. 
Afler  being  besieged  in  a  fortress  by  Cao- 
nabo,  he  treacherously  seized  the  Carib 
chieflain.  In  the  same  spirit  of  inhu- 
manity he  made  up  his  Cavalgada,  or 
droves  of  slaves,  carrying  the  unhappy 
natives  to  Cadiz  and  selling  them  in  the 
slave  market.  He  was  afterwards  gover- 
nor of  New  Andalusia  at  Darien,  but  he 
failed  about  1513  in  his  attempt  to  estab- 
lish a  colony  there. — In  his  voyage  to 
Paria  in  1499  he  was  accompanied  by 
Amerigo. — Irving's  Columbus. 

OLIVER,  Daniel,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  Mass. ,  the  son  of  elder  Thomas 
O.,  who.  came  to  Boston  in  July  1631, 
was  born  in  1664,  and  died  in  Boston  in 
July  1733,  aged  68.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  piety,  humility,  and  charity 
from  his  youth.  He  always  rose  early  to 
read  the  sacred  volume  and  pour  out  his 
heart  unto  God .  Though  mercantile  bu- 
siness claimed  much  of  his  attention,  yet 
he  devoted  Saturday  afternoon  to  visiting 
the  sick  in  his  neighborhood.  He  was 
an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  he  maintain- 
ed at  his  own  expense  a  school,  which 
received  thirty  of  their  children.  He 
built  for  this  purpose  a  house  which  cost 
600/.  and  in  his  will  he  directed  it  to  be 
devoted  to  the  instruction  of  the  poor 
forever.  He  contributed  largely  to  the 
promotion  of  the  gospel  among  the  igno- 


OLIVER. 


ORR. 


6S» 


rant  and  vicioua. — Prinee'$  fun.  Berm. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  lieutenant  gover- 
nor of  Mass.,  tlie  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1724. 
While  he  was  secretary  of  the  province, 
he  was  appointed  distributer  of  stamps  in 
1765,  but  the  Boston  mob  demolished  his 
office  Aug,  14,  &  compelled  him  to  resign. 
He  sustained  the  office  of  lieutenant' gov. 
from  1770  till  1774,  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  his  brother  in  law,  Mr.  Hutch- 
inson. No  man  was  more  disposed  to  pro- 
mote the  designs  of  the  British  ministry. 
His  letters,  which  were  sent  over  by  Dr. 
Franklin  in  1772,disclo8ed  his  subservien- 
cy to  the  British  .niuistry,  and  the  dis- 
closure embittered  his  remaining  days. 
He  was  hungry  for  office  and  honor. 
Yet  in  private  life  he  was  respected.  He 
died  at  Boston  March  3,  1774,  aged  67  ; 
and  was  succeeded  as  lieutenant  governor 
by  Thomas  Oliver,  of  a  different  family, 
who  died  in  England,  not  before  1809,  as 
Dr.  Eliot  supposed,  but  in  July  1816, 
aged  82. 

OLIVER,  Peter,  ll.  d.,  chief  justice 
of  Mass.,  the  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1713,  and  gradnated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1730.  He  was  appoinied 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  Sept.  15, 
1756.  His  place  of  residence  was  Mid- 
dleborough,  and  he  had  not  been  educated 
to  the  law:  In  the  year  1774,  when  the 
general  court  called  upon  him,  as  they 
called  upon  the  other  judges,  to  receive 
the  grant  for  his  services,  as  usual,  from 
the  treasury  of  the  province,  and  to  en- 
gage to  receive  no  pay  or  emolument  ex- 
cept from  the  assembly,  he  peremptorily 
refused.  In  consequence  of  this  refusal 
the  house  voted  articles  of  impeachment 
in  Feb.  ;  accusing  him  of  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors.  He  died  at  Birming- 
ham, England  in  Oct.  1791  aged  79.  His 
son,  Peter, died  at  Shrewsbury,  England, 
in  1 822,  aged  SI.  He  published  a  speech 
on  the  death  of  Isaac  Lathrop,  1750. — 

Warren,  i.  119;  Gordon,  i.  345. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  judgieof  the  court 
of  common  pleas  for  Essex,  the  son  of 
lieut.  gov.  Andrew  O.,  was  born  in  1731 ; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard    college  in 


1649  ;  and  died  at  Salem  early  in  Dee. 
1799,  aged  68 .  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  attachment  to  literature  and  science. 
Of  the  American  academy  he  was  one  of 
the  original  members.  He  published  an 
essay  on  comets  in  1772 ;  and  theory  of 
lightning  and  water  spouts  in  Amer. 
transact. 

ORONO,  chief  of  the  Penobscot  triba 
of  Indians,  died  at  Old  town,  an  island  in 
Penobscot  river,  Feb.  5,  1801,  aged  113 
years.  He  cultivated  among  his  subjects 
the  principles  of  peace,  temperance,  and 
religion.  In  the  time  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  he  formed  a  treaty  with 
the  American  government,  and  faithfully 
adhered  to  it.  His  people  profess  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  religion  and  have  a  church. 
Hl  retained  his  mental  faculties  to  an  un- 
usual degree  in  his  old  age.  His  hair 
had  long  been  of  a  milky  white,  and  this 
venerable  chief  had  lived  to  hunt  in  three 
different  centuries.  His  wife,  madam  0- 
rono,  died  in  Jan.  1809,  aged  115. 

ORR,  Hugh,  an  enterprising  manufac- 
turer, was  born  Jan.13,1717,  in  Scotland, 
&  was  educated  a  gunsmith.  About  1738' 
he  settled  at  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  where 
he  first  erected  a  trip  hammer  and  manu- , 
factured  scythes  and  other  tools.  About 
1748  he  made  500  musquets  for  the  state. 
In  the  war  of  the  revolution  he  cast 
iron  and  brass  cannon  from  3  to  42  poun- 
ders, and  cannon  balls.  He  also  invented 
a  machine  for  cleaning  flaxseed,  which  he 
exported  to  Scotland,  and  constructed  a 
machine  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton. 
So  highly  was  he  esteemed  by  his  fellow 
citizens,  that  he  was  for  some  years  elec- 
ted a  senator.  He  died  in  Dec.  1798, 
aged  81.  His  widow.Mary,  died  in  1804 
aged  80.  His  son,  Robert  was  armorer 
at  Springfield;  Dr.  Hector  Orr  of  Bridge- 
water  was  his  grandson. 

ORR,  John,  an  officer  in  the  revolu- 
tion, served  under  gen.  Stark  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Bennington  and  was  severely 
wounded,  a  ball  entering  just  above  the 
knee  joint  and  lodging  in  the  bone.  In 
consequence  of  this  he  had  a  stiff  knee 
and  was  a  cripple  and  subject  to  indes- 
cribable sufferings  for  life.     For  many 


694 


OSBOJIN. 


OSGOOD. 


years  he  was  a  representative  and  sena- 
ator  of  New  Hampshire.  His  mind  was 
vigorous  ;  his  judgment  sound  ;  and  his 
christian  character  exemplary.  He  died 
at  Bedford  in  1822,  aged  75.  His  son, 
Benjamin  Orr,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,'iin  Sept.  1838; 
his  son,  Isaac  Orr,  is  the  secretary  of  the 
African  education  society  at  Washington; 
his  daughter  is  the  wife  of  Samuel  A. 
Worcester,  the  missionary,  whom  the 
Georgians  hold  a  prisoner  in  their  peni- 
tentiary in  disregard  of  the  solemn  decis- 
ion of  the  supreme  court  of  the  U.  S. 

OSBORN,  John,  a  poet,  was  born  at 
Sandwich,  Mass.  in  1713.  His  father  a 
native  of  Ireland,  was  the  minister  of 
Eastham  from  1718  to  1737;  and  died  at 
Boston,  aged  above  90.  Ho  wis  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1734, .  Uncer- 
tain for  a  time  what  profession  to  pursue, 
he  directed  his  thoughts  towards  theolo- 
gy, and  proceeded  so  far  as  to  read  before 
the  association  of  ministers,  with  the  de- 
sign of  being  licenbed  to  preach,a  sermon, 
which  was  not  perfectly  orthodox.  Hav- 
ing afterwards  resolved  upon  the  study  of 
medicine,  he  removed  to  Middletown, 
Conn.  But  little  is  known  concerning 
him  after  this  period.  In  1753  he  wrote 
to  a  sister,  that  he  had  lingered  almost 
two  years  a  life  not  worth  having.  He 
died  May  31,  1753  aged  40,  leaving  six 
children.  One  of  his  sons  was  a  physi- 
cian in  Middletown.  His  manners  were 
opt  ^,  plain,  and  agreeable,  and  his  tem- 
per cheerful  and  mild.  His  elegy  on  the 
death  of  a  young  sister  is  preserved  in 
the  Boston  mirror.  His  whaling  song  has 
been  sung  by  whalers. 

OSBORN,  J  Im,  a  physician,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  March  17, 1741, 
and  after  practising  physic  more  than  60 
years  at  Middletown,  died  in  June  1825 
aged  84.  He  was  with  the  army  at  Ti- 
conderoga  in  1753.  He  was  skilful  as  a 
chemist,  and  had  the  best  medical  library 
in  the  state.  Jle  published  before  the 
revolution  La  Con(iamine's  treatiseon  in- 
oculation, with  an  appendix.— TAacAcr. 

OSBORN,  John  C.,  m.  D.,a  physician, 
the  eldast  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 


in  Sept.  1766,  and  studied  medicine  with 
his  father.  He  practised  physic  at  New- 
bern.  North  Carolina,  from  1787  till 
1807,  when  he  removed  to  the  city  of  N. 
York,  where  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  medicine  in  Columbia  college,  and  af- 
terwards professor  of  obstetrics  in  the 
college  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  He 
died  of  8  pulmonary  disorder  at  St. 
Croix  March  5,  1819,  aged  52.  He  had 
a  taste  for  painting  and  such  skill  in  poet- 
ry,that  Barlow's  Vision  of  Columbus  was 
submitted  to  him  and  Alsop  for  revision 
before  it  was  published. — Thaeher. 

OSBORN,  Selleck,  a  poet,  a  native  of 
Conn.,  was  brought  up  a  printer.  He 
conducted  a  paper  in  Litchfield,  about 
about  1806  or  1808  and  was  imprisoned 
for  a  libel,  a  circumstance,  which  excited 
much  sympathy  among  his  republican 
friends.  He  afterwards  edited  a  paper  in 
Boston  and  the  American  Watchman  at 
Wilmington,  Delaware.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  Oct.  1 ,  1826.  He  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  Boston,  1833.— 
Spec.  Am.  Poet.  ii.  145. 

OSGOOD,  John,  minister  of  Midway, 
Georgia,  was  born  in  Dorchester,  S.  Ca- 
rolina ;  gradvj ;  ou  at  Harvard  college  in 
1733  ;  and  ord;.' k;!  at  Dorchester  March 
24,  1735.  He  followed  in  1754  a  part 
of  his  society  to  a  new  settlement  about 
30  miles  from  Savannah,  called  Midway, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death  Aug.  3, 
1773.  He  was  succeeded  by  Moses  Allen, 
Abiel  Holmes  from  Nov.  1785  to  June 
21,  1791,  and  Cyrus  Giiildersleeve  Dec. 
14,  1791.  He  was  the  father,  friend,  and 
shepherd  of  his  flock,  and  by  them  was 
greatly  beloved  and  lamented. 

OSGOOD,  Samuel,  postmaster p gen. 
of  the  U.  S.,  a  descendant  of  John  O., 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  church  at  An- 
dover  in  Oct.  1645,  was  horn  in  Ando- 
ver,  Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1748,  being  the  son 
of  Peter  0.,  and  Sarah  Johnson,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1770. 
At  thebeginning  of  the  revolution  he  was 
a  memb?r  of  the  board  of  war  and  for 
some  years  a  member  of  the  legislature. 
In  1775  and  1776  he  was  an  aid  to  gen. 
Wif.i.      In   1781    he  was  appointed  a 


OTIS. 


6S5 


member  ofcongreas.     In  1783  the  con- 
gteaa  appointed  him  first  commissioner  of 
the  treasury.    After  the  commencement 
of  our  present  government  Washington 
selected  him  in  1789  a  postmaster  gen., 
after  Mr.  Hazard,  an  office  which  he  held 
two  years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Pickering.    In  1801  he  was  super- 
visor of  N.  York,  and  in  1803  appointed 
naval  officer  for  the  port  of  N.  York, 
where  he  died  Aug.  12,  1813,  aged  65. 
He  was  an  elder  of  one  of  the  churches  in 
N.  York.     Though   he  cherished  the 
hope,  that  he  became  religious  at  the  age 
of  15,  yet  he  had  many  days  of  doubt  and 
melancholy,  and  suffered  keen  remorse 
lor  doing  so  little  in  the  cause  of  his  mas- 
ter.   He  published  a  work  on  chronolo- 
gy -,  remarks  on  Daniel  and  Revelation  ; 
a  letter  on  episcopacy,  1807  ;  three  letters 
on  different  subjects,  addressed  to  J.  B. 
Romeyn,  J.  Osgood,  aud  A.  Armstrong. 
OSGOOD,  David,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Medford,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1771,  and  ordained  Sept. 
14,  1774.    After  a  ministry  of  nearly  50 
years,  he  died  Dec.   13,   1822,  aged   74. 
His  wife  was  Hannah  Breed  of  Charles- 
town.    He   was  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished preachers  of  Mass.     His  style 
was  perspicuous,  energetic,  and  elegant. 
In  his  delivery  he  was  accustomed  to 
raise  his  voice    occasionally  to  a    high 
pitch.    It  may  be  doubted,  whether  h>s 
usefulness  as  a  minister  was  not  impair- 
ed by  the  zeal,  with  which  he  engaged  in 
the  political  controversies  of  his  day.    He 
was  a  federalist,  of  the  Hamilton  school, 
and  he  sometimes   preached  sermons  of 
bitter  invective  against  men  of  different 
poli^^.       Quotations  from    them    are 
'ff   by    Mr.    Carey  in  his  "  Olive 


givi 

Branch."  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
installation  of  P.  Thacher,  1785  ;at  the 
artillery  election,  1788  ;  at  the  thanksgiv- 
ing, 1783,  1794,  and  Feb.  &  Nov.  1795  ; 
on  the  death  of  a  child,  1797  ;  of  Wash- 
ington, 1300;of  J.Roby,1803;  at  the  fast, 
&  convention,  1798;  the  devil  let  loose  &c. 
a  fast  sermon,  1799  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Leonard  Woods,  1800  ;  of  C.  Francis, 
1819 ;  at  the  Dudleian  lecture,  1802  ;  the 
79 


validity  of  baptism  by  sprinkling,  and  the 
right  of  infanu,  &c.  1804  ;  at  the  elec- 
tion, 1809  ;  a  discourse  at  Cambridge,,  in 
the  hearing  of  the  university,  1810 ; 
solemn  protest  against  the  declaration  of 
war,  1312.  A  volume  of  his  sermons 
was  published,8vo.  1824. 

OTIS,  John,  colonel  and  judge,  was 
born  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  in  1657,  and 
was  the  eldest  son  of  John  O.,  who  lived 
in  Hingham  in  1686  and  removed,  about 
1662,  to  Scituate,  where  he  died  in  1684. 
He  settled,  when  a  young  man,  in  Barn- 
stable, of  which  town  he  was  for  twenty 
years  the  representative.  He  was  a  coun- 
cillor from  1706  for  21  years,  and  was  al- 
so for  many  years  commander  of  the  mil- 
itia of  Barnstable  county,  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  judge 
of  probate.  He  died  Sept  23,  1727,  aged 
70.  His  son,  John,  a  representative  of 
Barnstable  and  member  of  the  council, 
from  1747  till  his  death,  died  in  May 
1758.— Col.  Otis  had  fine  talents,  the 
power  of  wit  and  humor,  and  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  mankind.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  Christian,  strict  and  ex- 
emplary in  the  performance  of  religious 
duties. — Eliot, 

OTIS,  James,  colonel  and  judge,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding.     Without  the 
advantages  of  a  coUegial  education,  he 
yet  was  distinguished  for  his  intellectual 
)X>wers  and  his  knowledge  of  law .    Gov. 
Shirley  promised  him,  that  upon  a  va- 
cancy in  the  superior  cQurt  he  should  be 
appointed  judge  ;  but  he  did  not  fulfil  his 
promise.     On  the  death  of  the  chief  jus- 
tice Sewall  in  1760,  col.  Otis,  then  spea- 
ker of  the  house,  applied  to  gov.  Bernard 
for  the  appointment  of  associate  judge, 
and  his  son,  James,  seconded  the  request. 
But   Mr.  Hutchinson    was  jiominated. 
To  this  disappointment  Mr.  Hutchinson 
attributes  the  flaming  patriotism  of  the 
father  and  the  son.    He  says,  "  from  this 
time  they  were  at  the   head  of  every 
measure  in  opposition.— From  so  small 
a  spark  a  great  fire'  seems  to  have  been 
kindled."    In  order   to   conciliate  this 
family  gov.  Bernard,  as  by  the  demise 
ofthekingin  1760  all  civil  and  military 


^4- 


636 


OTIS. 


«' 


t 


offices  muat  be  renewed,  proposed  to  col. 
Otis  to  give  him  the  principal  offices  in 
thecounty:  of  Barnstable,  with  the  right 
of  nominating  many  of  his  relations  and 
friends.  Accordingly  col.  Otis  was  ap- 
pointed chiefjustice  of  the  county  court 
and  judge  of  probate.  Soon  ailerwards 
Mr.  Otis,  the  son,  supported  the  grant 
of  the  island  of  mount  Desert  to  the 
governor.  It  seems,  however,  that  the 
reconciliation  was  not  of  long  continuance. 
Col.  Otis  maintained  the  rights  of  the 
colonies  ;  and  the  governor,  in  his 
speech  in  1766,  asks—"  Shall  this  fine 
country  be  ruined,  because  every  person 
in  the  government  has  not  been  gratified 
with  honors  or  offices  according  to  the 
full  of  his  pretensions.'  Shall  the  pri- 
vate interests,  passions,  or  resentments  of 
a  few  men  deprive  this  whole  people  of 
the  great  and  manifold  advantages,  which 
the  favor  and  indulgence  of  their  sove- 
reign and  his  parliament  are  even  now 
providing  for  them?"  Hutchinson  says, 
that  the  reference  is  to  col.  Otis ;  but 
this  is  ascribing  a  great  deal  to  one  fami- 
ly. When  chosen  a  councillor,  he  was 
repeatedly  rejected  by  the  goviernor. 
He  died  at  an  advanced  age  in  Nov.  1778. 
His  three  sons  were  men  of  distinction. 
His  daughter  married  gen.  James  War- 
ren. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  patriot 
&  Btatesman,the  son  of  thepreceding,was 
born  at  Barnstable  Feb.  5,  1725  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1743. 
After  pursuing  the  study  of  the  law  un- 
der Mr.  Gridley,  the  first  lawyer  and  civ- 
ilian of  his  time,  at  the  age  of  21  he  be- 
gan the  practice  at  Plymouth.  In  about 
two  years  he  removed  from  this  town  to 
Boston,  where  he  soon  gained  so  high  a 
reputation  for  integrity  and  talents,  that 
his  services  were  required  in  the  most  im- 
portant causes.  It  will  be  seen  under  the 
account  of  his  father,  that  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son acribes  his  zeal  for  colonial  rig'hts  to 
resentment.  Dr.  Eliot  also  says,  that  in 
1775  he  heard  judge  Trowbridge  remark, 
that  Mr.  Otis,  in  his  resentmepc,hai;  said, 
"that  he  would  set  the  province  in  flames, 
if  he  perished  by  the  fire,"  and  he  doubted 


not^  the  war  would  have  been  delayed 
for  years,  if  Mr.  Hutchinson  had  not 
been  appointed  chief  justice.  But,  allow 
ing  the  resentment  at  the  time,  one 
would  think  the  accommodation  of  the  fa- 
ther as  to  oflice  was  pretty  ample.  Be- 
sides, new  questions  had  sprung  up,  and 
the  force  of  circumstances  would  easily 
render  such  a  mind  as  that  of  James 
Otis  earnest  in  the  defence  of  the  rights 
of  the  colony.  In  1761  he  distinguished 
himself  by  pleading  against  the  writs  of 
assistance,  which  the  officers  of  the  cus- 
toms had  applied  for  to  the  judges  of  the 
supreme  court.  His  antagonist  was  Mr. 
Gridley.  Of  his  speech  John  Adams 
said — "Otis  was  a  flame  of  fire:  with  a 
promptitude  of  classical  allusions,  a  depth 
of  research,  a  rapid  summary  of  histori- 
cal events  and  dates,  a  profusion  of  legal 
authorities,  a  prophetic  glance  of  his  eyes 
into  futurity,  and  a  rapid  torrent  of  im- 
petuous eloquence,  he  hurr'.ed  away  all 
before  him.  American  independence  was 
then  and  there  born.  Every  man  of  an 
immense  crowded  audience  appeared  to 
me  to  go  away,  as  I  did,  ready  to  take 
up  arms  against  wiits  of  assistance." 
Judgment  was  suspended  in  order  to  get 
information  from  England  ;  at  the  next 
term  writs  were  ordered  to  be  issued  ou 
application  to  the  chief  justice  by  the  sur- 
veyor gen.  of  the  customs.  Yet  they 
Tvere  never  executed.  He  was  in  this  or 
the  following  year  chosen  a  member  of 
the  legislature,  in  which  body  the  powers 
oftiia  eloquence,  the  keenness  of  his  wit, 
the  force  of  his  arguments,  and  resources 
of  his  intellect  gave  him  a  most  comman- 
ding influence.  When  the  arbitrary 
claims  of  Great  Britain  were  odvan9ed,he 
warmly  engaged  in  defence  of  the  colo- 
nies, and  was  the  first  champion  of  Ameri- 
can freedom,  who  had  the  courage  to  af- 
fix his  name  to  a  production,  that  stood 
forth  against  the  pretensions  of  the  parent 
state.  He  was  a  member  of  the  congress, 
which  was  held  at  New  York  in  1765,  in 
which  year  his  rights  of  the  colonies  vin- 
dicated; a  pamphlet,  occasioned  by  the 
stamp  act,  and  which  was  coniiidered  as  a 
masterpiece  both  of  good  writing  aud  of 


OTIS. 


ti37 


argument,  was  published  in  'London. 
For  thA  boldnesc  of  his  opinions  he  was 
threatened  with  an  arrest ;  yet  he  contin- 
ued  to  support  the  rights  of  his  fellow 
citizens.  He  resigned  the  office  of  judge 
advocate  in  1767  &  renounced  all  employ* 
ment  under  an  administration,  which  had 
encroached  upon  the  liberties  of  his  coun- 
try. His  warm  passions  sometimes  be- 
trayed him  into  unguarded  epithets,  that 
gave  his  enemies  an  advantage,  without 
b<  nefit  to  the  cause,  which  lay  nearest 
his  heart.  Being  vilified  in  the  public 
papers  he  in  ceturn  published  some  severe 
strictures  ou  the  conduct  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  tho  customs,  and  others  of  the 
ministerial  party.  A  short  time  after- 
wards, on  the  evening  of  Sept.  5,  1769, 
he  met  John  Robinson,  one  of  the  com- 
missioners, in  a  public  room,  and  an  affray 
followed,  in  which  he  was  assaulted  by  a 
number  of  ruffians,  rvho  left  him  and  a 
young  gentleman,  who  interposed  in  his 
defence,  covered  with  wounds. .  The 
wounds  were  not  mortal ;  but  his  useful- 
ness was  destroyed,  lor  his  reason  was 
shaken  from  its  throne,  and  the  great 
man  in  ruins  lived  several  years,  the 
grief  of  his  friends.  In  an  interval  of  his 
reason  he  forgave  the  men,  who  had  done! 
him  an  irreparable  injury ,and  relinquished 
the  sum  of  3000/.  which  Mr.  Robinson  had 
been  by  a  civil  process  adjudged  to  pay, 
on  his  signing  a  humble  acknowledgment. 
He  lived  to  see  but  not  fully  to  enjoy  the 
independence  of  America,  an  event,  to- 
wards which  his  efforts  had  greatly  con- 
tributed. At  length.  May  23,  178S,  ab 
he  was  leaning  on  his  cane  nt  ihe  door  of 
Mr.  Osgood's  house  in  Andi  -er,  he  was 
struck  by  a  flash  of  lighltning  ;  his  soul 
was  instantly  liberated  from  its  shattered 
tenement,  and  sent  into  eternity.  His 
wife  was  Ruth  Cunningham  of  F osto:>. 
President  Adams,  then  minister  in 
France,  wrote  respecting  him,  ' '  it  was 
with  very  afflicting  sentiments  I  learned 
the  death  of  Mr.  Dtis,my  worthy  master. 
Extraordinary  in  death  as  in  Ufe,  he  has 
left  a  character  that  will  never  die,  while 
the  memory  of  the  American  revolution 
remains  ;  whose  foundation  he  laid  with 


an  energy,  and  with  those  masterly  abili- 
ties, which  no  other  man  possessed." 
He  was  highly  distinguished  by  genius, 
eloquence,and  learning,  and  no  American 
perhaps  had  possessed  more  extensive  in- 
formation. Besides  his  legal  and  politi- 
cal knowledge,  he  was  a  complete  master 
of  classical  literature.  He  published  ru- 
diments of  Latii)  prosody,  with  a  disser- 
tation on  letters,  and  the  power  of  har- 
mony in  prosaic  composition,  litao.  1760, 
which  has  been  considered  the  most  clear 
and  most  masterly  treatise  on  the  subject; 
vindication  of  the  conduct  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Mass.  in  1762 ;  the 
rights  of  the  British  colonies  asserted, 
1764;  considerations  on  behalf  of  the 
colonists,  1766.  His  life  by  William 
Tudor  was  published  8 vo.  1S23.— War- 
ren, 1. 47,  85-89 ;  Monthly  anthology,v. 
223-226. 

OTIS,  Joseph,  general,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  a  revolutionary  patriot,  was 
born  in  1728,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
clerk  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  brigadier 
general  of  the  miUtia.  Washington  ap- 
pointed him  collector /or  the  district  of 
Barnstable,  an  office  which  he  held  for 
many  years.  His' residence  was  at  the 
parish  of  Barnstable,  called  Great  Marsh- 
es. He  died  in  the  peace  of  the  Christian 
Sept.  23,  1810,  aged  82,  leaving  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  His  daughter, 
Maria,  wife  of  Rev.  Philip  Colby  of 
Middleborough,  a  lady  of  many  attrac- 
tions and  accomplishments  and  eminent 
piety,  died  May  30,  182/      jed  33. 

OTIS,  Samiial  Allynr,  • ''retaryof  the 
senate  of  the  U.  S.,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1759,  and  settled  as  a  merchant  in 
Boston .  In  1 776  he  was  chosen  a  repre- 
rftntative,  and  aftei  wards  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  Mass.-  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  war.  In  1787  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  negotiate 
with  the  insurgents.  In  1788  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and,  after 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  secreta- 
ry of  the  senate,  an  office  which  he  held. 


N       . 


OVANDl). 


amidst  the  collision  of  parties,  with  ex- 
emplary fidelity  and  amenity  of  manners, 
without  the  absence  of  one  lay,  more 
than  thirty  years,  till  his  d?ath  at  Wash- 
ington April  33, 1814,  aged  73.  His 
flrift  wife  was  the  daught':>r  of  Harrison 
6i-ay,  treasurer  of  Mass. ',  his  second  was 
the  widow  of  El' vard  Gray.  His  son, 
Hamuel  Allyne  Otis,  died  it  Newburv- 
port  in  1814.  agred  46.  Another  son 
i»  Harrison  Gray  Otis  of  B:  iti>n. 

OVANDO,  Don  Nicolas  dr,  ^'ovemor 
of  Hispaniola,  was  chosrti  in  1501  to 
Bucreed  Bobadilla,  whose  hunger  for 
gold  had  cuused  the  greatest  miseri  'S  and 
dirardei's  in  the  i  :!and.  He  arrived  in 
Afiril  UiOQ..  In  J«ne  he  refused  to  af- 
ford ^  >sl:  'itsii'  to  ih-'i  uquadron  of  Colum- 
bus i>i . h';  harixTj  and  afterAards  treated 
him  with  j.r:<'iu  ♦•[jiect,  >v'm)  he  was  in 
tliptress  in  Jrpaica.  Under  the  color  of 
biiing  the  n jJ'  't&  lo  Itltor,  with  the  be- 
nevolent ii?8i(irn  ni.so  (>!'  teaching  them 
ij-sristianity,  the  chiefs  were  ordered  to 
furnish  a  certain  number  of  natives  for  6 
(if  eight  months,  who  were  Kubjected  to 
3«'vere  toil,  under  the  lash,  with  scanty 
food,  and  with  no  teaching  but  the  cere- 
mirsjyof  baptism.  The  indignant  Indi- 
ans, who  4ed  to  the  mountains,  were 
hunted  like  wild  beasts.  Siich  was  Ovan- 
do's  methoc*.  of  pronioling  Christianity! 
He  was  indeed  an  unprincipled  tyrant,, 
jreedy  after  lu^re,  and  his  name  is  infa- 
mcrf.  Once  he  seized  trencherousiy 
several  of  the  caciques  of  Anacaonn  and 
after  torturing  them  set  fire  to  the  house, 
and  consumed  them,  and  then  sent  the 
princess,  Anacaona,  in  chains  to  San  Do- 
mingo, and  caused  her  to  be  hung.  His 
various  atrocities  and  horrible  cruelties 
cannot  here  be  described.  Yet  such  is 
the  man,  whom  the  Spanish  represent  as 
an  enemy  to  avarice  and  venerable  for 
his  regard  to  justice.  It  is  no  wonder, 
that  the  curses  of  heaven  have  descended 
on  the  Spanish  empire,  chargeable  with 
the  blood,  by  which  the  new  world  was 
drenched .  He  waa  super(>3ded  by  Don 
Diego  Columbu.  1509,  but  was  per- 

mitted to  retain  wealth,  which  he 

wrung  from  th<i  -iaiives, — Irving's  Col. 


PACA. 

OVIEDO,  Oonzalo  Fernandez  de, 
historiographer  of  the  Indieii,  was  born  in 
Madrid  in  1478  ;  in  HIS  he  w ;»  sent  out 
to  the  new  world  to  supp.rinti  nd  the 
gold  founderies  v.k!  woe  »lc«ydt.i  of  ihc 
fortress  of  St.  "sMm!s.ro  in  1535;  and 
died  at  Valladolid  in  I  Sl^?,  aged  79.  Ho 
hud  live^'  34year^  ia  tlj^-rionu  11- 
pribiishe  ;  a  chroriicfo  of  the  iriuies  ii>  50 
books,  1535  and  15'.i7.  A  part  of  the 
^'i'orkisyet  unpublishsd.-Jmng's  Colum- 
bu. 

OXENBRIDGE,  J  hn,  minister  in 
Bosion,  V  as  bo'  r.  in  Englana  Jai;.  30, 
l&A*,  and  wna  cducotedat  Oxford,  r-hiire 
he  was  foi  sptue  time  a  into-  Bccoiu- 
inir  a  preai-her,  mon  afr.-r  the  vvar  163i 
he  went  to  Berm^ida,  anil  took  the  charge 
of  a  church.  In  1641  or  1642,  he  return- 
ed to  England,  and  was  fellow  of  Eaton 
collen;e.  In  1662  he  was  induced  in  con- 
sequence of  the  act  of  uniformity  to  goto 
Surrinam  and  tiience  to  Baibadoes.  He 
came  to  New  England  in  1669,  and  was 
settled  pastor  o:'  the  first  church  as  col- 
league with  Mr.  Allen  April  10,  1670. 
He  died  Dec.  28,  1 674,  aged  65.  He  was 
a  celebrated  divine  fc  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ular preachers  of  his  time.  He  published 
a  double  watch  word,  or  the  duty  of 
watching  and  watching  in  duty,  1661  ;  a 
proposition  for  propagating  the  gospel  by 
Christian  colonies  in  the  continent  of 
Guiana  ;  election  sermon,  1671  ;  season- 
able seeking  of  God. —  Wood's  Mh.  Oa> 
on.,ii.  536,  537;  Magnolia,  in.  321. 

PACA,  William,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, the  son  of  John  P.,  a  gentleman  of 
large  estate  in  Hartford  county,  was  born 
Oct.  31,  1740.  Having  been  educated  a-, 
the  college  of  Philadelphia,  ho  practised 
law  at  Annapolis.  He  was  appointed  a 
member  of  congress  with  Samuel  Chase 
in  1774,  and  continued  in  that  body  tit! 
the  close  of  1778.  He  signed  the  decla- 
ce  From  1778  to 
;i  u.'ice  of  Maryland  ; 
.  t  court  of  appeals 
,  was  governor  in 
786  ;    in  1789  he  was 


ration  of  indepenc' 
1780  he  was  ch"  ' 
then  chief  judge 
in  admiralty  car' 
1782  ana     .*'■•: 
appoints! 
of  the  IJ    J 


I  '^  ?  of  the  district  court 
Vie  died  in  1799,  aged  59. 


nandez  de, 
WBsborn  in 

V  m  sent  out 
rinUnd  the 
lydf!  oi'  thf 

1 5S5 ;  and 
:ed  79.  I  Ip 
iov.'i .  iJ- 
Indies  it.  50 
part  of  the 
ig'»  Colutn- 

minioter  in 
na  Jaii.  SO, 
ford,  T'hrt/e 
Bccojn- 
v'-dr  163i 
:  the  charge 
!,  he  return- 

V  of  Eaton 
iced  in  con- 
lity  to  go  to 
adoes.  He 
9,  and  was 
rch  as  col- 
l  10,  1670. 
55.  He  was 
e  most  pop- 
e  published 
le  duty  of 
y,  1661  ;  a 
e  gospel  by 
)ntinent  of 

;  season- 

^tk.  Ox- 

331. 

of  Mary- 
intleman  of 
T,  was  born 
educated  a  • 
I  practised 
ppointed  a 
luel  Chase 
t  body  til: 
the  decla- 
1  1778  to 
Maryland  ; 
of  appeals 
overnor  in 
r89  he  was 
jtrict  court 
9,  aged  59. 


PAGE. 

His  first  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Samuel 
Chew.  He  was  a  mau  of  vigorous  intel- 
lect and  polished  address,  of  integrity, 
patriotism,  and  moral  worth. 

PAGE,  John,  governor  of  Virginia, 
died  at  Richmond  Oct.  11,  1809,  aged  64. 
From  his  youth  he  was  a  man  of  pure 
and  unblemished  life.  He  was  a  patriot, 
a  statesman,  a  philosopher,  and  a  Chris- 
tian. From  the  commencement  of  the 
American  revolution  to  the  last  hour 
of  his  life  he  exhibited  a  firm,  inflexible, 
unremitting,  and  ardent  attachment  to 
hii  country,  and  he  rendered  her  very 
important  services.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  representatives  from  Virginia  under 
the  present  constitution.  In  1800  he  was 
chosen  one  of  the  electors  of  president. 
In  Dec.  1802  he  was  chosen  governor  of 
Virginia  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Monroe 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Cabell  in  1805. 
His  residence  was  at  Rosewell.  His  con- 
duct was  marked  by  uprightness  in  all 
the  vicissitudes  of  life,  in  the  prosperous 
and  calamitous  times,  through  which  he 
had  passed,  in  seasons  of  gladness  and  of 
affliction.  He  published  addresses  to  the 
people,  1796,  and  1799. 

PAINE,  Thomas,  a  political  writer 
and  deist,  was  born  in  Norfolk,  England, 
in  1737;  his  father,  a  quaker,  was  a  stay 
maker.  He  followed  the  same  business ; 
and  then  became  an  exciseman  in  Sussex, 
but  was  dismissed  for  misconduct.  He 
came  to  Philadelphia  in  1774  and  in  Jan. 
1775  he  was  employed  by  Mr.  Aitken  to 
e:lit  ',he  Pennb.  Ma^^azlne.  After  the  war 
commenced,  he  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr. 
Rush  wrote  his  celebrated  pamphlet  of 
Common  Sense,  recommending  independ 
ence.  For  this  tract  the  legislature  of 
Penns.  voted  him  500/.  He  was  also  elec- 
ted by  congress  in  April  1777  clerk  to  the 
committee  on  foreign  afTiirs  ;  he  chose 
to  itli  r ^  :lf  •■•■'oretary  lor  foreign  af- 
fairs- "  ^..'-  ihis  periou .'  o  wrote  the  Crisis. 
F  .1  /ulging  some  officii ,  s-creta  he  lost 
h  .'  office  in  Jan.  1779.  In  1780  he  wa& 
clerk  of  the  assemblv  of  Penns.;  in  1785 


PAINE. 


889 


congress  voted  him  3,000  doll.,  and  the 
1^  state  of  N.  Yji-k  gave  him  500  acres  of 

land,  the  "onfiscated  estate  of  Davol,  a '  on  his  return  he  studied  law,  and  set- 


royalist,  at  New  Rochelle.  There  was 
on  it  a  stone  house,  130  by  38  feet.  In 
1787  he  went  to  Paris  and  London.  In 
answer  to  Burke's  Reflections  on  the 
French  revolution  he  wrote  his  Rights  of 
Man.  In  Sept.  1793  he  was  a  member 
from  Caiaia  of  the  national  convention  of 
France.  Voting  against  the  sentence  on 
the  king,  he  offended  the  Jacobins,  and 
in  Dec.  1793  was  thrown  into  prison  for 
11  months.  He  had  written  the  first 
part  of  his  Age  of  Reason  against  Chri8> 
tianity  and  committed  it  to  Joel  Barlow ; 
the  second  pert  was  published  in  1795, 
after  his  release.  At  this  period  he  was 
habitually  drunk.  He  returned  to  Amer- 
ica in  Oct.  1803,  bringing  with  him  as  a 
companion  the  v/ife  of  De  Bonneville,  a 
French  bookseller,  having  separated  from 
his  second  wife.  He  died  at  New  York 
June  8,  1809,  aged  73.  His  political 
writings  have  simplicity,  force,  and  pun- 
gency. But  he  died  in  contempt  and 
misery.  His  disgusting  vices,  his  intem- 
perance, and  profligacy,  and  irreligion 
made  him  an  outcast  from  all  respectable 
society.  He  is  represented  as  irritable, 
vain,  cowardly,  filthy,envious,maIignant, 
dishonest,  and  drunken.  In  the  distress 
of  his  last  sickness  he  frequently  called 
out,"Lord  Jesus!  help  me."  Dr.  Manley 
asked  him,  whether  from  his  calling  so 
often  upon  the  Savior  it  was  to  be  infer- 
red, that  he  believed  the  gospel.  He  re- 
plied at  last — "I  have  no  wish  to  believe 
on  that  subject."  Mr.  Cheetham  publish- 
ed an  account  of  his  life. — His  writings 
were  published  in  1  vol.  1793. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  ll.d.,  a  judge 
of  Massa.,  was  born  in  Boston  March  11, 
1731  ;  his  father,  Thomas  P.  was  ordain- 
ed the  minister  of  Weymouth  Aug.  19, 
1719,  but  in  Consequence  of  ill  health  had 
been  dismissed ;  his  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Samuel  Treat  and  grand 
daughter  of  Samuel  Willard.  Having 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1749,  he 
studied  theology  dnd  in  1755  acted  as  a 
chaplain  in  the  army.  He  vras  inJ'iced 
to  go  Europe  for  mercantile  objects,  and 
I  to  provide  for  the  support  of  his  father ; 


6S0 


PAINE. 


PALMER. 


tied  about  1759  at  Tauntoi:.  ^i.cre  he 
became  distinguished  in  his  profes- 
sion. In  1770,  in  the  absence  of  the  at- 
torney general,  he  conducted  the  prose- 
eut'on  of  capt.  Preston  for  the  Boston 
mossacre.  About  the  year  1780  he  re- 
moved to  Boston .  Being  n  delegate  to 
the  first  congress,  which  assembled  Sept. 
6, 1774,  he  signed  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, and  continued  in  that  body  an 
efficient  patriot  until  on  the  adoption  of 
the  Massachusetts  constitution  he  was 
appointed  attorney  general.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court  from  1790  till 
his  resgnation,  in  consequence  of  his 
deafness,  in  1904.  He  died  at  his  resi- 
dence in  Boston  May  11,  1814,  aged  84. 
His  wife  was  a  sister  of  general  Cobb. 
He  had  an  inflexible  regard  to  order  and 
justice.  His  appearance  on  the  bench 
was  stern  and  ungainly,  and  in  hia  man- 
ner there  was  an  unpopular  severity  ;  yet 
by  his  talents,  integrity,  and  learning  he 
rendered  good  service  to  his  country  in 
the  various  stations,  in  which  he  was 
placed.  He  was  a  firm  believer  in  Chris- 
tianity and  died  in  peace. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  a  poet,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Taurnon  Dec. 
9,  1773.  While  a  member  of  Harvard 
college,  he  was  irregular  and  subject  to 
discipline.  At  the  time  of  his  graduation 
in  1793  he  delivered  a  poem.  Being 
placed  as  a  clerk  to  a  merchant,  instead 
of  applying  himself  to  business,  he  pen- 
ned stanzas.  He  was  also  oflen  attracted 
to  the  theatre.  At  this  period  the  law 
against  theatrical  per  formances  was  ab- 
rogated in  Mass.  On  the  opening  of  the 
brick  theatre  in  1793  he  obtained  a  me- 
dal for  the  prologue.  In  Oct.  1794  he 
commenced  a  newspaper,  the  Federal 
Orrery  ;  but  indolence,  the  theatre,  and 
temptations  to  pleasure  made  him  neg- 
lect it,  and  it  sunk  into  disregard,  and 
was  relinquished  in  1796.  His  satire 
drew  upon  himself  personal  chastisement. 
In  1795  he  married  Miss  Baker,  an  ac- 
tress, who  withdre\7  from  the  stage  ;  this 
marriage  caused  a  separation  between 
him  and  his  father,  aT  '  his  removal  from 
his  father's  house,      riis  poem,  delivered 


at  Cambridge  in  1795,  called  the  Inven- 
tion of  letters,  brought  him  a  profit  of 
1500  dollars  ;  and  in  1797  his  Ruling 
Passion  I'iOO.  He  now  was  appointed 
Master  of  ceremonies  at  the  theatre,  with 
a  salary.  His  song  of  Adams  and  Liber- 
ty in  1798  yielded  him  750  dollars;  more 
than  11  dollars  for  each  line.  When  at 
this  time  his  name,  whicli  had  been 
Thoma$,  was  by  act  of  the  legislature 
changed  to  Robert  T.,  he  remarked,  that 
now  he  had  a  Christian  name,  alluding  to 
the  name  of  Paine,  the  infidel.  By  the 
advice  of  his  fViends  he  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1803.  At  first 
he  was  patronized  ;  but,  after  neglecting 
his  profession  a  few  years,  he  gave  up 
his  ofiice.  His  dissipated  habits  broke 
down  his  health  and  reduced  him  to  want. 
Indolence  and  the  theatre,  wine  and 
women  mined  him.  He  died  the  victim  of 
his  own  folly  and  vices  Nov.  14,1811, 
aged  37.  There  is  nothing  of  simple, 
natural  beauty  in  any  of  the  writings  of 
Mr.  Paine,  His  prose  is  in  bad  taste, 
and  his  poetry  is  entirely  unworthy  of 
the  commendation,  bestowed  upon  it  by 
his  contemporaries.  But,  had  he  written 
the  most  beautiful  poetry,  it  would  have 
been  worthless,  associated  with  his  own 
immoral  character.  No  poet  has  power 
over  the  heart,  if  known  to  be  a  game- 
ster, and  intemperate,  and  a  profligate 
lover  of  pleasure.  IKo  virtuous  and 
ennobling  sentiments,  found  in  the  po- 
ems of  Cowper  and  Montgomery,  have 
tenfold  power,  becauss  known  to  have 
come  from  the  heart  of  virtuous,  good 

men. His  Works   with  a  biography 

by  Charles  Prentiss,  were  published,  8vo. 
1813.— SjBCtf.  ^mer.  poet.  ii.  93. 

PAJiMER,  Elihu,  a  preacher  of  de- 
ism, was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college 
1 1 1  1 787.  He  was  the  head  of  the  Colum- 
bian illuminati,  a  deistical  company  at  N. 
York,  established  about  1801,  consisting 
of  95  members.  Its  professed  aim  was  to 
promote  "moral  8cience,"again8treligious 
and  political  imposture.  The  temple  of 
reason  was  a  wct^.y  psper,  of  which 
the.principal  editor  wj  Driscoll,  an 
Irishman,  who  had  bee;-  i  ;!'  nish priest, 


PARISH. 


PARKER. 


631 


and  who  removed  with   hi*   paper  to 
Philadelphia.    Mr.  P.  delivered  lectures, 
or  preached  agfainst  Christianity.    But 
according  to  Mr.  Cheethatn  he  was  "  in 
the  small  circle  of  his  church  more  priest- 
ly, more  fulminating,"  than  Laud  and 
Gardiner  of  England  ;   "  professing  to 
ado73  reason,  he  was  in  a  rage,  if  any 
body  reasoned  with  him."    He  was  blind 
from  his  youth.    He  died  3  years  before 
Paine,  at  Philadelphia,  in  March  1806, 
aged  42.    He  published  an  oration,  July 
4,  1797  ;  the  principles  of  nature,  1803. 
PARISH,  Elijah,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Byfield,  Mass.,  was   born  in  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  Nov.  7,  1763,  and  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1 786 .    He  was  or- 
dained in  1 787.    Afler  being  the  minister 
of  B.  nearly  40  years  he  died  Oct.  14, 
1825.  aged  63.    Some  of  his  violent  po- 
litical sermons  are  quoted  by  Mr.  Carey 
in  his  Olive  Branch.    He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  J.  Cleaveland, 
1799 ;  at  the  ordination  of  A.  Parish, 
1792 ;  of  N.  Waldo,  1806  ;  of  D.  Thurs- 
ton, 1807  ;  of  N.  Merrill,  1813  ;  on  mis- 
sions, 1807  ;  before  a  charitable  society, 
1803  ;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1804  ;  do.  1807; 
at  Hanover,  1806;  at  fasts,  1808,1813, 
1813 ;  before  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel ;  eulogy  on  J.  Hubbard,  1810  ; 
history  of  N.  England,  with  Dr.  Morse, 
1804 ;  with  Dr.  McClure,  memoirs  of 
Eleazer 'Wheelock,8vo.  1811  ;  gazetteer 
of  the  eastern  continent ;  modern  geogra- 
phy ;  gazetteer  of  the  Bible.    A  volume 
of  sermons  was  published  after  his  death. 
PARKER,  Thomas,  first  minister  of 
Newbury,  Mass.  the  only  son  of  Robert 
Parker,  who  was  driven  out  of  England 
for  puritanism  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
was  born  in  1595.    After  having  been  for 
some  time  a  student  at  Oxford,  he  pursu- 
ed his  studies  in  Ireland  under  Dr.  Usher. 
Thence  he  went  to  Holland,  where  he 
enjr  yer".  ib.e  assistance  of  Dr.  Ames.    He 
returned  to  Newbury  in  England,  where 
he  preached  and  was  the  instructer  of  a 
school.    H-: ',.    eto  this  country  v>.Ut  a 
number  c:  .MiMsiian  friends  in  May  li)*4, 
.and  imm&ti   "elj  tt*nt  to  Aggawam,  or 
Ipswich,  Masssachu^etts,  where  he  con- 


tinued about  a  year  as  an  assistant  to 
Mr.  Ward.  In  1635  he  commenced  the 
settlement  of  Newbury,  and  was  chosen 
pastor  and  Mr.  Noyes  teacher.  He  died 
in  April  1677,  aged  81,  leaving  behind 
him  the  character  of  an  eminent  schol- 
ar, and  of  a  most  pious  and  benevo- 
lent Christian.  Through  his  incessant 
application  he  became  blind  several  years 
before  his  death.  Under  this  heavy  ca- 
lamity he  was  patient  and  cheerful,  and 
used  1o  say  in  reference  to  his  darkened 
eyes..  "  they  will  be  restored  shortly  in 
the  resurrection."  Having  never  been 
married,  he  yet  with  parental  affection 
gave  several  young  gentlemen  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  public  education.  In  his 
views  of  church  government  he  was  in- 
clined to  preshyterianism.  Some  theses 
de  traductione  pec  latoris  ad  vitam,  writ- 
ten by  him  at  an  early  age,  were  printed 
with  some  works  of  Dr.  Ames.  He  also 
published  a  letter  to  a  member  of  the 
Westminster  assembly,  on  the  govern- 
ment in  the  churches  of  England,  1644  ; 
the  prophecies  of  Daniel  expounded,  4to. 
1646  ;  a  letter  to  .jia  sister,  Mrs.  A-  ny, 
on  her  '  '"aions,  1649, — Magnalia,  -.'i. 
143-145,  147. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  d.  o.,  bishop  of 
Mass,  was  born  at  PortHmouth,  N,  H.,in 
1745  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1764.  He  was  afterwards  nine 
years  uu  instructer  of  youth  in  Newbury 
Poii  and  other  towns.  In  1778  he  was 
ordained  by  the  uishop  of  London,  and 
May  19, 1774  waii  established  as  ass'Sttant 
minister  at  Trinity  church,  Boston,  of 
which  he  became  the  rector  in  1779. 
During  the  revolutionary  war  the  other 
episcopal  clergymen  quitted  the  coa,  'ry. 
but  he  Remained  at  his  post,  ai'sd  In-: 
church  was  saved  from  dispersion.  Af^ 
ter  the  death  of  bishop  Bass  he  was  elec- 
ted his  successor ;  but  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  episcopal  churches  but  a  few 
months.  He  died  suddenly  at  Boston 
Dec.  6,  1804,  aged  59.  Distinguished 
for  hib  benevolence,  he  was  in  a  peculiar 
manner  the  frieni  if  the  poor,  who  in  his 
death  mourned  the  loss  of  a  father.  He 
published  a  sermoa  at  the  election,  1793; 


if:. 


632 


PARKER. 


PARSONS. 


be(bre  the  asylum,  1803  ;  and  80010  other 
occoaional  diBCOurses. 

PARKER,  Isaac,  ll.  d.,  chief  justice 
of  Mass.,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1768  and 
graduated  at  Han  '  ■  ..yp  >  i796.  He 
commenced  the  |>niii.>  iiw  in  the 
district  of  M.u.i'i,  and  wu»  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  con^rre.i8.  In  1806  he  was  appoin- 
ted a  jadge.  ol'the  supreme  court,  and  in 
1814  cliiet'  justice,  as  the  successor  of 
Mr.  Sewali,  of  which  office  he  with  high 
reputation  and  faithfulness  discharged  th<; 
duties  16  years.  On  Sunday,  M  ly  ij, 
13S0,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with  the 
apo])lexy,  of  which  he  died  the  next  mor- 
ning. May  36th  aged  62.  His  successor 
.b  Lemuel  Shaw.  He  was  a  distinguish- 
» .  scholar  and  friend  of  literature.  For 
1 1  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Bowdoin 
college,  and  fur  30  years  an  overseer  of 
Harvard  college.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
moral  worth  and  a  firm  believer  in  the 
Christian  religion.  He  published  a  sketch 
of  the  c!  ..racter  of  judge  Parsons,  181S. 

PARKMAN,  Ebenezer,  first  minister 
of  WestI  orough,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1731,  and  was  ordain- 
ed Oct.  28,  1724,  the  day,  on  which  the 
church  was  gathered.  After  continuing 
his  ministerial  labors  near  sixty  years,  he 
died  Dec.  9,  1782,  aged  79.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Rob.  Breck  ;  Samuel 
P.,  who  died  in  Boston  in  June  1824, 
aged  72,  was  a  descendant.  A  siiort  ac- 
count of  Wcstborough,  written  by  him,  is 
printed  in  the  historical  collections.  He 
published  Refcn  lers  and  interces  rs, 
1752  ;  a  convention  sermon,  1761. 

PARRIS,  Samuel,  the  first  minister  of 
Danvers,  Mass.,  was  born  in  London  in 
1653  ;  studied  at  Harvard  college;  K.id 
was  ordained  at  Salem  village,  now 
Danvers,  Nov.  15,  1689.  In  1692  the 
Salem  witchcraft  delusion  commr  need  in 
liis  liiHiily.  His  daughter,  abo<  iwelve 
years  of  age,  and  his  niec  '  ligail 
Williams,  11  or  12  years  old,  prelen 
ded  to  be  bewitched,  and  accusetl  rituba, 
nn  Indian  woman  living  in  the  family^,  of 
bewitching  them.  Mr.  Parris  heai  her 
and  compelled  her  to  confess  herself  a 
witch.     Indian  John,  Tituba's  husband, 


for  his  own  safety,  turned  accuser  of 
others.  The  "  afllicted  "  persons  increa- 
sed ;  the  "  accused  "  also  increased  rapid- 
ly. More  than  100  women  were  appre- 
hended, and  most  of  them  committed  to 
prison.  Even  the  wife  of  gov.  Phipps 
was  accused.  Aug.  19,  1692  George 
Burroughs  awd  4  others  were  executed  ; 
in  all  19  were  hung,  and  G.  Corey  pres- 
sed to  death  for  not  pleading.  There 
had  before  been  executed  for  witchcrad 
Mr<-  ""tret  Jones  of  Charlestown  in  June 
ibt6-.  thei  wonmn  in  Dorchester,  and 
another  in  Cambridge  ;  then  in  Boston 
in  1655  Mrs.  Hibbins,  wife  of  an  assis- 
tant ;  soon  two  or  three  at  Springfield, 
and  one  at  Hartford  ;  in  1669  Mrs. 
Greensmith  and  her  husband  ;  in  1663 
Mary  Johnson  ;  in  1683  Mrs.  Glover  of 
Boston.  This  delusion  at  Salem  lasted 
16  mouths.  As  Mr.  Parris  had  been  a 
zealous  prosecutor,  his  church  in  April 
1693  brought  charges  against  him  ;  and 
at  last,  although  ho  acknowledged  his 
error,  he  was  dismissed  in  June  1606. 
He  removed  to  Concord.  In  1711  he 
preached  six  months  in  i)  .  islable. 

PARSONS,  Jonathan,  minister  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1729,  having  given  indica- 
tions of  an  uncommon  genius.  Soon 
after  he  began  to  preach,  he  was  ordain- 
ed minister  of  Lyme,  Conn,,  where  he 
continued  several  years.  The  last  thirty 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Newbury- 
port in  one  of  the  largest  congregations 
in  America.  His  labours  were  incessant 
and  he  sometimes  sunk  under  his  exer- 
tions. During  his  last  sickness  he  enjoyed 
the  peace  of  a  Christian.  He  expressed 
his  unwavering  assurance  of  an  interest 
in  the  favor  of  God  through  the  Redeem- 
er. He  died  July  19, 1776,  aged  about 
66.  He  was  a  presbyterian.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  eminently  useful.  Dur- 
ing some  of  the  first  years  of  his  minis- 
try his  style  was  remarkably  correct  and 
elegant ;  but  after  a  course  of  years, 
when  his  attention  was  occupied  by 
things  of  greater  importance,his  manner  of 
writing  was  less  polished,  though  perhaps 
it  lost  nothing  of  its  pathos  and  energy. 


In  his  preaohingf  he  dwelt  much  nndWhh 
earneatneiM  upon  the  dtKtrinea  of  grace, 
knowing  it  to  be  the  design  or  the  Chris- 
tian religion  to  humble  the  pride  of  man 
and  to  exalt  the  grace  of  God.  He  labor- 
ad  to  guard  his  people  both  against  the 
gMy  wiidness  of  enthusiasm,  and  the 
licentious  tenets  of  antinomian  delusion. 
His  invention  was  Hruitful,  his  imagina- 
tion rich,  his  «roice  clear  and  command- 
ing, varying  with  every  varying  passion,' 
now  forcible,  majestic,  terrifying,  and 
now  soA,  and  persuasive,  and  melting. 
His  zealous  and  indefatigable  exertions 
were  not  in  vain.  Duiili||r  his  ministry 
at  Lyme,  at  a  period  of  uncommon  eiTu- 
aion  of  God's  Spirit  of  grace,  ho  indulged 
the  belief,  that  near  two-<hundred  of  his 
people  were  renewed  in  the  dispositions 
of  their  minds,  and  enlightened  by  the 
truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus  ;  and  his  labors  at 
Newburyport-  were  attended  by  a  happy 
revival  of  religion.  He  was  eminent  as 
a  scholar,  fur  he  was  familiar  with  the 
classics,  and  he  was  skilled  in  the  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.  He  was 
accounted  a  i><^xterou3  and  masterly  rea- 
soner.  He  published  a  sermon  at  Boston 
lecture,  1742;  good  news  from  a  far 
country  in  7  discourses,  1756  ;  observa- 
tions &c.,  1757  ;  manna  gathered  in  the 
morning,  1761  ;  infant  baptism  from 
heaven,  in  two  discourses,  1765;  a  ser- 
mon on  the  death  of  G.  Whitefield,  1770; 
freedom  from  civil  and  ecclesiastical  ty- 
ranny the  purchase  of  Christ,  1774  ; 
sixty  sermons  on  various  subjects  in  two 
volumes,  8vo.  1780. — Searl's  sermon  on 
his  death. 

PARSONS,  Moses,  minister  of  By- 
field,  Mass.,  was  born  June  30,  1716, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1736.  He  devoted  a  number  of  years  to 
the  labors  of  a  grammar  school,  and, 
while  the  respect  and  the  affection  of  his 
pupils  were  preserved  by  mingled  digni- 
ty and  mildness,  he  endeavord  to  impress 
them  with  religious  truth,  and  to  give 
them  that  instruction,  which  might  save 
their  souls  from  death.  He  was  ordained 
June  20,  1744,  and  died  Dec.  14,  1783, 
aged  67.  The  Maker  of  the  human 
60 


PARSONS. 


fhnne  gave  him  a  n\ott  graceful  and 
commanding  presence,  a  quick  concep- 
tion, a  fertile  invention,  an  easy  flow  of 
thought  and  expression,  a  correct  judg- ' 
ment,a  resolute  temper,&.  a  large  share  of 
the  kind  and  tender  sensibilities.  Theae, 
expanded  by  a  liberal  education,  polished 
by  a  large  acquainlunce  with  mankind, 
and  sanctified  by  divine  grace,  made  hint 
eminent  or  the  gentleman  and  Christian, 
the  divine  and  the  preacher.  When  he 
had  once  deliberately  fixed  his  opinion 
or  his  purpose,  no  opposition  could  sliake 
him.  He  alvvayH  carried  the  dignity  and 
decorum  of  the  Christian  minister  into 
his  most  cheerful  hours,  and;  though  he 
oflen  indulged  his  pleasant  humor  among 
his  friends,  yet  he  never  degraded  himself 
by  the  puerile  jest,  the  boisterous  laugh, 
or  by  vain,  indelicate  mirth.  He,  usually 
mingled  with  his  sprightly  sallies  soma 
useful  lesson  of  a  moral  nature.  He 
knew  how  to  be  familiar  without  mean- 
ness, sociable  without  loquacity,  cheerful 
without  leviiy,grave  without  morosenest, 
pious  without  enthu8iasm,super8tition,or 
ostentation,  zealous  against  error  and 
vice  without  illnatured  bitterness,  affa- 
ble to  all  without  the  least  sacrifice  of  his 
.ministerial  dignity.  There  was  a  gener- 
ous openness  in  his  language  and  beha- 
vior, and  one  could  almost  discern  hia 
heart  in  his  frank,  honest  countenance. 
He  was  influenced  by  enlarged  benevo- 
lence. He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the 
civil  and  religious  interests  of  his  beloved 
America.  Eminent  as  a  preacher,  he 
yet  greatly  excelled  in  the  gift  of  prayer. 
His  last  hours  were  bricrhtened  with 
the  hopes  of  the  gospe!  He  anticipated 
the  joy  of  dwelling  in  the  presence  of 
that  divine  Savior,  wh.m  lie  had  served 
in  his  church  below.  He  published  the 
election  sermon,  1772,  at  the  ordination 
of  O.  Parsons,  mS.—Tappan's  serm.  on 
his  death;  Frisbie's  oral. 

PARSONS,  Theophilus,  ll.  d.,  chief 
justice  of  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  Feb.  24,  1750.  His 
early  education  was  at  Dummer  acade- 
my under  master  Moody.  After  gradua- 
ting at  Harvard  college  in  1769,  he  stud- 


094 


PARSONS. 


PARTRIl.'  a. 


ittd  law  withjudge  Bradbury  ofFalmouth, 
now  Portland,  and  kept  the  grammar 
■chool.  When  the  town  was  burnt  by 
the  British,  he  returned  to  his  father's, 
and  soon  opened  an  office  in  Newburyport. 
In  1779  ha  was  a  (nember  of  the  conven- 
tion, which  framed  the  constitution  of 
Mass.;  he  was  also  in  1780  a  member 
of  thestate  conventiuri,which  adopted  the 
constitution  of'  the  U.S.  He  removed 
to  Boston  in  1800.  After  an  extensive 
practice  of  35  years  he  succeeded  chief 
justice  Dana  in  1806.^  He  died  at  hia 
residence  in  Boston  Oil.  30,  IBIS,  aged 
63  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  Judge  Sewall. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Oreenleaf ;  he  left  three  sons  and  four 
daughters.  He  was  of  largo  size,  broad, 
and  corpulent,  with  a  sallow  complexion, 
and  heavy  appearance.  His  eyes  were 
blue,  tinged  with  hazel-grey,  sunk  in  his 
head,  but  sometintes  twinkling  bright. 
His  high,  smooth  forehead  was  partly 
covered  with  a  reddish  skull-cap,  which 
he  wore,  having  been  bald  at  the  age  of 
thirty.  A  bandanna  handkerchief  ot^en 
protected  his  neck  from  the  chilly  winds, 
which  were  his  abhorrence.  He  was  not 
luore  remarkable  for  his  deep  learning, 
than  for  the  keenness  of  his  wit.  His 
repartees  were  often  very  cutting.  Not 
only  was  he  a  profound  lawyer,  but  an 
excellent  classical  scholar  and  a  skilful 
mathematician.  His  political  influence, 
in  the  party  divisions  of  his  day,  was  ve- 
ry great.  He  was  a  most  determined 
federalist.  Of  his  belief  in  Christianity 
lie  made  a  profession  in  his  last  years, 
joining  the  church  in  Boston,  of  which 
Dr.  Kirkland  was  the  pastor.  The  first 
6  vols,  of  the  Mass.  reports  contain  many 
of  his  judicial  decisions.  In  the  opinion 
judge  Parker,  had  he  lived  in  England  he 
would  have  been  made  lord  chancellor  or 
lord  chief  justice, — Parker's  sketch; 
Knapp's  biog.  sketches,  37 — 77. 

PARSONS,  Samuel  Holden,  brigadier 
general  in  the  army  of  the  revolution, 
waa  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and  on  a 
committee  of  correspondence  before  the 
war.  He  was  appointed  brigadier  by 
congress  in  Aug.   1776.     He  detached 


col.  Meigs  on  his  successful  expetlition 
toL.  Inland  in  1777.  In  1785  he  was  a 
commissioner  to  negotiate  with  the 
western  Indians  ;  in  Oct.  1787  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the  north 
western  territory.  He  was  drowned  in 
Ohio  in  Dee.  1789.  He  published  a 
piece  on  the  Discoveries  in  the  western 
country  in  mem.  Amcr.  ucad.  vol.  2. 

PARSONS,  Levi,  a  niirtsionary  to 
Palestine,  the  son  of  Justin  P.,  a  minis- 
ter, was  born  in  Goshen,  Mass.,  July 
18,  1792.  At  the  age  of  10,  he  became 
a  Christian  convert ;  but  his  graces  were 
revived,  while  he  was  a  member  of  col- 
lege, and  he  became  earnestly  desirous  to 
be  a  missionary.  During  three  revivals 
of  religion  his  efforts  were  useful.  He 
was  graduated  at  Middlcbury  in  1814, 
and  studied  theology  at  Andover.  After 
being  ordained  in  Sept.  1817,  he  was  an 
agent  of  the  Board  of  missions.  In  Nov. 
1819  he  sailed  with  Mr.  Fisk  for  Palestine, 
and  arrived  at  Smyrna  in  Jan.  1820;  af\er 
passing  half  a  year  at  Scio,  he  proceeded 
to  Jerusalem,  where  lie  remained  from 
Feb.  to  May  1821.  On  his  return  to 
Smyrna  ho  was  seized  with  a  distressing 
malady  at  Syra.  In  Dec.  he  went  with 
Mr.  Fisk  to  Alexandria,  where  he  died  in 
great  peace  and  triumph  Feb.  10, 1893, 
aged  29.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  and 
very  amiable  and  interesting  in  his  man- 
ners and  devoted  to  his  benevolent  work. 
His  life  was  written  by  his  brother  in  law, 
D.  0.  Morton,  1824. 

PARTRIDGE,  Ralph,  first  minister 
of  Duxborough,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land and  became  a  minister  of^'the  estab- 
lished church  ;  but  by  the  severity  of  the 
bishops  he  was  hunted,  as  C.  Mather 
says,  like  a  partridge  upon  the  mountains, 
till  at  last  he  resolved  to  get  out  of  their 
reach  by  taking  his  flight  into  N.  Eng- 
land. He  arrived  at  Boston  Nov.  14, 
1636,  and  was  soon  settled  at  Duxbor- 
ough. He  was  appointed  with  Mr. 
Mather  and  Mr.  Cotton  to  prepare  a 
model  of  church  government  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  synod  of  Cambridge  in 
1648.  He  died  in  1658,  having  been  a 
preacher  49  years  and  was  succeeded  by 


PATTEN. 


PAUGUS. 


6S5 


Mr.  Holmn.  Such  was  his  humility 
•0(1  aeir denial,  that,  when  most  of  the 
minidtort  of  Plymouth  colony  lef^  their 
placcH  for  want  of  a  luitable  maintenance, 
he  was  one  of  tlio  few,  who  remained 
with  their  |)eoj)le. 

PATTEN,  William,  ministcrof  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  a  descendant  of  \Vm.  P., 
who  lived  in  Cambridge  from  1645  till 
1669,  was  horn  at  Dillerica  in  March 
1738,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1754.  He  succeeded  J.  Cotton 
as  the  ministcrof  Halifax,  Mass.,  in  Feb. 
1758  ;  but  was  dismissed  by  reason  of 
ill  health  in  17 68.  He  was  afterwards 
the  minister  of  the  S.  church  in  Hartford, 
as  the  colleague  of  E.  Whitman,  about 
7  years.  After  longuishing  two  years, 
and  losing  his  voice,  he  died  in  his  father's 
family  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1775, 
aged  36.  He  was  an  eminently  eloquent, 
popular,  and  faithful  preacher.  Leaving 
a  wife  and  6  children  with  little  property, 
he  committed  them  in  fuith  to  the  God 
of  the  widow  and  fatherless.  His  son, 
George  Jeffrey  P.,  for  30  years  a  teacher 
in  Hartford,  died  in  March  1830;  his 
widow,  the  daughter  of  president  Eleazer 
Wheelock,  eminent  for  her  piety,  died  at 
Hartford  Dec.  5,  1831,  aged  91.  His 
son,  Dr.  William  P.,  minister  of  New- 
port, R.  I.,  is  still  living. — 3  Coll.  h.  i. 
IV.  282. 

PATTERSON,  William,  governor  of 
New  Jersey,  and  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  was  a  native 
of  New  Jersey  and  was  graduated  at  the 
college  in  that  state  in  1763.  He  wos  a 
member  of  the  convention  in  1787,  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  and 
his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instrument, 
When  the  new  government  commenced 
its  operations  in  1789  he  was  a  member  of 
the  senate  from  New  Jersey.  He  was 
chosen  governor  in  1790  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Livingston .  While  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  U.  S,  he  died  at 
Albany  ^ept.  9,  1806.  In  this  office  he 
was  succeeded  by  Brockholst  Livingston. 
He  was  an  able  statesman,  an  upright 
judge,  and  a  disinterested  friend  of  his 
country.     He  endured  the  sufferings  of 


k  lingering  and  distreming  diaeoae  with 
exemplary  patience.  When  he  saw,  that 
death  was  at  hand,  he  sent  for  a  minister 
to  receive  from  him  the  sacrament.  The 
judge  observed,  that  it  had  been  for  some 
time  past  his  intention  to  receive  that  sa- 
cred rite,  but  that  some  casualty  or  other 
had  always  prevented  him.  He  did  not 
wish  however  to  leave  the  world  before 
he  had  fulfilled  his  duty .  When  the  min- 
ister mentioned  the  qualifications,  which 
•re  required  of  those,  who  partake  of  thai 
holy  ordinance,  he  acquiesced  in  them  all, 
and  remarked  at  the  same  time,  that  he 
had  always  been  a  believer  in  the  truths 
of  Christianity  ;  that  the  only  point,  on 
which  he  had  over  entertained  any  doubt, 
was  the  divinity  of  the  Savior;  but  he  had 
long  since  examined  that  subject,  and 
satisfied  his  mind  upon  it ;  that  he  had 
now  no  hesitation  in  professing  his 
belief  in  all  the  doctrines  of  our  religion. 
He  then  received  the  communion  with  the 
utmost  devotion.  When  the  minister, 
as  he  retired,  expressed  his  apprehension, 
that  they  should  not  meet  again,  he  re- 
plied "yes,  I  trust  we  shall ;  we  shall  meet 
again  in  heaven." — Clarke's  fun.  aerm. 

PATTERSON,  Robert,  ll.  d., pres- 
ident of  the  American  philosophical  socie- 
ty, was  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland  May 
30,  1743.  In  1768  he  emigrated  to 
Philadelphia.  In  1774  he  was  appointed 
principal  of  the  academy  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware.  In  the  revolutionary  war  he 
acted  as  brigade  major.  In  1779  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  university  of  Penns.  and  then  vice- 
provost.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
of  the  same  name  in  1814.  In  1805  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  mint  of  the  U. 
S.  In  1819  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  A.  P.  Society.  He  died  July  22, 
1824,  aged  81.  In  the  transactions  of  the 
phil .  society  he  published  many  papers. 
A  remarkable  trait  of  his  character  was 
his  fervent  piety.  It  influenced  all  his 
conduct  from  his  youth.  He  was  an 
elder  of  the  Scotch  presbyterian  church 
nearly  half  a  century. 

PAUGUS,  sachem  of  Pigwawkett,was 
killed  near  the  pond  in  Fryeburg,  Me,  in 


836 


PAULDING. 


PAYSON. 


Lovcwell'a  fight,  April  18,  1735.  A 
man  by  the  name  of  Chamberlain  shot 
him. 

PAULDING,  John,  one  of  tlie  captors 
of  major  Andr^,  was  three  times  a  priso- 
nsr  with  the  enemy  in  New  York ;  twice 
he  escaped,  the  second  time  only  four 
days  before  Andr^  was  taken  ;  from  his 
third  imprisonment  he  was  released  by 
the  peace.  The  watch,  horse,  saddle 
and  bridle  of  Andr^,  with  80  dollars  in 
continental  bills,  were  retained  as  lawful 
prize,  being  the  property  of  an  enemy, 
and  were  sold  and  the  money  divided 
among  the  three  captors  and  four  others 
of  the  party,  who  were  keeping  a  look- 
out half  a  mile  distant.  Col.  Wm.  S. 
Smith  put  chased  the  watch  for  80  guin- 
eas. Ju(^e  Benson  states,  that  the 
watch  wai  sent  from  a  person  unknown 
to  lieut,  gov.  Elliot  in  New  York,  and  by 
him  sent  to  the  family  of  maj.  Andr^. — 
Paulding  and  his  companions.  Van  Wart 
and  Williams,  received  from  congress  a 
silver  medal,  on  one  side  of  which  was  a 
shield,  inscribed  "  FIDELITY,"  and  on 
the  other  the  motto,  "  VINCIT  AMOR 
PATRIiE  ;"  also  an  annuity  o«*  two 
hundred  dollars .  He  died  at  Yorktown, 
or  Staatsburg,  Feb.  13,  1818,  aged  59. 
The  corporation  of  New  York  in  1827 
erected  a  marble  monument  to  his  memo- 
ry in  the  church  yard,  two  miles  from 
Peekskill  village.  West  Chester  county. 
PAYSON,  Phillips,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Chelsea,  Mass.,  a  descendant  of  Edward 
P.,  who  lived  in  Roxbury  in  1640,  the 
grandson  of  Edward  P.,  the  fifth  minister 
of  Rowley,  and  the  son  of  Philips  P., 
minister  of  Walpole,  was  born  Jan.  18, 
1736.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1754.  From  the  time  of- his 
ordination,  Oct,  26,  1757,  he  continued 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  sacred  of- 
fice with  zeal  and  fidelity  till  his  death 
Jan.  11.  1801,  aged  64.  He  was  sticcee- 
ded  by  Mr.  Tuckerman.  During  the 
struggle,  which  terminated,  in  the  inde- 
pendence of  America,  Dr.  Payson  boldly 
advocated  the  cause  of  his  country.  As 
a  classical  scholar;  he  rose  to  distinction, 
and  many  young  men  received  the  rudi- 


ments of  their  education  under  him.  Hia 
acquaintance  with  astrc^oroy  and  natural 
philq|i>phy  is  evinced  by  his  tracts  in  the 
transact,  of  the  Amer.  acad.  of  arts  and 
sciences.  As  a  minister  he  was  the  friend 
and  father  of  his  people,  and  he  {rreached 
with  energy  of  diction  and  pathos  of  de- 
livery.j^  He  published  an  election  sermon, 
1778 ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  brother, 
Seth  Payson  of  Rindge,  1783 ;  on  the 
death  of  Washington,  1900.— Barnard's 
fun,  term.' ^ 

PAYSOwf  Seth,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Rindge,  N.  H.,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  horn  Sept.  19,  1758  ;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1777  ;  ordained 
Dec.  4,  1782  ;  and  died  Feb.  26,  1820, 
aged  61.  His  widow.  Grata,  died  in 
1 827.  He  possessed  superior  abilities  and 
was  a  plain,  faithful,  and  useful  preacher. 
He  was  a  trustee  of  Dartmouth  college 
and  a  member  of  the  American  foreign 
mission  society .  He  published  Proofs  of 
ilUiminism,  an  abstract  of  Robincon  and 
Barruel,  12mo.  1802  ;  two  fast  sermons, 
1803  ;  on  the  death  of  J.  Gushing,  1806; 
of  L.  Pillsberry,  1819  ;  at  the  ordination 
of  J.  Converse,  1806. 

PAYSON,  Edward,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Portland,Maine,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  July  25,  1783;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1803  ;  and  for  three 
years  was  the  teacher  of  an  academy  at 
Portland.  At  this  period  the  death  of  a 
brother  had  a  favorable  influence  on  his 
religious  character,  and  he  engaged  with 
a  pious  zeal,  which  continued  through  life, 
in  the  cause  of  Jesus  Christ.  He  was 
ordained,  as  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Kellogg, 
Dec.  16,  1807;  he  afterwards  became  the 
sole  pastor  of  a  new  church,  and  died 
Oct.  22,  1827,  aged  44.  His  successor  is 
Dr.  Tyler.  In  his  distressing  sicknsss  he 
displayed  in  the  most  interesting  and  im- 
pressive manner  the  power  of  Christian 
faith.  Smitten  down  in  the  midst  of  his 
days  and  usefulness,  he  was  entirely  re- 
signed to  the  divine  will,  for  he  perceived 
distinctly,  that  the  infinite  wisdom  of 
God  could  not  err  in  the  direction  of 
events,  and  it  was  his  joy,  that  God  reign- 
eth .    His  mind  rose  over  bodily  pain,  and 


PEABODY. 


687 


in  the  strong  visions  of  eternity  he  seem- 
ed almost  to  lose  the  sense  of  sufTering. 
During  about  30  years  he  vftn  exclusive- 
ly devoted  to  the  worlt  of  the  ministry 
with  increasi^ usefulness,  being  the  in- 
strument of  We  conversion  to  the  christ- 
ian faith  of  some  hundreds  of  his  hearers. 
He  repeatedly  declined  invitations  to  re- 
move to  Boston  and  New  York.  Among 
his  uncommon  intellectual  powers,  a  rich 
fancy  was  the  most  conspicuous.  With- 
out any  of  the  graces  of  the  orator,  his 
preaching  had  the  eloquence  of  truth  and 
feeling.  In  his  prayers  especially  there 
was  a  solemnity,  fulness,  originality,  va- 
riety, pathos,  and  Bublimity,  seldom 
equalled.  Some  of  his  discourses,  on 
whish  he  bestowed  labor,  exhibit  a  polish- 
ed taste  and  much  grace  and  beauty  of 
language.  His  eloquent  address  to  the 
Bible  society  hps  been  published  as  one 
of  the  Tracts  of  the  American  tract  soci- 
ety. He  published  a  discourse  on  the 
worth  of  the  Bible  ;  an  address  to  sea- 
men ;  and  a  thanksgiving  sermon.  A 
memoir  of  his  Ufe  by  Asa  Cummings  was 
published,  3d.  edit.  1830  ;  a  volume  of 
Sermons,  8vo.  1838 ;  another  volume, 
13mo.  1831. 

PEABODY,  Oliver,  minister  of  Na- 
tick,  Mass.,  and  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians, was  born  in  Boxford  in  1698,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1731. 
He  was  pious  in  early  life,  and  while  in 
college  was  preparing  for  the  ministry. 
Employed  by  the  commissioners  for  prop- 
agating the  gospel,  he  preached  first  at 
Natick  Aug.  6,  1731 ;  there  were  then 
but  two  families  of  white  people  in  the 
town.  The  Indian  church,  which  the 
apostolic  Eliot  had  founded,  was  now 
extinct,  the  Indian  preacher,  Daniel  Tab- 
howompait  having  died  in  1716  ;  and  all 
records  were  lost.  A  new  church  was 
formed  Dec.  3,  1 730,  consisting  of  three 
Indians  and  5  white  persons,  and  he  was 
ordained  at  Cambridge  Dec.  I7th. 
Through  his  influence  many  of  the  In- 
diana were  induced  to  abandon  their  sav- 
age mode  of  living  and  to  attend  to  hus- 
bandry as  the  means  of  subsistence  ;  he 
had   the  happiness  to  see  many  of  the 


Indian  families  with  comfortable  houses, 
cultivated  fields,  and  flourishing  orchards. 
But  his  chief  aim  was  to  teach  them  the 
religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  There  were 
added  to  the  church  in  the  first  year  33 
persons,  several  of  whom  were  Indians  ; 
in  July  1743  he  stated,  that  in  the  two 
preceding  years  about  50  had  been  recei- 
ved into  the  church.  Against  the  vice 
of  intemperance  among  the  Indians  he 
set  himself  with  great  zeal  and  much  suc- 
cess. During  his  residence  at  Natick  he 
baptized  189  Indians,  and  433  whites  ; 
and  he  received  to  the  church  35  Indians 
and  30  whites  ;  and  there  died  35r  In- 
dians, of  whom  one  was  110  years  old. 
During  one  season  he  went  on  a  mission 
to  the  Mohegans.  He  died  in  great 
peace  Feb.  3,  1753,  aged  53.  His  wife 
was  Hannah,  d  ughter  of  Rev.  Joseph 
Baxter  of  Medfield.  His  eldest  son,  Oli- 
ver, ordained  at  Roxbury  ill  Nov.  1750, 
died  in  May  1753;  he  had  11  other  chil- 
dren. His  successor  at  Natick  was 
Stephen  Badger,  under  whom  the  Indians 
degenerated,  and  the  Indian  church  he- 
came  almost  again  extinct.  After  Mr. 
B.,  the  ministers  were  Freeman,  Sears, 
and  Martin  Moore.  Mr.  Peabody  was 
eminently  pious  and  greatly  beloved  and 
lamented.  He  published  artillery  election 
sermon,  1733  ;  on  a  good  and  bad  hope 
of  salvation,  1743. — Panopl.  vii.  49-56. 
PEABODY,  Nathaniel,  a  physician 
and  revolutionary  patriot,  was '  born  at 
Topsfield,  Mass.,  March  1,  1741  ;  his 
father,  Jacob  P.,  a  physician,  removed  to 
Leominster  in  1.-45  and  died  in  17-58; 
his  mother,Susanna,  was  the  daughter  of 
John  Rogers,  minister  for  50  years  of 
Boxford,  and  a  descendant  of  the  martyr. 
Having  studied  with  his  father,  he  set- 
tled at  Atkinson,  New  Hampshire,  and 
had  extensive  practice.  In  Oct.  1774  he 
was  appointed  a  lieutenant  colonel  and  in 
Dec.  he  accompanied  Langdon,  Bartlett, 
and  Sullivan  in  the  capture  of  fort  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  at  Newcastle.  As  a 
member  of  the  legislature  his  patriotic 
services  were  important.  In  1778  he 
was  adjutant  general  of  the  militia,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.      Being  appointed  a 


688 


PEABODY. 


PEARSON. 


delegate  to  congress,  he  took  his  seat 
June  22,  1779,  and  was  a  very  useful 
member.  In  1780  he  was  with  Philip 
Schuyler  and  J,  Matthews,  on  the  com- 
mittee of  congress,  to  repair  to  head  quar- 
ters for  the  general  improvement  of  the 
military  system.  It  was  a  laborious  ser- 
vice ;  his  zeal  and  labors  were  commen- 
ded by  Greene,  R.  H.  Lee,  and  others. 
In  the  autumn  he  resigned  his  seat.  In 
subsequent  years  he  was  a  representative, 
senator,  and  councillor  ;  in  1793  he 
was  appointed  a  maj.  gen.  of  the  militia. 
During  several  of  the  last  years  of  his  life 
he  was  for  debt  confined  to  the  limits  of 
the  prison  at  Exeter,where  he  died  June 
97,  1823,  aged  82.  This  old  revolutiona- 
ry patriot,  and  Robert  Morris,  whose 
financial  operations  contributed  in  a  very 
high  degree  to  the  success  of  Washing- 
ton and  the  establishment  of  American 
independence,  both  died  in  prison,  not  for 
crime  but  debt.  When  will  laws,  which 
«re  remnants  of  a  barbarous  age,  be  re- 
pealed .'  Gen,  Peabody  left  no  child  ; 
his  aged  widow  survived  him .  He  was  a 
man  of  humor  and  wit.  In  his  politics 
he  was  a  decided  republican.  Notwith- 
standing his  patriotism  and  public  servi- 
ces, he  had  some  faults  ;  he  was  vain  and 
obstinate,  and  in  middle  life  fond  of  dress 
Und  parade.  Being  a  good  horseman,  he 
expended  much  money  in  the  purchase  of 
elegant  horses,  and  travelled  with  a  ser- 
vant. If  there  is  no  excuse  for  hia  ex- 
travagance ;  yet  he  asserted,  that  his 
ynisfortunos  were  owing  to  his  losses  by 
suretyship  and  the  misconduct  of  his 
agents  and  pretended  friends. — Farmer^a 
collect.  III.  1-16  ;  Thacher. 

PEABOD  Y.Oliver,  judge  .was  born  at 
Andover,  Mass., Aug.  22, 1752,  and  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1773.  Hav- 
ing studied  law,  he  about  1788  settled  at 
Exeter,  N.  H.  He  was  judge  of  probate 
from  1790  till  1793;  treasurer  of  the 
state  from  1794  to  1805  ;  sheriff  of  the 
county  from  1805  to  1810;  judge  of  the 
common  pleas  from  1813  to  1816;  and 
repeatedly  a  senator.  Three  times  he 
was  an  elector  of  president  and  vice  pres- 
ident,    In  all  his  stations  he  acquitted 


himself  with  dignity  and  integrity.  He 
died  at  Exeter  Aug.  3,  1831,  aged  79. 
His  two  sons,  twins,  Oliver  Wm.  Bourn 
P.,&  Wm.  Bourn  Oliver  P.  a  lawyer  &  a 
ministcr,known  as  men  of  literature,  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1816. 

PEALE,  Charles  Wilson,  the  founder 
of  the  Philadelphia  museum,  was  born  at 
Charlestown,  Maryland,  in  1741,  and,was 
apprenticed  to  a  saddler  at  Annapolis. 
He  became  also  a  silver  smith,  watch  ma- 
ker and  carver ;  he  was  a  po'rtrait  painter, 
a  naturalist  and  preserver  of  animals,  a 
skilful  dentist,  and  the  inventor  of  various 
machines.'  Carrying  a  handsome  saddle 
to  Hesselius,  a  portrait  painter  in  his 
neighborhood,  he  begged  him  to  explain 
to  him  the  mystery  of  putting  colorp  on 
canvas.  Repairing  to  England,  ha 
studied  under  Mr.  West  in  1770  and 
1771.  After  his  return  he  was  for  about 
15  years  the  only  portrait  painter  in  N. 
America.  In  the  war  he  was  at  the  head 
ofa  company  in  the  battles  of  Trenton 
and  Germantown.  At  Philadelphia  he 
opened  a  picture  gallery,  in  which  were 
the  portraits  ofmany  officers  of  the  army. 
Opening  a  museum,  he  procured  an  al- 
most entire  skeleton  of  a  mammoth  from 
Ulster  county,  N.  York,  at  an  expense 
of  5,000  dollars.  His  museum  at  length 
became  extensive .  He  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  on  natural  history  ;  and  zeal- 
ously supported  the  acr  Vmy  of  fine  arts. 
After  a  life  of  toil  and  temperance  he  died 
in  Feb.  1327,  aged  85.  His  sons  have 
been  distinguished  as  painters.  Rapha- 
elle  P.,  the  eldest,  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  March  1825,  aged  52. — jEnc.   Jlmer. 

PEARSON,  Eliphalet,  ll.d.,  profes- 
sor of  Hebrew  and  oriental  languages  at 
Harvard  college,  was  a  desendant  of  John 
P.,  who  came  from  England  and  settled 
at  Rowley  in  1647,  and  died  Nov.  2, 
1697,  aged  82.  He  was  born  in  1752  ; 
graduated  in  1773  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  a  distinguished  professor 
from  1786  to  1806,  and  after  his  removal 
from  Cambridge  the  first  professor  of  sa- 
cred literature  in  the  theological  seminary 
at  Andover  from  1808  to  1809,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  Moses  Stuart.      He 


PECK. 


PEMBERTON. 


689 


died  at  Greenland,  N.  H.,  at  the  house 
of  his  son  in  law,  Rev,  Mr.  Abbot,  in 
Sept.  1826,  aged  74.  Dr.  Pearson,  be- 
sides teaching  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  was 
also  a  lecturer  on  grammar  and  the  teach- 
er of  rhetoric,  in  which  capacity  his  taste, 
and  skill,  and  severity  of  criticism  had  a 
most  beneficial  effect  on  the  style  of 
composition  at  the  college.  He  was  a 
learned  and  able  instructer.  At  the 
opening  of  the  seminary,  Sept.  28,  1808, 
he  was  ordained  as  a  preacher.  He  pub- 
lished a  lecture  on  the  death  of  pres.Wil- 
lard,  1804  ;  a  discourse  before  the  society 
for  promoting  Chr.  knowledge,  1811 ;  on 
the  death  of  madam  Phillips,  1812;  at 
the  ordination  of  E.  Abbot,  1813  ;  before 
the  education  society,  1815. 

FECK,  William  Dandridge,  professor 
of  natural  history  at  Harvard  college,  was 
born  in  Boston  May  8,  1763.  His  father, 
John  P.,  an  ingenious  ship  vvright,  at 
the  siege  of  Boston  in  1776  removed  to 
Braintree  and  afterwards  to  Kittery,  Me. 
— After  he  was  graduated  in  1782.  he 
passed  a  few  years  in  the  counting  house 
of  Mr.  Russell,  a  merchant,  in  Boston  ; 
and  then  repaired  to  his  father's  house, 
where  he  spent  20  years  of  his  life,  seclu- 
ded from  the  world,  but  occupied  in  the 
pursuits  of  natural  history.  Whatever  he 
attempted  to  study,  he  studied  profound- 
ly. It  was  chiefly  for  his  benefit,  that 
some  of  his  friends  promoted  a  subscrip- 
tion for  a  professorship  of  natural  history 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  elected  the  first 
professor  March  27,  1805,  and  subse- 
quently spent  three  years  in  Europe.  He 
died  at  Cambrid2;e  Oct.  3, 1822,  aged  59. 
He  left  one  son  ;  his  wife  was  Ha/riet, 
the  daughter  of  Rev.  Timothy  Hilliard. 
Mr.  P., like  his  father,  was  a  most  ingen- 
ious artist;  he  made  a  microscope,and  the 
most  delicate  instruments,  for  which  he 
had  occasion.  He  found  amusement  at 
the  lathe  after  he  had  lost  the  use  of  one 
of  his  hands  by  the  palsy.  At  the  age  of 
30  he  was  baptized  by  bishop  Bass,  as  he 
preferred  the  worship  of  the  episcopal 
church.  He  published  an  account  of  the 
sea-serpent  in  memoirs  of  A.  A.  iv.  and  a 
few  other  articles. — 2  Hist.  col.  x.  161, 


PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  minister 
in  Boston,  the  son  of  James  P.,  one  of 
the  founders  of  tjie  old  south  church,was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1691 
and  was  afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  semi- 
nary. He  died  Feb.  13, 1717,  aged  44. 
His  wife,  Mary  Clark,  survived  him  and 
married  Henry  Lloyd,  the  father  of  Dr. 
Lloyd.  He  left  one  son  and  three  daugh- 
ters. He  was  a  very  eminent  preacher. 
He  wrote  in  a  style  strong,  argumentative, 
and  eloquent.  With  great  powers  of 
mind  and  extensive  learning  he  united  a 
zeal,  which  flamed.  His  paiisions,  when 
excited,were  impetuous  and  violent ;  but, 
when  free  from  the  excitement  of  any 
unpleasant  circumstance,  he  was  mild 
and  soft.  The  talent  of  reasoning  he 
possessed  in  a  high  degree  ;  and  he  wa3_a 
master  of  speech.  He  was  a  faithful  ser- 
vant of  Jesus  Christ,  preaching  the 
gospel  with  zeal,  and  exhibiting  in  his  life 
the  Christian  virtues.  In  prayer  he  was 
copious  and  fervent.  His  sermons  were 
illuminating,  practical  and  pathetic,  and 
delivered  with  very  uncommon  fervor. 
Towards  the  close  his  life  he  was  afflicted 
with  much  pain  ;  but  under  his  weakness 
and  infirmity  he  was  enabled  to  do  much 
for  the  honor  of  his  master  and  the  good 
of  his  lirethren.  His  election  sermon 
preached  1710  entitled  the  divine  original 
and  dijjnity  of  goveinment  asserted  and 
an  andvantageous  prospect  of  the  ruler's 
mortality  recommended,  is  much  and 
justly  celebrated.  It  is  reprinted  in  a 
volume  L'f  sermons,  which  was  published 
in  1727. 

PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  y).  d., 
minister  in  Boston,  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, '.vas  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1721 .  After  he  began  to  preach,  he 
was  invited  in  April  1727  by  the  presby- 
terian  church  in  N,  York  to  succeed  Mr. 
Anderson,  the  first  minister,  with  the 
request,  that  he  would  be  ordained  in 
Boston.  This  ceremony  was  accordingly 
performed  Aug  9th.  Through  his  ben- 
t  volent  exertions  the  congregation  was 
greatly  increased,  so  as  to  be  able  to 
build  an  edifice  of  stone  in  1748.  In 
1750  A.  Cumming,  afterwards  minister 


640 


PEMBERTON. 


PENN. 


ia  BoBton,  was  settled  as  hi3  colleague  ; 
but  both  were  dismissed  about  the  year 
1763,  the  former  on  account  of  indispo- 
sition, and  Mr.  Pemberton  through  tri- 
fling contentions,  kindled  by  ignorance, 
and  bigotry.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Bostwick.  Being  installed  minister  of 
the  new  brick  church  in  Boston  March 
6;  1754,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Welsteed, 
he  continued  in  that  place  till  his  death, 
Sept.  9,  1777,  aged  72.  Dr.  Lathrop's 
society,  whose  meeting  house  had  been 
destroyed  by  the  British,  united  with 
Mr.  Pemberton's  in  1779. — He  was  a 
man  of  a  devotional  spirit,  who  wus  zeal- 
ous and  respectable  in  his  ministerial 
work.  He  published  a  sermon  before 
the  synod,  1731  ;  before  the  commission- 
ers of  the  synod,  1735  ;  sermons  on  sev- 
eral subjects,  8vo.  1738  ;  practical  dis- 
courses on  various  texts,  12mt).  Boston, 
1741  ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Nicoll,  1743  ; 
of  Mr.  Whitefield,  1770  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  Mr.  Brainerd,  1744  ;  of  J.  Story, 
1771  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1756  ; 
election  sermon,  1757  ;  salvation  by 
grace  through  faith  illustrated  and  con- 
firmed in  eight  sermons,  8vo.  1774. — 
Smith's  N.  Y.  192,  193  ;  Collect,  hist, 
eoc.  in.  261. 

PEMBERTON,  Thomas,  eminent 
for  his  acquaintance  with  American  his- 
tory, was  born  in  Boston  in  1728  and 
for  many  years  pursued  the  mercantile 
employment.  He  died  July  5,  1807,  aged 
79,  having  lived  a  bachelor,  devoting 
regularly  apart  of  each  day  to  his  studies 
and  to  visiting  his  friends.  He  contribu- 
ted almost  a  ninth  part  to  the  collections 
of  the  historical  society.  Of  this  insti- 
tution he  was  a  member,  &  he  bequeath- 
ed to  it  all  his  manuscripts.  He  wrote 
f.  Mass.  chronology  of  the  eighteenth 
century ,containing  the  remarkable  events 
of  every  year,  biogiaphical  notices  of 
eminent  men,  &c.  in  five  MS.  volumes. 
This  work  was  used  by  Dr.  Holmes  in 
compiling  his  annals.  His  MS.  memo- 
randa, historical  and  biographical,  make 
about  fifteen  volumes.  His  hist,  journal 
of  the  war  is  in  Hist.  col.  ji. 

PENDLETON,    Edmmid,  a  distin- 


guished statesman  of  Virginia,  was  a 
member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774,  and 
was  again  appointed  at  the  next  choice, 
but  in  Aug.  1775  he  declined  a  third 
election  on  account  of  his  ill  health.,  He 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia  with 
Blair  and  Wythe,  and  was  its  president 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1787  he  was 
appointed  president  of  the  convention  of 
^'irginia,  which  met  to  consider  the  con- 
sritution  of  the  U.  S.,  and  all  the  weight 
of  his  character  and  talents  aided  its  adop- 
tion .  After  the  government  was  organ- 
ized, he  was  in  1789  appointed  by  Wash- 
ington dis'rict  judge  for  Virginia,  but,  as 
he  declined  this  ollice,  Cyrus  Griffin  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  In  1798,  when 
the  difficulties  between  this  country  and 
France  approached  almost  to  a  rupture, 
the  venerable  patriarch,  as  the  late  presi- 
dent Adams  calls  him,  published  a  pamph- 
let, protesting  against  a  war  with  a  sister 
republic.  He  died  at  Richmond  Oct. 
26,  1803,  aged  82. 

PENHALLOW,  Samuel,  judge,  his- 
torian of  Indian  wars,  was  born  ia  Cor.".- 
!  wall,  England,  July  2,   1665  ;  came  to 
this  country   in    1686;  and  settled     at 
I  Portsmouth,  where  he  was  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court  in  1714,  and  chief  jus- 
tice from  1717  till  his  death.      He  died 
j  Dec.  2,  1726,  ageil   60.      His  wife  was 
I  Mary,  daughter  of  president  Cutt.     He 
j  published  a  narrative  of  the  wars  of  N. 
1  England  with  the  eastern   Indians  from 
!  1703  to  1726,  printed  1726;  reprinted  in 
j  in  N.  H.  hist  col.  i. 

PENN,  William,  the  founder  of  Penn- 
I  sylvania,  was  born   in   London,  Oct.  14, 
I  1644,  and  in  the  15th  year  of  his  age  en- 
1  tered  as  a  gentleman  commoner  of  a  col- 
I  lege  in  Oxford.     His  genius  was  bright 
j  and  his  imagination  lively.      Being  im- 
j  pressed  by  the  preaching  of  an  itinerant 
quaker,  he,  with  a  number  of  other  stu- 
dents, withdrew  from  the  established  wor- 
ship, and   held  meetings  by  themselves. 
He  was  fined  for  the  sin  of  nonconfor- 
mity ;  but  this  only  confirmed  him  in  his 
principles.      He  was  then  expelled  in  the 
16th  year  of  his  age.     Next  followed  the 


PENN. 


641 


discipline  of  his  fatherj  which  was  also 
inciTectual  to  reclaim  him.  Being  sent  to 
France  Tor  the  refinement  of  his  manners, 
he  passed  two  years  in  that  country,  learn- 
ed its  language,  and  acquired  its  polite- 
ness. He  then  studied  law  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  till  the  plague  broke  out  in  1 663.  He 
was  sent  to  Ireland  in  1666  to  manage  an 
estate  of  his  father  ;  but  he  there  associ- 
ated himself  with  the  quakers,  and  in  con- 
sen  uence  he  was  recalled.  He  could  not 
be  pursuaded  to  take  off  his  hat  in  the 
presence  of  the  king>  or  his  father.  For 
this  inflexibility  he  was  turned  out  of 
doors  ;  upon  which  he  commenced  the 
toils  of  an  itinerant  preacher,  and  gained 
many  proselytes.  Though  sometimes 
imprisoned,  he  was  persevering,  and  such 
was  hia  integrity  and  patience,  that  his 
father  became  reconciled  to  him.  In 
16G8  he  published  a  book  entitled  "the 
sandy  foundation  shaken,"  for  which  he 
was  imprisoned  7  months.  In  vindica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  this  book,  he 
wrote  during  his  confinement  his  "inno- 
cency  with  her  open  face,"  &  also  his  fa- 
mous work,"no  cross  no  crown."  In  1670 
he  was  apprehended  for  preaching  in  the 
street,  and  was  tried  at  the  old  Bailey, 
where  he  pleaded  his  own  cause  with  the 
magnanimity  of  a  hero.  The  jury  return- 
ed their  verdict  "not  guilty."  On  the 
death  of  his  father  he  received  a  plentiful 
estate ;  but  he  continued  to  preach,  to 
write,  and  to  iravel  as  before.  He  was 
shut  up  in  the  tower  and  in  Newgate. 
On  his  release  he  preached  in  Holland  and 
Germany.  It  was  owing  to  his  exertions, 
in  conjunction  with  Barclay  and  Keith, 
that  the  fraternity  was  formed  into  order. 
Some  debts  being  due  to  his  father,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  from  the  crown  and  as 
the.e  was  no  prospect  of  payment  very 
soon  in  any  other  mode,  Penn  solicited  a 
grant  of  lands  in  America,  and  in  1681 
obtained  a  charter  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
colony  was  planted  in  che  same  year, 
though  before  this  time  some  Dutch  and 
Swedeii  had  settled  in  the  province.  In 
1682  Penn  himself  arrived,  and  establish- 
ed a  government,  allowing  perfect  liberty 
of  conscience.  He  made  honest  purcha- 
81 


sea  of  the  Indians,  and  treated  them  with 
great  tenderness.  He  formed  a  plan  of 
a  capital  city  and  called  it  Philadel- 
phia. Two  years  after  it  wa*  founded,  it 
contained  2,000  inhaLit&uts.  In  1684 
Mr.  Penn  returned  lo  England.  One 
great  motive  for  his  return  was  to  exert 
his  influence  in  favor  of  his  s'jffering 
brethren  in  Great  Britain.  He  exerted 
it  with  success,  and  1 ,300  quakers,  who 
had  been  confined  in  prison,  were  set  at 
liberty.  While  he  remained  in  England 
he  was  suspected  of  being  a  papist,  and 
an  enemy  to  his  country,  and  was  several 
times  arrested.  But  he  continued  his 
preaching  and  increased  his  controversial 
writings.  In  1699,  after  15  years' ab- 
sence the  American  Lycurgus  revisited 
his  province.  Having  made  some  altera- 
tion in  the  government,  he  sailed  again 
for  England  in  1701.  He  resumed  his 
favorite  employment,  and  continued  it  for 
a  number  ofyears.  In  1712  he  was  seized 
by  a  paralytic  disorder  and  died  July  30, 
1718, 'aged  73.  Notwithstanding  his 
large  paternal  inheritance  he  was  contin- 
ually subject  to  the  importunity  of  his 
creditors,  and  obliged  to  mortgage  his  es« 
tate.  His  death  prevented  his  surrender- 
ing his  province  to  the  crown.  His  pos- 
terity held  it  till  the  revolution,  his  last 
surviving  son,  Thomas  Penn,  dying  in 
l775.  Mr.  Penn  was  a  man  of  great  abil- 
ities, of  quick  thought  and  ready  utter- 
ance, of  mildness  of  disposition  and  exten- 
sive charity.  He  was  learned  without 
vanity,  facetious  in  conversation,  yet 
weighty  and  serious,  of  an  extraordinary 
greatness  of  mind,  yet  void  of  the  stain 
of  ambition.  He  published  a  multitude 
of  tracts  large  and  small.  The  following 
is  the  title  of  his  principal  Works  ;  no 
cross  no  crown,  or  several  sober  reasons 
against  hat  honor,  titular  respects,  you  to 
a  single  person,  &c,  4to.  1669  ;  serious 
apol->9;y  for  the  people,  called  quakers, 
at'iiist  Jeremy  Taylor,  4to.  1669;  the 
spirit  of  truth  vindicated  in  answer  to  a 
Socinian.  4to.  1672;  qu'kerism  a  new 
nickname  for  old  Christianity,  8vo.  1672  ; 
reason  against  railing,  and  truth  agairiet 
fiction,  8vo.  1673  ;  the  Christian  quaker 


643 


PENN. 


PEPPERELL. 


r'i  ' 


and  his  clivino  testimony  vindicated,  folio, 
1674.  Hia  select  works  have  lately  been 
published  in  5vols.  6vo,-Belknap's  Jlmer. 
biog.  II.  38 1-4 50. 

PENN,  John,  n  patriot  of  the  revolu- 
tion,^ the  son  of  Moses  P.,  was  born  in 
Virginia  May  17,  1741.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  greatly  neglected  ;  he  went  to 
school  only  two  or  three  years.  At  the 
age  of  18,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
inherited  a  competent  fortune.  Instead 
of  plunging  into  vicious  excesses,  he  re- 
solved to  acquire  knowledge  and  study 
law.  The  library  of  his  relative,  Edmund 
Pendleton,  was  opened  to  him.  He  be- 
came a  self  taught  lawyer,  a  distinguished 
advocate.  In  1774  he  removed  to  North 
Carolina.  Being  a  member  of  congress 
from  1775  to  1779,  he  signed  the  declara- 
tion of  independence.  He  died  in  Sept. 
1788,  aged  AT  .—Goodrich. 

PENNSYLVANIA,  one  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  granted  by  king  Charles 
II  to  William  Penn  March  4,  1681,  and 
in  this  year  a  colony  commenced  a  settle- 
ment above  the  confluence  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill with  the  Delaware.  In  the  following 
year  the  proprietary  published  a  frame  of 
government  and  a  body  of  laws.  All 
legislative  powers  were  vested  in  the  gov- 
ernor and  freemen  of  the  province  in  the 
provincial  council,  and  a  general  assem- 
bly. The  governor  had  a  treble  vote  in 
the  council,  which  consisted  of  seventy 
two  members,  chosen  by  the  people,  and 
the  assembly  at  first  embraced  all  the  free- 
men, but  as  the  colony  increased  it  was 
limited  to  five  hundred.  Liberty  of  con- 
science was  extended  to  all.  A  treaty 
was  immediately  held  with  the  natives, 
and  the  purchase  of  the  soil  was  com- 
menced. The  friendly  intercourse  with 
the  Indians,  which  was  now  begun,  was 
not  interrupted  for  more  than  seventy 
years.  The  first  settlers  of  Pennsylvania 
were  chiefly  quakers,  who  hed  suflered 
persecution  on  account  of  their  religion. 
In  1683  the  first  assembly  was  held  at 
PI  Madelphia,  and  a  new  frame  of  govern- 
ment was  adopted,  by  which  the  council 
was  reduced,  and  the  governor  vested 
with  a  negative  upon  all  bills,  passed  in 


the  assembly .  Mr.  Penn  being  soon  call- 
ed to  England,  he  intrusted  the  govern- 
ment to  five  commissioners.  In  1688  he 
appointed  a  deputy,  and  in  1701  gave  the 
people  the  last  charter  of  privileges.  From 
this  period  the  government  was  chiefly 
administered  by  deputies,  appointed  by 
ihe  proprietaries,  who  usually  resided  in 
England.  Jealousies  aroce  between  the 
people  and  their  governors,  and  disputes 
and  dissensions  existed  till  the  revolution. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  struggle 
with  Great  Britain  the  proprietary  gov- 
ernment was  abolished.  The  constitu- 
tion then  adopted  recognised  a  legisla- 
ture of  but  one  branch.  Parties  were 
formed,  those,  who  disapproved  of  it,  be- 
ing styled  republicans,  and  its  friends 
constitutionalists.  The  government  of 
the  state  was  alternately  in  the  hands  of 
these  parties,  till  at  length  the  republicans 
triumphed,  and  the  present  constitution 
was  established  by  a  convention  Sept.  2, 
1790.  It  vests  the  legislative  power  n  a 
general  assembly,  consisting  of  a  senate 
and  a  house  of  representatives,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  former  to  be  chosen  for  four 
years,  and  of  the  latter  annually.  The 
governor  is  elected  for  three  years,  and 
can  be  chosen  only  thrice  in  12  years,  and 
no  bill  can  pass  without  his  assent,  unless 
two  thirds  of  both  houses  are  in  favor  of 
it.  The  judges  of  the  courts  are  liable  to 
removal  for  any  reasonable  cause  on  an 
address  of  two  thirds  of  each  branch  of 
the  legislature  to  the  governor.  In  1794  an 
alarming  insurrection  occurred  in  the 
western  counties  of  this  state,  through 
discontent  with  an  excise  upon  whiskey } 
but  by  the  decisive  measures  of  the  gen- 
eral government  it  was  quelled  almost 
without  bloodshed.  In  1809  a  part  of 
the  militia  of  Philadelphia  was  by  the 
governor  arrayed  against  the  U.  States 
by  obstructing  a  process  of  the  supreme 
court ;  but  the  federal  authority  in  ashort 
lime  quietly  prevailed. — Fraud's  hist. 
Pennsylvania. 

PEPPERELL,  Sir  William,  lieuten- 
ant general,  was  born  at  Kittery  point, 
Maine,  1696,  and  was  bred  a  merchant ; 
his  father,  William  P.,  a  native  of  Corn- 


PEPPERELL. 


643 


wall,  England,  Nettled  at  the  Isle  of 
Shoals  as  a  fisherman  about  1676,  and  al- 
ter acquiring  some  property  removed  to 
Kittery,  where  he  died  Feb.  15,  1734.— 
He  vfta  an  only  son.  One  of  his  sisters 
married  John  Newmarch.  About  the 
year  1727  he  was  chosen  one  of  his  majes- 
ty'a  council,  and  was  annually  re-elected 
thirty  two  years  till  his  death.  Living 
in  a  country  exposed  to  a  ferocious  en- 
emy,he  was  well  fitted  for  the  situation, 
in  which  he  was  placed,for  it  pleased  God 
to  give  him  a  vigorous  frame,  and  a  mind 
of  a  firm  texture,  and  of  great  calmness 
in  danger.  He  rose  to  the  highest  mili- 
tary honors,  which  his  country  could 
bestow  upon  him,  When  the  expedition 
against  Louisbourg  was  contemplated,  he 
was  commissioned  by  the  governors  of 
New  England  to  command  the  troops. 
He  invested  the  city  in  the  beginning  of 
May  1745.  Articles  of  capitulation  were 
soon  afterwards  signed.  There  was  a 
remarkable  series  of  providences  in  the 
whole  afiiiir,  and  Mr.  Pepperell  ascribed 
his  unparalleled  success  to  the  God  of 
armies.  The  king  in  reward  of  his  servi- 
ces conferred  upon  him  the  dignity  of  a 
baronet  of  Great  Britain,  an  honor  never 
before  nor  since  conferred  on  a  native  of 
New  England.  He  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant general  in  Feb.  1759.  He  died 
at  his  seat  in  Kittery,  Ma'.:e,  July  6, 
1759,  aged  63  years.  He  married,  March 
16,  1723,  Mary  Hirst,  the  daughter  of 
Grove  Hirst  of  Boston,  and  the  grand- 
daughter of  judge  Sewall.  When  he 
first  saw  her  in  1722  at  the  house 
of  her  relative.  Rev.  Samuel  Moody 
of  York,  his  visit  was  very  unwelcome 
to  Joseph,  the  son  of  Mr.  M.,  who  in  his 
journal  has  recorded,  that  he  was  bewil- 
dered by  the  attractions  of  the  young 
lady.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  pretensions 
of  the  school-master  could  not  rival  those 
of  colonel  P.,  the  heir  of  a  man  of 
wealt,h,%vho  also  conducted  the  affair  with 
much  skill,  making  presents  of  gold  rings, 
and  a  large  hoop,  and  other  articles  of 
dress,  thus  awakening  a  little  vanity, 
which  drew  upon  Miss  Hirst,  who  in  the 
preceding  year  had  made  a  profession  of 


religion,  the  remonstrances  of  her  sober 
friends. — He  had  two  children; — a  daugh- 
ter, born  Dec.  29,  1723,  who  married 
col.  Nathaniel  Sparhawk,  and  whose  son, 
a  loyalist  in  the  revolution,  having  as- 
sumed the  name  and  title  of  sir  Wm.  P., 
died  in  London  Dec.  17, 1816,  when  the 
title  become  extinct ;  and  a  son,  Andrew, 
who  died  March  1,  1751,  aged  25.  The 
following  letter,  written  the  day  before 
the  death  of  his  son,  exhibits  the  anguish 
of  the  parental  heart  and  shows  iiow 
worthless,  compared  with  other  blessings 
ofprovidence,are  high  honors  and  distinc- 
tions.— "Dear  Christian  Friends, — The 
great,  but  holy,  just,  and  good  God  is 
come  out  against  us  in  his  holy  anger. 
0  may  it  be  fatherly  anger ! — He  is  bring- 
ing our  sins  to  rem'mbrance,  and  seems 
to  be  slaying  our  only  son.  0  pray! 
pray !  pray !  for  us,  that  the  Lord  would 
keep  us  from  dishonoring  his  great  name 
in  our  distress  and  anguish  of  soul,  that 
he  would  support  us  under  and  carry  us 
through  what  he  shall  in  his  sovereign 
pleasure  bring  upon  us,  and,  if  it  be  liis 
blessed  will,  that  our  child  may  be  yet 
spared  to  us,  and  sanctified,  and  made  a 
blessing. — Pity  us!  O  our  Friends,  and 
cry  mightily  to  God  for  us. — We  are 
your  distressed  friends. 

Wm.  Pepperell. 
Mary  Pepperell. 
Dear   cousin    Gerrish,  let  our  case  be 
known  to  christian  friends  along  the  road, 
and  carry  this  letter,  as  soon  as  you  get  to 
town,  to  one  of  the  ministers  to  whom  it 
is  directed.        Kittery,  Feb.  28,  1750. 
To  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sewall, 

Mr.  Prince, 

Mr.  Foxcroft, 

Dr.  Chauncy,  &c.  &c.  &c., 
at  Boston." 
He  had  a  high  relish  for  the  pleasvres  of 
society  and  was  the  life  and  spirit  of  every 
company.  Though  not  without  his 
faults,  he  yet  respected  the  christian 
cha'acter.  During  his  last  sickness  he 
spoke  with  gratitude  of  the  goodness  of 
God,  which  he  had  experienced,  and  of 
his  own  imperfections  and  sins  ;  he  ad- 
mired the  plan  cf  salvation,  made  known 


«44 


PERKINS. 


PERRY. 


in  the  goapcl ;  knowing  hit  dependence 
upon  the  grace  of  God  he  sought  the  in- 
fluences of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  and  as  he 
ever  profeued  a  belief  of  the  transcend- 
ent dignity  and  glory  of  the  great  Savior 
of  mankind,  of  the  fulness  of  his  merits, 
and  the  atoning  virtue  of  his  obedience 
and  Buflrering8,whon  he  was  just  entering 
the  eternal  world  he  commended  his  soul 
into  the  hands  of  this  Redeemer. — Ste- 
vetuUfun.  teriit. 

PERKINS,  William,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  was  born  in  the  west  of  Eng- 
land, and  died  at  New  Market,  N.  Hamp- 
shire,in  1733,aged  116  years. — Belknap's 
N.  H.  III.  252. 

PERKINS,  Elisha,  a  physician,  the 
inventor  of  the  Tractors,  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  Joseph  P  .,a  distinguished  physician  of 
Norwich,  Conn.,  who  died  in  1794,  aged 
90 ; — he  was  born  in  Jan,  1740.  Having 
studied  with  his  father,  he  settled  in 
Plainfipid,  Conn.,  and  had  extensive 
practice.  His  habits  were  social;  his  mind 
vctiveand  inquisitive.  About  the  year 
1796  he  invented  the  Tractors,  which 
are  two  instruments,  one  of  steel  and  the 
other  of  brass,  pointed  at  one  end.  Cures 
were  effected  by  drawing  the  points  for  a 
few  minutes  over  the  part  of  the  body 
diseased.  Thus  the  head  ache,  the  tooth 
ache,  rheumatic  and  other  pains  were 
removed,  A  patent  was  obtained.  The 
fame  of  Ferkinism  extended  to  Europe. 
The  son  of  Dr.  P,  went  to  London 
where  a  Perkinean  institution  was  crea- 
ted for  the  benefit  of  the  poor,  of  which 
lord  Rivers  was  president.  The  publish- 
ed cases  of  cures  amounted  to  5,000,  cer- 
tified by  8  professors,  40  physicians  and 
surgeons,  and  30  clergymen.  Yet  it  was 
not  long  before  the  tractors  sunk  into 
neglect.  Dr.  P.  invented  an  antiseptic 
medicine  and  repaired  to  New  York  to 
test  its  efficacy  against  the  yellow  fever  ; 
but  he  took  the  disease  from  the  sick 
and  died  in  Sept,  1799,  aged  59.  His 
Bon,  Benjamin  Douglass  P.,a  graduate  of 
Yale  college  in  1794,  a  bookseller  at  N. 
Y.,diedin  Oct.  or  Nov,  1810,  being  highly 
respected  for  his  intelligence,benevolence, 
fmi  Tp'iety.—  Thaeher, 


PERKINS,  James,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college  and  of  the  Boston  Athe- 
naeum, was  born  in  Boston  in  1761,  and 
was  the  son  of  James  P.  Educated  as  a 
merchant  in  the  counting  house  of  the 
Messrs.  Shattuck8,he  settled  in  St.  Dom- 
ingo ;  but  was  driven  away  by  the  revolu- 
tion in  that  island.  On  his  return  he  enga- 
ged in  business  with  his  brother,col.Tho. 
Handasyde  P.,  and  conducted  an  exten- 
sive trade  to  the  north  west  coast  and  to 
China.  He  died  at  Roxbury  Aug.  1 ,  1822, 
aged  61.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Timothy  Paine  of  Worcester.  He  was  an 
upright  merchant.  One  of  his  last  acts 
of  liberality  was  the  gift  to  the  Boston 
Athenaeum  of  the  house  now  occupied  by 
the  institution, — an  estate,  vhich  was  val- 
ued at  18,000  dollars.  He  also  in  his 
will  bequeathed  20,000  doll,  to  Harvard 
college.  His  fine  portrait  is  preserved  in 
the  Athenaeum. 

PERREIN,  Jean,  eminent  for  his  ac- 
qaintance  with  natural  history,  was  a 
native  of  France,  and  a  member  of  the 
society  of  sciences  ond  belles  lettres  of  Bor- 
deaux. With  a  viewto  the  acquisition  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge  in  botany  and  other 
departments  of  natural  history  he  travel- 
led through  Africa  and  most  of  the  West 
India  islands.  ^To  complete  his  collec- 
tion of  birds,  plants,  &c.  he  came  to  N. 
York,  where  he  spent  several  months  ; 
but  he  was  cut  down  in  the  midst  of  his 
labors.  He  died  at  New  York  March  31 , 
1805,  aged  54.  In  Sonninni's  edition  of 
Bufibn's  nat.  hibtory  credit  is  given  to 
Perrejn  as  the  author  of  many  of  the  most 
valuable  communications,  contained  in 
that  work. 

PERRY,  Oliver  Hazard,  a  naval  com- 
mander, was  born  at  Kingston,  near 
Newport,  R.  I.,  in  Aug.  1785  ;  he  was 
the  son  of  Christopher  R.  P.,  a  naval 
patriot  of  the  revolution  and  collector  of 
Newport,  who  died  in  May  1318,  and 
grandson  of  judge  Freeman  P.,  who  died 
in  Oct.  1813,  aged  82.  His  earliest  an- 
cestor in  America  was  Edmund  P.,  a 
quaker. — Having  served  as  a  midshipman 
in  the  Mediterranean,  he  was  in  1812 
advanced  to  be  master-commandant.    In 


PETERS:. 


645 


181S  he  was  appointed  to  the  commnnd 
ofthe  Hquadronon  lake  Erie.  Sept.  10  he 
achieved  a  complete  victory  over  the  ene- 
my u.ider  com.  Barclay  aftt :  an  rction  of 
three  hour8,capturing  'h  .".  ile  squadron. 
In  1815  he  proceeded  to  ii  p  Mediterra- 
nean in  comm  -nd  of  the  Java  ;  in  June 
1519  he  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies 
in  the  ship  John  Adams.  He  died  of  the 
yellow  fever  at  port  Spain,  Trinidad, 
Aug;.  23,  1830,  aged  S5.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Mason,  and  niece  of 
Christopher  Champlin  ot  Newport ;  he 
left  four  sons  and  one  daughter.  He 
once  unhappily  was  engaged  in  a  duel. 
Under  a  sense  of  a  supposed  injury  he 
personally  a"  ulted  capt.  Heath  of  the 
marine  .  >n  board  of  his  ship.  A  court 
martiii  "r-nsured  both.  Capt.  H.  how- 
ever challenged  him,  and  a  duel  was 
fought  on  the  Jersey  shore  in  Oct.  1818, 
though  Perry  refused  to  fire.  The  con- 
temptible code  of  honor  must  explain 
how  the  opportunity  of  shooting  off  a 
pistol  at  Perry  could  soothe  into  quiet- 
ness the  irritated  feelings  of  the  captain  of 
marines.  Had  the  commodore  refused 
thus  to  stand  as  a  mark  to  be  fired  at,  in- 
stead of  violating  the  laws  of  his  country, 
he  would  have  been  honored  for  a  manly 
courage, which  restrained  him  from  doing 
wrong.  Our  rulers,  whose  business  it  is 
to  execute  the  laws  of  the  people,  ought 
to  have  struck  both  their  names  from  the 
rolls  of  the  navy. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  minister  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  was  born  at  Fowey  in  Cornwall 
in  1599,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  whe  he  took  the  degree 
of  master  of  arts  in  1623.  He  was  licen- 
sed by  the  bishop  of  London,  and  preach- 
ed in  the  city  with  great  popularity  and 
success.  Meeting  with  some  trouble  on 
account  of  his  nonconformity,  he  wont 
into  Holland,  where  he  remained  five  or 
six  years.  He  arrived  in  America  with 
Richard  Mather  in  Aug .  1 63.',  He  took 
the  charge  ofthe  church  in  Salem  Dec, 
91,1636,  disclaiming  the  errors  of  Mr, 
Williams,  who  had  been  minister  before 
him,  and  excommunicating  hisadherents. 
During  his  five  years'  ministry,  160  per- 


sons joined  his  communion.  He  did  not 
confine  his  attention  to  religious  concerns, 
but  took  an  interest  in  mercantile  and 
civil  aflftirs.  He  arsisted  in  reforming 
the  p'^lice  ofthe  to\.  ;  he  suggested  the 
plan  of  the  fishery  and  of  the  coasting 
and  foreign  voyages ;  Y  s  procured  car- 
penters, and  engaged  in  trade  with  great 
success.  His  zeal  in  worldly  concerns 
was  probably  the  cause  of  his  suppressing 
in  Salem  the  weekly  and  occasional  lec- 
tures, bv  which  the  good  men  of  that 
day  weir  nourished  up  unto  eternal  life. 
Being  considered  as  a  suitable  person  to 
send  to  England  to  procure  an  alteration 
ir  the  laws  of  excise  and  trade,  he  was 
appointed  for  this  purpose,  with  Mr. 
We'  1e  and  Mr,  Hibbins,  by  the  general 
couri,  and  sailed  Aug,  3, 1641.  He  nev- 
er returned  to  America.  During  the  civ- 
il wars  in  England  he  supported  the 
cause  of  the  parliament,  and  contributed 
much  cid  to  it  by  his  preaching.  Burnet 
says,  that  he  pressed  the  king's  condem- 
nation with  the  rudeness  of  an  inquisitor; 
but  Mi. Peters  in  his  legacy  declares,  that 
he  opposed  it.  He  was  appointed  by 
Cromwell  one  ofthe  licensers  of  ministers, 
p.iid  also  a  commissioner  for  amending 
the  laws,  though  utterly  disqualified  for 
the  business.  After  the  restoration  he 
was  cd  for  conspiring  with  Cromv/ell 
and  r  .iphfslng  the  king's  death,  and 
was  ext'  Utd  Oct.  16,  1660,  aged  61. 
His  ('  'Ughter  married  John  Winthrop  of 
Conn.  He  was  charged  by  his  enemies 
with  great  vices  ;  but  it  is  not  probable, 
that  the  charges  were  well  founded.  He 
was  however  weak,  ignorant,  and  carried 
awav  by  his  zeal.  If  he  had  confined 
himself  to  theproperdutiesof  a  minister  of 
the  g  sr>el,  and  had  not  engaged  in  par- 
tieSjHor  become  the  tool  ofthe  ambitious, 
nor  exerted  himself  to  stimulate  the  fu- 
rious passions  of  men,  he  would  have 
been  "^pful  and  respected,  and  might 
have  Gied  in  peace.  Though  he  was 
ignorant,  he  possessed  a  native  and  pecul- 
iar vigor.  He  had  the  power  of  associating 
his  thoughts  in  f-uch  a  manner,  as  to  pre- 
vent them  fron  being  easily  forgotten. 
His  coarse  ant)  familiar  images  never  fail- 


PETERS. 


PHILLIPS. 


ed  to  answer  hin  purpoeia,  and  his  vulffar 
yet  striking  etJ«i  ice  ijuined  him  thou- 
sands of  hearers  >  '.ondon.  Specimens 
of  his  cur-ois  ai  uions  are  to  be  found  in 
the  trr.t^t  of  the  re^^icides.  '  In  an  engra- 
vings prefixed  he  is  placed  in  the  pulpit 
with  a  multitude  before  itim  ;  his  hour 
glass  is  turned,  and  he  saysi  *'  come,  my 
good  fellows,  I  know  you  like  another 
glass."  He  published  a  sermon  before 
both  houses  of  parliament  in  1646;  last 
report  of  the  English  wars  ;  a  word  to 
'  the  army,  1647;  good  work  for  a  good 
magistrate,  or  short  way  to  great  quiet, 
1651 ;  in  this  work  he  proposed  the  ex- 
tirpation of  the  whole  system  of  laws,  and 
recommended  that  the  old  records  in  the 
tower  should  be  burned  as  records  of  ty- 
ranny, and  that  they  should  begin  anew ; 
brief  aen  den  Voder  la  Chaize  ;  a  dying 
father's  legacy  to  his  only  child,  8vo. 
1660and  1717.  This  haa  beeen  spoken 
of  with  respect.  It  is  (.reserved  in  the 
N.  England  library  established  by  Mr. 
Prince  of  Boston. — Young't  life  of  Pe- 
lert. 

PETERP-,  Samuel,  A.,  ll.  d,  an 
episcopal  hiiii'uiit-r,  wus  born  at  Hebron, 
Conn.  Dw.  Vl,  .'735 ;  graduated  at  Yale 
college  ::^  iT:v7;  took  the  charge  of  the 
\*.isrche£)  hi  ilartford  and  Hebron  in  1762, 
but  being  e.  Uny  he  in  1774  went  to 
Eng.  where  he  resided  till  1805,  when  he 
returned  to  this  country.  In  1817  and 
1818  he  made  ajourney  to  the  west  as 
far  as  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony  ,claiming 
a  large  territory  under  Carver.  He 
died  at  N,  York  April  19,  1826,  aged  90, 
and  was  buried  at  Hebron .  He  pub- 
lished a  history  of  Connecticut,  8vo. 
1781.  It  is  embarrassed  in  its  <y^uthority 
by  a  number  of  fables. 

PETERS,  Richard,  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  the  U.  States,  was  born 
at  Philadelphia  in  June  1744,  the  son, 
88  I  suppose,  of  Richard  Peters,  d.  d., 
an  episcopal  minister,  who  died  in  1775. 
He  entered  successfully  upon  the  practice 
of  the  law.  Congress'  appointed  him, 
June  13,  1776,  secretary  of  the  board  of 
war.  On  resigning  that  post  he  was 
appointed  in  December  1731  a  member 


of  congress;  and  in  1789  judge  of  the 
district  court,  in  which  office  he  continued 
SOyearb  till  hisden'K  at  DIockley,  near 
Pliiladelpliin,  Au  .  ■^) .,  1828,  aged  84. 
Of  the  admiralty;  li.-oi  the  U.  S.  he  may 
be  deemed  the  founder.  His  decisions 
are  preserved  in  "  Peters'  reports."  Ho 
was  a  practical  farmer.  In  1797  he  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  on  the  use  of  gypsum, 
which  introduced  the  culture  of  clover 
and  ctfected  a  beneficial  change  in  husban- 
dry. Hid  various  communications  ap- 
peared in  the  memoirs  of  the  Phil,  agri- 
cult,  society. 

PHILIP,  sachem  of  "okanoket,  well 
known  by  the  name  of  king  Philip,  was 
the  youngest  son  of  Massassoit,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  Alexander  in  1657. 
In  1662  he  renewed  the  friendship,  which 
had  subsisted  with  the  English,  and  en- 
gaged not  to  dispose  of  any  lands  without 
their  knowledge  or  appointment.  In 
1675  he  commenced  the  war,  which  deso- 
lated N.  England.  It  is  said,  that  he 
was  pressed  into  the  war  by  the  importu- 
nity of  his  young  warriors.  As  he  fore- 
saw the  loss  of  his  territory  and  the  ex- 
tinction of  his  tribe,  if  the  English  settle- 
ments were  permitted  to  extend  and  in- 
crease without  interruption,  he  was  de- 
termined to  make  one  mighty  effort  to 
prevent  these  calamities.  He  in  conse- 
quence lighted  up  the  flame  of  war  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  country.  The  first 
attack  was  made  Sunday,  June  30. 
Afler  doing  much  mischief,  as  he 
was  endeavoring  to  escape  from  captain 
Church,  who  had  pursued  him  into  a 
swamp,  he  was  killed  Saturday,  August 
IS,  1676.  The  name  of  the  Indian  sol- 
dier, who  killed  him,  was  Alderman.  By 
Church's  order  Philip  was  beheaded  and 
quartered !  Thus,  afler  deeds  of  heroism, 
fell  king  Philip  of  mount  Hope  in  Rhode 
Island.  Mr.  Eliot  once  preached  before 
him,  when  he  took  hold  of  a  button  of 
the  good  man's  coat,  and  said  to  him,  "  I 
do  not  value  the  gospel  any  more  than 
that."-Dra/te'» Ind.  biog.;  Baylies. 

PHILLIPS,  George,  first  minister  of 
Watertown,  Mass.,  was  born  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Norfolk,  England,  and  was  educated 


PHILLIPS. 


941 


at  the  university  of  Cambridge,  where  he 
gained  a  high  reputation  for  learning. 
Having,  as  ho  believed,  been  made  a  par- 
taiter  of  the  divine  nature  through  the  re- 
newing agency  oftiie  Holy  Spirit,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  ministry  of  the  gos- 
pel, uiid  was  settled  at  Boxford  in  Essex. 
fiut,becoming  a  nonconformist  to  the  cer- 
emonies of  the  established  church,  he 
came  to  N.  England  with  governor 
Winthrop  in  the  Arabella,  and  arrived  at 
Salem  in  June  1630.  He  immediately 
with  sir  Richard  Sallonstall  and  others 
commenced  a  plantation  at  Watertown. 
A  church  was  formed  July  80th,  when 
about  forty  members  signed  a  covenant, 
binding  themselves  to  cleave  unto  the 
word  of  God,  and  "  the  true  sense  and 
meaning  thereof."  A  confession  of  faith 
was  afterwards  added.  The  salary,  set- 
tled upon  the  miniuter,  was  thirty  pounds 
a  year.  He  died  July  1,1664,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Sherman.  He  was 
much  lamented  by  his  church,  who  ex- 
pressed their  respect  to  his  memory  by 
educating  his  eldest  son,  Samuel  Phillips, 
who  was  afterwards  minister  of  Rowley, 
and  eminently  useful. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  well  skilled  in  the 
original  languages,  in  which  the  bible 
was  written,  and  such  was  his  attachment 
to  the  word  of  God,  that  he  used  to  read 
it  through  six  times  in  every  year,  and 
he  always  found  in  it  some  thing  new. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  very  faithful  and 
many  were  converted  by  means  of  his  la- 
bors. Though  very  humble  and  modest 
he  was  an  able  disputant.  He  published 
a  judicious  work,  entitled,  a  reply  to  a 
confutation  of  some  grounds  for  infants' 
baptism,  as  also  concerning  the  form  of  a 
church  put  forth  against  me  by  one 
Thomas  Lamb,  to  which  is  added  a  dis- 
course of  the  verity  and  validity  of  in- 
fants'baptism,  1645. — Mather's  magno- 
lia, in.  82-84, 162. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  minister  of  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  was  the  grandson  of  Sam- 
uel P.,  minister  of  Rowley,  and  the  son 
of  Samuel  P.,  a  goldsmith  of  Salem. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1708  ;  began  to  preach  in  the  south  and 


new  parish  of  Andover  April  80,  17ld  ; 
and  was  ordained  Oct.  I7th.  He  contin- 
ued fhithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
the  sacred  nttice  for  sixty  years  till  his 
death  June  5,  1771,  aged  81.  Being 
sincerely  attached  to  those  views  of  reli- 
gious truth,  which  were  embraced  by  the 
first  fathers  of  N.  England,  he  could  not 
quip*'  pe  the  eflbrts,  that  were  made, 
to  the  faith,  which  he  was  per- 

8UBa<.  ice  delivered  to  the  saints. 

Heey  J.,  self  both  by  his  preaching 
ai  ritings  to  guard    his   people 

ag^  iDb  '''rusion  of  error.    Hecon- 

tei.  irnl  '  mankind  come  into  the 

world  ...jjroN  il  in  consequence  of  Ad- 
am's sin,  and  liable  to  punishment ;  that 
men  could  as  easily  create  themselves 
anew,  as  believe  in  Christ  by  a  power  in- 
herent in  themselves ;  that  God  from 
eternity  had  elected  those,  whom  he 
would  save,  and  on  whom  he  would  be- 
stow his  efficacious  grace  to  prepare  them 
for  salvation  ;  that  men  were  justified  on 
account  of  the  righteousness  of  Chri8t,re- 
ceived  by  faith,  and  immediately  upon 
believing  ;  and  that  none,  who  were  once 
in  a  state  of  justificaiir'n,  would  finally  be 
lost.  He  published  a  word  in  season,  or 
the  duty  of  a  people  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  a  glorious  God,  1727  ;  advice 
to  a  child,  1729  ;  the  history  of  the  Sa- 
vior ;  the  orthodox  Christian,  or  a  child 
well  instructed,  1738 ;  a  minister's  ad- 
dress to  his  people,  1739  ;  artillery  elec- 
tion sermon,  1741  ;  hving  water  to  be 
had  for  asking  ;  election  sermon,  1750  ; 
the  sinner's  refusal  to  come  unto  Christ 
reproved  ;  the  necessity  of  God's  draw- 
ing in  order  to  men's  coming  unto  Christ; 
convention  sermon,  1753 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  N.  Holt  ;  at  the  instalment  of  S. 
Chandler,  1759  ;  seasonable  odvice  to  a 
young  neighbor,  1761  ;  address  to  young 
people  in  a  dialogue  ;  a  sermon  to  young 
people,  1763;  on  justification,  1766 ;  sin 
of  suicide  contrary  lo  nature,  1767. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  ll.  d.,  founder  of 
the  academy  in  Exeter,  N.  Hampshire, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1735.  He  was  for 
several  years  a  member  of  the  council  of 


ffh 


7 


-% 


^' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


Li|Z8    |Z5 

■so    "^^      ■■■ 

u&  1^   12.2 


2.0 

1.4   11.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^^ 


m 


o 


% 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •72-4503 


^ 


6^ 


648 


PHILLIPS. 


! 


N.  Hampshire.  April  31,1779  he  with 
his  brother,  Samuel  Phillips  of  Andover, 
founded  and  liberally  endowed  the  acade- 
my in  that  town,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1780.  In  1789  he  farther  gave  to  this 
institution  $  30,000.  The  academy,  cal- 
led Phillips  Exeter  academy,  of  which  he 
was  the  sole  founder,was  incorporated  in 
1781  with  a  fund  of  1 5,0002.  He  died  in 
April  1795,  aged  76,  bequeathing  to  this 
academy  two  thirds  of  all  his  estate,  and 
one  third  of  the  residue  to  the  seminary 
at  An4over,  particularly  for  the  bfenefit  of 
pi  ous  youth.  To  this  object  his  brother, 
William  Phillips  of  Bo8ton,al80  bequeath- 
ed four  thousand  dollars — Morse's geog, ; 
Holmes'  annals,  ii.  404 ;  Constitut.  of 
theolog.  seminary. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  Lt .  o .,  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  Mass.,  was  the  grandson 
of  Samuel  P.,  minister  of  Andover.  His 
father,  Samuel  P.,  one  of  the  councillors 
of  Mass.,  died  at  Andover  Aug.  21, 1790, 
aged  76.  Mr.  Phillips  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1771.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  in 
1775,  and  of  the  house  of  representatives 
till  the  year  1780,  when  he  assisted  in 
frai  3ing  the  constitution  of  Mass.  On  its 
adoption  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  senate,  and  was  its  president  from 
1785  to  ISOl.  Being  appointed  justice 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Essex 
in  1781,  he  held  this  ofRce  till  1797,  when 
his  declining  health  induced  his  resigna- 
tion. He  was  chosen  lieutena..t  governor 
in  1801,  and  died  Feb.  10,  1802,  aged  50. 
His  widow,  Phoebe,  died  Oct,  31,  1812, 
aged  69.  His  son,  John,  died  in  Sept. 
1820.  While  he  possessed  a  sound  judg- 
ment and  an  ardent,  persevering  spirit, 
his  integrity  and  patriotism  gained  him 
the  confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens. 
Such  was  his  superiority  to  the  pride 
of  wealth  and  of  power,  and  such  his 
benevolence  and  humility,  that,  when 
honored  with  public  applause  and  raised 
to  eminence,  he  would  frequently  spend 
the  interval  between  the  morning  and 
evening  services  of  the  sabbath  in  the 
Iiouse  of  God  for  the  purpose  of  reading 
some  pious  book  to  those,  whose  distant 


habitations  prevented  them  firom  return- 
ing home.  He  was  careful  to  impart 
religious  instruction  to  his  family,  and 
he  led  its  daily  devotions  with  humility, 
fervor,  and  eloquence.  He  appeared  to 
be  continually  governed  by  love  to  the 
Supreme  Being,  and  by  the  desire  of  imi- 
tating his  benevolence  and  doing  good. 
His  deep  views  of  evangelical  doctrine 
and  duty,  of  human  depravity  and  medi- 
atorial mercy  formed  his  heart  to  humili- 
ty, condescension,  and  kindness,  and  led 
him  continually  to  depend  on  the  grace 
of  God  through  the  atonement  of  his  Son. 
He  projected  the  academy  at  Andover 
anc^  was  much  concerned  in  establishing 
that  as  well  as  the  academy  at  Exeter, 
which  were  founded  by  his  father  and 
uncle.  To  these  institutions  he  was  a 
distinguished  benefactor.  His  exertions 
to  effect  their  establishment  bring  him 
the  highest  honor,  for  he  was  the  natural 
heir  of  the  founders.  He  bequeathed 
one  thousand  dollars,  one  sixth  part  of 
the  interest  of  which  he  directed  annual- 
ly, to  be  added  to  the  principal,  and 
the  remainder  to  be  expended  in  the  pur- 
chase of  bibles,  and  other  books  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  poor  and  pious  Christians 
in  other  towns,  and  also  among  the  in- 
habitants of  places,  where  the  means  of 
religious  knowledge  are  but  sparingly 
enjoyed.  After  his  death  his  widow, 
Phoebe  Phillips,  and  his  son,  John  Phil- 
lips of  Andover,  evinced  the  same  attach- 
ment to  the  interests  of  learning  and  re- 
ligion by  uniting  with  Samuel  Abbot,  and 
three  others  of  a  most  liberal  and  benev- 
olent spirit  in  founding  the  theological 
seminary  in  Andover,  which  was  opened 
in  Sept.  1818.  On  their  part  they  en- 
gaged to  erect  two  separate  buildjngs  for 
the  accommodation  of  fifty  students,  and 
for  public  rooms.  By  such  acts  of  most 
honorable  munificence  has  the'  family, 
which  bears  the  name  of  Phillips,  proved 
to  the  world,  that  the  blessing  of  wealth 
may  fail  into  hands,  which  shall  employ 
it  for  the  best  of  purposes. — Tappan^s 
fun.  serm. 

PHILLIPS,  William,  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  the  grandson  of 


PHILLIPS. 


PHIPPS. 


649 


Rev.  Samuel  P.  of  Andover,  waa  the  aon 
of  deacon  William  P.,  a  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton, a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  and  a 
benefactor  of  Andover  academy  by  the 
bequest  of  5,000  dollars,  who  died  Jan. 
15,  1804,  aged  81  ;  his  mother  was  Ab- 
igail, the  daughter  of  Edward  Bromfield. 
He  was  born  April  10,  itbO,  being  an 
only  son.  His  feeble  health  prevented 
his  receiving  a  public  education.  He 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  with  his 
father,  on  whose  death  a  large  fortune 
came  into  his  hands.  In  1772  he 
made  a  profession  of  religion  ;  in  1794  he 
was  chosen  a  deacon  of  the  old  South 
church,  and  he  officiated  until  his  death. 
For  several  years,  while  Strong  and 
Brooks  were  governors,  he  was  the  lieu- 
tenant governor  of  the  state.  He  died 
May  36,  1S17,  aged  77.  His  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  Jonathan  Mason.  Of 
his  seven  children  only  two  are  now  liv- 
ing ;  Jonathan  Phillips  of  Boston,  who 
inherited  about  half  a  million  of  dollars, 
and  Abigail  Bromfield,  the  wife  of  Rev. 
E.  Burgess  of  Dedtiam.  His  daughter, 
Miriam,  the  wife  of  Samuel  H.  Walley, 
died  March  26, 1827  ;  his  son,  deacon 
Edward  P.,  died  Nov.  8,  1826.— Deacon 
Phillips  was  an  active  member  of  many 
charitable  societies.  During  the  last 
three  weeks  of  his  life  he  contributed 
5,000  dollars  to  various  objects.  For  a 
series  of  years  his  charities  had  been 
from  8  to  1 1 ,000  dollars  annually.  Many 
widows  and  fatherless  children  were  by 
him  rescued  from  want.  He  bequeathed 
to  Phillips  academy  15,000  dollars;  to  the 
theological  institution  at  Andover,IO,000; 
to  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 
among  the  Indians,  the  Mass.  Bible  soci- 
ety, the  foreign  mission  board,  the  Con- 
gregational society,  the  education  socie- 
ty, and  the  Mass.  general  hospital  each 
5,000 ;  to  the  Medical  dispensary,  3,000 ; 
to  the  Female  asylum,  and  the  asylum 
for  boys,  each  3,000  ;-in  all,  62,000  dol- 
lars. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  the  first  mayor  of 
Boston,  the  son  of  William  P.,  a  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  who  died  in  177%,  and 
grandson  of  colonel  John  P.,  also  a  mer- 
82 


chant  in  Boston  and  brother  of  Rev. 
Samuel  P.  of  Andover,  was  born  Nov. 
26, 1770.  His  mother,  Margaret,a  daugh- 
ter of  eol.  Jacob  Wendell,  took  the  charge 
of  his  early  education.  After  graduating 
at  Harvard  college  in  1788,  he  studied 
law  and  settled  in  Boston.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  senate  19  years,  during 
the  last  ten  of  which  he  was  the  president. 
In  1809  he  waa  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
common  pleas.  When  the  city  govern- 
ment was  established  in  1822,  he  waa  e- 
lected  the  first  mayor,  in  which  office  his 
course  was  conciliatory  and  judicious. 
For  9  years  he  was  one  of  the  corpora- 
tion of  the  college.  He  died  suddenly  of 
an  afiection  of  the  heart  May  99, 1829, 
aged  52.  He  had  presided  in  the  sen- 
ate the  preceding  day.  His  wife  was 
Sally,  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Walley. 
Five  sons  and  three  daughters  survived 
him.  He  was  a  man  of  sound  judgment, 
of  simple  manners,  of  pure  character,  and 
of  religion. 

PHIPPS,  Sir  William,  governor  of 
Mass.  was  born  at  Pcmaquid,  now  Bris- 
tol, Maine,  Feb.  2,  1651.  His  father 
James  P.,  was  a  gunsmith  in  humble  cir- 
cumstances, and  his  mother  had  2^  chiU 
dren,  of  whom  21  were  sons.  After  liv- 
ing in  the  wilderness  till  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age  he  bound  himself  as  an  ap- 
prentice to  a  ship  carpenter  for  four  years, 
attheexpirationof  which  time  he  went 
to  Boston,  where  he  learned  to  read  and 
write.  Determining  to  seek  his  fortune 
upon  the  sea,  after  a  variety  of  adven- 
tures he  discovered  a  Bpanish  wreck  on 
the  coast  of  Hispaniola,  and  fished  up 
plate,  and  pearls,  and  jewels  amounting 
in  value  to  three  hundred  thousand  pounds 
sterling,  with  which  he  sailed  to  Eng- 
land in  1 687.  Such  was  his  honesty  and 
so  liberal  was  he  to  his  seamen,  that  his 
own  share  amounted  only  to  sixteen 
thousand  pounds.  He  was  at  this  time 
made  a  knight  by  king  James.  Return- 
ing to  Boston,  he  was  in  1690  admitted  a 
member  of  the  north  church,  being  bap- 
tized and  professing  repentance  of  his 
sins.  In  the  same  year  he  commanded 
an  e.xpedition  against  Port  Royal,  which 


630 


PICKENS. 


PICKERING. 


place  he  captured.  When  the  new  char- 
terof  Mass.  was  obtained  ,he  was  nominated 
by  Dr.  Malher  as  the  governor.  In  this 
capacity  he  arrived  at  Boston  May  14, 
1692.  He  soon  put  a  stop  to  prosecu* 
tions  for  witchcraft.  In  Aug.  he  sailed 
with  about  450  men  to  Pemaquid,  where; 
he  built  a  fort.  In  1 694  in  a  dispute  with 
the  collector  of  the  port  sir  William  was 
so  far  carried  away  by  the  passion  of  the 
moment,  as  to  have  recourse  to  blows  to 
settle  the  controversy.  He  was  soon  af- 
terwards removed,  and  he  sailed  in  Nov. 
for  England,  where  he  received  assur- 
ances of  being  restored  ;  but,  being  seized 
by  a  malignant  fever,  he  died  Feb.  18, 
1695,  aged  44.  He  was  succeeded  by 
the  earl  of  Bellamont  Sir  William, 
though  his  origin  was  very  humble,  was 
not  elated  by  the  great  change  in  hia  cir- 
cumstances. He  was  a  man  of  uncom- 
mon enterprise  and  industry,  of  an  ex- 
cellent disposition,  though  he  did  not  al- 
ways retain  the  command  of  himself, 
and  of  perfect  honesty  and  integrity.  He 
exerted  himself  to  promote  the  interests 
of  N.   England. — Magnalia,  ii.  37 — 75 

PICKENS,  Andrew,  major  general,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  commenced  his 
military  career  in  the  Indian  war  with 
the  Cherokees  in  1760.  In  1779  at  the 
head  of  300  men  he  defeated  a  party  of 
royalists  on  the  western  frontier  of  South 
Carolina.  For  his  bravery  in  the  battle 
of  Cowpens,  when  he  commanded  the 
southern  militia,  he  received  a  sword 
from  congress.  At  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
springs  he  was  severely  wounded.  In 
1782  he  compelled  the  Cherokees  to  sue 
for  peace.  After  the  war  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress.  In  1802  he  was  a  com- 
missioner to  treat  with  the  Choctaws. 
He  died  at  Tumassee,  Pendleton  district, 
South  Carolina,  August  11,1817,  aged 
nearly  fourscore.  He  was  a  disinterested 
patriot,  and  a  skilful  and  brave  soldier. 
He  was  also  gentle,  beneficent,  and  hos- 
pitable. From  early  life  he  was  a  profes- 
sor of  religion  and  an  influential  member 
of  the  church. 

PICKERING,  Timothy,  secretary  of 
statu  of  the  U.  S.,  a  descendant  of  John 


P.,  a  carpenter,  who  came  to  N.  England 
in  1630  and  died  at  Salem  in  1657, 
was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  July  17,  1746, 
and  graduated  in  1763.  As  soon  as  he 
heard  of  the  affair  at  Lexington,  in  the 
morning  of  April  19,  1775,  being  colonel 
of  a  regiment,  he  marched  the  same  day 
with  the  Salem  militia  to  Medford  in  or- 
der to  intercept  the  enemy  ;  but  was  not 
in  season  to  participate  in  the  fight.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas  for  Essex,  and  of  the 
maritime  court  for  the  district,  including 
Boston  and  Salem.  In  the  fall  of  1776 
he  took  the  command  of  the  Essex  regi- 
ment of  700  men,  and  performed  duty 
under  Washington  in  New  Jersey.  In 
1777  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  adju- 
tant general  and  marched  with  the  army 
to  Pennsylvania.  He  was  by  the  side  of 
Washington  in  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine, 
Sept.  14  ;  and  he  was  present  also  in 
thatof'Germantown,Oct.  4th.  Congress 
soon  elected  him  a  member  of  the  board 
of  war,  with  Gates  and  Mifflin.  The  ar- 
rangement of  the  AafT  department  was 
also  intrusted  to  him  and  Mifflin.  In 
Aug.  1780  he  succeeded  Green  as  quar- 
ter master  general  and  discharged  most 
faithfully  its  arduous  and  complicated 
duties.  From  1790  *'>  1794  he  was  em- 
ployed in  various  iations  with  the 
Indian  tribes,  bein;^  .  post  master  gen- 
eral from  1791  to  1794,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  war  as  the  successor 
of  Knox.  In  Aug.  1795  he  had  the  tem- 
porary charge  of  the  department  of  state 
on  xLs  resignation  of  Randolph,  and  in 
Dec.  received  the  appointment  of  Secre- 
tary of  State,  which  he  held  till  May 
1800,  when  he  was  removed  by  president 
Adams,  as  he  was  an  adherent  of  Hamil- 
ton in  his  opposition  to  the  policy  of  the 
president.  Being  in  debt  for  new  lands, 
he  plunged  into  the  back  woods  of  Penn- 
sylvania with  his  son  and  a  few  laborers, 
and  cleared  several  acres  and  built  a  log 
hut  for  his  family.  The  liberality  of 
some  friends  in  Massachusetts  in  purchas- 
ing his  lands  enabled  him  to  return  to  his 
native  state  and  to  become  the  owner  of 
a  small  farm  in  Essex,  which  he  cultiva- 


PIERPONT. 


PIKE. 


651 


ted  with  his  own  hands.  From  1808  to 
1811  he  was  a  senator  of  the  United 
States ;  iVom  1814  to  1817  he  was  also  a 
representative  in  congress.  He  died  at 
Salem  Jan.  39,  1829,  aged  84  years.  In 
consequence  of  the  activity  pf  his  life,  he 
had  little  leisure  for  literary  pursuits ; 
yet  the  productions  of  his  pen  do  him 
great  credit  as  a  writer  of  elegance  and 
vigor.  In  public  life  he  was  disinterested , 
faithful,  and  energetic.  His  morals  were 
pure  and  from  early  life  he  was  a  profes- 
sor of  religion.  His  feelings  were  strong, 
and  some  of  his  political  controversies 
were  vehement.  He  published  a  letter 
to  gov.  Sullivan  on  the  embargo,  and  ad- 
dresses to  the  people,  1808  ;  review  of 
the  correspondence  between  J.  Adams 
and  W.  Cunningham,  1834. 

PIERPONT,  James,  fourth  minister 
of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  was  the  son  of 
John  P.,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  who  died  in 
1690,  and  grandson  of  James  P.,  who 
came  from  England  and  died  at  Ipswich. 
He  was  born  in  1661  ;  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1681 ;  and  was  ordained 
July  2,  1685.  His  predecessors  were 
Davenport,  Hook,  and  Street.  He  died 
Nov.  22,  1714,  aged  53,  and  was  succee- 
ded by  J.  Noyes.  His  daughter,  Sarah, 
married  Jonathan  Edwards.  He  was  a 
man  of  uncommon  prudence,  amiable 
manners,  and  exemplary  piety.  The  ar- 
ticles of  discipline,  adopted  with  the  Say- 
brook  platform  in  1708,  were  drawn  up 
by  him. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  first  minister  of 
Southampton  on  L.  Island,  was  a  native 
of  England,  where  he  preached  some 
time  in  or  near  Newark,  before  h3  came 
to  Boston.  In  1640  a  number  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Lynn  formed  the  resolution 
to  remove  to  L.  Island,  and  invited  him 
to  accompany  them.  Having  first  formed 
a  church  they  went  and  settled  South- 
ampton. These  planters  constituted  a 
government  by  themselves.  When  it 
was  found  necessary  to  divide  the  church, 
Mr.  Pierson  passed  over  to  the  main  land, 
and  became  the  first  minister  of  Branford, 
Conn.,  in  1644.  He  continued  here  till 
1665,  when  he  removed  to  New  Jersey. 


He  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  New- 
ark in  1667,  and  was  the  first  minister  of 
that  town.  He  died  about  the  year  1680. 
His  son  and  colleague  survived  him  ;  and 
his  successors  were  Prudden,  Wakerman, 
Bowers,  Webb,  and  Burr.  He  was  a 
man  of  piety  and  learning.  Having  stu- 
died the  Indian  language  he  preached  to 
the  natives  of  L .  Island  and  in  the  several 
plantations  of  N .  Haven  colony. — Mag- 
nalia,  in.  95  ;  TrumbuWt  Conn.  i.  289, 
521. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  first  president 
of  Yale  college,  the' son  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1668; 
ordained  as  colleague  with  his  father  at 
Newark  March  4,  1672;  removed  to 
Conn,  in  1692  and  was  installed  the  min- 
ister of  Killingworth  in  1694.  On  the 
establishment  of  the  college  at  Saybrook 
in  1701  he  was  chosen  rector,  and  the  stu- 
dents attended  upon  his  instructions  at 
Killingworth,  although  the  commence- 
ments were  held  at  Saybrook.  He  died 
May  5, 1707,  aged  about  sixty.  His  son, 
John,  a  graduate  at  Yale  college  of  1711, 
was  the  minister  of  Woodbridge,  N.  Jer- 
sey.— He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  a 
great  divine,  a  faithful  preacher,  and  wise 
and  judicious  in  all  his  conduct.  Mr. 
Andrew  of  Milford  was  chosen  rector 
pro  tempore  after  his  death,  but  a  new 
president  was  not  appointed  till  1719, 
when  Mr.  Cutler  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  college.  He  wrote  a  system  of 
natural  philosophy,  which  was  studied  in 
the  college  for  many  years. 

PIKE,  Nicholas,  the  son  of  Rev. 
James  P.,  was  a  descendant  of  John  P., 
who  lived  in  Newbury  in  1635.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1766,  and 
died  at  Newburyport  Dec.  9,  1819,  aged 
76.  He  published  a  system  of  arithme- 
tic, 8vo.  1788,  which  was  long  in  general 
use  in  N.  England. 

PIKE,Zebulon  Montgomery,  brigadier 
general,  was  a  descendant  of  John  P., 
who  lived  in  Newbury,  Mass.,  in  1636, 
and  whose  son,  John,  removed  to  Wood- 
bridge,  N.  J.  in  1669.  He  was  born  at 
Lamberton,  N.  Jersey,  Jan.  5, 1779,  and 
was  the  son  of  Zebulon  P.,  brevet  colo- 


653 


i!^"y^*l 


PINCKNEY. 


nel  in  the  service  of  the  U.  S.  He  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  mathematics  and 
or  the  Latin,  French,  and  Spanish  lan- 
guages. After  the  purchase  of  Louisia- 
na Mr.  Jefferson  appointed  him  in  1805 
to  explore  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 
Soon  after  hia  return  he  was  sent  on  a 
similar  expedition  into  the  interior  of 
Louisiana.  On  the  Rio  Del  Norte  he 
was  seized  hy  a  Spanish  force  and  lost  his 
papers.  He  returned  in  1807.  Being 
appointed  a  brigadier  general  in  the  late 
war,  he  commanded  the  land  forces  in 
the  attack  upon  York,  Upper  Canada, 
April  37,  1813.  In  the  explosion  of  the 
British  magazine  he  was  struck  by  a 
large  stone,  and  died  in  a  few  hours  on 
board  the  commodore's  ship.  When  the 
British  standard  was  brought  to  him,  he 
caused  it  to  be  placed  under  his  head ; 
and  thus  he  died,  aged  34.  His  wife  was 
Miss  Brown  of  Cincinnati ;  his  only 
daughter  married  in  1819,  J.  C.S.  Harri- 
son of  Ohio.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  officers  of  the  army.  He 
published  an  account  of  his  expeditions  to 
the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  &c.  8vo. 
1810. 

PINCKNEY,  Charles  Cotesworth, 
major  general,  a  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
was  the  son  of  chief  justice  Pinckney  of 
South  Carolina,^'  was  born  in  1746.  Sent 
to  England  for  his  education,  at  West- 
minster he  held  a  high  rank  ;  he  after- 
wards .'emoved  to  Oxford,  and  thence  to 
the  Temple  as  a  student  in  law.  On  his 
return  to  Carolina  in  1769  he  engaged 
Kueoessfully  in  the  legal  profession.  In  a 
few  years  the  encroachments  of  preat 
BHtain  on  American  liberty  induced  him 
to  take  up  arms  in  the  defence  of  his 
country  and  in  resistance  to  oppression. 
At  first  a  captain,  he  wasspeedily  promo'- 
ted  to  the  command  of  the  first  regiment 
of  infantry.  When  the  danger  of  immedi- 
ate invasion  passed  over,  he  joined  the 
northern  army  and  was  appointed  aid  de 
camp  to  Washington.  In  this  capacity 
he  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Brandywine  and  fiermantown.  Retur- 
ning to  the  south,  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  defence  of  the  fort  on  Sullivan's  is- 


land ;  but  as  the  enemy  passed  the  island 
into  the  port,  he  hastened  into  the  city  to 
defend  the  lines.  When  at  length  a 
council  of  war  was  called  to  deliberate  on 
the  surrender  of  the  place,  as  the  garri-  . 
son  was  reduced  to  extremity,  and  resis- 
tance, in  an  unwalled  city,  to  a  superior 
army  would  be  unavailing,  Mr.  Pinckney 
gave  his  decided  opinion  in  favor  of  the 
most  obstinate  resistance,  hoping  at  least 
to  cripple  the  enemy  and  thus  benefit 
other  parts  of  the  United  States.  His 
opinion,  though  seconded  by  the  gallant 
Laurens,  was  overruled.  The  city 
was  surrendered,  and  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British  as  a  prisoner  of 
war.  His  confinement  was  rigorous,  in 
order  to  crush  his  spirit  and  intimidate 
others.  He  was  even  denied  the  conso- 
lation of  attending  the  remains  of  an  only 
son  to  the  tomb.  In  his  principles  and 
devotion- to  his  country  he  was  unmoved 
by  this  severity,  and  unmoved  also  by 
flattering  promises. — After  the  peace  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion, which  formed  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  to  which  he  was  very 
instrumental  in  promoting  the  assent  of 
South  Carolina.  Washington,  when 
chosen  president.ofiered  him  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court ;  but  he  de- 
clined it.  He  was  also  offered  the  place 
of  secretary  of  war  in  1795  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Knox,  and  in  the  same  year  that 
of  secretary  of  state  on  the  dismissal  of 
Edmund  Randolph.  In  1796  he  accep- 
ted the  appointment  of  minister  to  France 
as  successor  of  Mr.  Monroe.  The  French 
directory  refused  to  receive  him  ;  but  he 
remained  at  Paris  till  February  1797, 
when  he  was  he  was  ordered  to  quit  the 
French  territory.  He  removed  to  Am- 
sterdam. In  a  short  time  John  Marshall 
and  Elbridge  Gerry  were  united  with 
him  as  commissioners  to  France.  When 
some  unaccredited  agents  demanded  a 
loan  as  a  pre-requisite  to  a  treaty,  Mr. 
Pinckney  replied,  "  millions  for  defence, 
but  not  a  cent  for  tribute."  After  a 
short,  unsuccessful  negotiation,  passports 
were  given  to  Pinckney  and  Marshall, 
while  Gerry  was  invited  to  remain.    On 


PINCKNEY. 


PINKNEY. 


65S 


hit  retnrn,  Mr.  Pinckney  was  by  Wash- 
ington, the  commander  in  chief,  nomina- 
ted a  major  general  in  the  army,  which 
WIS  raised  in  consequence  of  the  difficul- 
ties with  France.       Although  his  rank 
was  inferior  to  that  of  Hamilton,  who 
was  his  junior  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  some  friends  urged  him  to  resent  this 
injustice,  he  replied  with  a  very  com- 
mendable spirit,  although  not  of  pride, 
"  I  am  confident,  that  general  Washing- 
ton had  sufficient  reasons  for  this  prefer- 
ence.   Let  us  first  dispose  of  our  ene- 
mies ;  wi)  shall  then  have  leisure  to  set- 
tle the  question  of  rank."      In  1800  Mr. 
Adams  and  he  were  candidates  for  the 
offices  of  president  and  vice  president  of 
the  United  States  against  Jeflerson  and 
Burr.    At  this  period  the  offices  were  not 
discriminated  in  the  votes,  but  the  person 
having  the  largest  number  of  votes  was  to 
be  the  president .      General  Hamilton  in 
his  celebrated  letter  against  Mr.  Adams, 
endeavored  to  secure  the  election  of  gen. 
Pinckney  as  president ;    but  neither  was 
elected.    He  died  at  Charleston  Aug.  16, 
1835,  aged  about  79.      His  wife,  Mary, 
died  Jan.  4,  1812,  aged  60.      He  was 
connected  with  various  benevolent  socie- 
ties.   Of  the  Charleston  Bible  society  he 
was  the  president.     In  a  letter,  written  in 
1804,  he  reprobates  the  barbarous  prac- 
tice of  duelling.    There  was  a  frankness 
in  his  manners,  which  attracted  confi- 
dence.   Although  at  the  head  of  a  party 
in  politics,  he  was  free  from  the  vindic- 
tive passions  of  party.    "  Religious  and 
moral  principles  presided  over  all  his  fac- 
ulties and  pursuits  and  gave  a  dignity  to 
his  character. — An  ardent  youth  and  a 
vigorous  manhood  were  succeeded  by  a 
serene  and  cheerful  old  age,  and  the  rever- 
ence and  love  of  the  whole  city  attended 
him  to  the  tomb." — .Ann.  r eg,  1825. 

PINCKNEY,  Thomas,  general,  gov- 
ernor of  S.  Carolina,  the  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  by  his  patri 
otic  zeal  and  his  military  talents  in  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  With  the  rank 
of  major  he  was  the  aid  of  general  Gates. 
Having  his  leg  shattered  by  a  musket 
ball,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy 


in  Aug.  1780.  He  succeeded  Moultrie  as 
governor  in  1787,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Charles  Pinckney  in  1789.  He  was  min- 
ister to  London  in  the  administration  of 
Washington  and  returned  in  Dec.  1796. 
In  1796  he  was  candidate  with  John 
Adams  in  the  votes  for  president  and  vice 
president,  and  he  had  the  votes  for  his 
own  state  and  58  other  votes,  but  was 
not  chosen ;  the  next  federal  candidate 
with  John  Adams  in  1800  was  his  broth- 
er, Charles  Cotesworth  P.  In  1800  he 
was  a  member  of  congress.  For  his  so- 
cial virtues  he  was  highly  esteemed.  Af- 
ter a  lingering  and  painful  illness  he  died 
Nov.  2, 1828.  His  wife  died  in  1796. 
His  daughter,  Harriet,  the  wife  of  col. 
Francis  K.  Huger,  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
Dec.  1824. 

PINCKNEY,  Charles,  governor  of  S. 
Carolina,  was  born  in  1758.  His  educa- 
tion was  private.  He  was  a  patriot  in 
the  revolutionary  struggle.  In  1787  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  convention,  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  U.  States. 
He  proposed,  that  the  president  should 
hold  his  office  seven  years  and  then  be  in- 
eligible. The  evils  of  the  present  system 
will  probably  lead  to  the  adoption  of  a 
single  tenure.  He  succeeded  Thos.  Pinck- 
ney as  governor  in  1789,  and  continued 
in  office  till  1792  ;  he  was  again  governor 
from  1796  to  1793 ;  and  again  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  P.  Hamilton  from  1806  to  1808, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  J.  Drayton. 
In  the  year  1798  he  was  a  senator  of  the 
y.  S.,  and  afterwards  ambassador  at  the 
court  of  Spain  from  1801  or  1802  till 
1805,  in  the  administration  of  Mr.  Jefler- 
son. He  died  Oct.  29,  1824,  aged  66. 
He  possessed  amenity  of  manners,  great 
colloquial  powers,  and  fervid  eloquence. 

PINKNEY,  William,  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  ambassador  to  England,  was 
born  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  March  17, 
1764.  His  father,  a  native  of  the  north 
of  England,  adhered  to  the  British  cause 
in  the  revolution.  He  regarded  himself 
as  related  to  the  S.  Carolina  Pinckneys. 
His  education  was  imperfect.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1786,  and  soon  ac- 
quired distinction  in  his  profession.  From 


654 


PINKNEY. 


POCAHONTAS. 


Harford  county  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
convention,  which  ratified  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United.    As  a  member  of  the 
legislature  in  1789  he  eloquently  resisted 
a  proposed  law  to  preront  the  emancipa- 
tion of  slaves .    In  1 796  he  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  under  Jay's  treaty  and 
repaired  with  his  family  to  London,where 
he  resided  8  years  ;    his  associates  were 
Gore  and  Trumbull.    On  his  return  in 
1804  he  engaged  anew  in  the  practice  of 
law,  which  he  had  diligently  studied  dur- 
ing his  residence  in  London.      In  1806 
he  went  as  a  minister  to  England,  and 
with  Mr.  Monroe  negotiated   a  trea- 
ty, which  Mr .  Jefferson  rejected.    Afler 
a  residence  as  minister  for  five  years  he 
found,that  he  was  expending  not  only  his 
salary  but    his  own  small  capital,  and 
therefore  solicited  a  recall.     He  arrived 
in   June  1811  and  settled  at  Baltimore. 
In  Dec.  he  was  appointed  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  U.  S.  by  Mr.  Madison .     He 
approved  of  the  war  of  181 2.    Comman- 
ding a  volunteer  corps  for  the  defence  of 
Baltimore,  he  marched  to    Bladensburg, 
in  the  action  at  which  place  he  was  se- 
verely wounded.     After  continuing  hia 
arduous    labors   at  the   bar  for  several 
years  he  was  induced,  as  he  wanted  re- 
laxation, in  March  1816  to  accept  the  ap- 
pointment of  minister  to  the  courts  of 
Naples,  and  Russia.  He,  in  consequence, 
resigned  a  seat,  which  he  then  held  in 
congress.      From  Italy  he  proceeded  to 
Vienna  and  thence  to  St.  Petersburg. 
He  returned  in  1818.      He  took  his  seat 
in  the  senate  of  the  U.S.  Jan.4,1820.  On 
the  Missouri  question,he  deemed  it  uncon- 
stitutional to  make  the  exclusion  of  slaves 
a  condition  of  admission  into  the  union. 
He  was  taken  ill  at  Washington  Feb.  17, 
and  was  for  the  most  part  delirious  till  his 
death,  Feb.  25,  1 822,  aged  57 .    His  wife 
was  Ann  Maria  Rodgers,  the  daughter 
of  John  R .  of  Havre  De  Grace  and  sis- 
ter of  commodore  R.    His  son,  Edward 
C.  P.,  who  died  at  Baltimore  Apr.  11, 
1828,  aged  25,  published  a  vol.  of  poeme 
in  1826,  which  have  been  highly  com- 
mended.— Probably  there  was  no  lawyer 
in  this  country  of  so  great  eminence  as 


Mr.  P.  for  combined  legal  science  and  el- 
oquence. He  had  a  fine  countenance,and 
elegant  manners,  and  to  his  dress  was 
particularly  attentive.  '  In  the  supremacy 
of  his  powers  and  fame,  and  in  the  midst 
of  his  utmost  efforts  to  maintain  them, 
he  was  summoned  suddenly  to  the  retri- 
butions of  eternity ;  a  tremendous  war- 
ning to  the  great  men  around  him.  An 
account  of  his  life  and  writings  was 
published  by  Henry  Wheaton,  8vo. 
1826. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  Pow- 
hatan, emperor  of  the  Indians  of  Virginia, 
was  born  about  the  year  1595.     When 
capt.  Smith  was  taken  prisoner  in  1607, 
and  it  was  determined,  that  he  should  he 
put  to  death,  his  head  was  placed  upon 
two  large  stones  at  the  feet  of  Powhatan, 
that  a  number  of  Indians,  who  stood  ready 
with  lifted  clubn,  might  beat   out  hid 
brains.      At  this    moment  Pocahontas 
rushed  to  the  spot  and  placed  her  own 
head  upon  his.       From  regard  to  his 
daughter  the  savage  king  spared  his  life. 
In  1609,  when  but  14  years  of  age,  she 
went  to  James  Town  in  a  dreary  night 
and  unfolded  to   captain    Smith  a  plot, 
which  the  Indians  had  formed  for  the 
extermination  of  the  English,  and  thus  at 
the  hazard  of  her  life  saved  them  from 
destruction.     In  1612,  after  C£.pt.  Smith 
left  the  colony,  she  was  for  a  bribe  of  a 
copper  kettle  betrayed  into  the  hands  of 
captain  Argal,  and  retained  a  prisoner, 
that  better  terms  of  peace  might  be  made 
with  her  father.    He  offered  500  bushels 
of  corn  for  his  daughter  ;  but,  before  this 
negotiation  was   completed,  a  different 
and  more  interesting  one  had  commenced. 
A  mutual  attachment  had  sprung  up  be- 
tween her  and  John  Rolfe,  an  English- 
man of  good  character,  and  with  the 
consent  of  Powhatan  they  were  married. 
This  event  restored  peace,  and  secured 
it  for  many  years.      Pocahontas  soon 
made  a  profession  of  Christianity  and  was 
baptized.    In  1616  she  accompanied  her 
husband  to  England,  where  she  ^vs  re- 
ceived with  distinction  at  court.     It  is 
said,  that  king  James  expressed  great 
indignation,  that  one  of  his   subjects 


POMEROY. 


POWHATAN. 


should  dare  to  marry  into  a  royal  family. 
As  she  was  about  to  embark  for  Virginia 
in  1617,  she  died  at  Gravesend,  aged 
about  S2  years.  She  is  represented  as  a 
pious  Christian.  She  lefl  one  son, 
Thomas  Rolfe  ;  and  from  his  daughter 
descended  some  respectable  families  in 
Virginia. — Beverly  ;  Keith}  Stith. 

POMEROY,  Benjamin,  d.d.,  minis- 
ter of  Hebron,  Conn.,  was  a  descendant 
of  Eltwood  P.,  who  settled  in  Windsor 
in  1633,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1733.  He  was  ordained  in  Dec. 
1735.  During  the  revival,  in  the 
time  of  Mr.  Whitefield,  he  preached 
with  great  zeal  and  power.  For  preach- 
ing in  disregard  of  the  laws  of  Connecti- 
cut he  was  deprived  of  his  stated  salary 
for  seven  years.  He  was  also  once  ar- 
rested and  brought  before  the  assembly 
with  Mr.  Davenport.  In  his  patriotic 
spirit  he  served  as  a  chaplain  in  the 
French  and  revolutionary  wars.  He 
died  at  Hebron  Dec.  23,  17S4,  aged  80. 
His  wife  was  Abigail,  the  sister  of  Dr. 
E.  Wheelock  ;  his  daughter,  Hannah, 
married  Dr.  McClure.  Mr.  Peters  rep- 
resents him  as  an  excellent  scholar,  an 
exemplary  gentleman,  and  a  thundering 
preacher.  Dr.  Trumbull  describes  him 
as  a  man  of  real  genius  and  as  among 
the  best  preachers  of  his  day. 

POPHAM,  George,  president  of  the 
first  company  of  settlers  in  New  Eng- 
land, sailed  from  Plymouth,  England, 
the  last  of  May  1607  with  two  ships  and 
100  men,  and  all  necessary  supplies. 
Capt.  Popham  had  the  command  of  one 
ship  and  Raleigh  Gilbert,  nephew  of 
sir  Walter  Raleigh,  of  the  other.  On 
the  11th  of  Aug.  they  fell  in  with  the 
island  of  Monhegan,  a  few  miles  from 
the  coast  of  Maine,  and  soon  afterwards 
landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc  or 
Kennebec  river,  *on  a  western  peninsula,' 
and  not  on  Parker's  island,  as  Gov.  Sul- 
livan supposed.  A  sermon  was  delivered ; 
the  patent  and  laws  were  read  ;  and  a 
store  house  built  with  a  fort,  which  was 
called  fort  St.  George.  The  ships  sailed 
on  their  return  Dec.  5th,  leaving  a  colony 
of  45  persons ;  Popham  being  president, 


and  Gilbert  admiral.  The  next  year  sup- 
plies were  brought  them;  but  intelligence 
being  received  at  the  same  time  of  the 
death  of  sir  John  Popham  and  sir  John 
Gilbert,  and  the  prAident  Popham  being 
also  deceased,  the  colony  determined  to 
return  in  the  ships.  The  winter  had 
been  severe,  and  the  stores  had  been 
lost  by  fire.  Smith  says,  the  country 
was  esteemed  a  cold,  barren,  mountai- 
nous, rocky  desert ;  and  that  this  colo- 
ny "  found  nothing  but  extreme  extrem- 
ities." 

POPE,  Joseph,  an  ingenious  mechan- 
ic, died  at  Hallowell,  Maine,  in  Aug. 
1826,  aged  72.  He  constructed  a  large 
and  admirable  orrery,  which  was  pur- 
chased by  Harvard  college,  and  he  inven- 
ted a  threshing  machine. 

PORTER,  John,  minister  of  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1736,  and  ordained  in  October 
1740.  He  died  in  the  hope  of  the  Chris- 
tian March  12,  1802,  aged  86.  He  was 
a  man  of  respectable  talents,  of  great  pru- 
dence, and  of  a  blameless  life.  As  a 
preacher  he  dwelt  with  earnestness  upon 
the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  A  cru- 
cified Redeemer  was  his  frequent  theme. 
Avoiding  dry  and  barren  speculations,  he 
aimed  to  impart  instruction,  and  to  ren- 
der men  holy.  His  faithful  labors  were 
not  in  vain,  for  at  different  periods  it 
pleased  God  by  the  influence  o'  hs  Spirit 
to  render  them  the  means  of  co.r/i^rting 
many,  who  were  chosen  in  Jesus  Christ. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Silas  Brett,  Freetown  ;  the  absurdity 
and  blasphemy  of  substituting  the  per- 
sonal righteousness  of  men  in  the  room 
of  the  surety  righteousness  of  Christ  in 
the  article  of  justification  before  God, 
1749  ;  reply  to  Mr.  Bryant's  remarks  on 
the  above  sermon,  1751. 

POWHATAN,  emperor  of  the  In- 
dians in  Virginia,  at  the  time  of  the  settle- 
ment of  that  colony  in  1607  was  the  most 
powerful  of  the  Indian  kings.  He  was 
deeply  versed  in  all  the  savage  arts  of 
government  and  policy,  and  was  insidi- 
ous, crafty,  and  cruel.  After  the  mar- 
riage of  his  daughter  to  Mr.  Rolfe  he  re- 


■    II 


656 


POWNALL. 


PRATT.  ♦ 


mained  faithflil  to  the  English.    He  died 
April  1618. 

POWNALL,  Thomas,  governor  of 
Maw.,  waa  appointed  to  this  office  iu 
1757  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Shirley.  His 
measures  were  accommodated  with  great 
address  to  the  state  of  the  people  and  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  British 
arms  triumphant  in  Canada  ;  but,  as  he 
did  not  give  his  confidence  to  Mr.  Hutch- 
inson and  his  party,  and  as  many  slanders 
were  propagated  respecting  him  •  among 
the  people,  he  solicited  to  be  recalled.  In 
1760,  when  sir  Francis  Bernard  was  re- 
moved to  Massachusetts,  lie  succeeded 
him  in  N.  Jersey,  as  lieut.  governor.  He 
was  soon  appointed  governor  of  S.  Caro- 
lina ;  but  from  this  station  he  was  in 
about  a. year  recalled  at  his  own  request. 
In  1768  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  par- 
liament, and  he  strenuously  opposed  the 
measures  of  the  administration  against 
the  colonies.  He  declared,  that  the  peo- 
ple of  America  were  universally,  united- 
ly, and  unalterably  resolved  never  to  sub- 
mit to  any  internal  tax,  imposed  by  any 
legislature,  in  which  they  were  not  rep- 
resented. He  retired  from  parliament  in 
1780,  and  died  at  Bath  Feb.  35,  1805, 
aged  83,  retaining  his  faculties  in  perfect 
vigor  in  his  last  days.  His  speeches  in 
parliament  were  all  published  in  Almon's 
parliamentary  register,  and  he  assisted  Mr. 
Almon  in  his  American  remembrancer  in 
30  volumes.  He  published  principles  of 
polity,  1752;  administration  of  the  colo- 
nies, L764,of  which  there  were  afterwards 
several  editions  with  improvements,  and 
part  II.  1774  ;  the  interest  and  duty  of 
the  state  in  East  India  affairs,  1773  ;  me- 
moir on  drainage,  1775;  descriptio'iofN. 
America,  with  Evans'  map  improved; 
letter  to  Adam  Smith  on  his  inquiry  into 
the  wealth  of  nations,  1776;  a  memorial 
to  the  sovereigns  of  Europe  on  the  state 
of  affairs  between  the  old  and  new  world, 
1780 ;  two  memorials,  1783  ;  a  memorial 
to  the  sovereigns  of  America  ;  on  the 
study  of 'antiquities,  1783 ;  notices  and 
descriptions  of  antiquities  of  the  provin- 
cia  Romanaof  Gaul ;  intellectual  physics; 
an  essay  on  being  ;  a  treatise  on  old  age. 


m 


PRATT,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  oi 
New  York,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1709 
of  poor  parents  and  bred  to  a  mechanical 
employment ;  but  the  misfortune  of,  los- 
ing a  limb  was  a  great  blessing  to  him 
and  made  him  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  em- 
inence. He  graduated  in  1737  at  Har- 
vard college,  and  in  the  catalogue  his 
name  iu  a  class  of  34  is  the  lowest,  the 
names  then  being  placed  according  to  the 
dignity  of  parentage  ;  yet  his  is  the  only 
name  in  the  class,  which  attained  the  dig- 
nity of  being  printed  in  capitals.  Thus 
the  lowest  is  the  most  honorable ;  the 
most  degraded  is  the  most  dignified.  He 
rose  to  distinction  as  a  lawyer.  He  was 
a  representative  of  Boston  from  1757  to 
1759  and  ably  supported  the  rights  of  the 
colonies.  When  governor  Fownall,  by 
whom  he  was  highly  esteemed,  was  a- 
bout  to  leave  the  province,  he  voted  to 
send  him  away  honorably  and  safely  in 
the  province  ship,  designed  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  trade.  This  circumstance 
lost  Mr.  Pratt  the  favor  of  the  merchants 
and  mechanics  of  Boston  ;  they  in  1760 
chose  in  his  stead  another  representative, 
who,  it  is  said,  was  skilful  to  ferment  the 
populace  against  his  rival.  Trnly  it  is 
not  an  easy  thing,  consistently  with  inde- 
pendence and  honor,  to  retain  amidst  va- 
rious e:(citing  influences  the  popular  good 
will.  Mr.  Pratt,  however,  was  not  for- 
gotten by  gov.  Pownall,  who  procured 
Cot  him  the  appointment  of  chief  justice 
of  New  York,  in  which  station,  though 
he  retained  it  but  a  short  time,  he  was 
admired  for  his  penetration,  learning,  and 
eloquence.  He  died  Jan.  5,  1763,  aged 
53.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  judge 
Auchmuty  ;  he  left  e  son  and  daughter ; 
the  descendants  of  the  latter  live  in  Bos- 
ton.— Judge  Pratt  was  a  writer  of  poetry, 
a  specimen  of  which  is  preserved  by  Mr. 
Knapp.  He  also  collected  materials  for 
a  history  of  N.  England.  No  man  in 
his  day  wrote  in  abetter  style. — Knapp'i 
biog.  tk.  163-174. 

PRATT,  Ephraim,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  the  grandson  of  John  Pratt, 
who  settled  at  Plymouth  in  1620,  was 
born  at  East  Sudbury  Nov.  1 , 1 687.     At 


■sS.^ 


'PRATZ. 


PRESCOTT. 


667 


the  age  or  31  he  married  Martha  Whee- 
iock,  and  before  his  death  he  could  num- 
ber among  hit  devcendanta  about  1600 
peraons.  In  the  year  1801  lour  of  his 
aons  were  living,  the  eldest  of  whom  was 
90  yeara  of  age  and  the  youngest  83. 
Michael  Pratt,  hia  son,  died  at  S.  in 
Dec.  1896  aged  103  years.— He  was  al- 
ways remarkable  Tor  temperance.  For 
the  last  sixty  yeara  he  had  tasted  no  wine 
nor  any  distilled  spirits,  and  he  was  nev- 
er intoxicated  in  his  life.  His  drink  was 
water,  small  beer,  and  cider.  Living 
mostly  on  bread  and  milk,  ibr  forty  years 
before  his  death  he  did  not  eat  any  animal 
food.  Such  was  his  uniform  health,  that 
before  1801  he  had  never  consulted  a 
physician,  and  it  is  not  known  that  he 
consulted  one  afterwards. 

PRATZ,  Le  Page  du,  published  His- 
toire  de  Louisiane,  S  vols.  ISmo.  1758. 

PREBLE,  Edward,  commodore  in 
the  American  navy,  a  descendant  of  Abra- 
ham P.,  who  lived  in  Scituate  in  1687 
and  removed  to  Kittery,  was  the  son  of 
brig.  gen.  Jedidiah  P.,  who  died  at  Port- 
land in  March  1784,  aged  77,  and  was 
born  in  Aug^  1761.  About  the  year  1779 
he  served  aa  a  midshipman  under  captain 
Williams,  and  in  a  short  time  was  promo- 
ted to  a  lieutenancy  on  board  the  sloop  of 
war  commanded  by  capt.  Little,  with 
whom  he  continued  till  the  peace  in  1783. 
In  this  station  he  performed  a  brilliant  ac- 
tion. He  boarded  and  captured  with  a 
few  men  a  vessel  of  more  than  equal 
force  lying  in  the  harbor  of  Penobscot, 
under  a  furious  cannonade  from  the  bac- 
tery  and  an  incessant  fire  of  the  troops. 
In  1801  he  had  the  command  of  the  frig- 
ate Essex,  in  which  he  performed  a  voy- 
age to  the  east  Indies  for  the  protection 
of  our  trade.  In  1803  he  was  appointed 
commodore  with  a  squadron  of  seven  sail, 
and  he  soon  made  his  passage  to  the  Med- 
iterranean with  the  design  of  humbling 
the  Tripolitan  barbarians.  He  first  took 
such  measures  with  regard  to  the  emper- 
or of  Morocco,  as  led  to  a  peace.  He 
next,  after  the  loss  of  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, procured  a  number  of  gun  boats 
of  the  king  of  Naples  &  proceeded  to  the 
83 


attack  of  Tripoli.  The  Philadelphia  waa 
burned  by  Decatur,  but  the  place  was 
not  taken.  The  bravery  exhibited  had 
however  its  effect,  for  a  peace  waa  af\er- 
warda  obtained  on  honorable  terms. 
Such  was  the  good  conduct  of  commo* 
dore  Preble,  that  it  extorted  praise  from 
the  bashaw  of  Tripoli,  and  even  the  popa 
of  Rome  declared,  that  he  had  done  more 
towards  humbling  the  antichristian  bar- 
barians on  that  coast,  than  all  the  Chris- 
tian states  had  ever  done.  He  died  Aug. 
35,  1807,  aged  45. 

PRESCOTT,  William,  colonel,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  was  born  at  Oro- 
ton,  Mass.,  in  1725  ;  his  father  w(vs  Benj. 
P.,  a  councillor ;  his  mother  was  a  daugh' 
ter  of  Thomas  Oliver,  also  a  councillor. 
He  inherited  a  large  estate,  and  resided  at 
Pepperell.  Under  Winslow  he  assisted 
in  the  conquest  of  Nova  Scotia.  Hia 
military  talents  being  of  a  high  order,  h« 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the 
troops,  who  threw  up  the  fortification  at 
Bunker  hill  in  the  evening  of  June  16, 
1775.  In  the  battle  of  the  17th  he  was 
greatly  distinguished.  Col.  Swett  has 
described  his  exertions  on  that  day.  He 
accompanied  Washington  to  New  York, 
and  he  served  with  Gates  in  the  capture 
of  Burgoyne.  He  died  Oct.  13, 1795, 
aged  70.  His  brother,  James,  a  coun- 
cillor, high  sherifl  of  Middlesex,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  died  Feb.  15, 
1800. 

PRESCOTT,  Oliver,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
sian,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
April  37, 1731,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1750.  Dr.  Thacher  relates, 
that  he  waa  accustomed  to  sleep  on 
horseback,  while  his  horse  proceeded  at 
the  usual  pace.  He  was  not  only  a  phy- 
sician of  great  eminence  and  usefulness, 
but  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  being 
about  1776  brigadier  general  of  the  mili- 
tia, and  as  such  rendering  important  ser- 
vices, while  the  British  occupied  Boston. 
From  1777  to  1779  he  was  a  member  of 
the  council,  during  which  period  there 
was  no  governor  nor  lieut.  governor. 
From  1779  till  his  death  he  was  judge  of 
probate.    He  died  at  Groton  of  a  dropsy 


659 


PRESCOTT. 


PRIESTLEY. 


in  the  chnt  Nov.  17,  1804,  aged  73. 
}Iii  loii,  Jamei,  succeetled  him  as  judge 
of  probate.  One  of  liia  daughter!  married 
Timothy  Bigelow. — Ho  was  tall  and  cor 
pulent.  The  versatility  of  his  powers 
was  remarkable.  He  early  made  a  pro- 
fession of  religion  and  was  always  an  in- 
fluential member  of  the  church  at  Groton . 
—  Thaeher. 

PRESCOTT, Oliver,M.D.,a  physician, 
■on  of  the  preceding,  was  born  April  4, 
l7ffS  ;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1793  ;  studied  physic  with  Dr.  Lloyd, 
and  settled  at  Groton,  where  he  Iiad  ex- 
tensive practice.  In  1911  he  removed  to 
Newburyport,  where  he  died  of  the  ty- 
phus fever,  Sept.  26,  lS-21,  aged  65.  He 
was  an  eminent  physician,  and  he  early 
made  a  profesdion  of  his  Christian  faith. 
He  published  various  articles  in  the  N. 
E.  journal  of  medicine ;  also  a  Disserta- 
tion on  Ergot,  which  was  reprinted  in 
London,  and  in  France  and  Germany. — 
Thaeher. 

PRICE,  Richard,  d.  d.,  a  friend  of 
American  liberty,  was  born  in  Wales 
Feb.  33,  1733,  the  son  of  a  Calvinistic 
minister.  He  was  educated  at  an  acade- 
my near  London.  In  1757  he  became 
the  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
at  Newington  Green,  and  in  1769  the 
pastor  at  Hackney.  In  his  religious  sen- 
timents he  was  an  Arian.  He  died 
March  19,  1791,  aged  67.  His  nephew, 
William  Morgan,  has  written  his  lite  and 
described  his  excellent  character.  He 
published  a  Review  of  the  principal  ques- 
tions in  morals  ;  four  dissertations  ;  ob- 
servations on  annuities,  &c. ;  discussion 
concerning  materialism  and  necessity  in 
a  correspondence  with  Dr.  Priestley ;  2 
volumes  of  sermons.  His  works,  which 
procured  for  him  great  respect  in  Ameri- 
ca, were  Observations  on  civil  lib- 
erty and  the  justice  of  the  war  with  Amer- 
ica, 1776  ;  additional  observations,  1777  ; 
and  the  importance  of  the  American  rev- 
olution and  the  means  of  making  it  use- 
ful to  the  world,  1784. 

PRICE,  Jonathan  D.,  a  physician  and 
a  baptist  missiorary  to  Burraah,  was  or- 
dained in  Philadelphia,  May  20,   1821. 


He  arrived  early  in  the  next  year  at 
Rangoon,  where  his  wife  died  May  3<l. 
When  his  medical  character  was  known 
at  court,  ho  was  ordered  by  the  king  to 
repair  to  Ava,  where  ho  was  introduced 
to  the  king,  who  gave  him  a  iiouse. 
When  the  British  invaded  Burmah,  he 
and  Mr.  Judson  were  thrown  into  prison 
June  8,  1834.  He  wus  conflned,  and 
subject  to  dreadful  sufferings  till  Feb.  or 
March  1836,  when  he  was  released  and 
employed  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the 
British,  who  had  advanced  near  to  the 
capital.  After  the  war  he  resided  at  Ava, 
in  the  favor  of  the  emperor  ;  he  engaged 
in  the  tuition  of  several  scholars ;  and  by 
his  lectures  hoped  to  shake  the  founda- 
tion of  Boodhism.  But  he  fell  a  victim 
to  a  pulmonary  consumption  Feb.  14, 
1838. 

PRIESTLEY,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  an  em- 
inent philosopher,  and  voluhiinoiis  writer, 
was  born  at  Fieldhead,  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  March  24,  1733.  His  father 
was  a  cloth  dresser.  At  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  had  acquired  in  the  schools,  to 
which  he  had  been  sent,  and  by  the  aid 
of  ])rivate  instruction  a  good  knowledge 
of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  French, 
Italian,  and  German  ;  he  had  also  begun 
to  read  Arabic,  and  learned  Choldee  and 
Syriac.  With  these  attainments  and 
others  in  mathematics,  natural  philosophy, 
and  morals,  he  entered  the  academy  of 
Daventry  under  Dr.  Ashworth  in  1752 
with  a  view  to  the  Christian  ministry. 
Here  he  spent  three  years.  Thestudents 
were  referred  to  books  on  both  sides  of 
every  question,  and  required  to  abridge 
the  most  important  works.  The  tutors, 
Mr.  Ashworth  and  Mr.  Clark,  being  of 
different  opinions,  and  the  students  being 
divided,  subjects  of  dispute  were  continu- 
ally discussed.  He  had  been  educated  in 
Calvinism,  and  in  early  life  he  sufl'ered 
great  distress  from  not  findings  satisfacto- 
ry evidence  of  the  renovation  of  his  mind 
by  the  Spirit  of  God.  He  had  a  great  aver- 
sion to  plays  and  romances.  He  atten- 
ded a  weekly  meeting  of  young  men  for 
conversation  and  prayer.  But,  before 
he  went  to  the  academy,  he  became  an 


PRIESTLEY. 


050 


Arminian,  though  ho  retained  th«  doc- 
trine of  the  trinity  and  of  the  atonement. 
At  the  academy  he  embraced   Arianism. 
Peruting  Hartley's  observations  on  man, 
he  was  fixed  in  the  belief  of  the  doctrine 
of  necessity.     1  n  1 7  55  he  became  assistant 
minister  to  the  independent  congregation 
of  Needham  Market  in   Suffolk  upon  a 
■alary  of  forty  pounds  a  year.  Falling  un- 
der the  suspicion  of  Arianism,  he  became 
in  1758  pastor|of  a  congregation  at  Nant- 
wich  in  Cheshire,  where  he    remained 
three  years,  being  not  only  minister  but 
schoolmaster.    In  1761   he  removed  to 
Warrington  as  tutor  in  the  belles  leltres 
in  the  academy  there,     in  1767  he  accep- 
ted the  pastoral  office  at  Leeds.     Here 
by  reading  Lardner's  letter  on  the  Logos 
he  became  a  Socinian.    In  1773  he  went 
to  live  with  the  marquis  of  Lansdowne 
as  librarian,  or  literary  companion,with  a 
salary  of  250/.  a  year.     During  a  connex- 
ion of  7  years  with  his  lordship  he  visited 
in  his   company  France,  Holland,  and 
some  parts  of  Germany.  He  then  became 
minister  of  Birmingham.      At    length, 
when  several  of  his  friends  celebrated  the 
French  revolution  July  14,  1791,  a  mob 
collected  and  set  fire  to  the  dissenting 
meeting  houses,  and  several  dwelling  hou- 
ses of  dissenters,  and  among  others  to 
that  of  Dr.  Priestley.  He  lost  his  library, 
and  was  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  me- 
tropolis.   He  was  chosen  to  succeed  Dr. 
Price  at  Hackney,  and  was  a  lecturer  in 
the  dissenting  college  of  that  place.     But, 
the  public  aversion  to  him  being  strong, 
and  his  sons  emigrating  to  the  U.  States, 
he  followed  them  in  April  1794.    He  set- 
tled at  Northumberland,  a  town  of  Penn- 
sylvania about  130  miles  north  west  of 
Philadelphia.      In  this  city  for  two  or 
three  winters  after  his  arrival  he  delivered 
lectures  on  the  evidences  of  Christianity. 
He  died  in  calmness,  and  in  the  full  vig- 
'  or  of  his  mind  February  6, 1804,  aged  70. 
He  dictated  some  alterations  in  his  manu- 
scripts half  an  hour  before  his  death.    He 
was  amiable  and  affectionate  in  the  inter- 
course of  private  and  domestic  life.    Few 
men  in  modern  times  hare  written  so 
much,  or  with  such  facility ;  yet  he  sel- 


dom spent  more  than  six  or  eight  hours 
in  a  day  in  any  labor,  which  required 
much  mental  exertion.     A  habit  of  regu- 
larity extended  itself  to  all  his  studies. 
He  never  read  a  book  without  determin- 
ing in  his  own  mind  when  he  would  fin- 
ish it ;  and  at  the  beginning  of  every 
year  he  arranged  the  plan  of  his  literary 
pursuits  and  scientific  researches.    Ho 
labored  under  a  great  defect,  which  how- 
ever was  not  a  very  considerable  impedi- 
ment to  his  progress .    He  sometimes  lost 
all  ideas  both  of  persons  and  things,  with 
which  he  had  been  conversant.     He  al- 
ways did  immediately  what  he  had  to 
perform.     Though  he  rose    early  and 
despatched  his  more  serious  pursuits  in 
the  morning  ;  yet  he  was  as  well  qualified 
for  mental  exertion  at  one  time  of  the 
day  as  at  another.    A II  seasons  were  equal 
to  him,  early  or   late,  before  dinner  or 
after.    He  could  also  write  without  in- 
convenience by  the  parlour  fire  with  hia 
wife  and  children  about  him,  and  occa- 
sionally talking  to  them.    In  hia  family 
he  ever  maintained  the  worship  of  God. 
As  a  schoolmaster  and  professor  he  was 
indefatigable.     With  respect  to  his  relig- 
ious sentiments  his  mind  underwent  a 
number  of  revolutions  ;  but  he  died  in 
the  Sociniftn  faith,  which  he  had  many 
years  supported.    He  iMssesses  a  high 
reputation  as  a  philosopher,  particularly 
as  a  chemist.    Commencing  his  chemical 
career  in  1772  he  did  more  for  chemistry 
in  two  years,  than  had  been  done  by  any 
of  his  predecessors.    He  discovered  the 
existence  of  vital  or  dephlogisticated  air, 
the  oxygen  gas  of  the  French  nomencla- 
ture, and  other  kinds  of  aeriform  fluids. 
He  always  adhered  to  the  old  doctrine  of 
Stahl  respecting  phlogiston,  though  the 
whole  scientific  world   had  rejected  it. 
But  his  versatile  mind  could  not  be  con- 
fined to  one  subject.    He  was  not  only  a 
chemist,  but  an  eminent  metaphysician. 
He  was  a  materialist  and  lecessarian. 
He  maintained,  that  all  volitions  are  the 
necessary  result  of  previous  circumstan- 
ces, the  will  being  always  governed  by 
motives  ;  and  yet  he  opposed  the  Calvin- 
istic  doctrine  of  predestination.    The  ba> 


660 


PRINCE. 


■  ! 


sisorhis  necessarian  theory  was  Hartley's 
observations  on  man.  The  chart  of  his- 
tory used  in  Prance  was  much  improved 
by  him,  and  he  invented  the  chart  of  bi- 
ography, which  is  very  useful.  Of  his 
numerous  publications  the  following  are 
theprincipal  ;  a  treatise  on  English  gram- 
mar, 1761  ;  on  the  doctrine  of  remission  ; 
history  of  electricity,  1767  ;  history  of 
vision,  light,  and  colors  ;  introduction  to 
perspective,  1770;  harmony  of  the  evan- 
gelists ;  address  to  masters  of  families  on 
prayer ;  experiments  on  air,  4  vols  ;  ob- 
servations on  education  ;  lectures  on  ora- 
tory and  criticism  ;  institutes  of  natural 
and  revealed  religion  ;  a  reply  to  the 
Scotch  metaphysicians,  Reid,  Oswald, 
and  Beattie  ;  disquisitions  on  matter  and 
spirit,  1777  ;  history  of  the  corruptions 
of  Christianity  ;  letters  to  bishop  New- 
come  on  the  duration  of  Christ's  minis- 
try ;  correspondence  with  Dr.  Horseley ; 
history  of  early  opinions  concerning  Je- 
sus Christ,  4  vols.  1786  ;  lectures  on  his- 
tory and  general  policy,;  answers  to  Paine 
and  Volney ;  several  pieces  on  the  doctrine 
of  necessity  in  the  controversy  with  Dr. 
Price  ;  discourses  on  the  evidences  of  re- 
revealed  religion,  3  vols.  ;  letters  to  a 
philosophical  unbeliever  ;  discourses  on 
various  subjects.  He  also  wrote  many 
defences  of  unitarianism  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  theological  repository. 
After  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  pub- 
lished a  comparison  of  the  institutions  of 
the  Mosaic  religion  with  those  of  the 
Hindoos ;  Jesus  and  Socrates  compared  ; 
several  tracts  against  Dr.  Linn,  who 
wrote  against  the  preceding  pamphlet ; 
notes  on  the  scriptures,  4  vols.  ;  history 
of  the  Christian  church,  6  vols. ;  several 
pamphlets  on  philosophical  subjects,  and 
in  defence  of  the  doctrine  of  phlogiston. 
Dr.  Priestley's  life  was  pubHshed  in  1306 
in  two  volumes.  The  memoirs  were 
written  by  himself  to  the  year  1787,  and  a 
short  continuation  by  his  own  hand  brings 
them  to  1795. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth colony,  was  a  native  of  England, 
and  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  16'il  ;  he 
wrote  bis  name  Prence,    He  was  first 


chosen  governor  in  1634.  Being  ap- 
pointed an  assistant  the  next  year,  he 
continued  in  this  office,except  in  the  year 
1688,  when  he  was  chosen  governor,  till 
the  death  of  Mr.  Bradford  in  1657.  At 
this  time,  as  a  disposition  prevailed  :n  the 
colony  to  discountenance  regular  minis- 
ters by  giving  the  preference  to  the  gifts 
of  the  private  brethren,  it  was  thought, 
that  his  re-election  to  the  office  of  gover- 
nor would  prevent  the  church  from  being 
overwhelmed  with  ignorance,  and  it 
proved  highly  beneficial  to  the  interests 
of  religion.  He  was  governor  from  1657 
to  1672.  He  had  been  living  at  Nauset 
or  Eastham,  of  which  town  he  was  one 
of  the  first  planters  in  1 644 ;  but,  af\er 
being  chosen  governor,  he  removed  to 
Plymouth,  where  he  died  March  S9, 
1673,  aged  72.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Winslow.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
worth  and  piety,  and  eminently  qualified 
for  his  station.  S  trict  in  his  religious  opin- 
ions, he  zealously  opposed  those,  whom 
he  believed  to  be  heretics,  partic\<lariy 
the  quakers.  As  a  magistrate,  such  w^s 
his  care  to  be  impartial, that  if  any  penion, 
who  had  a  cause  in  court,  sent  a  prer^ent 
to  his  family  during  his  absence,  he  im- 
mediately on  being  informed  of  it  returned 
its  value  in  money.  Though  his  abilities 
had  not  been  much  improved  by  educa- 
tion, he  was  the  friend  of  learning.  In 
opposition  to  the  clamors  of  the  ignorant 
he  procured  revenues  for  the  support  of 
grammar  schools  in  the  colony. — Mag- 
nalia,  ii.  6,  7. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, was  the  fourth  son  of  Samuel  Prince 
of  Sandwich  and  grandson  of  Elder  John 
Prince  of  Hull,who  came  to  this  country 
in  1633  and  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  P. 
of  East  ShefTord  m  Berkshire.  He 
was  born  at  Sandwich  May  15, 1687,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1707.  Having  determined  to  visit  Eu- 
rope, he  sailed  for  England  April  1, 1709. 
For  some  years  he  preached  at  Combs 
in  Suffolk,  where  he  was  earnestly  invi- 
ted to  continue,  but  his  attachment  to 
his  native  country  was  too  strong  to  be 
resisted.    He  arrived  at  Boston  July  30, 


PRINCE. 


661 


1717,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  old 
south  church,  aa  colleague  with  Dr.  Sew- 
all,  his  classmate,  Oct.  1,  1^18.  In  this 
station  his  fine  genius,  improved  by  dili- 
gent study,  polished  by  an  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  mankind,  and  employed 
to  the  noblest  purposes  of  life,  rendered 
him  an  ornament  to  his  profession,  and  a 
rich  blessing  to  the  church.  He  died 
Oct.  22,  1758,  aged  71.  In  his  last  sick- 
ness he  expressed  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin- 
fulness, and  a  desire  of  better  evidence, 
that  he  was  fit  to  dwell  in  heaven.  When 
his  speech  failed  him,  as  he  was  asked, 
whether  he  was  submissive  to  the  divine 
will  and  could  commit  his  soul  to  the  care 
of  Jesus,  he  lided  up  his  hand  to  express 
his  resignation,  and  confidence  in  the  Sa- 
vior. From  his  youth  he  had  been  in 
fluenced  by  the  fear  of  God.  He  was  an 
eminent  preacher,  for  his  sermons  were 
rich  in  thought,  perspicuous  and  devo- 
tional, and  he  inculcated  the  doctrines 
and  duties  of  religion,  as  one,  who  felt 
their  importance.  The  original  langua- 
ges, in  which  the  scriptures  were  written, 
were  familiar  to  him.  In  the  opinion  of 
Dr.  Chauncy  no  one  in  N.  England  had 
more  learning,  except  Cotton  Mather. 
Firmly  attached  to  the  faith  once  deliver- 
ed to  the  saints,  he  was  zealous  for  the 
honor  of  his  divine  Master.  He  was 
anxious  to  preserve  suitable  discipline  in 
thechurch,that  those,  who  had  been  guil- 
ty of  open  sins,  might  be  reclaimed,  and 
that  the  nan)e  of  Christian  might  be  pre- 
served from  reproach.  He  mourned  over 
the  degeneracy  of  theN.E.  churches 
both  in  doctrine  and  practice.  When 
Mr.  Whitefield  visited  this  country  in 
1740,  Mr.  Prince  received  him  with  open 
arms,  and  was  always  his  friend  ;  he  al- 
ways respected  that  Christian  benevo- 
lence, which  animated  the  eloquent  itin- 
erant ;  and  he  was  grateful  for  those  la- 
bors, which  were  so  eminently  useful  to 
his  people  and  the  town  of  Boston.  In 
private  life  he  was  amiable  and  exemplary. 
It  was  his  constant  endeavor  to  imitate 
the  perfect  example  of  his  Master  and 
Lord.  Ho  was  ready  to  forgive  injuries, 
SQd  return  good  for  evil.     By  the  grace 


of  God  he  was  enabled  to  preserve  a 
calmness  of  mind  under  very  trying 
events.  When  heavy  afflictions  were  laid 
upon  him,  he  displayed  exemplary  sub- 
mission to  the  will  of  God.  Though  he 
was  a  learned  man,  and  was  uncommonly 
diligent  in  study,  yet  he  relished  the  com- 
forts and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties 
of  domestic  life.  It  was  no  small  part  of 
his  labor  to  impress  on  his  children  a  sense 
of  religion,  and  he  had  the  happiness  of 
seeing  all  his  offspring  walking  in  the 
truth.  His  wife,  Deborah  Denny,  survi- 
ved him  and  died  June  1,  1766.  Theon- 
ly  child  who  survived  him,  was  Sarah, 
who  in  1759  married  Mr.  Gill,  aflerwards 
lieutenant  governor,  and  died  without 
children  in  Aug.  1771. 

Mr.  Prince  began  in  1703,  while  atcol« 
lege,  and  continued  more  than  fifty  years 
a  collection  of  public  and  private  papers 
relating  to  the  civil  and  religious  history 
of  N.  England.  His  collection  of  manu- 
scripts he  lefl  to  the  care  of  the  old  south 
church,  and  they  were  deposited  in  an 
apartment  of  the  meeting  house  with  a 
valuable  library  of  books,  which  he 
had  established  under  the  name  of  the 
N.  England  library.  But  the  manux 
scripts  were  principally  destroyed  by  the 
British  during  the  late  war,  and  thus  ma- 
ny important  facts  relating  to  the  history 
of  this  country  are  irrecoverably  lost. 
The  books  yet  remain,  and  have  been  de- 
posited in  the  historical  library. — He 
published  account  of  the  first  appear-* 
ance  of  the  aurora  borealis ;  a  sermon  at 
thank8giving,1717;  at  Ills  own  ordination, 
1713 ;  an  account  of  the  English  minis- 
ters at  Martha's  Vineyard,  annexed  to 
Mayhew's  Indian  converts,  1727  ;  elec- 
tion sermon,  1730;  on  the  day  of  prayer 
for  the  choice  of  a  minister,  1732  ;  on  the 
death  of  George  1, 1727;  of  Cotton  Math- 
er, and  Samuel  Prince,  his  father,  1728  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  arrival  of  the  governor, 
1728;  on  the  death  of  Sam'l  Sewall,1780; 
Daniel  Oliver,  and  Daniel  Oliver,  jun., 
1732  ;  Mrs.  Oliver,  1735  ;  Mary  Belcher, 
1736  ;  Nathaniel  Williams,  1738  ;  Mrs. 
Deborah  Prince,  1744  ;  Thomas  Gush- 
ing, 1746 ;  Martha  Stoddard,  1748 ;  the 


C63 


PRINCE. 


PULASKI. 


if 

■I 
I 


jtrince  of  Wales,  n.'il ;  Hannah  Fayor- 
wealhcr,  1755  ;  Edward  UromKuld,  and 
Josiah  Willard,  1756  ;  a  chronolo{(ical 
history  ofN.  Eny;land  in  the  form  of  an- 
nald,  13ino.  173G,  nnd  three  numbers  of 
the  'id.vohiine  in  1755.  In  tliia  work  it  was 
his  intention  to  give  a  summary  account 
of  transactions  and  occurrences  relating 
to  this  country  from  the  discovery  of 
Gosnoid  in  1602  to  the  arrival  oi' govern- 
or Belcher  in  1730,  but  ho  brought  the 
history  down  only  to  1633.  He  spent 
much  time  upon  tlie  introductory  epi- 
tome, which  begins  at  the  creation.  Had 
he  confined  himself  to  N.  England,  and 
Hnished  his  work,  it  would  have  been  of 
incalculable  value.  He  published  also 
an  account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in 
Boston  in  the  Christian  history,  1744  ;  a 
sermon  on  the  battle  near  Culloden,  and 
the  destruction  of  the  marquis  D'An- 
ville's  squadron  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon 
on  the  taking  of  Louisbourg,  1746 ;  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  reviving  rains 
afler  the  distressing  drought,  1749  ;  the 
N.  England  psalm  book  revised  and  im- 
proved, 1758.  Afler  his  death  Dr.  John 
Erskine  of  Edinburgh  published  from 
his  manuscripts  six  sermons,  the  last  of 
which  was  occasioned  by  the  death  of  his 
son,  Thomas  Prince. —  Wimcr^s  hist.  O 
South. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  Feb.  27, 1752 ;  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1740  ;  and  died  in 
Oct.  1748,  aged  26.  He  died  in  Chris 
tian  peace,  as  did  also  his  three  sisters, 
Deborah, 1744,  Mercy,  1752,  Mrs.  Sarah 
Gill,  1771.  The  dying  exercises  of  Deb- 
orah and  devout  meditations  of  Mrs.  Gill 
were  published  at  Edinb.  1785.  Mr.  P, 
publishe '  the  Christian  history,  a  periodi- 
cal account  of  religion,  beginning  March 
5,  1743,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1744—1745. 

PRINCE',  Nathan,  a  distinguished 
scholar,  the  brother  of  Rev.Thos.P.jWas 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1718 
He  was  chosen  tutor  in  1723,  and  fellow 
in  1737  ;  but  he  was  removed  in  1742. 
He  in  consequence  published  an  account 
of  the  constitution  and  government  of 
Harvard  college  from  its  first  foundation 


in  1636  to  the  year  1743,  in  which  he 
endeavored  to  prove,  that  the  general 
court  had  the  sole  power  of  disniissiug 
members  of  the  cor|)oration,  and  are  the 
only  visitors  of  the  college.    In  this  work 
he  also  complains  of  the  management  of 
the  treasury,  and  reprobates  the  injustice, 
which  he  believes  was  done  in  arranging 
the   students   in  the   classes  and  ihuir 
names  in    the   catalogue   according   to 
the  dignity  or  worth  of  their   connex- 
ions.      He  had  before  his  removal  re- 
fused to  assist  in  this  arrangement.    The 
alphabetical  disposition  of  the  names  was 
not  made  till  1773.     Mr.  Prince  once  had 
u  deep  rooted  aversion  to  the  episcopal 
church  ;  hut  afler  his  dismission  ho  took 
orders.     He  died  at  Ratlan  in  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  was  a  minister,  July  25, 
1748.     Ho  was  a  greater  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  and  a  much  better  clas- 
sical scholar  and  logician,  than  his  broth- 
er, and  is  ranked  among  the  great  men  of 
this  country.    He  published,  besides  the 
book  mentioned,  an  essay  to  solve  the 
dithculties  attending  the  accounts  of  the 
resurrection,  1734. 

PROUD,  Robert,  a  historian,  was 
born  in  Yorkshire,  England,  May  10, 
1728,  and  in  Jan.  1759  arrived  at  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  lived  halfa  century. 
For  many  years  lie  was  a  teacher  in  a 
school  of  the  quakers.  In  the  revolution 
he  was  a  decided  royalist.  About  the 
year  1791  he  devoted  himself  to  writing 
his  history,  the  publication  of  which 
was  attended  with  pecuniary  loss.  He 
died  July  7,  1813,  aged  85.  He  was 
tall ;  his  nose  was  Roman,  with  "  most 
impending  brows.  Domine  Proud 
wore  a  curled,  grey  wig,  and  a  half 
cocked,  ancient  hat.  He  was  the  model 
of  a  gentleman." 

PULASKI,  Count,  brigadier  general 
in  the  army  of  the  U.  States,  was  a  Po- 
lander  of  high  birth,  who  with  a  few 
men  in  1771  carried  off  king  Stanislaus 
from  the  middle  of  his  capital,  though 
surrounded  with  a  numerous  body  of 
guards  and  a  Russian  army.  The  king 
soon  escaped  and  declared  Pulaski  an 
outlaw.     After  his  arrival  in  this  coun- 


PURCiJ 


PUTNAM. 


66S 


try,  heofiered  his  tetvkta  to  congress, 
and  was  honored  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general.  He  discovered  the 
greatest  intrepidity  in  an  engagement 
with  a  party  of  the  British  near  Charles- 
ton in  May  1779.  In  the  assault  upon 
Savannah  (^t.  ninth  by  gen.  Lincoln 
and  count  D'Estaing,  Pulaski  was  woun- 
ded at  the  head  of  two  hundred  horse- 
men, as  he  was  galloping  into  the  town 
with  the  intention  of  charging  in  the 
rear.  Ho  died  on  the  eleventh,  and  con- 
gress resolved,  that  a  monument  should 
be  erected  to  his  memory. 

PURCHAS,  Samuel,  a  minister  in 
London,  died  about  1628,  aged  51.  He 
published  his  Pilgrimage,  or  Relations  of 
the  World,  5  vols.  fol.  London, 1641,  &c. 
It  is  a  rare  and  valuable  collection  and 
abridgment  of  travels. 

PURSH,  F'rederic,  a  botanist,  was 
born  at  Tobolski  in  Siberia,  and  educated 
at  Dresden.  He  resided  in  this  country 
from  1799  to  1811,  employed  in  .various 
excursions  by  Mr.  Hamilton  of  Philadel- 
phia and  Dr.  Hosock  of  N.  York.  On 
going  to  England  in  1811  with  a  collec- 
tion of  plants,  he  was  patronized  by 
Smith  and  Banks,  who  opened  to  him 
their  botanical  stores.  Afler  publishing 
his  book  in  1814  he  returned  to  America, 
and,  while  engaged  in  collecting  materi- 
als lor  a  Canadian  flora,  died  at  Montreal 
June  11,  1820,  aged  4S.  He  published  a 
valuable  work,  Floia  Americae  Septentri- 
onalis,  or  the  plants  of  N.  America,  Lon- 
don, 8vo,  1814. 

PUTNAM,  Israel,  major  general  in 
the  army  of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  in  Sa- 
lem, Mass.  Jan,  7,  1718.  His  mind  was 
vigorous,  but  it  was  never  cultivated. 
In  running,  leaping,  and  wrestling  he  al- 
most always  bore  away  the  prize.  In 
1739  he  removed  to  Pomfret,  Conn., 
where  he  cultivated  a  considerable  tract 
of  land.  He  had  however  to  encounter 
many  dilRculties,  and  among  his  troubles 
the  depredations  of  wolves  among  his 
sheepfold  was  not  the  least.  In  one  night 
70  fine  sheep  and  goats  were  killed.  A 
she  wolf  being  considered  as  the  principal 
cause  of  the  havoc,  Mr.  Putnam  enter- 


ed   into  a  combination    with  a    num- 
ber of  his  neigbors  to  hunt  alternately, 
till  they  should  destroy  her.     At  length 
the  hounds  drove  her  into  her  den   in 
Pomfret  and  several   persons  soon  col- 
lected with  guns,  straw,  fire,  and  sul- 
phur to  attack  the  common  enemy.    But 
the  dogs  were  afraid  to  approach  lier, 
and    the   fumes    of     brimstone     could 
not  force  her  from  her  cavern.    It  waa 
now  ten  o'clock  at  night.      Mr.   Put- 
nam proposed  to  his  black  servant  to  des- 
cend into  the  cave  and  shoot  the  wolf; 
but,  as  the  negro  declined,  he  resolved  to 
do  it  himself.    Having  divested  himself 
of  his  coat  and  waistcoat,  and  having  a 
lonrr  rope  fastened  round  his  legs,  by 
whiv.h  he  might  pulled  back  at  a  concer- 
ted signal,  he  entered  the  cavern  head 
foremost  with  a  blazing  torch,  made  of 
strips  of  birch  bark,  in  his  hand .    He  de- 
scended filleen  feet,  passed  along  horizon- 
tally ten  feet,  and  then  began  the  gradu- 
al ascent,  which  is  sixteen  feet  in  length. 
He  slowly  proceeded  on  his  hands  and 
knees  in  an  abode,  which  was  silent  as 
the  house  of  death.     Cautiously  glancing 
forwards  he  discovered  the  glaring  eye- 
balls of  the  wolf,  who  started  at  the  sight 
of  his  torch,  gnashed  her  teeth,  and  gave 
a  sullen  growl.     He  immediately  kicked 
the  rope,    and   was  drawn   out  with  a 
friendly  celerity  and  violence,  which  not 
a  little  bruised  him.     Loading  his  gun 
with  nine  buck  shot,  and  carrying  it  in 
one  hand,  while  he  held  the  torch  with 
the  other,  he  descended  a  second  time. 
As  he  approached  the  wolf,  she  howled, 
rolled  her  eyes,  snapped  her  teeth,  drop- 
ped her  head  between  her  legs,  and  was 
evidently  on  the  jwint  of  springing  at 
him.     At  this  moment  he  fired  at  her 
head,  and  soon  found  himself  drawn  out 
of  the  cave.     Ha^i'ig  refreshed  himself 
he  again  descended,  and  seizing  the  wolf 
by  her  ears  kicked  the  rope,  and  his  com- 
panions above  with  no  small  exultation 
dragged  them  both  out  together.    During 
the  French  war  he  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand a  company  of    the    first  troops, 
which  were  raised  in  Connecticut  in  175.5. 
He  rendered  much  service  to  the  army  ia 


i'  ''% 


664 


PUTNAM. 


the  neighborhood  of  Crown  point.  In 
1756,  while  near  Ticonderoga,  he  was  re- 
peatedly in  the  most  imminent  danger. 
He  escaped  in  an  adventure  of  one  night 
with  twelve  bullet  holes  in  his  blanket. 
In  Aug.  he  was  sent  out  with  several 
hundred  men  to  watch  the  motions  of  the 
enemy.  Being  ambuscaded  by  a  party 
of  equal  numbers,  a  general  but  irregular 
action  took  place.  He  had  discharged 
his  fusee  several  times,  but  at  length  it 
missed  fire,  while  its  muzzle  was  presen- 
ted to  the  breast  of  a  savage.  The  war- 
rior with  his  lifled  hatchet  and  a  tremen- 
dous war  whoop  compelled  him  to  sur- 
render, and  then  bound  him  to  a  tree. 
In  the  course  of  the  action  the  parties 
changed  their  position,  so  as  to  bring 
this  tree  directly  between  them.  The 
balls  flew  by  him  incessantly  ;  many 
struck  the  tree  ,  and  some  passed  through 
his  clothes.  The  enemy  now  gained 
possession  of  the  ground,  but,  being  af- 
terwards driven  from  the  field,  they  car- 
ried their  prisoner  with  them .  At  night 
he  was  stript,  &  a  fire  was  kindled  to  roast 
him  alive;  but  a  French  officer  saved  him. 
The  nextdayhe  arrived  atTiconderoga,& 
thence  ho  was  carried  to  Montreal. 
About  the  year  1759  he  was  exchanged 
through  the  ingenuity  of  his  fellow  pris- 
oner, colonel  Schuyler.  After  the  peace 
he  returned  to  his  farm .  He  was  plough- 
ing in  his  field  in  1775,  when  he  heard 
the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington.  He 
immediately  unyoked  his  team,  led  his 
plough  on  the  spot,  and  without  chang- 
ing his  clothes  set  off  for  Cambridge. 
He  soon  went  to  Connecticut,  levied  a 
regiment,  and  repaired  again  to  the  camp. 
In  a  little  time  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  general.  In  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  hill  he  exhibited  his  usual  in- 
trepidity. He  directed  the  men  to  reserve 
their  fire,  till  the  enemy  was  very  near, 
reminded  them  of  their  skill,  and  told 
them  to  take  good  aim.  They  did  so, 
and  the  execution  was  terrible.  After 
the  retreat,  he  made  a  stand  at  Winter 
hill  and  drove  back  the  enemy  under  cov- 
er of  their  ships.  When  the  army  was 
organized  by   general    Washington  at 


Cambridge,  Putnam  was  appointed  to 
command  the'reserve.  In  Aug.  1776  he 
was  stationed  at  Brooklyn,  on  Long  Isl- 
and .  After  the  defeat  of  our  army  he 
went  to  New  York  and  was  very  service- 
able in  the  city  and  neighborhood.  In 
Oct.  or  Nov.  he  was  sent  to  Philadel- 
phia to  fortify  that  city.  In  Jan.  1777 
he  was  directed  to  take  post  at  Prince- 
ton,where  he  continued  until  spring.  At 
this  place  a  sick  prisoner,  a  captain,  re- 
quested that  a  friend  in  the  British  army 
at  Brunswick  might  be  sent  for  to  assist 
him  in  making  his  will.  Putnam  was 
perplexed.  He  had  but  fifty  men  under 
his  command,  and  he  did  not  wish  to 
have  his  weakness  known  ;  yet  he  was 
unwilling  to  deny  the  request.  He  how- 
ever sent  a  flag  of  truce,  and  directed  the 
officer  to  be  brought  in  the  night.  In 
the  evening  lights  ware  placed  in  all  the 
college  windows,  and  in  every  apartment 
of  the  vacant  houses  throughout  the 
town.  The  officer  on  his  return  reported, 
that  general  Putnam's  army  could  not 
consist  of  less,  than  four  or  five  thousand 
men.  In  the  spring  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  a  separate  army  in  the 
highlands  of  New  York.  One  Palmer,  a 
lieutenant  in  the  tory  new  levies,  was  de- 
tected in  the  camp ;  governor  Tryon  re- 
claimed him  as  a  British  offiper,  threat- 
ening vengeance  if  he  was  not  restored. 
General  Putnam  wrote  the  following  pithy 
reply  ;  "  Sir,  Nathan  Palmer,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  your  king's  service,  was  taken  in 
my  camp  as  a  spy  ;  he  was  condemned 
as  a  spy ;  and  he  shall  be  hanged  as  a 
spy.  P.  S.  Afternoon.  He  is  hanged. " 
After  the  loss  of  fort  Montgomery,  the 
commander  in  chief  determined  to  build 
another  fortification,  and  he  directed  Put- 
man  to  fix  upon  a  spot.  To  him  belongs 
the  praise  of^  having  chosen  West  Point. 
The  campaign  of  1779,  which  was  prin- 
cipally spent  in  strengthening  the  works 
at  this  place,  finished  the  military  career 
of  Putnam.  A  paralytic  affection  im- 
paired the  activity  of  his  body,  and  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  retire- 
ment, retaining  his  relish  for  enjoyment, 
his  strength  of  memory,  and  all  the  fac- 


■Mi  " 


PUTNAM. 

ultiea  of  his  mind.  He  died  at  Brooklyn, 
Conn.,  May  99,1790,  aged  73.  His  only 
aurviving  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  Waldo, 
died  at  Conway,  N.  H.  Nov.  1835,  aged 
73  years.  His  son,  col.  Israel  P.,  died  at 
Belpre,  Ohio,  in  March  1818.— Peter 
Schuyler  P.,  his  7th  son,  died  at  Williams- 
town,  Mass.  in  1837,  aged  63.— Gen.  P. 
was  exemplary  in  the  various  relations  of 
life,  a  constant  attendant  on  public  wor- 
ship, and  a  worshipper  of  God  in  his 
house.  For  many  years  he  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  religion.  In  his  last  years  he 
professed  a  deep  sense  of  gin,  yet  a  strong 
hope  of  salvation  througti  the  Redeem- 
er of  sinners.- JfumpArey'f  life  of  P. 

PUTNAM,  Rufus,  general,  a  soldier 
of  the  revolution,  and  the  father  of  the 
western  country,  was  born  at  Sutton, 
Massachusetts,  in  1788.  He  engaged  in 
the  war  of  1756,  and  in  the  revolutionary 
struggle  took  an  active  part.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  he  commanded 
a  regiment ;  and  during  the  war  was  an 
engineer.  His  commission  as  brigadier 
in  the  army  of  the  U.  S.  is  dated  Jan.  7, 
1783.  On  the  return  of  the  peace  he  re- 
tired to  his  farm.  For  several  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  legislature.  In 
1786  and  1787  he  was  engaged  in  organi- 
zing the  Ohio  company  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  the  north  west  territorj' .  The 
affairs  of  the  company  were  intrusted  to 
him.  April  7, 1788  he  planted  himself 
with  about  40  others  in  the  wilderness  of 
the  west  bank  of  the  Ohio  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Muskingum,  and  called  their  settle- 
ment Marietta.  He  lived  to  see  Ohio  a 
flourishing  8tate,having  nearly  70  counties 
and  a  population  of  700,000  souls.  In 
1789  Washington  appointed  him  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  north  west 
territory;  and  in  1791  he  was  appointed  a 
brigadier  general  under  Wayne;  in  1795 
surveyor  general  of  the  U.  S.,  which  of- 
fice he  held  till  some  years  afler  the  acces- 
sion of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presidency. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  Ohio. 
He  died  at  Marietta  May,  1,  1834,  aged 
86.  He  was  liberal,  generous,  hospitable, 
a  philanthropist,  and  a  christian.  Of  ihe 
84 


QUINCY. 


665 


revolutionary  army  he  was  the  last  sur- 
viving general  oflicer,  excepting  La  Fay- 
ette. 

QUINCY,  Edmund,  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  of  Mass.,  was  born  at 
Braintree  Oct.  34,  1681.  His  grand 
father,  Edmund  Quincy,  came  to  Boston 
with  John  Cotton  in  1638,  and  became  a 
proprietor  oflands  at  Mount  Wollaston 
or  Braintree  in  1635  and  died  soon  aAer- 
wards,  aged  33.  His  father,  lieutenant 
colonel  Edmund  Quincy,  died  Jan.  7, 

1698.  His  mother,  Elizabeth,  was  the 
daughter  of  major  general  Gookin.  He 
was  graduated    at    Harvard  college  in 

1699,  and  aflerwards  sustained  several 
important  offices,  the  duties  of  which  he 
discharged  with  ability  and  faithfulness. 
He  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
from  1718  till  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  Being  sent  as  an  agent  to  Lon- 
don for  the  purpose  of  settling  the  boun- 
dary line  between  Massachusetts  and 
N.  Hampshire,  he  died  in  that  city  of  the 
small  pox  Feb.  33,  1733,  aged  56.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Josiah  Flynt. 
He  left  two  sons,  Edmund  and  Josiah  ; 
and  two  daughters,  Mrs.  Wendell  and 
Mrs.  Jackson.  The  general  court  made 
a  donation  to  his  heirs  of  1000  acres  of 
land  in  Lenox,  Berkshire  county,  and 
erected  a  monument  at  Bunhill-fields,' 
London.  His  uncommon  powers  of  rea- 
soning and  of  eloquence.were  joined  to  the 
Christian  virtues.  As  a  member  of  the 
council  he  for  twenty  years  had  great  in- 
fluence in  giving  a  direction  to  the  pro- 
ceedings of  government.  In  his  family 
it  gave  him  pleasure  to  worship  the  God 
of  ail  the  fumiliesof  the  earth,  and  to  im- 
part to  hid  children  religious  instruction. 
Memoirs  of  J.  Quincy,  3. 

QUINCY,  John,  colonel,  the  son  of 
Daniel  Quincy ,was  the  grandson  of  lieut. 
col.  Edmund  Quincy  by  his  first  wife, 
Joanna  Hull,  daughter  of  Mr.  Hull,  an 
assistant  preacher  with  Thomas  Thacher 
in  Boston,  and  was  born  in  1689.  Hav- 
ing graduated  in  1708,  he  was  early  em- 
ployed in  public  life,  being  appointed  a 
major  in  the  militia,  and  colonel  on  the 
resignation  of  his  uncle,  judge  Edmund 


r  ■ 


666 


QUINCY. 


Quincy.  For  40  years  without  interrup- 
tion lie  was  a  representative  and  a  mem- 
ber oP  the  council.  He  was  long  the 
speaker  of  the  House.  He  died  July  13, 
1767,  aged  78  years.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  his  various  offices  with  fidelity, 
honor,  and  acceptance,  carefully  avoid- 
ing all  temptations  to  unfaithfulness,  and 
retaining  a  high  sense  of  accountableness 
to  God.  His  ample  fortune  did  not  cor- 
rupt him.  He  was  just  and  devout, 
adorning  by  his  holy  conduct  and  atten- 
dance to  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel  the 
Christian  profession,  and  being  exempla- 
ry in  tiie  relations  of  private  life.  When 
that  part  of  Brain  tree,  in  which  the  Quin- 
cy forms  lay,  was  incorporated,  the  gen- 
eral Court),  in  honorable  remembrance  of 
his  long  and  faithful  services,  gave  it  the 
name  of  Quincy.  He  left  an  only  son, 
Norton  Quincy,  an  amiable  and  virtuous 
man,  who  di^  without  -issue.  His 
daughter  married  Rev.  William  Smith 
of  Weymouth  and  was  the  mother  of  Mrs. 
C  ranch  and  of  the  wife  of  John  Adams. 
His  paternal  estate,  Mount  Wollaston, 
is  now  the  property  of  his  great-grandson, 
John  Quincy  Adams,  late  president  of 
the  U.  States. 

QUINCY,  Edmund,  the  son  of  judge 
Edmund  Q.,  was  bom  in  Braintree  in 
1703  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  172S.  For  many  yeara  he  was  a  mer- 
chant in  Boston  ,  he  afterwards  lived  on 
the  paternal  estate  ;  and  died  July  4, 
1788  aged  85.  His  fourth  daughter, 
Esther,  married  Jonathan  Sewall ;  she 
was  the  worthy  wife  of  an  eminent  man. 
Another  daughter  Toarried  gov.  Hancock. 
He  published  a  treatise  on  hemphusband- 


ry-. 


1765. 


QUINCY,  Josiab,  jun.^  an  eminent 
patriot,  was  the  grandson  of  judge  Quin- 
cy ;  his  father,  Josiah,  a  merchant  in  Bos- 
ton and  a  zealous  friend  of  his  country, 
died  at  Braintree  in  1784,  aged  75.  He 
was  born  Feb.  23,  1744.  While  at  col- 
lege he  was  distinguished  for  unwearied 
industry,  for  the  eager  thirst  for  learning, 
and  for  a  refined  taste.  With  unblemish- 
ed reputation  he  was  graduated  in  1763. 
His  legal  studies  were  pursued  for  two 


years  under  the  care  of  Oxenbridge 
Thacher,  of  Boston,  an  eminent  lawyer. 
On  commencing  his  profession  his  talents, 
diligence,  and  fidelity  secured  to  him  an 
extensive  and  profitable  practice.  At  this 
period  he  wrote  several  manuscript  vol- 
umes of  "  Reports  "  of  decisions  in  the 
supreme  court,  in  which  are  preserved 
abstracts  of  the  arguments  of  Auchmuty, 
Thacher,  Gridley,  Otis,Adams,  and  other 
lawyers.  The  circumstances  of  the 
times  soon  directed  his  attention  and  all 
the  energies  of  a  very.sensitive  mind  to 
the  political  condition  of  his  country .  In 
opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  British 
government  he  began  to  write  political 
essays  as  early  as  1767.  In  the  next 
year,  after  the  landing  of  two  British  reg- 
iments at  Boston,he  made  a  most  forcible 
appeal  to  the  patriotism  of  his  countrymen 
in  a  piece,  signed  "  Hyperion.  "  Of  the 
boldness  of  his  views  a  judgment  may  be 
formed  from  his  language  in  1768: 
"  Did  the  blood  of  the  ancient  Britons 
swell  our  veins,  did  the  spirit  of  pur  fore- 
fathers inhabit  our  breasts  ;  should  we 
hesitate  a  moment  in  preferring  death  to  . 
a  miserable  existence  in  bondage? " — and 
from  his  declaration  in  1770—"  I  wish  to 
see  my  countrymen  break  off— q^  forev- 
er!— all  social  intercourse  with  those, 
whose  commerce  contaminates,  whose 
luxuries  poison,  whose  avarice  is  insatia- 
ble^  and  whose  unnatural  oppressions  are 
not  to  be  borne." 

After  what  is  called  "  the  Boston  mas- 
sacre,'' March  5,  1770,  when  five  citizens 
were  killed  by  the  British  troops,  Mr. 
Quincy,  with  John  Adams,  defended  the 
prisoners,  captain  Preston  and  eight  sol- 
diers. To  undertake  their  defence 
against  the  remonstrance  of  his  father 
and  in  resistance  to  the  strong  tide  of 
popular  indignation  required  a  strong 
love  of  justice  and  a  fixed  purpose  of  soul.- 
With  great  ability  he  plead  their  cause, 
and  the  defence  was  closed  by  Mr.. 
Adams.  In  the  result  capt.  Preston  and< 
6  soldiers  were  acquitted,  and  2  were  con- 
victed of  manslaughter  only.  This  ad- 
ministration of  justice  in  the  midst  of  an 
excited  and  furious  people  was  an  event 


QUINCY. 


867 


most  honorable  to  Mr.  Quincy  and  to 
the  American  cause.  In  1771  and  1773 
he  continued  his  professioiial  and  political 
kbora  with  accustomed  industry  and  zeal; 
but  in  Feb.  1773  a  pulmonary  complaint 
compelled  him  to  seek  the  renewal  of  his 
health  or  the  preservation  of  his  life  by  a 
voyage  to  Carolina.  In  Charleston  he 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  the  eminent 
lawyers  and  patriots  of  the  day,  who  re- 
ceived him  with  the  wonted  southern 
hospitality, — with  Bee,Parsons,Simpson, 
Scott,  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  Rutledge, 
Lynch,  and  others.  He  returned  by 
land  to  New  York.  In  Philadelphia  he 
met  with  J.Dickinson,  J.  Reed,  J.  In- 
gersoll.  Dr.  Shippen,  chief  justice  Allen, 
and  his  sons,  and  Mr.  Galloway.  His 
journal  of  this  tour  is  found  in  his  Life, 
published  by  his  son.  AAer  an  absence 
of  8  or  4  months  he  reached  home,  and 
soon  wrote  the  bold  essays  under  the 
title  of  Marchmont  Nedham.  His  chief 
political  work.  Observations  on  the  act 
of  parliament,  commonly  called  '  The 
Boston  Port  Bill,'  with  Thoughts  on  Ci- 
vil society  and  standing  armies,  was  pub- 
lished in  May  1774. 

By  the  advice  of  his  political  friends 
and  in  the  hope  of  rendering  eminent  ser- 
vice to  his  country  by  counteracting 
Hutchinson  and  in  other  ways  he  relin- 
quished his  professional  business  and  em- 
barked at  Salem  privately  for  London 
Sept.  38,' 1774.  His  voyage  was  service- 
able to  his  health.  At  London  he  had 
a  conference  on  American  afiairs  with 
lord  North,  and  explained  to  him  his 
views  with  great  freedom ;  but  the  Brit- 
ish minister  seemed  anxious  to  intimidate 
one,  who  could  not  be  reached  in  that 
way,  by  alluding  to  the  power  of  Great 
Britain  and  her  determination  to  exert  it 
to  effect  the  submission  of  the  colonies. 
He  visited  also  lord  Dartmouth,  and  lord 
Shelburne  and  consulted  much  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  gov.  Pownall,  Dr.  Price,  sher- 
iff William  Lee,  Arthur  Lee,  and  other 
friends  of  America.  He  also  occasionally 
attended  the  sitting  of  parliament.  It 
was  at  this  period,  that  lord  Camden 
said,"Were  Ian  American,  I  would  resist 


to  the  last  drop  of  my  blood.*'  Col. 
Barre  who  once  travelled  through  this 
country,  assured  him  that  such  was  the 
ignorance  of  the  English,  that  two  thirds 
of  them  on  his  return  thought  the  Amer- 
icans were  all  negroes! — While  in  Eng- 
land Dr.  Warren  wrote  to  him  Nov.  31st, 
"  It  is  the  united  voice  of  America  to 
preserve  their  freedom  or  lose  their  lives 
in  defence  of  it."  He  attended  the  de- 
bates in  the  house  of  lords  Jan.  30, 1775 
and  on  that  day  had  the  high  satisfaction 
of  hearing  the  celebrated  speech  of  lord 
Chatham  against  the  ministry  and  in  de- 
fence of  America,  of  which  he  drew  up 
an  interesting  report.  "His  language, 
voice,  and  gesture,"  said  Mr.  Q.,  "were 
more  pathetic,  than  I  ever  saw  or  heard 
before,  at  the  bar  or  senate.  He  seemed 
like  an  old  Roman  senator,  rising  with 
the  dignity  of  age,  yet  speaking  with  the 
fire  of  youth.  The  illustrious  sage 
stretched  forth  his  hand  with  the  decent 
solemnity  of  a  Paul,  and  rising  with  his 
subject,  he  smote  his  breast  with  the  en- 
ergy and  grace  of  a  Demosthenes."  In 
this  speech  Chatham  said, — "For  genuine 
sagacity,  for  singular  moderation,  for  sol- 
id wisdom,  manly  spirit,  sublime  senti- 
ments, and  simplicity  of  language,  for 
every  thing  respectable  and  honorable, 
the  congress  of  Philadelphia  shine  unri- 
valled. This  wise  people  speak  out. 
They  do  not  hold  the  language  of  slaves ; 
they  tell  you  what  they  mean.  They  do 
not  ask  you  to  repeal  your  laws  as  a  favor; 
they  claim  it  as  a  right— they  demand  it. 
They  tell  you,  they  will  not  submit  to 
them ;  and  I  tell  you,  the  acts  must  be 
repealed ;  they  will  be  repealed ;  you  can- 
not enforce  them."— Lord  Camden  fol- 
lowed Chatham  on  the  side  of  America 
and  equalled  him  in  every  thing,  "  excep- 
ting his  fire  and  pathos.  In  learning, 
perspicuity,  and  pure  eloquence  probably 
no  one  ever  surpassed  lord  Camden." 
He  exclaimed—"  This  I  will  say,  not  on- 
ly as  a  statesman,  politician,  and  philoso- 
pher, but  as  a  common  lawyer, — my 
lords,  you  have  no  right  to  tax  America. 
I  have  searched  the  matter ;  I  repeat  it, 
you  have  no  right  to  tax  America  ; — tho 


6G8 


QUINCY. 


\:: 


natural  rights  of  man  and  the  immutable 
lawa  of  nature  are  all  with  that  people." 
— "Kings,  Lords,  and  Commons  may 
become  tyrants  as  well  as  others ;  tyran- 
ny in  one  or  more  is  the  same ; — it  is  as 
lawrul  to  resist  the  tyranny  of  many  as  of 
one.  When  Mr.  Seldeu  was  asked,  in 
what  law  book  you  might  find  the  law  for 
resisting  tyranny,  he  replied,  <  it  has  al- 
ways  been  the  custom  of  England,'  and 
'  the  custom  of  England'  is  the  law  of  the 
land."  Supported  by  such  authorities 
and  by  conference  with  a  multitude  of  the 
friends  of  America,  and  desparing  of  any 
change  of  measures  without  a  previous 
struggle,  Mr.  Quincy,  by  the  advice  ol 
many  friends  to  his  country,  determined 
to  return,  probably  in  order  by  verbal 
communications  to  arouse  his  fellow  citi- 
zens to  the  mighty  contest.  Indeed,  as 
early  as  Dec.  14,  1774,  he  wrote — "  Let 
me  tell  you  one  very  serious  truth,  in 
which  we  are  all  agreed,  your  country- 
men mtut  seal  their  dauae  with  their 
blood.."  While  in  London  he  was  in  ac- 
tive correspondence  with  Dickinson, 
Reed,  and  other  patriots.  He  embarked 
for  Boston,  March  16,  1775,  with  a  bad 
cough  &  declining  health.  Inhislastinte)*- 
view  Dr.  Franklin  said,  that  "  New  Eng- 
land alone  could  hold  out  for  ages  against 
Great  Britain  and,  if  they  were  firm  and 
united,  in  7  years  would  conquer  them." 
After  being  at  sea  a  few  weeks,  he  became 
convinced,  that  his  late  was  inevitable. 
He  had  but  one  desire,  that  he  might  live 
long  enough  to  have  an  interview  with 
Samuel  Adams  or  Joseph  Warren.  In 
the  last  letter,  which  he  dictated  April  21 , 
he  explained  the  reasons  of  his  proceeding 
to  America  so  early,  against  his  own  in- 
dinations  and  prospects  as  to  health. 
He  had  ascertained  the  sentiments  of  ma- 
ny learned  and  respectable  friends  of 
America  in  regard  to  the  course  of  con- 
duct, exacted  by  the  existing  crisis.-— 
"  To  commit  their  sentiments  to  writing 
was  neither  practicable  nor  prudent  at 
this  time.  To  the  bosom  of  a  friend  they 
could  intrust  what  might  be  of  great  ad- 
vantage to  my  country.  To  me  that 
trust  was  committed,  and  I  was  immedi- 


RALLE. 

ately  upon  my  arrival,  to  assemble  cer- 
tain persons,  to  whom  I  was  to  commu- 
nicate my  trust,  and,  had  Ood  spared 
my  life,  it  seems  itwoukl  have  been  of 
great  service  to  my  country." — "  Had 
Providence  been  pleased,  that  I  should 
have  reached  America  six  days  ago,  I 
should  have  been  able  to  converse  with 
my  friends.  I  am  persuaded,  that  this 
voyage  and  passage  are  tlie  instruments 
to  put  an  end  to  my  being.  His  holy 
will  be  done!"— Such  were  his  last  re- 
corded words. — Perhaps  thp  battle  of 
Lexington  had  rendered  his  communica- 
tions unnecessary. — He  died,  when  tlie 
vessel  was  in  sight  of  land,  April  !16, 1775, 
aged  31  years.  The  ship,  in  a  few  hours, 
entered  the  harbor  of  Gloucester,  cape 
Ann.  His  wife,  the  sister  of  the  late  dea- 
con Wm.  Phillips,  who  survived  him  23 
years,  being  at  this  time  with  her  child 
and  parents  at  their  place  of  refuge  at 
Norwich,  Connecticut,  the  funeral  rites 
were  performed  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Gloucester,  His  remains  were  after- 
wards removed  to  Braintree.  It  was  the 
strong  passion  of  Mr.  Quincy's  soul  to 
become,  by  reason  of  his  patriotic  labors, 
immortal  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen. 
A  just  monument  to  his  memory  has  been 
raised  in  his  Life,  written  by  his  son. 
Amidst  the  miserable  abandonment  of 
principle,  honor,  and  country  from  the 
most  selfish  motives,  presented  fVequent- 
ly  to  the  eye  of  every  modern  observer 
of  public  men,  it  is  refreshing  to  behold 
the  noble,  daring,  truly  patriotic  zeal  of 
such  a  man,  as  Josiah  Quincy.  His  son, 
Josiah  Q.,  now  president  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, published  his  "  Memoir,"  8vo.  1825; 
to  which  is  added  the  celebrated  writing 
— "  Observations  on  the  Boston  Port  Bill, 
&e."  first  printed  in  1774. 

RALLE,  S^bastien,  a  missionary  a- 
mong  the  Indians  of  North  America,  a 
French  Jesuit,  arrived  at  Quebec  in  Oct. 
1689.  After  travelling  in  the  interior 
several  years  he  went  to  Norridgewock 
on  the  Kennebec  river,  where  he  tarried 
26  years  till  his  death.  Being  consider- 
ed as  the  inveterate  enemy  of  the  Eng- 
lish, and  as  stimulating  the  Indians  to 


RAMSAY. 


669 


their  frequent  depredations,  captains 
Harmon  and  Moulton  were  sent  in  1734 
agfainst  the  villa|;e,  in  which  ho  lived. 
They  surpriHed  it  August  23d,  and  killed 
Ralle,  and  about  30  Indiana,  all  of  whose 
lealpi  were  brought  away  by  Harmon. 
The  Jesuit  was  found  in  a  wigwam,  and 
he  defended  himself  with  intrepid  courage. 
Ho  was  in  the  67  th  year  of  his  age.  By 
his  condescending  deportment  and  ad- 
dress he  acquired  an  astonishing  influence 
over  the  Indians.  Such  was  hia  faithful- 
nesa  to  the  political  interests  of  France, 
that  he  even  made  the  offices  of  devotion 
serve  as  an  incentive  to  savage  ferocity ; 
for  he  kept  a  flag,  on  which  was  depic- 
ted across  surrounded  with  bows  and 
arrows,  and  he  raised  it  at  the  door  of 
his  little  church,  when  he  gave  absolution 
previously  to  the  commencement  of  any 
warlike  enterprise.  He  was  a  man  of 
good  sense  and  learning,  and  was  partic- 
ularly skilful  in  Latin,  which  he  wrote 
with  great  purity.  He  spoke  the  Abna- 
kis  language,  which  was  the  language  of 
the  Norridgewocks,  and  was  acquainted 
with  the  Huron,  Outawis,  and  Illinois. 
In  his  preaching  he  was  vehement  and 
pathetic.  For  the  last  19  years  his 
health  was  feeble,  as  his  limbs  had  been 
broken  by  a  fall.  An  ineffectual  attempt 
was  made  to  seize  him  in  1722 ;  but 
some  of  his  papers  were  secured,  and 
among  them  a  dictionary  of  the  Abnakis 
language,  which  is  now  in  the  library 
of  Harvard  college.  It  is  a  quarto  vol- 
um';  of  500  pages.  Two  of  his  letters  of 
considerable  length  are  preserved  in  the 
lettres  ^difiantes. 

RAMSAY,  David,  v.  d.,  a  physician 
and  historian,  the  youngest  son  of  James 
R.,  an  Irish  emigrant  and  farmer,  was 
born  in  Lancaster,  county,  Penns.,  April 
2, 1749,  and  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1765.  Two  brothers  also  re- 
ceived a  public  education.  He  settled  in 
the  practice  of  physic  at  Charleston,  S. 
C,  where  he  was  eminent  in  his  profes- 
sion. During  the  war  he  was  a  deter- 
mined whig  and  a  leading  member  of  the 
legislature  ;  he  was  also  a  surgeon  in  the 
^my.     With  37  other  citizens  he  was 


seized  by  the  Brithih Ungf.  97, 1780  and 
transported  to  St.  Augustine,  where  he 
was  detaine<l  nearly  a  year.  From  1783 
to  1786  he  was  a  respected  member  of 
congress,being  for  one  year  the  president. 
He  was  subsequently  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  S.  Carolina, 
and  president  of  the  senate.  He  died 
May  8, 1815,  aged  65.  His  death  was 
occasioned  by  a  wound,  received  Arom 
an  insane  man,  named  Wm.  Linning, 
who  shot  him  in  the  back  with  a  large 
pistol,  loaded  with  three  balls.  He  suf- 
fered excruciating  pain  about  SO  hours. 
Linning,  some  years  before,  had  been 
brought  into  court  for  an  attempt  to  mur- 
der, and,  indignant  bt^cause  Dr.  R.  ex- 
pressed the  opinion,  that  he  was  deran- 
ged, had  declared  his  purpose  to  take 
his  life.— His  first  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  president  Witherspoon  ;  she  died  of 
the  scarlet  fever,  soon  af\er  the  birth 
of  a  son,  in  1784.  His  second  wife  was 
the  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens.  He 
left  4  sons  and  4  daughters. — His  son. 
Dr.  John  W.  R.,  died  in  July  1813, 
aged  29.— His  daughter,  Sabina  Elliot, 
married  Henry  L.  Pinckney.— Dr.  R, 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  in-< 
dependent  or  congregational  church  of 
Charleston,  and  he  died  in  the  peace  of 
the  Christian.  His  life  was  devoted  to 
benevolent  and  patriotic  labors.  In  hia 
zealous  anticipations  of  public,  improve- 
ments he  was  led  to  invest  his  property 
in  projects,  by  the  failure  of  which  he 
lost  his  private  fortune.  He  was  a  mai) 
of  unwearied  industry,  and  most  econo^ 
mical  of  time,  usually  sleeping  only  4 
hours.  In  every  relation  of  life  he  was  ex- 
emplary .  His  historical  writings  are  val- 
uable. He  published  a  history  of  the  rev- 
olution in  S.  Carolina,  2  vols.  8vo.  1785; 
history  of  the  American  revolution,  2 
vols,  1789;  review  of  the  improvements 
&c.  of  medicine,  1800 ;  the  life  of  Wash- 
ington, 1801  ;  medical  register,  1803 1 
oration  on  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana, 
1804 ;  history  of  S.  Carolina,  2  vols. 
1809,  with  valuable  public  documents  an- 
nexed ;  a  biographical  chart ;  memoirs 
of  Martha  L.  Ramsay,  1811  ;   eulogiun) 


670 


RAMSAY. 


RANDOLPH. 


on  Dr.  Rush,  18IS ;  history  of  ihe  U .  S. 
3  vols.  1816;  Universal  history  Ameri- 
canized, 8  vols. 

RAMSAY,  Martha  Laurens,  the  wife 
of  the  preceding,  and  the  daughter  of 
Henry  Laurens,  was  born  Nov.  S,  1750. 
After  passing  ten  years  in  England  and 
France  she  returned  to  this  country  and 
was  married  in  Jan.  1787.  She  was  the 
mother  oC  1 1  children,  8  of  whom  survived 
her.  She  died  June  10,  1811,  aged  61. 
She  was  a  woman  of  talents,  learning, 
and  piety.  She  fitted  her  sons  for  col- 
lege. One  of  her  Sunday  employments 
was  reading  the  N .  T.  in  Greek  with 
her  sons  and  in  French  with  her  daugh- 
ters .  When ,  in  the  absence  of  her  hus- 
band, she  was  the  head  of  her  family,  she 
daily  prayed  with  them  and  read  the 
scriptures.  Of  her  benevolence  the  fbl- 
lowmg  is  an  instance.  When  in  France 
ahe  received  from  her  father  a  present  of 
500  guineas.  With  a  part  of  this  sum 
■he  purchased  and  distribated  French  tes- 
taments and  established  a  school  at  Vi- 
gan.  Memoirs  of  her  life,  with  extracts 
from  her  writings,  were  published  by  her 
husband,  3d.  ed.  1813. 

RAMSAY,  Alexander,  M.  D.,an  anat- 
omist, was  a  native  of  England,  but  resi- 
ded for  many  years  in  this  country  as  a 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiology.  He 
died  at  Parsonsfield,  Maine,  Nov.  34, 
1834,  aged  about  70.  He  had  been  bit- 
ten two  years  before  by  a  rattlesnake  ; 
and  he  supposed,  that  his  last  sickness 
was  the  consequence  of  the  poison,  pro- 
ducing an  altered  state  of  the  lymphatics 
of  his  lungs.  He  was  a  very  skilful  anat- 
omist He  published  Anatomy  of  the 
heart,  cranium,  and  brain,  with  a  scries 
of  plates,  3d.  od.  Edinburgh,  1813. 

RAND,  Isaac,  h.  d.,  a  physician,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Isaac  R.  of  Charlestown,  Ms., 
was  bom  April  37, 1748  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1761,  in  which  year 
he  and  Samuel  Williams  accompanied 
professor  Winthrop  to  Newfoundland  to 
'  observe  the  transit  of  Venu;;.  In  1764 
he  settled  as  a  physician  in  Boston,  and 
rose  to  eminence.  In  the  revolution  he 
was  a  royalist,  hut,  taking  no  active  part 


in  politics,  he  was  not  molested.  He  re- 
moined  in  Boston,  while  it  was  possessed 
by  the  enemy.  From  17»8  to  1804  he 
was  president  of  the  Mass.  medical  soci- 
ety. He  died  Sept.  11,  1833,  aged  79. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  professor  of  re- 
ligion. Such  was  his  charity  to  the  poor, 
that  he  gave  them  not  only  his  services, 
but  his  money.  For  years  several  fami- 
lies were  supported  by  his  bounty.  His 
manners  were  dignified  and  courtly.  He 
published  a  tract  on  Hydrocephalus  in- 
ternus,  and  a  discourse  on  the  use  of  the 
warm  bath  and  foxglove  in  phthisis.— 
Thaeher. 

RANDOLPH,  Peyton,  first  president 
of  congress,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  of 
which  colony  he  was  attorney  general  as 
early  as  1756.  In  this  year  he  formed  a 
company  of  100  gentleman,  who  engaged 
as  volunteers  against  the  Indians.  He 
was  afterwards  speaker  of  the  house  of 
burgesses.  Being  appointed  one  of  the 
deputies  to  the  first  congress  in  1774,  he 
was,  Sept.  5,  elected  its  president.  He 
was  also  chosen  president  of  the  second 
congress  May  10,  1775,  but  on  the  34th, 
as  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  Virginia, 
Mr.  Hancock,  was  placed  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  Randolph  afterwards  took  his  seat 
again  in  congress.  He  died  at  Philadel- 
phia of  an  apoplectic  stroke  Oct.  33, 1775, 
aged  53. 

RANDOLPH,  Edmund,  governor  of 
Virginia,  was  the  only  son  of  John  R., 
attorney  general,  who,  being  a  royalist, 
left  the  country  at  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  with  lord  Dunmore.  He  wa4 
bred  under  his  father  to  the  law,  but  re- 
fused to  accompany  him  to  England. 
After  seeing  a  little  military  service  in  the 
suite  of  Washington  he  applied  himself 
to  the  profession  of  the  law  and  was  ap- 
pointed attorney  general.  He  was  gov- 
ernor after  Patrick  Henry,  from  1786  to 
1788,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Beverly 
Randolph.  In  1790  Washington  appoin- 
ted him  attorney  general  of  the  U.  S.; 
and  in  1794  he  succeeded  Mr.  Jefferson 
as  Secretary  of  State,  but  in  consequence 
of  some  difficulties  with  the  administra- 
tion he  resigned  Aug.  19,  1795.     In  his 


RAWSON. 


REDMAN. 


Ifl 


private  aflain  he  was  much  embarraaaed. 
He  (tied  in  Frederic  county,  Va.,  Sept. 
13,  181S.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
Robert  Carter  Nicholas,  treasurer  under 
.the  royal  government ;  and  by  her  he 
had  aeveral  children.  He  publiahed  • 
Vindication  of  his  resignation,  1795. 

RAWSON,  Grindall,mini8ter  of  Men- 
don,  Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1678,  and  was  ordained  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Emerson  about  the  year  1680, 
when  there  were  but  about  twenty  fami- 
lies in  the  town.  Such  was  his  benevo- 
lence, that  he  studied  the  Indian  lan- 
guage, that  he  might  be  able  to  preach 
the  gospel  of  salvation  to  the  Indians  in 
Mendon.  He  usually  preached  to  them  in 
their  own  tongue  every  Sunday  evening. 
His  discouragements  were  great,  for 
he  had  but  little  success;  but  he  persever- 
ed in  his  humane  exertions.  He  died 
Feb.  6,  1715  aged  56,  being  highly  res- 
pected for  his  talents,  piety,  and  benevo- 
lence. He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Dorr. 
When  on  hi»  sick  bed,  as  he  was  remin- 
ded of  his  faithfulness  in  the  service  of 
God,  he  replied, "  0,  the  great  imperfec- 
tion I  have  been  guilty  of  !  How  little 
have  I  done  for  God !  "  He  continued, 
"  if  it  were  not  for  the  imperfeQtion  of 
the  saints,  there  would  be  no  need  of  a 
Savior.  In  the  Lord  Jehovah  I  have 
righteousness  and  strength."  The  last 
vrords,  whick,  he  uttered,  were,  "  come. 
Lord  Jesus,  comequickly."  He  publish- 
ed the  election  sermon,  1709.— C.  JtfatAr 
er'$  death  of  good  men. 

RAY,  William,  a  poet,  was  born  in 
Salisbury,  Conn.,Dec.9, 1771.  He  had 
but  little  education.  Af\er  several  ineffec- 
tual attempts  to  provide  for  his  family, 
he  sailed  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1803 
on  board  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  which 
struck  upon  a  rock  near  Tripoli  and  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Tripolitans.  He 
was  a  slave  for  a  year  and  a  half,  and 
his  sufferings  were  great.  In  1809  he 
settled  in  Essex  county,  N.  Y. ;  but  was 
unsuccessful  in  trade.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  was  a  major  in  the  detached 
militia.  He  afterwards  lived  in  Ononda- 
ga ;  and  died  at  Auburn  in  1827,     His 


volume  of  poems  waa  published  in  1891. 

In  the  exordium  he  says, 

< '  When  you're  captured  by  a  Turk, 
Sil  down  and  writ*  *  better  work." 

—Spec.  Amer.  poet.  ii.  1S7. 

READ,  George,  chief  justice  of  Deta* 
ware,  a  patriot  of  the  revolutron,  waa  of 
Irish  descent  and  born  in  Maryland  in 
1784.  After  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
he  relinquished  to  his  brothers  hie  right 
to  two  shares  of  his  father's  estate.  He 
was  attorney  general  of  the  S  lower 
counties  from  1763  till  1775.  In  Aug. 
1774  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  con- 
gress &  continued  in  that  body  during  the 
revolutionary  war.  Though  he  voted 
against  the  declaration  of  independence, 
thinking  it  premature,  yet  he  signed  the 
instrument,  and  was  truly  a  friend  of  hia 
country.  He  presided  in  the  convention, 
which  formed  the  first  constitution  of 
Delaware,  and  was  a  member  of  that, 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  U. 
S.  He  was  also  a  senator  of  the  U.  S., 
and  chief  justice  from  1793  till  his  death 
in  the  autumn  of  1798,  aged  64.  He 
was  a  distinguished  judge,  and  in  private 
life  respectable  and  estimable. — Qood- 
rieh. 

RED  JACKET,  chief  of  the  Seneca 
Indians,  died  near  Bufialo,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
20, 1830,  aged  80.  His  Indian  name  was 
Sagryuwhahad,  Keeper  Jlwake.  He  had 
always  strenuously  opposed  the  introduc- 
tion of  Christianity  ,of8chool8,&  of  the  arts 
of  civilized  life  among  his  people.  Before 
his  death  he  was  restored  to  his  dignity 
of  chief,  from  which  he  had  been  deposed 
a  few  years  for  his  intemperance  and 
other  vices.  His  people  were  divided 
into  the  Christian  party  and  the  heathen 
party.  He  died  a  pagan ;  requesting  his 
wife  to  put  into  his  band.when  he  should 
be  about  to  die,  a  vial  of  water,  that,  a» 
as  the  devil  might  attempt  to  take  his 
soul,  he  might  thus  bf  sure.  This 
expedient  might  have  been  the  result  of  a 
dream,  or  of  the  catholic  practice  of 
sprinkling  with  holy  water. 

REDMAN,  John.  m.  d.,.  first  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia, was  born  in  that  city  Feb.  27, 


078 


REDMAN. 


REED. 


1739.  After  finiahingf  hU  preparatory 
education  in  Mr.  Tennent'a  academy,  he 
entered  upon  the  itudy  of  phytic  with 
John  Keamely,  then  one  of  the  moat 
reapeetable  phyaiciana  of  Philadelphia. 
When  he  commenced  the  practice  of  hia 
profiitaion  he  went  to  Bermuda,  where 
he  continued  for  aeveral  yeara.  Thence 
he  proceeded  to  Europe  forthe  purpoae  of 
perfeetingr  hia  acquaintance  with  medi- 
cine. He  lived  one  year  in  Edinburgh ; 
he  attended  lecturea,  diaaectiona,  and  the 
hoapitala  in  Paria ;  he  was  graduated  at 
Leyden  in  July  1748 ;  and  after  paaaing 
iometime  at  Orey'a  hospital  he  returned 
to  America,  and  aettlcd  in  hia  native  city, 
where  he  aeon  gained  great  and  deserved 
celebrity.  In  the  evening  of  hia  life  he 
withdrew  from  the  labora  of  hia  profea- 
aion  ;  but  it  waa  only  to  engage  in  buai- 
neaa  of  another  kind.  In  the  year  1784 
he  was  elected  an  elder  of  the  aecond 
preabyterian  church,  and  the  benevolent 
duties  of  thia  office  employed  him  and 
gave  him  delight.  The  death  of  hia 
younger  daughter  in  1806  was  aoon  suc- 
ceeded by  the  death  of  his  wife,  with 
whom  he  had  lived  near  60  years.  'L, 
himself  died  of  the  apoplexy  Marci.  19, 
1803,oged86.  He  waa  below  the  mid- 
dle stature  ;  hia  complexion  waa  dark 
and  hia  eyes  animated.  In  the  former 
])art  of  his  life  he  possessed  an  irritable 
temper,  but  his  anger  waa  transient,  and 
he  was  known  to  make  acknowledgments 
to  his  pupils  and  servants  for  a  hasty  ex- 
pression. He  waa  a  decided  friend  to 
depletion  in  all  the  violent  diseases  of  our 
country.  Ho  bled  freely  in  the  yellow 
fever  of  1762,  and  threw  the  weight  of 
hia  venerable  name  into  the  scale  of  *b''^ 
same  remedy  in  the  year  1793.  In  the 
diseases  of  old  age  he  considered  small 
and  frequent  bleedings  as  the  first  of  rem- 
edies. He  entertained  a  high  opinion  of 
iij^reury  in  all  chronic  diseases,  and  he 
gavi.  '*.  in  the  natural  small  pox  with  the 
view  .  on.;hing  the  salivary  glands 
ohtf'j!:  ih  turn  oi  ihe  pock.  He  intro- 
duced t'.!)'}  i\ti»  of  turbith  mineral  as  an 
ensetjc  in  t lie  gongrenous  sore  throat  of 
1764.     To'tvaids  the  close  of  his  life  he 


read  the  later  medical  writers  and  em- 
braced with  avidity  some  of  the  modern 
opiniona  and  mo«ioa  of  practice.  In  a 
aick  room  hia  talents  were  peculiar ,  He 
suspended  pain  by  his  aoothing  manner, 
or  chaoed  it  away  by  hia  convemlion, 
which  waa  occaaionally  faeetioua  and 
Aill  of  anecdotea,  or  aerious  and  instruc- 
ting. He  was  remarkably  attached  to  all 
the  members  of  hia  family.  At  the  fu- 
neral of  his  brother,  Joseph  R.  in  1779, 
after  the  company  were  assembled  he 
roae  from  hia  aeat,  and,  grasping  the  life- 
less hand  of  hia  brother,  aaid,  "  I  de- 
clare in  the  presence  of  God  and  of  this 
company,  that  in  the  whole  course  of  our 
lives  no  angry  word  nor  look  haa  cvei 
paased  between  this  dear  brother  and  i)<e." 
He  then  kneeled  down  by  the  side  of  his 
coffin,  and  implored  the  favor  oi'  God  to 
hia  widow  and  children.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent Christian.  While  he  was  nut  a- 
ahamedof  thegoapelof  Chri8t,hetliought 
humbly  of  himself,  and  lamented  his  slen- 
der attainments  in  religion.  His  piety 
was  accompanied  by  benevolence  and 
charity.  Ho  gave  liberally  to  the  poor. 
Such  was  the  cheerfulness  of  his  temper, 
that  upon  serious  subjects  he  was  never 
gloomy.  He  spoke  often  of  death,  and 
of  the  scenes,  which  await  the  soul  after 
ita  separation  from  the  body,  with  per- 
fect composure.  He  published  an  inau- 
gural dissertation  on  abortion,  1743, 
and  a  defence  of  inoculation,  1759. 

REDWOOD,  Abraham,  a  friend  of 
learning,  died  at  New|)ort,  R.  Island,  in 
March  1788.  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  Redwood  library,  to  which  he  gave 
5000^. 

REED,  Joseph,  per'rnl,  j^fsident  of 
Pennsylvania,  wa-  it",  n  Jersey 
Aug,  27,1741  an>.  ^  lated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1757.  He  studied  law  with  R. 
Stockton ;  also  ot  the  Temple  in  Lon- 
don. On  his  return  he  resided  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  correspondence  in  1774  and 
president  of  the  convention.  He  accom- 
panied Woshington  to  Cambridge  in 
July  1775,  and  as  his  aid  and  secretary 
remained  with  him  during  the  campaign. 


HBEO. 


REEVE. 


61» 


In  the  eninpiiign  or  1776  he  was  ■djuthi  ' 
general,  «Dd  pruretl  himgelf  a  brave,  ac- 
tive, and  uaoful  ofiicer.     Dydireclion  of 
Washington  he  co-operated  in  the  all.  > 
of  Princeton  by  attacking  the  neighbor- 
ing British  poata.    In  the  spring  of  1777 
he  was  appointed  a  general  officer  in  the 
cavalry,  but  declined  the  station,  though 
he  still  attended  the  army.    He  was  en- 
gag-  !  in  '  te  battle  of  Germantown.    In 
17'^ '  ii'v  wi  n  chosen  a  member  of  congress. 
^'1  ;r    '        o  when  he  was  a  member  of 
ecn^fress,  the  three  commissioners  from 
^''I'prland  arrived >in  America.    Governor 
J^Unstone,  one  of  them,  addreased  pri- 
vate letters  to  F.  Dana,  R.  Morris,  and 
Mr.  Reed  to  secure  their  influence  tow- 
urdH  the  restoration  of  harmony,  giving 
to  the  two  latter  intimations  of  honors 
nnd  emoluments.    But  he  addressed  him- 
self to  men,  who  were  firm  in  their  at- 
tachment to  America.    Mr.  Reed  had  a 
yet  severer  trial,  for  direct  propositions 
were  made  to  him  in  June  through  the  a- 
gency  of  an  accomplished  American  lady, 
known  to   be  Mrs.  Ferguson,  wife  of 
Henry  Hugh  F.,a  Scotchman,  who  joined 
the  British .    She  assured  him  as  from 
governor  Johnstone,  that  ten  thousand 
pounds  sterling,  and  the  best  office  in  the 
gill  of  the  crown  in  America  should  be  at 
his  disposal,  if  he  could  efiect  a  re-union 
ofthe  two  countries.  He  replied,  that  he 
wai  not  worth  purchaiing;  but,  aueh  a$ 
he  wai,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  wai 
not  rich  enough  to  do  it.    In  Oct.  1778 
he  was  chosen  president  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  he  continued  in  this  office  till  Oct. 
1781.    During  hii>  administration  violent 
parties  sprung  up  from  various  causes, 
as  the  paper  currency,  opposition  to  the 
state  constitution,  and  personal  ambition, 
and  he  was  rudely  assailed,  as  many  other 
illustrious  men  have  been,  in  the  public 
papers,  the   vehicles  of  passion  and  slan- 
der.   Yet  he  remained  in  office  so  long, 
as  he  was  eligible  ;  and  then  returned  to 
the  profession  of  the  law.    He  was  con- 
tent to  rest  the  merits  of  his  administra- 
tion on  the  «rrangements  for  establishing 
the  university,  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery,  and  the  demolition  of  proptie- 
85 


tary  power.     He  ever  enjnyfd  tlie  confl- 
tlunce  of  Washinffton  and    Urevn.     In' 
1784  III'   visited   England  for  his  health. 
He  died  Marrh  4,  1785,  aged  43.     His 
wife  was  the  daughf*'r  of  Dennia  Do 
Berdt,  an  eminent  merchani  .f  I.x)ndon 
and  agent  for  Masitachutietts  ;  Kih  son, 
Jos.R.  is  a  respected  citixen  of  Philadel- 
phia; his  youngest  son,  Geo  W.R., educa- 
ted at  Princeton,served  under  Decatui  in 
1804  ; coBimanded  the  Vixen,  brig  of  war,, 
in  the  war  of  1819  ;  and  died  a  prisoner 
in  England.    Gen.  R.  was  pur*  u>  mor- 
als and  polished  in  manners.    He  pub- 
lished rcmarkson  Johnstone's  speech,with 
papera  relative  to  his  propoaitions,  8io. 
1779  ;  Remarks  on  a  publication  in  the 
gazetteer,  with  an  address  to  thr  people 
on  the  many  libels  &e.  178S.    '1  his  wa» 
addressed  to  gen.  Cadwallader,  \  ho  re- 
plied.—J(far«Aa//,  III.  539,  544  j  !  oger$. 
REESE,  Thomas,  d.  d.,  mim  ler  in 
S.  Carolina,  was  graduated  at  the  college 
of  N.  Jersey  in  1768,  and  was  for  se  veral 
years  settled  over  the  presbyterian  cli  rch 
at  Salem,    S.  Carolina.     He   died    at 
Charleston  in  Aug.  1796.    He  publisl»ed 
an  essay  on  the  influence  of  religion  in 
civil  society,  1788 ;  death  of  Christiana 
is  gain,  in  American  preacher,  i ;  and  th« 
character  of  Haman,  in  vol.  ii . 

REEVE,  Tapping,  chief  justice  of 
Conn.,  the  son  of  Abner  R.,  minister  of 
Brookhaven,  L.  I.,  was  born  in  Oet. 
1744 ;  was  graduated  in  1763  at  Prince- 
ton college  }  and  entered  upon  theproles- 
sion  of  tlie  law  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in 
1772.  He  was  a  patriot  in  the  time  of 
the  revolution.  He  was  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  from  1708  till  he  was  70 
years  old.  In  1792  he  commenced  a  law 
school,  and  continued  to  give  lectures  to 
students  at  law  nearly  SO  years  till  1820. 
His  pupils  were  numerous.  He  died 
Dec.  13,  1823,  aged  79.  His  first  wife, 
the  daughter  of  president  Burr,  was  in 
feeble  health,  demanding  his  care,  for  20 
years.  His  only  child,  Aaron  Burr  R., 
died  Sept.  1,  1809,  aged  28.— He  was  not 
only  a  profound  lawyer,  but  also  tn  emi- 
nent Christian.  Much  of  his  time  waa 
employed  indevotion.   He  was  accualom- 


674 


RHODE  ISLAND; 


lUDGELY. 


ed  to  pray  particularly  for  the  conversion 
of  individuals  amongr  his  ocquaintancc. 
His  charities  were  extensive.  His  minis- 
ter said  of  him — "  I  have  never  known  a 
man,  who  loved  so  many  persons  with 
such  ardor,  and  was  himself  beloved  by 
ao  many." — Beeeher'a  fun.  aerm. 

RHODE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  first  settled  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  its  settlement  was  owing  to 
religious  persecution.  Roger  Williams 
in  16S6  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  of 
Providence.  In  !ti38  John  Clarke  and 
others  purchased  of  the  Indian  sachems 
Aquetneck,  or  the  principal  island,  which 
waa  called  Rhode  Island, and  incorporated 
themselves  into  a  body  politic,  making 
choice  of  William  Coddington  as  their 
chief  magistrate.  In  1644  Roger  Wil- 
liams, who  had  been  sent  to  England  as 
agent,  obtained  a  patent  for  the  Provi- 
dence plantations.  They  were  however 
incorporated  with  Rhode  Island  under  one 
government  in  1647,  in  which  year  the 
first  general  assembly  was  held.  The 
executive  power  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  president  and  four  assistants.  A 
charter  was  given  by  king  Charles  II  in 
1663,  which  vested  the  legislative  power 
in  an  assembly,  of  which  the  governor 
and  assistant^  were  members.  Nothing 
but  allegiance  was  reserved  to  the  king. 
Since  this  period  the  form  of  government 
has  suffered  very  little  alteration.  An 
act  was  passed  in  16C3,  declaring  that  all 
men  of  competent  estates  and  good  con- 
duct, who  professed  Christianity,  with 
the  exception  of  Roman  Catholics,  should 
be  admitted  freemen.  In  1665  the  gov- 
ernment passed  an  order  to  outlaw  qua- 
kers  and  seize  their  estates,  because  they 
would  not  bear  arms ;  but  the  people 
would  not  suffer  it  to  be  carried  into  effect. 
The  toleration,  which  was  practised  in 
this  colony  fVom  the  beginning,  does 
much  honor  to  its  founder .  A  quo  war- 
ranto was  issued  against  the  colony  in 
1685.  At  the  close  of  the  following  year 
Andros  ossumed  the  government  ;  but 
afler  his  imprisonment  in  1699  the  char- 
ter was  resumed.  During  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  the  inhabitants  of  Rhode 


Island  manifested  a  becoming  spirit. 
This  state  was  admitted  into  the  union  in 
1789. 

RICE,  JohnH.,  d.d.,  professor  in  the 
Union  theological  school  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward county,  Virginia,  was  for  many 
years  a  distinguished  minister  in  that 
state.  The  theological  seminary  was  es- 
tablished in  1824.  HediedSept.  S,1S3I, 
aged  52.  Memoirs  of  his  life,  prepared 
by  Mr.  Maxwell,  are  soon  to  be  published. 
A  paper  of  "Resolutions"  was  found  in 
his  pocket  book,  among  which  were  the 
following : — "never  spare  person,  proper- 
ty, or  reputation,  if  I  can  do  good ;  nec- 
e8sury,that  I  should  die  poor. — Endeavor 
to  feel  kindly  to  every  one  ;  never  indulge 
anger,  envy,  jealousy  towards  ony  human 
being.  Endeavor  to  act  so  as  to  advance 
the  present  comfort;  ilie  intellectual  im- 
provement, and  the  purity  and  moral 
good  of  all  my  fellow  men."  He  was  for 
some  years  the  editor  of  the  Virginio  E- 
vangelical  and  Literary  magazine.  Ho 
publisheil  memoirs  of  S.  Davies  ;  an  il- 
lustration of  the  presbytorian  church  in 
Virginia,  181G  ;  on  the  qualifications  for 
the  minister,  in  the  quarterly  register  ;  a 
discourse  before  the  foreign  board  of  mis- 
sions, 1828. 

RICHARDS,  James,  a  missionary, 
was  born  in  Abington,  Mass.,  Feb.  23, 
1784  ;  his  parents,  while  he  was  young, 
removed  to  Plainfield.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1809,  being  there 
the  associate  of  Mills.  Having  studied 
theology  at  Andovcr  and  medicine  at 
Philadelphia,  he  embarked  for  Ceylon  in 
Oct.  1815.  Of  a  pulmonary  disorder, 
which  interrupted  his  missionary  labors, 
he  died  Aug.  3,1822,aged  28.  His  widow, 
Sarah. Bardwcll  of  Goshen,  a  sister  of  Mr. 
Bardwcll,  the  missionary,  married  Rev. 
Joseph  Knight,  and  died  at  Nellore  April 
26,1825.  He  was  eminently  pious  and 
died  in  peace. — Miss,  herald,  19  :  241- 
247. 

RIDGELY,  Charles,  a  physician,  the 
son  of  Nicholas  R.  -of  Dover,  Delaware, 
was  born  Jan.  26, 1738.  Having  studied 
medicine  in  Philadelphia,  he  settled  in 
Dover  in  1758,  and  there  passed  his  life 


RIPLEY. 


RITTENHOUSE. 


676 


in  extensive  practice  and  high  reputation. 
He  waaoftea  also  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture, and  a  judge  in  several  courts.  He 
died  Aug.35, 1785,  oged  47.  Dy  his 
first  wife  his  son  was  Nicholas  R.,  chan- 
cellor of  Delaware ;  by  his  second  wife 
his  son  was  Henry  Moore  R.,  a  senator 
of  the  U.  S. ;  his  daughter,  Mary,  mar- 
ried Dr.  Wm.  W.  Morris,  of  Dover. — 
He  was  a  man  of  intelligence,  judgment, 
and  learning,  and  amiable  in  the  relations 
of  life.  Of  the  episcopal  church  ho  was 
an  exemplary  member.  To  the  religious 
education  of  his  children  he  was  very  at- 
tentive, deeming  merely  intellectual  cul- 
ture without  the  discipline  of  the  pas- 
sions and  of  the  heart  of  little  value.  To 
his  children  and  all  around  him  he  recom- 
mended the  diligent  study  of  the  scrip- 
tures.—  Thacher.  - 

RIPLEY,  Sylvanua,  first  professor  of 
divinity  in  Dartmouth  college,  was  a 
graduate  of  the  first  class  in  1771  and 
was  early  ordained  as  a  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  He  returned  from  u  mission 
in  Sept.  1772,  bringing  with  him  ten  In- 
dian boys  from  Cahgnawaga  and  the  tribe 
at  Loretto  to  be  educated  in  Moor's 
8chool,of  which  he  was  the  preceptor  from 
1775  to  1779.  He  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  divinity  in  1783,  and  was  a  preach- 
er to  the  church  connected  with  the  col- 
lege. He  died,  in  consequence  of  an  in- 
jury received  while  riding  in  a  sleigh,  in 
1787,  aged  about  37.  His  widow,  Abi- 
gail, the  daughter  of  president  E.  Whee- 
lock,  died  at  Fryeburg,  Maine,  in  April, 
1818:  his  daughter,  the  wife  of  Judah 
Dana,  died  also  in  Fryeburg ;  his  son, 
gen.  Eleazer  W.R.,  who  was  distinguish- 
ed on  the  Canadian  frontier  in  the  war  of 
1813,  resides  in  West  Feliciana,  Louisia- 
na ;  his  son,  general  James  W.  R.,  is 
the  collector  at  Passamaquoddy,  Maine. 

RITTENHOUSE,  David,  ll.  n.  f. 
R.  8.,  an  eminent  philosopher,  was  descen- 
ded from  ancestors,  who  emigrated  from 
Holland,  and  was  born  in  Germantown, 
Penns.,  Aprils,  1732.  The  early  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  agricultural  em- 
ployments ;  and  his  plough,  the  fences, 
and  even  the  stones  of  the  field  were  mar- 


ked with  figures,  which  denoted  a  talent 
for  mathematical  studies.  A  delicate  con- 
stitution rendering  him  unfit  for  the  la- 
bors of  husbandry,  he  devoted  himself  to 
learning  the  trade  of  a  clock  and  math- 
ematical instrument  maker.  In  these  art* 
he  was  his  own  instructor.  During  his 
residence  with  his  father  in  the  country 
he  made  himself  roaster  of  Newton'* 
principia,  which  ho  read  in  the  English 
translation  of  Mott.  In  this  retired  situ- 
ation, while  working  at  his  trade,  he  plan- 
ned and  executed  an  orrery,  by  which  he 
represented  the  revolutions  of  the  heaven- 
ly bodies  more  completely,  than  ever  be- 
fore had  been  done.  This  masterpiece 
of  mechanism  was  purchased  by  the  col- 
lege of  N.  Jersey.  A  second  was  made 
by  him,  after  the  same  model,  for  the  use 
of  the  college  of  Philadelphia.  In  1770 
he  was  induced  by  the  urgent  request  of 
some  friends,  who  knew  his  merit,  to  ex- 
change his  beloved  retirement  for  a  resi- 
dence in  Philadelphia.  In  this  city  he 
continued  his  employment  for  several 
years ;  and  his  clocks  had  a  high  reputa- 
tion, and  his  mathematical  instruments 
were  thought  superior  to  those  imported 
from  Europe.  His  first  communication 
to  thephilosphical  society  of  Philadelphia, 
of  which  he  was  elected  a  member,  was  a 
calculation  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  as  it 
was  to  happen  June  S,  1769.  He  was 
one  of  those  appointed  to  observe  it  in  the 
township  of  Norriton.  This  phenome- 
non had  never  been  seen  but  twice  before 
by  any  inhabitant  of  our  earth,  and  would 
never  be  seen  again  by  any  person  then 
living.  The  day  arrived,  and  there  was 
no  cloud  in  the  horizon  ;  the  observers 
waited  for  the  predicted  moment  of  obser- 
vation ;  it  came,  and  in  the  instant  of 
contact  between  the  planet  and  sun  an 
emotion  of  joy  so  powerful  was  excited  in 
the  breast  of  Mr.  RIttenhouse,  that  he 
fainted.  Nov.  9th  he  observed  the  tran- 
sit of  Mercury.  An  account  of  thesa 
observations  was  published  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  society.  In  1775  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
settling  a  territorial  dispute  between 
Pennsylvania  and  Virginia ;  and  to  his 


676 


RITTENHOUSE. 


ROBBINS. 


It: 
m 

is. 

t 


talents,  moderation,  and  firmness  was  as- 
cribed in  a  great  degree  its  satisfactory 
adjastment  in  1785.    He  assisted  in  de- 
termining the  western  limits  of  Pennsyl- 
Tania  in  1784,and  the  northern  line  of  the 
same  state  in  1786.     He  was  also  called 
upon  to  assist  in  fixing  th^  boundary  line 
between  Massachusetts  and  New  York 
In  1787.    In  his  excursions  througl)  the 
wilderness  he  carried  with  him  his  habits 
of  inquiry  and  observation.     In  1791,  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  philosophical 
society  as  successor  to  Dr.  Franklin,  and 
was    annually  re-elected  till  his  death. 
His  unassuming  dignity  secured  to  him 
respect.    Soon  after  he  accepted  the  pres- 
ident's chair  he  made  to  the  society  a 
donation  of  300/.    He  held  the  office  of 
treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  by  an  annual 
vote  of  the  legislature  from  1777  to  1789. 
In  this  period  he  declined  purchasing  the 
smallest  portion  of  the  public  debt  of  the 
state,  lest  his  integrity  should  be  impeach- 
ed.   In  1792  he  accepted  the  oifice  of  di- 
rector of  the  mint  of  the  U.  S.jbut  his  ill 
state  of  health  induced  him  to  resign  it  in 
1795.     In  his  last  illness,  which  was  a- 
,cute  and  short,  he  retained  the  usual  pa- 
tience and  benevolence  of  his  temper. 
He  died  June  26,  1796,  aged  64,  in  the 
full  belief  of  the  Christian  religion,  and  in 
the  anticipation  of  clearer  discoveries  of 
the  perfections  of  God  in  the  eternal  world. 
He  was  a  man  of  extensive  knowledge. 
From  the  French,   German,  and  Dutch 
languages  he  derived  the  discoveries  of 
foreign  nations.    In  his  political  senti- 
ments he  was   a    republican ;   he   was 
taught  by  his  fkther  to  admire  an  elec- 
tive  and     representative   government ; 
he    early    predicted    the    immense    in- 
crease of  talents  and  knowledge,  which 
would  be  infused  into  the  American  mind 
by  our  republican  constitutions  ;  and  he 
anJcipated  the  blessed  effects  of  our  revo- 
lution in  sowing  the  seeds  of  a  new  or- 
der of  things  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
He  believed  political  as  well  as  moral  evil 
Ito  be  intruders  into  the  society  of  man. 
In  the  more  limited  circles  of  private  life 
he  commanded  esteem  and  afiection.    His 
house  and  his  manner  of  living  exhibited 


the  taste  of  a  philosopher,  the  simplicity 
of  a  republican,  and  the  temper  of  a  Chris-' 
tian.  He  possessed  rare  modesty.  H/s 
researches  into  natural  philosophy  gave 
him  just  ideas  of  the  divine  perfections, 
for  his  mind  was  not  pre-occupied  in  ear- 
ly life  with  the  fictions  of  ancient  poets 
and  the  vices  of  the  heathen  gods.  Bat 
he  did  not  confine  himself  to  the  instruc- 
tions of  nature ;  he  believed  the  Christian 
revelation.  He  observed  as  an  argument 
in  favor  of  its  truth,  that  the  miracles  of 
our  Savior  differed  from  all  pretended 
miracles  in  being  entirely  of  a  benevolent 
nature.  The  testimony  of  a  man  posses- 
sed of  so  exalted  an  understanding  out- 
weighs the  declamation  of  thousands. 
He  published  an  oration,  delivered  before 
the  philosophical  society,  1775,  the  sub- 
ject of  which  is  the  history  of  astronomy, 
and  a  few  memoirs  on  mathematical  and 
astronomical  subjects  in  the  first  four  vol- 
umes of  the  transactions  of  the  society. 

ROANE,  Spencer,  judge,  was  born  in 
Essex,  Va.,  April  4,  1762,  and  thorough- 
ly studied  law  with  Mr.Wythe  &  in  Phil- 
adelphia. He  was  early  elected  a  member 
of  the  assembly  ;  then  of  the  council,  and 
senate.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  general  court,  and  in  1794, 
at  the  age  of  33,  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
errors  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Tazewell,  who 
resigned.  In  1819  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  locating  the  university. 
He  died  Sept.  4, 1 822,  aged  60.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Patrick  Henry.  In  his 
politics  he  was  a  republican  ;  an  adherent 
of  Mr.  Jefferson.  He  published  in  the 
Richmond  Inquirer  several  essays,  signed 
Algernon  Sydney,  asserting  the  suprema- 
cy of  the  state  in  a  question  of  conflicting 
authority  between  Virginia  and  theU.  S. 

ROBBINS,  Chandler,  d.  d.,  minister 
of  Plymouth  Mass.,  the  son  of  Philemon 
R.,  minister  of  Branford,  Conn.,  was 
born  Aug.  24,  1738,  and  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1756.  Jan.  30,  1760 
he  was  ordained  at  Plymouth  as  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Leonard.  Here  he  continued 
till  his  death  June  30,  1799,  aged  60. 
His  son,  Samuel  Prince  R.,  minister  of 
Marietta,  died  in  Sept.  1830,  aged  45. 


ROBERTS. 


ROBINSON. 


677 


He  was  succeeded  by  James  Kendall. 
He  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,  and 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  a  minister  of 
the  gospel  with  unabating  zeal  and  fideli- 
ty. Searching  the  scriptures  for  religious 
truth  and  coinciding  in  the  result  of  his 
investigations  with  the  sentiments  of  the 
founders  of  the  first  church  in  N.  E., 
he  inculcated  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel 
with  energy  and  fervor.  He  was  un- 
wearied in  his  endeavors  to  impress  the 
thoughtless,  and  to  render  sinful  men 
holy.  In  private  and  social  life  he  was 
amiable  and  exemplary.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  E .  Watson, 
1767  ;  a  reply  to  J.  Cotton  ;  some  brief 
remarks  on  a  piece  by  J .  Cotton  in  an- 
swer to  the  preceding,  1774  ;  election 
sermon,  1791 ;  at  the  convention  ;  on  the 
landing  of  our  forefathers,  1794  ;  before 
the  humanesociety,  1796. — Shawns  serm. 
on  his  death, 

ROBERTS,  Charles,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  died  in  Berkeley  county,  Vir- 
ginia, Feb.  17,  1796,  aged  116.  He 
was  a  native  of  Oxfordshire,  England, 
but  had  resided  in  America  about  80 
years.  During  his  long  life  he  never 
knew  sickness. 

ROBERTS,  William,  published  an 
account  of  the  discovery  and  natural  his- 
tory of  Florida,  4to.  1763. 

ROBINSON,  John,  minister  of  the 
English  church  at  Leyden,  a  part  of 
which  first  settled  N.  England  in  1620, 
was  born  in  Great  Britain  in  1575,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  Aflcr  holding 
for  some  time  a  benefice  near  Yarmouth 
in  Norfolk,  when  a  society  of  dissenters 
was  formed  in  the  north  of  England 
about  the  year  1602,  he  was  chosen  their 
pastor  with  Cliflon.  Persecution  drove 
his  congregation  into  Holland  in  1608, 
and  he  soon  followed  them.  At  Amster- 
dam, where  they  found  emigrants  of  the 
same  religious  sentiments,  they  remained 
about  a  year  ;  but  as  the  minister,  J. 
Smith,  was  unsteady  in  his  opinions,  Mr. 
Robinson  proposed  a  removal  to  Leyden. 
Here  they  continued  11  years,  and  their 
numbers  so  increased,  that  they  had  in 
the  church  300  communicants.     They 


were  distinguished  for  perfect  harmony 
among  themselves  and  for  friendly  inter- 
course with  the  Dutch.  Mr.  Robinson, 
when  he  first  went  into  Holland,  was  a 
most  rigid  separatist  frorn  the  church  <  f 
England ;  but  by  conversation  with  Dr. 
Ames  and  R.  Parker  he  was  convinced 
of  his  error  and  became  more  moderate, 
though  he  condemned  the  use  of  the  lit- 
urgy and  the  indiscriminate  admission  to 
the  sacraments.  In  1613  Episcopius, 
one  of  the  professors  of  the  university  of 
Leyden,  the  successor  of  Arminius,  and 
of  the  same  doctrine  with  him,  published 
some  theses,  which  he  engaged  to  defend 
against  all  dpposers.  Mr.  Robinson, 
being  earnestly  requested  to  accept  the 
challenge  by  Polyander,  the  other  profes- 
sor, who  was  a  Calvinist,  held  the  dis- 
putation in  the  presence  of  a  numerous 
assembly,  and  completely  foiled  Episco- 
pius, his  antagonist.  In  1617,  when 
another  removal  was  contemplated,  Mr. 
Robinson  entered  zealously  into  the  plan 
of  making  a  settlement  in  America.  Hia 
church  was  liable  to  be  corrupted  by  the 
loose  habits  of  the  Dutch,  and  he  wished 
it  to  be  planted  in  a  country,  where  it 
might  subsist  in  purity.  The  first  set- 
tlers of  Plymouth  in  1620,  who  took  with 
them  Mr.  Brewster,  the  ruling  elder, 
were  the  members  of  his  church,  and  it 
was  his  intention  to  follow  them  with  the 
majority,  that  remained  ;  but  various  dis- 
appointments prevented.  He  died  Feb. 
19,  1625,  aged  49.  A  part  of  his  church 
and  his  widow  and  children  afterwards 
came  to  N.  England.  Isaac  R.,  his  son, 
died  at  Scituate  aged  above  90  j  John, 
another  son,  lived  at  cape  Ann,  and  his 
son,  Abraham,  died  aged  102. — He  was 
a  man  of  good  genius,  quick  penetration, 
ready  wit,  great  modesty,  integrity,  and 
candor.  His  classical  learning  &  acute- 
ness  in  disputation  were  acknowledged 
by  his  opponents.  He  was  also  dis- 
cerning and  prudent  in  civil  affairs.  In 
his  principles  of  church  government  he 
was  himself  an  independent  or  congre- 
gationalist,  being  of  opinion,  that  every 
church  is  to  consist  only  of  such,  as  ap- 
pear to  believe  in  and  obey  Christ ;  that 


678 


IIOBINSON. 


ROGERS. 


the  members  have  a  right  to  choose 
their  own  oilicera,  which  are  pastors  or 
teaching  elders,  ruling  elders,  and  dea- 
cons ;  that  elders,  being  ordained,  have 
|io  power  but  by  consent  of  the  brethren; 
that  all  elders  and  churches  are  equal ; 
and  that  only  the  children  of  communi- 
cants are  to  be  admitted  to  baptism. 
He  celebrated  the  supper  every  Lord's 
day.  In  his  farewell  address  to  the  first 
emigrants  to  N.England,  he  said  to  them, 
— "If  God  reveal  any  thing  to  you  by 
any  other  instrument  of  his,  be  as  ready 
to  receive  it,  as  ever  you  were  to  receive 
any  truth  by  my  ministry  ;  for  I  am 
verily  persuaded — I  am  very  confident, 
that  the  Lord  has  more  truth  yet  to 
break  forth  out  of  his  holy  word.  For 
my  part,  I  cannot  sufficiently  bewail  the 
condition  of  the  reformed  churches,  who 
are  come  to  a  period  in  religion,  and  will 
go  at  present  no  further,  than  the  instru- 
ments of  their  rerormation.  The  Luther- 
ans cannot  be  drawn  to  go  beyond  what 
Luther  saw:  whatever  part  of  his  will 
our  good  Ood  has  revealed  to  Calvin, 
they  will  rather  die  than  embrace  it.  And 
the  Calvinists,  you  see,  stick  fast  where 
they  were  lefl  by  that  great  man 
of  God,  who  yet  saw  not  all  things." 
He  published  a  defence  of  the  Brownists; 
justification  of  the  separation  from  the 
church  of  England ;  people's  plea  for  the 
/exercise  of  prophesying,  1618;  essays 
pioral  and  divine,  1628. — Belknap's 
^mer,biog.  ii.  151-178. 

ROBINSON,  Moses,  second  governor 
of  Vermont,  succeeded  Mr.  Chittenden  in 
1789  and  was  succeeded  by  him  in  1790. 
He  was  afterwards  a  senator  of  the  U.  S., 
in  the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams. 
His  politics  were  republican  ;  he  was 
opposed  to  Jay's  treaty.  He  died  at  Ben- 
nington May  26, 1813,  aged  72.  His  son, 
Moses  R.,  died  at  Bennington  in  Jan. 
1825,  aged  61. 

ROBINSON,  Jonathan,  chief  justice 
of  Vermont,  the  brother  cf  the  preceding, 
died  at  Bennington  Nov.  3,  1819,  aged 
64.  He  was  chosen  chief  justice  in 
1801  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Smith,  and  suc- 
ceeded him  also  in  1806  as  a  senator  in 


.,   mmister 
in    Boston, 
His 


congress.    He  was  also  a  senator  in  1 81 6. 

RODGERS,  John,  D.  d. 
in  New  York,  was  born 
Mass.,  August  2,  1757.  nis  pa- 
rents having  removed  to  Philadelphia,  he 
was  educated  for  the  ministry  by  Mr. 
Blair.  It  was  by  means  of  the  preaching 
of  Mr.  Whitefield,  that  his  mind  was  im- 
pressed by  religious  truth.  He  was  or- 
dained March  16,  1749  at  St.  George's, 
Delaware,  where  his  labors  were  very 
useful  until  July  1765,  when  the  synod 
sent  him  to  New  York.  Upon  the  death 
of  Mr.  Bostwick  he  became  colleague 
pastor  in  the  church,  in  Wall  street,  then 
the  only  presbyterian  church  in  the  city. 
He  died  in  the  triumph  of  the  believer 
May  7,  181 1,  aged  83.  His  widow  died 
March  13,  1812,  aged  87.  He  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  president  Davies,  alter 
whose  death  the  mother,  of  president  D. 
resided  in  his  family.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  energetic,  zealous,  and  faithful.  For 
his  excellent  character  he  was  highly  res- 
pected. Several  of  his  sermons  are 
found  in  the  American  preacher.  His 
Life  was  published  by  Samuel  Miller. 

RODNEY,  Caesar,  president  of  Dela- 
ware, the  descendant  of  an  ancient  Eng- 
lish family,  the  son  of  William  R.,  was 
born  in  Dover,  Delaware,  about  1730. 
He  inherited  a  large  real  estate.  In  1765 
he  was  a  member  of  the  congress  at  New 
York.  He  early  resisted  the  tyrannical 
claims  of  Great  Britain.  Being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  congress  of  1774,  he  was 
placed  oii  several  important  committees. 
He  voted  for  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence in  1776.  After  the  first  constitu- 
tion of  Delaware  was  adopted,  he  was  the 
president  of  the  state  from  1778  till  1782, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  John  Dickin- 
son ;  during  this  difficult  period  his  ener- 
gy afibrded  efficient  aid  to  Washington  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  war.  A  cancer  on 
his  face,  which  for  many  years  had  afflic- 
ted him,  was  the  cause  of  his  death  early 
in  1783.  He  was  a  man  of  patriotic 
feeling  and  generous  character. — Good- 
rich. 

ROGERS,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Ips- 
wich, Mass.,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John 


ROGERS. 


679 


Rogers  of  Dedham,  in  England,  and  a 
grandson  of  John  Rogers,  the  martyr. 
He  was  born  in  1598,  and  was  educated 
at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge.  The 
eriis,  to  which  his  puritan  principles  ex- 
posed him,  induced  him  to  come  to  N. 
England.  He  sailed  June  1,  1636  ;  but 
did  not*cast  anchor  in  Mass.  bay  till  Nov. 
1 6th.  In  the  following  year  he  was  a 
member  of  the  synod  together  with  Mr. 
Partridge,  who  came  in  the  same  vessel. 
He  was  settled  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Ward 
as  colleague  with  Mr.  Norton  at  Ipswich 
Feb.  30,1639,  and  died  July  3,  ]655,aged 
57.  His  son,  John,  was  president  of 
Harvard  college ;  his  only  daughter  mar- 
ried Rev.Wm.  Hubbard.  As  a  preacher 
he  possessed  a  lively  eloquence,  which 
charmed  his  hearers.  Though  one  of 
the  greatest  men  among  the  first  settlers 
of  N.  E.,  he  was  very  humble,  modest, 
arid  reserved.  He  published  a  letter  to  a 
member  of  the  house  of  commons  in  1643, 
in  which  he  pleads  for  a  reformation  of 
church,  affairs,  and  he  left  in  manuscript  a 
vindication  of  the  congregational  church 
government  in  Latin.Jtf^ag^.  iii.l04-108. 
ROGERS,  Ezekiel  first  minister  of 
Rowley  Mass.,  a  cousin  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  England  in  1590,  the  son  of 
Richard  Rogers  of  Wethersfield.  After 
being  educated  at  Cambridge,  he  became 
the  chaplain  of  sir  Francis  Barrington. 
His  preaching  was  in  a  strain  of  oratory, 
which  delighted  his  hearers.  He  after- 
wards received  the  benefice  of  Rowley, 
where  his  benevolent  labors  were  atten- 
ded with  great  success.  At  length  his 
nonconformity  obliged  him  to  seek  a  re- 
fuge from  persecution  in  New  England, 
where  he  arrived  in  1633,  bringing  with 
him  a  number  of  respectable  families.  He 
commenced  the  plantation  at  Rowley  in 
April  1639,  and  Dec.  3,  was  ordained. 
He  died  after  a  lingering  sickness  Jan. 
93,  1661,  aged  70.  His  3d  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  John  Wilson.  His  library 
he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college,  and 
his  house  and  lands  to  the  town  for  the 
support  of  the  ministry.  In  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  it  pleased  God  to  overwhelm 
him  with  calamities.      A  fnll  from  his 


horse  deprived  him  of  the  use  of  his 
right  hand ;  much  of  his  property  was 
consumed  by  fire;  and  he  buried  two 
wives  and  all  his  children.  He  waa 
pious,  zealous,  and  persevering.  His  fee- 
ble health  induced  him  when  in  England 
to  study  the  science  of  medicine.  Though 
his  strong  passions  sometimes  misled  him ; 
yet  he  was  so  humble  as  readily  to  ac- 
knowledge his  error.  He  preached  the 
election  sermon  in  1643,  in  which  he  ve- 
hemently exhorted  his  hearers  never  to 
choose  the  same  man  governor  for  two 
successive  years ;  but  his  exhortation  was 
disregarded,  for  Mr.  Winthrop  was  re- 
elected.— Magnolia,  iii.  101-104. 

ROGERS,  John,  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  graduated  in  this  semi- 
nary in  1649.  He  was  the  son  ofN. 
Rogers,  with  whom  he  preached  some 
time  as  an  assistant  at  Ipswich,  but  at 
length  his  inclination  to  the  study  of 
physic  withdrew  his  attention  from  theo- 
logy. After  the  death  of  president 
Oakes  he  was  elected  his  successor  in 
April  1682,  and  was  installed  Aug.  12, 
1683.  He  died  suddenly  July  2,  1684, 
the  day  after  commencement,  aged  53, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Increase  Mather. 
He  was  remarkable  for  the  sweetness  of 
his  temper,  and  he  united  to  unfeigned 
piety  the  accomplishmenis  of  the  gentle- 
man .  His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Dennison ; 
his  daughter  married  president  Leverett; 
his  son,  Daniel,  a  physician  in  Ipswich, 
died  in  a  snow  storm  on  Hampton  beach 
Dec.  1,  1722,  leaving  a  son,  Daniel,  the 
minister  of  Littleton,  who  died  Nov. 
1782,  aged  75;  his  son,  Nathaniel,  was 
the  minister  of  Portsmouth,  and  died, 
Oct.  3,  1723,  aged  53  ;  his  son,  John, 
the  minister  of  Ipswich,  died  Dec.  28, 
1745,  aged  78,  leaving  three  sons,  who 
were  ministers, — John  of  Kittery,  who 
in  Oct.  16,  1773,  agedi  81,  Nathaniel  of 
Ipswich,  a  colleague,  who  died  in  1775, 
aged  72,  and  Daniel  of  Exeter,  who  died 
in  Dec.  1785,  aged  79.  John  R.,  the 
minister  of  Gloucester,  who  died  Oct.  4, 
1782,  aged  68,  was  the  son  of  J.  R.  of 
Kittery,  or  Eliot.  Truly  this  was  a  fam- 
ily of  ministers. — Magn.  IV.  130. 


ti. 


MO 


ROGERS. 


ROOT. 


if;: 


ROGERS,  Robert,  major,  the  son  or 
James  R.,  an  Irishman,  an  early  settler 
of  Dunbarton,  N.  H.,  commanded  a  com- 
pany in  the  war  of  1755,  and  "  Rogers' 
Rangers  "  were  celebrated  for  their  ex- 
ploits. March  13, 1758  with  170  men  he 
fought  100  French  and  600  Indians;  ailer 
losing  100  men  &  killing  1 50  he  retreated. 
In  1759  he  was  sent  by  Amherst  from 
Crown  Point  to  destroy  the  Indian  vil- 
lage of  St.  Francis,  which  service  was 
performed  ;  200  Indians  were  killed.  O- 
bliged  to  return  by  the  way  of  the  Conn, 
river,  the  party  suffered  great  hardships. 
After  serving  in  the  Cherokee  war  he 
was  appointed  in  1766  governor  of  Mich- 
illimackinac.  Accused  of  a  plot  for 
plundering  the  fort  and  joining  the 
French,  he  was  sent  in  irons  to  Montreal 
and  tried  by  a  court  martial.  In  1769  he 
went  to  England  and  was  presented  to 
the  king ;  but  was  soon  imprisoned  for 
debt.  In  the  war  of  the  revolution  he 
joined  the  enemy,  and,  while  command- 
ing a  corps  at  an  outpost  near  Marro- 
neck,  narrowly  escaped  being  taken  pris- 
oner Oct.  21,  1776  by  a  party  sent  out 
by  lord  Stirling.  He  soon  went  to  Eng- 
land. His  name  is  included  in  the  act 
of  N.  H.  against  toriesof  Nov.  19,  1778. 
His  father  was  shot  in  the  woods,  being 
mistaken  for  a  bear;  his  brother,  capt. 
James  R.,  died  at  Louisbourg ;  his  broth- 
er, Richard,  was  slain  in  1756. — He  pub- 
lished a  concise  account  of  N.  America, 
London,  1765  ;  Journals  of  the  French 
war,  1765;  this  was  republished,  entitled, 
Reminiscences  of  the  French  war,  with 
the  life  of  Stark, 12mo. Concord, 1831. 

ROGERS,  William,  d.  d.,  a  minister, 
in  Philadelphia,  was  born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  July  22, 1751,  and  was  the  first 
student  at  the  college  of  R.  I. ;  graduating 
in  1769.  In  May  1771  he  was  ordained 
over  the  first  baptist  church  in  Philadel- 
phia. During  5  y^ars  he  was  a  chaplain 
in  the  army.  In  1789  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  the  college 
of  Philadelphia,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  1812.  He  died  April  24,  1824,  aged 
73.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Rev.  0.  Hart,  1796. 


ROMEYN,  Theodoric  Dirck,  d.  d., 
minister  of  Schenectady,  N.  Y..  the  son 
of  Nicholas  R.,  was  born  Jan.  12,  1744 
at  New  Barbadoes,  N.  Jersey.  His  ear- 
ly studies  were  directed  by  his  brother, 
Thomas  R.,  then  a  minister  in  Delaware. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1765; 
ordained  by  the  Coetus  over  the  Dutch 
church  in  Ulster  county  May  14,  1766, 
and  afterwards  installed  at  Hackensack, 
where  he  remained  until  his  removal  to 
Schenectady  in  Nov.  1784.  In  1797  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  theology  in 
the  Dutch  church.  The  establishment 
of  th< !  college  at  Schenectady  is  principal- 
ly to  be  ascribed  to  his  efforts.  He  died 
April  ^6.  1804,  aged  60.  His  colleague, 
Mr.  Meyer,  represents  him  as  a  son  of 
thunder  in  the  pulpit.  He  was  highly 
instrumental  in  promoting  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  Dutch  churches,  or  their 
separation  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Hol- 
land. His  only  son,  Dr.  John  B.  R., 
successively  minister  of  Rhinebeck,  Sche- 
nectady, Albany,  and  Cedar  street,  N. 
York,  died  Feb.  22,  1S25,  aged  46  ; 
whose  sermons  were  published  2  vols. 
1816. 

ROOT,  Jesse,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  the  son  of  Ebenezer  R.,  and 
grandson  of  Thomas  R.,  both  of  whom 
removed  from  Northampton  to  Coven- 
try, Conn.,  was  born  in  Jan.  1737  ;  his 
mother  was  Sarah  Strong,  daughter  of 
Joseph  S.,  also  from  Northampton, 
Having  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
1756,  he  preached  about  three  years,  and 
then  in  consequence  of  the  circumstances 
of  his  family  was  induced  to  study  law. 
In  17C3  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Re- 
siding at  Hartford,  early  in  1777  he  raised 
a  company  and  marched  to  join  the  army 
of  Washington,  and  was  made  a  lieut. 
colonel.  From  May  1779  till  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  congress. 
In  1789  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  and  was  chief  justice  from 
1796  till  his  resignation  in  1807,  on  reach- 
ing the  age  of  70.  He  died  March  29, 
1822,  aged  85.  As  a  judge  he  was  learn- 
ed and  dignified.  He  was  through  life  a 
man  of  exemplary  piety.      To  the  great 


ROSS. 


RUSH. 


681 


doctrines  of  the  gospel  he  was  ever 
strongly  attached  ;  and  he  abounded  in 
acts  or  charity.  At  the  age  of  85  he  was 
accustomed  to  attend  prayer  meetings  and 
religious  conferences.  In  the  evening  of 
his  death  he  said,  "I  set  out  on  a  pleasant 
journey  in  the  morning,  and  I  shall  get 
through  to  night." 

ROSS,  George,  judge,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  the  son  of  an  episcopal  minis- 
ter at  New  Castle,  Delaware,  was  born 
in  1730.  Having  studied  law  with  his 
brother  in  Philadelphia,  he  settled  in 
Lancaster.  Being  a  member  of  congress 
from  1774  to  1777,  he  signed  the  declara- 
tion of  independence.  For  his  public 
servKes  the  people  of  the  county  voted 
him  150/.  out  of  the  treasury;  but  he 
declined  to  receive  it,  deeming  it  the  duty 
of  a  representative  of  the  people  to  pro- 
mote the  public  welfare  without  expecting 
pecuniary  rewards.  In  April  1779  he  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of  admiral- 
ty. He  died  of  a  sudden  attack  of  the 
gout  in  July  1779,  aged  49.  While  he 
was  a  patriotic  citizen  and  a  learned  and 
skilful  lawyer,  he  was  also  kind  and  af- 
fectionate at  home. — Goodrich. 

RUSH,  Benjamin,  m.  d.,  a  physician, 
descended  from  ancestors,  who  early  em- 
igrated from  England  to  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  born  at  Byberry,  14  miles  north 
east  of  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24, 1745.  After 
the  death  of  his  father,  his  mother  sent 
him  to  the  academy  of  his  uncle,  Dr. 
Finley,  in  Nottingham,  Maryland,  where 
he  lived  eight  years  and  became  deeply 
impressed  with  moral  and  religious  senti- 
ments. Having  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1760,  he  studied  physic  with  Redman 
and  Shippen,  and  also  at  Edinburgh  from 
1766  to  1768.  He  returned  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1769,  and  was  elected  the  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  in  the  college;  in  1791 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  medicine. 
In  his  practice  he  relied  much  on  the 
lancet  and  on  cathartic  medicines.  In 
the  yellow  fever  of  1793,  when  4,044 
person  died,he  successfully  resorted  to  his 
favorite  remedies.  Being  a  member  of 
congress  in  1776,  his  name  is  affixed  to 
the  declaration  of  independence.  In  1777 
86 


he  was  appointed  physician  general  of  the 
hospital  in  the  middle  military  depart- 
ment; in  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  for  adopting  the  constitution 
of  the  U.  S.;  and  for  the  last  14  years  of 
his  life  treasurer  of  the  U.  S.  mint.  He 
was  president  of  the  society  for  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery  ;  vice-president  of  the 
Philadelphia  Bible  society;  and  connected 
also  with  many  other  charitable  and  lite- 
rary societies.  His  short  Inquiry  into 
the  effect  of  ardent  spirits  upon  the  hu- 
man body  and  mind  was  a  most  valuable 
treatise  and  .one  of  the  earliest  productions 
on  the  subject  of  temperance.  He  also 
wrote  against  the  use  of  tobacco,  descri- 
bing the  effect  of  its  habitual  use  on. 
health,  morals,  and  property.  His  zeal 
for  the  interests  of  learning  induced  him 
to  be  one  of  the  founders  of  Dickinson 
college  at  Carlisle  ;  he  also  eloquently  ad- 
vocated the  universal  establishment  of  free 
schools.  He  died  of  the  pleurisy,  after 
an  illness  of  five  days,  April  19, 1813,aged 
67.  His  wife  was  Julia,  the  daughter  of 
Richard  Stockton.  Nine  children  survi- 
ved him.  Richard  Rush,  his  son,  was 
secretary  of  the  treasury  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  JoWn  Q.  Adams ;  in  p.  595  of 
this  book  he  is  said  by  mistake  to  have 
been  secretary  of  »ta<c.~  Dr.  Rush  was 
one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians  and 
most  learned  medical  writers  of  our  coun- 
try. His  writings  contain  n^iny  expres- 
sions of  piety.  It  was  his  usual  practice 
at  the  close  of  each  day  to  read  to  hia. 
collected  family  a  chapter  in  the  Bible  and 
to  address  God  in  prayer.  His  charac- 
ter is  fully  described  in  Thacher's  medical 
biography,  where  may  be  found  a  list 
of  the  subjects  of  his  various  writings. 
His  medical  works  are  in  six  vols.  He 
published  also  a  vol.  of  Essays,  literary, 
moral,  and  philosophical,  lT98.  — TAacA- 
er,  11.  29-71. 

RUSH,  Jacob,  LL.  n.,  judge,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  l74o;  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  college  in  1765  ;  and 
was  for  many  years  president  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas  for  Philadelphia,  where 
he  died  Jan.  5,  1820,  aged  74.  In  the 
controversy  between  Dickinson  and  Reed^ 


683 


RUSSELL. 


RUTLEDGE. 


ri 


he  was  a  writer  on  the  aide  of  the  former. 
He  published  his  Charges  on  moral  and 
religious  subjects,  1903. 

RUSSELL,  James,  a  councillor  of 
Ma«s.,wa8  the  descendant  of  Richard  R„ 
who  settled  at  Charlestowu  in  1640  and 
was  treasurer  of  the  colony .  He  was 
born  in  C.  Aug.  16,  1715,  and  died  April 
24,  I7fl8,  aged  83.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  a  judge,  and.  of  other  public  ofH- 
ces,  which  he  sustained,  with  the  greatest 
fidelity.  To  the  poor  he  was  a  steady 
and  liberal  friend.  He  respected  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  gospel,  and,  while  his 
family  and  his  closet  witnessed  his  con- 
stant devotions,  his  life  adorned  the  reli- 
gion, which  he  professed.  In  hia  last  ill- 
ness he  was  supported  and  consoled  by 
the  truths  of  the  gospel.  His  son,  Tho- 
mas Russell,  one  of  the  first  merchants  in 
the  U.  S.,  and  distinguished  for  his  benef- 
icence to  the  poor,  died  in  Boston  April 
8,  1796,  aged  55. 

RUTGERS,  Henry,  colonel,  a  patriot 
of  the  revolution,  fought  at  Brooklyn 
heights.  The  British  occupied  his  house 
as  a  hospital,  and  barracks.  In  1807  he 
delivered  an  address  on  laying  the  cor- 
ner stone  of  the  Reformed  .Dutch  church 
in  Orchard  street.  He  died  in  Feb.  1830, 
aged  84.  He  was  a  respected,  useful  cit- 
izen of  New  York  ;  in  his  politics  a  decid- 
ed partizan,  but  never  engaging  in  any 
important  measure  without  making  it  a 
special  subject  of  prayer.  It  were  well  if 
politicians  would  follow  his  example ; 
there  would  then  be  likely  to  be  in  their 
movements  less  of  greedy  selfishness  and 
vindictive  passion  and  more  of  disinteres- 
tedness and  of  virtuous  calmness.  Being 
very  rich,  col.  Rutgers  was  abundant  in 
his  charities  for  almost  all  public  objects 
and  towards  numerous  individuals.  He 
expended  for  others  an  immense  sum.  In 
one  instance  he  received  a  note,  in  which 
the  writer,  then  at  the  door,  begged  his 
assistance,  intimating,  that  in  the  failure 
of  it  he  should  kill  himself.  He  convers- 
ed with  the  young  man,  and  found,  that 
he  had  ruined  himself  by  gambling .  But 
be  cautiously  interposed  and  saved  him 
from  the  meditated  crime  and  rescued 


him  from  misery ;  and  the  same  young 
man  became  respectable  and  pious. — Mc 
Murray's  term. 

RUTLEDGE,  John,  chief  justice  of 
the  U.S.,was  the  son  of  Dr.  John  R.,  who 
with  his  brother,  Andrew,  a  lawyer,  emi- 
grated from  Ireland  to  Charleston  about 
1735.  Having  studied  law  at  the  temple, 
hereturnedto  Charlestonin  1761, and  soon 
proved  himself  an  able  lawyer  and  accom- 
plished orator.  He  took  an  early  and  distin- 
guished part  in  support  of  the  libertiesof  his 
country  at  the  commencement  of  the  late 
revolution.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
first  congress  in  1774.  When  the  tem- 
porary constitution  of  S.  Carolina  was 
established  in  March  1776,  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  president,  and  commander  in 
chief  of  the  colony.  He  continued  in 
this  station  till  the  adoption  of  the  new 
constitution  in  March  1778,  to  which  he 
refused  to  give  his  assent.  He  was 
opposed  to  it,  because  it  annihilated  the 
council,  reducing  the  legislative  authori- 
ty from  three  to  two  branches,  and  was 
too  democratic  in  its  features.  In  1799, 
however,  he  was  chosen  governor,  with 
the  authority  in  conjunction  with  the 
council  to  do  whatever  the  public  safety 
required.  He  soon  took  the  field  at  the 
head  of  the  militia.  All  the  energies  o( 
the  state  were  called  forth.  During  the 
siege  of  Charleston  at  the  request  of  gen. 
Lincoln  he  left  the  city,that  the  executive 
authority  might  be  preserved,  though  the 
capital  should  fall.  Having  called  a  gen- 
eral assembly  in  Jan.  1782,  he  addressed 
them  in  a  speech,  in  which  he  depicted 
the  perfidy,  rapine,  and  cruelty,  which 
stained  the  British  arms.  In  1784  he  was 
a  judge  of  the  court  of  chancery  ;  in 
1789  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
U.  S.;  in  1791  chiefjustice  of  S.  C;  and 
in  1 796  chief  justice  of  the  U .  S.  He  died 
in  July  1800.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent 
talents,  patriotism,  decision,  and  firmness. 
His  son,  gen.  John  R.,  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress,  died  at  Philadelphia 
Sept.  1,18 19,  aged  53. 

RUTLEDGE,  Edward,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Charlestonin  Nov.  1749.  In 


SALT0N3rALL. 


SANDEMAN. 


"9^ 


incery  ;    m 


1769  he  went  to  England  to  complete 
his  legal  education  at  the  Temple,  and 
returned  in  1773.  In  his  practice  he 
would  not  engage  in  acau8e,which  he  did 
not  believe  to  be  just.  His  powers  of  per- 
suasion were  not  employed  to  support  in- 
iquity or  to  shield  oppression.  Being  a 
member  of  congress  from  1774  to  1777,  he 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
He  had  much  of  the  esteem  and  confidence 
of  Washington.  He  commanded  a  com- 
pany of  the  militia  in  1779,  when  the 
British  were  driven  from  Port  Royal  is- 
land. Being  taken  a  prisoner  in  1780,  he 
was  sent  with  others  to  St.  Augustine 
and  detained  nearly  a  year.  Afler  he  was 
exchanged  he  reaided  near  Philadelphia 
till  the  evacuation  of  Charleston  by  the  en- 
emy in  Dec.  1783.  Af\er  an  exile  of  al- 
most three  years  he  returned  and  resumed 
his  profession.  In  1798  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor. He  died  Jan.  23,  1800,  aged  50. 
By  his  wife  the  daughter  of  Henry  Mid- 
dleton,  he  had  a  son,  major  Henry  M.  R. 
of  Tennessee,  and  a  daughter.  He  had 
great  address  in  moderating  those  colli- 
sions, >vhich  often  produce  duels.  His 
eloquence  was  less  vehement  than  that  of 
his  brother,  John,  but  more  insinuating 
and  conciliatory. 

SALTONSTALL,  Gurdon,  governor 
of  Conn.,  was  born  in  Haverhill,  Mass. 
March  27, 1666,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1684.  His  father  was 
col.Nathan,theson  of  Richard  of  i  Water- 
town,  who  was  the  son  of  sir  Richard  S. 
He  was  ordained  Nov.  25,  1691  minister 
of  New  London,  where  he  continued  for 
several  years,  highly  esteemed.  In  1707 
by  the  advice  of  the  clergy  he  was  per- 
suaded to  undertake  the  chief  direction  of 
the  civil  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  he  was 
annually  chosen  governor  till  his  death 
Sept.  24,  1724,  aged  58.  He  was  both  a 
profound  divine  and  a  consummate  states- 
man. The  complexion  of  the  Saybrook 
platform  was  owing  to  his  desire  of  bring- 
ing the  mode  of  church  government 
somewhat  nearer  to  the  presbyterian 
form.  To  a  quick  perception  and  a 
glowing  imagination  he  united  correct- 
ness of  judgment.      The  majesty  of  his 


eye  and  deportment  was  softened  by  ^..a 
features  of  benevolence.  As  an  orator 
the  music  of  his  voice,  the  force  of  his  ar- 
gument, the  beauty  of  his  allusions,  the 
ease  of  his  transitions,  and  the  fulness  of 
his  diction  gave  him  a  high  rank.  His 
temper  was  warm ;  but  he  had  been 
taught  the  art  of  self  command,  for  he 
was  a  Christian.  His  widow,  Mary,  the 
daughter  of  William  Whittingham,  and 
the  relict  of  Wm.  Clark,  died  in  Jan. 
1730.  She  was  distinguished  for  her  in- 
telligence, wit,  wisdom,  and  piety.  To 
Harvard  college  she  bequeathed  1 ,000/. 
for  two  students  designed  for  the  minis- 
try. 

SALTONSTALL,  Nathaniel,  a  phy- 
sician, a  descendant  of  Richard,  the 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  the  son  of 
Richard  S.,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Mass.,  and  was  born  at  Haverhill  Feb. 
10,  1 746.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1766,  and  died  at  Haverhill 
May  15,  1815,  aged  69.  His  maternal 
ancestor  was  gov.  Leverett ;  his  son, 
Leverett  S.,  is  a  senator  of  Massachu- 
setts. While  his  brothers  were  royalists, 
Dr.  S.was  a  whig  of  the  revolution.  He 
was  an  intelligent,  skilful,  humane  physi- 
cian, a  friend  of  science  and  religion,  and 
highly  respected  by  his  fellow  citizens.—* 
Thacher;  2  Hiit.  col.  iv. 

SANDEMAN,  Robert,  the  founder 
of  the  sect  of  Sandemanians,  was  born  at 
Perth  in  Scotland  about  the  year  1718, 
and  educated  at  St,  Andrew's,  Having 
married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Glass,  he  be- 
came one  of  his  followers.  He  represen- 
ted faith  as  the  mere  operation  of  intel- 
lect, and  maintained,  that  men  were  jus- 
tified without  holiness,  merely  on  specu- 
lative belief.  This  faith,  however,  he 
contended,  would  always,  wherever  it 
existed,  produce  the  Christian  virtues ; 
so  that  his  system  cannot  be  charged 
with  opening  a  door  to  licentiousness. 
In  1762  he  went  to  London  and  establish- 
ed a  congregation .  He  came  to  Ameri- 
ca in  Oct.  1764,  and  from  Boston  he 
went  to  Danbury.  In  that  town  he 
gathered  a  church  in  July  1765.  Hav- 
ing established    several  societies  in  N. 


684 


SAROEANT. 


SCHUYLER. 


E.,  he  died  at  Danbury  April  3,  1771, 
aged  69.  He  publiahed  an  answer  to 
Hervey'aTheron  and  Aapaaio  in  3  vols. 
%vo.  17&7.  Thia  work  ia  ingenioua, 
though  itexhibitaa  great  dealofaiiperily. 
Mr.  Hervey  himaeir  acicnowledged,  that 
the  author  had  pointed  out  some  errors 
in  hia  writings,  and  had  (he  moat  exalted 
views  ofdivine  grace. 

SARGEANT,  Nathaniel  Peaslee, 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Chri»topher  S.  of  Me- 
thuen,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1750.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  chief  jus- 
tice in  Dec.  1789.  He  died  at  Haverhill 
in  Oct.  1791,  aged  60. 

SAVAGE,  Edward,  a  painter,  was 
born  at  Princeton,  Mass.,  in  1761.  He 
was  at  firwt  a  goldsmith.  After  studying 
for  a  while  under  West  in  London,  he 
repaired  to  Italy.  Before  he  went  abroad 
ht  painted  the  Washington  family,  and, 
finding  no  engraver,  engraved  the  pic- 
ture himself.  Of  his  print,  it  is  said, 
that  ke  sold  9,000  copies  at  9  doll.  each. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  talents  ;  but 
his  attention  was  too  much  divid- 
ed among  different  pursuits  to  allow  of 
his  attaining  the  highest  eminence  as  a 
painter.  He  commence<l  a  museum  in 
New  York,  and  brought  it  to  Boston ; 
where  it  ia  a  part  of  the  New  England 
inuaem.  He  died  at  Princeton,  Mass.,  in 
July  1817,  aged  59.—Knapp'$  led. 

SCAMMELL,  Alexander,  colonel,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  born  in 
MendoBi,  now  Milford,  Mass.,  and  gradu- 
ated ait  Harvard  college  in  1769.  He 
studied  law  with  general  Sullivan  ;  assis- 
ted eapt.  Holland  in  surveys  for  his  map 
of  New  Hampshire;  and  1775  was  ap- 
pointed brigade  major^and  in  1776  colo- 
nel. In  the  battle  of  Saratoga  in  1777 
be  was  wounded.  About  1780  he  was 
adjutant  general  of  the  American  armies, 
and  deservedly  popular.  At  the  siege  of 
York  town,  being  o/Ticer  of  the  day  Sept. 
90,  1781,  while  reconnoitering  he  was 
surprised  by  a  party  of  the  enemy's  horse, 
and  after  being  taken  prisoner  was  inhu- 
jaanly  wounded.      Being  conveyed  to 


Williamsburg,  he  died  of  his  wound  Oct. 
6.  Oen.  Brooks  and  gen.  Dearborn  each 
named  a  son  a(\er  their  friend. 

SCHUYLER,  Peter,  mayor  of  tiie 
city  of  Albany,  was  much  distinguished 
ibr  his  patriotism,  and  for  the  influence, 
which  he  possessed  over  the  Indians.  In 
the  year  1691  he  headed  a  party  of  800 
Mohawks  and  with  about  the  same  num- 
ber of  English  made  a  bold  attack  upon 
the  i'^rench  settlements  at  the  north  end 
of  lake  Champlain.  He  slew  300  of  the 
enemy.  Such  was  the  authority  of  colo- 
nel Schuyler  with  the  five  nations,  that 
whatever  Quider,(for  so  they  called  him, 
as  they  could  not  pronounce  Peter,)  re- 
commended, had  the  force  of  law.  In 
1710  he  went  to  England  at  hib  "wn  ex- 
pense, taking  with  him  five  In<ii'i:i  chiefs, 
for  the  purpose  of  exciting  the  govern- 
ment to  vigorous  measures  against  the 
French  in  Canada.  The  chief  command 
in  New  York  devolved  upon  him  as  the 
eldest  member  of  the  council  in  1719 ; 
but  in  the  following  year  governor  Burnet 
arrived.  He  often  warned  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies  of  expeditions  meditated 
against  them  by  t  us  French  and  I  ndians. — 
Smith's  N.  Y.  66— ICsl. 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  a  major  gener- 
al in  the  revolutionary  war,  received  this 
appointment  from  congress  June  19, 
1775.  He  was  directed  to  proceed  from 
New  York  to  Ticonderoga,  to  secure  the 
lakes,  aftid  to  moke  preparations  (or  enter- 
ing Canada.  Being  taken  sick  in  Sept. 
the  command  devolved  upon  Montgom- 
ery. On  his  recovery  he  devoted  him- 
self zealously  to  the  management  of  the 
affairs  in  the  northern  department  The 
superintendence  of  the  Indian  concerns 
claimed  much  of  his  attention.  On  the 
approach  of  Burgoyne  in  1777  he  made 
every  exertion  to  obstruct  his  progress  ; 
but  the  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  by 
St.  Clair  occasioning  unreasonable  jeal- 
ousies in  regard  to  Schuyler  in  N.  Eng- 
land, he  was  in  Aug.  superseded  by 
Gates,  and  congress  directed  an  inquiry 
to  be  made  into  his  conduct.  It  was  a 
matter  of  extreme  chagrin  to  him  to  be 
recalled  at  the  moment,  when  he  was 


SCOTT. 


SEDGWICK. 


about  to  face  the  enemy.  He  afterwards, 
though  not  in  the  regular  aervice,  render- 
ed important  aervicea  to  hia  country  in 
the  military  tranaactiona  of  New  York. 
He  waa  a  member  of  the  old  congresi, 
and  when  the  present  government  of  the 
U.  S.  commenced  its  operations  in  1789, 
he  was  appointed  with  Rufua  King  a 
senator  from  his  native  state.  In  1797 
he  was  again  appointed  a  senator  in  the 
place  of  Aaron  Burr.  He  died  at  Alba- 
ny Nov.  18,  1804,  aged  72.  His  daugh- 
ter married  gen.  Hamilton.  Another 
daughter  married  John  B.  Church,  an 
Englishman,  contractor  for  the  French 
army  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  af- 
terwarda  member  of  parliament,  who  died 
April  1818  ;  she  died  in  1814.  Distin- 
guished by  strength  of  intellect  and  up- 
right intentions,he  was  wise  in  the  contri- 
vance and  enterprising  and  perservering 
in  the  execution  of  plans  of  public  utility. 
In  private  life  he  waa  dignified,  but  cour- 
teous, a  pleasing  and  instructive  compan- 
ion, affectionate  in  his  domestic  relations, 
and  just  in  all  his  dealings. — Marshall,  ii. 
3S7,  301-306  ;  in.  3,  4,  326-258.  273  ; 
IV.  449. 

SCOTT,  Charles,  brigadier  general, 
governor  of  Kentucky,  was  a  Virginia 
soldier  of  the  revolution.  His  commission 
of  brigadier  is  dated.  April  2,  1777.  He 
was  governor  from  1808  to  1813,  when 
he  waa  succeeded  by  Shelby.  Ho  died 
Oct.  33, 1807,  aged  74. 

SCREVEN,  Thomas,  brigadier  gen- 
eral, waa  a  descendant  of  Wm.  S.,  who 
early  came  to  this  country,  and,  after 
marrying  at'  Piscataway  a  Miss  Cutts, 
removed  to  Cooper's  river  in  1683,  foun- 
ding the  first  baptist  church  in  Charles- 
ton. He  commanded  the  militia,  when 
that  state  was  invaded  from  East  Florida 
in  Nov.  1778.  While  a  party  of  the  en- 
emy was  marching  from  Sunbury  towards 
Savannah,  he  had  repeated  skirmishes 
with  them  at  the  head  of  a  hundred  mili- 
tia. In  an  engagement  at  Midway,  the 
place  of  hid  residence,  he  waa  wounded 
by  a  musket  ball,  and  fell  from  his  horse. 
Several  of  the  British  immediately  came 
up,  and,  upbraiding  him  with  the  man- 


ner, in  which  a  captain  Moore  had  been 
killed,  discharged  their  pieces  at  him. 
He  died  soon  after  of  his  wounds.  Few 
officers  had  done  more  for  their  country, 
and  few  men  were  more  esteemed  and 
beloved  for  their  virtues  in  private  life. 

SEABURY,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  first  bish" 
op  of  the  episcopal  church  in  the  U.  S., 
the  son  of  Mr.  Seabury,  congregational 
minister  at  Qroton  and  afterwards  epis* 
copal    minister    at    New  London,  was 
born  in  1738.     After  being  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1751,  he  went  to  Scotland 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  medicine; 
but  his  attention  being  soon  directed  to 
theology  he    took    orders    in    London 
in  1753.    On  his  return  to  this  coun* 
try  he  was  settled   in  the  ministry  at 
Brunswick  in  New  Jersey.    In  the  be* 
ginning  of  1757  he  removed  to  Jamaica 
on  L.  Island  ;  and  thence  in  Dec.  1766 
to  West  Chester.    In  this  place  he  remai- 
ned till  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
when  he  went  into  the  city  of  New  York. 
At  the  return  of  peace  he  settled  in  fiew 
London.    In  1784  he  went  to  England 
to  obtain  consecration  as  bishop  of  the 
episcopal  church  of  this  state,  but  mee- 
ting with  some  obstruction  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  his  wishes,  he  went  to  Scot- 
land, where,  Nov.  14th,  he  was  consecra-* 
ted  by  three  nonjuring  bishops.    After 
this  period  he  discharged  for  a  number  of 
years  at  New  London  the  duties  of  his 
office  in  an  exemplary  manner.    He  died 
Feb.  35,  1796,  aged  68.    He  published 
the  duty  of  considering  our  ways,  1789  ; 
a  discourse  at  the  ordination  of  R.  Fowie, 
1791  ;  and  two  vol.  of  sermons,  whicii 
evince    a    vigorous    and  well  informed 
mind.     After  his  death  a  supplementary 
volume  was  published  in  1798. 

SEDGWICK,  Theodore,  ll.  d., 
judge,  born  at  West  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
May  1746,  was  a  descendant  of  Robert 
S.,  an  early  settler  and  distinguished  mil- 
itary oflicer  of  Mass.,  residing  at  Charles- 
town.  His  father,  Benj.  S.,  relinquish- 
ing mercantile  business,  removed  to  Corn- 
wall, and  at  his  death  left  a  widow  and  six 
children.  Of  these  Theodore  S.  was  the 
youngest  son.    He  settled  as  a  lawyer  at 


686 


SERORANT. 


8EWALL. 


K 


If! 


Sheffield,  then  at  Htockbridge  in  1785. 
Id  the  war  of  the  revolution  he  waa  an 
aid  to  gen.  Thomaa  in  1776  in  the  expe- 
dition to  Canada  ;  and  in  the  Shay'a  re- 
hellion  he  exerted  himself  moat  zealously 
in  ita  auppreaaion.  In  1785  and  1780  he 
waa  ■  member  of  oongreaa  ;  alHO  from 
1780  to  1796.  From  1796  to  1708  he 
wai  a  aenator  nf  the  U.  S.  In  1799  he 
was  a  member  of  the  house  and  waa  cho- 
sen speaker.  From  1803  till  hia  death  he 
waa  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Mass. 
He  died  at  Boston  Jan.  34,  1818,  aged 
66,  and  was  buried  at  Stockbridge.  His 
aon,  Henry  D.  S.,  a  lawyer  of  N.  York, 
died  at  Stockbridge  about  1831 ;  his  son, 
Robert  S.,  is  a  lawyer  in  the  city  of  New 
York  ;  his  daughter,  Catherine  S.,  is 
known  by  her  various  writings.  His  life 
was  active  and  nseful.  As  his  attachments 
and  aversions  were  strong,  he  was  zeal- 
ous aa  a  politician  ;  in  his  manners  he  was 
dignified,  and  his  habits  were  social.  He 
was  a  communicant  in  tlte  church  ,of  Dr. 
Channingat  Boston. 

SERGEANT,  John,  missionary 
among  the  Indians,  was  born  at  Newark, 
N.  Jersey,  in  1710,  and  was  graduated 
in  1739  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  after- 
wards a  tutor  for  four  years.  In  Oct. 
17S4  he  went  to  Houssatonnoc,  an  Indian 
village  in  the  western  part  of  Massachu- 
aetta,  and  began  to  preach  to  the  Indians. 
That  he  might  be  enabled  to  administer 
to  them  the  Christian  ordinances  he  was 
ordained  at  Deerfield  Atig.  31, 1735.  He 
diedat  Stockbridge  July  37,  1749,  aged 
48.  Jonathan  Edwards  succeeded  him. 
His  son,  Dr.  Erastus  S.,  died  at  Stock- 
bridge  in  Nov.  1814,  aged  73  ;  his  son, 
John  S.,  60  years  a  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians at  New  Stockbridge,  N.  Y.,  died 
Sept.  8, 1834,  aged  77. — He  was  suppor- 
ted in  part  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  and 
iii  part  by  individuals  in  England,  whose 
munificence  reached  him  through  the 
hands  of  Dr.  Colman  of  Boston.  He  had 
baptized  139  Indians,  and  43  were  com- 
municants at  the  time  of  his  death. 
With  great  labor  he  translated  the  whole 
of  the  new  testament,  excepting  the  rev- 


elation, into  the  Indian  language,  and  se- 
veral parts  of  the  old  testament.  In  his 
life  he  was  just,  kind,  and  benevolent. 
The  Houssatonnoc  or  Stockbridge  In- 
diana now  live  at  New  Stockbridge  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  were  for  many 
yearo  under  the  care  of  his  son.  He  pub- 
lished y.  letter  to  Dr.  Colman  on  the  edii- 
catiuti  of  the  children  of  the  Indians,  and 
a  sermon  on  the  causes  and  danger  nf 
delusions  in  religion,  1743. — Hopkitu^ 
memoiri  of  Houit.  Indiuru  ;  PanoplUt, 
II. 

SEWALL,  Samuel,  chief  justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Mass.,  was  born  at 
Bishop-Stoke,  England,  March  38,1653. 
His  father,  Henry,  had  before  this  time 
been  in  America  and  in  1694  began  the 
settlement  of  Newbury.  He  finally  es- 
tablished himself  in  this  country  in  1661, 
when  his  son  was  nine  years  old.  In  his 
childhood  judge  Sewall  was  under  the 
instruction  of  Mr.  Parker  of  Newbury. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
167 1 ,  and  afterwards  preached  for  a  short 
time.  In  1688  he  went  to  England.  In 
1693  he  was  appointed  in  the  newchar- 
teroneof  the  council,  in  which  station 
he  continued  till  1735.  He  was  made 
one  of  thejudges  in  1693,and  chief  justice 
of  the'superiorcourtin  1718.  Thisofiice 
as  well  as  that  of  judge  of  probate  for 
Suffolk  he  resigned  in  1738  on  account  of 
infirmities.  He  died  Jan.  1, 1730,  aged 
77.  His  brothers  were  John  and  Steph- 
en. His  wife,  Hannah,  waa  the  only 
child  of  John  Hull.  His  daughter,  Eliz- 
abeth, married  Grove  Hirst,  and  her 
daughter  married  sir  Wm.  Pepperell ;  his 
daughter,  Mary,  married  S.  Gerrish,  and 
Judith  married  Wm.  Cooper  in  1730, 
but  died  in  the  same  year.  By  his  wife 
he  received  a  large  fortune,  30,000/.  in 
six  pences,  which  he  employed  for  the 
glory  of  God  and  the  advantage  of  men . 
Eminent  for  piety,  wisdom,  and  learning, 
in  all  the  relations  of  life  he  exhibited  the 
Christian  virtues,  and  secured  universal 
respect.  For  a  long  course  of  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  old  South  church, 
and  one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  He 
was  constant  in  his  attendance  upon  pub- 


w 


SEWALL. 


987 


lio  worihip,  keepi  ng  hia  bibia  before  him 
to  try  every  doctrine.  He  reed  the  m* 
cred  volume  every  inorning  and  evening 
in  hia  family,  and  hia  prayer*  with  hia 
houaehold  ascended  to  Ueaven.  A  friend 
to  every  follower  ofthriat,  he  waa  liber- 
al, hoapitable,  and  benevolent.  For  the 
praying  Indiana  at  Natick  he  at  hia  own 
expenae  built  a  houae  of  worvhip  ;  and 
he  uniforrolyi  aa  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil and  of  the  aociety  for  propagating  the 
goapel,  exerted  himaelf  for  the  benefit  of 
hia  copper  colored  brethren.  He  deeply 
felt  alao  for  the  enalaved  ncgroea.  Be- 
tween 1700  and  1710hepubliahed  <'The 
Selling  of  Joaeph,"  in  which  he  advocated 
their  righta.  He  waa  critically  acquain- 
ted with  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew 
language*.  In  hia  laat  sickneaa  he  waa 
reeigned,  patient,  and  compoaed,  placing 
hia  whole  dependence  for  salvation  upon 
the  Redeemer.  He  leil  behind  him  sev- 
eral vola.  of  copiea  of  lettera,  and  a  diary 
in  three  volumes,  which  embraces  about 
forty  years.  From  thia  it  appears,  that 
a*  oneof  the  judge*  at  the  trial  of  the  Sa- 
lem witches  in  1692  he  concurred  in  the 
sentence  of  condemnation  ;  hut  he  after- 
ward* of  hia  own  accord  made  a  confes- 
sion of  hia  error.  It  was  read  by  his  min- 
ister, Mr.  Willard,  on  a  day  of  public 
fast,  and  is  preserved  in  his  diary.  He 
published  an  answer  to  queries  respecting 
America,  1690;  proposals,  touching  the 
accomplishment  of  the  prophecies,  4to, 
1713  ;  a  description  of  the  new  heavens 
and  earth,  4to,  3d  edit.  1727.— Prtnce'« 
/un.  $erm. 

SEWALL,  Joseph,  d.  o.,  minister  in 
Bo8ton,the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
Aug.  36,1689,  &  was  graduated  at  Harv- 
ard college  in  1707.  Having  evinced  a  se- 
rious disposition  from  his  earliest  days,he 
now  directed  his  attention  to  the  study 
of  theology.  Though  a  member  of  one 
of  the  first  families  in  the  country,  he 
sought  no  worldly  object,  it  being  his 
supreme  desire  to  serve  God  in  the  gospel 
of  his  Son.  He  was  ordained  the  minis- 
ter of  the  old  south  church  in  Boston,  as 
colleague  with  Mr.  Femberton,  Sept.  16, 
1713.    After  surviving  three  colleagues, 


Ptmberton,  Prince,  and  Gumming,  he 
died  June  37,  1769,  aged  80,  in  the  66th 
year  of  hia  miniatry.  Hia  colleague, 
Samuel  Blair,  waa  diamiaaed  in  Oct.  of 
the  aame  year,  and  in  1771  John  Baeon 
and  John  Hunt  were  ordained  miniater* 
of  thi*  church.  Dr.  Sewall  po*ae*aed 
respectable  abilitiea,and  waa  well  acquain- 
ted with  classical  learning.  In  1734  he 
waa  choaen  preaident  of  Harvard  collegt, 
but  auch  waa  his  humility  and  the  eleva- 
tion of  hia  viewa,  that  he  declined  the 
appointment,  wishing  rather  to  continue 
in  the  ofHce  of  a  minister  of  the  goapel . 
Hia  chief  glory  waa  the  love  of  God  and 
the  zeal  to  do  good,  for  which  he  wa* 
conapicuoua  among  hia  brethren.  Few 
minister*  have  ever  lived  with  auch  uni- 
form reference  to  the  great  end  of  their 
office.  Deeply  interested  himself  in  the 
truthsof  religion,  he  reached  the  hearts 
of  his  hearers  ;  and  sometimes  hia  voice 
was  ao  modulated  by  his  feelinga,  and  ele- 
vated with  zeal,  as  irresistibly  to  seize 
the  attention.  Though  he  waa  deliber- 
ate and  cautious,  he  was  courageous  in 
withatanding  error.  He  could  sacrifice 
every  thing  for  peace  but  duty,  and  truth, 
and  holiness.  During  his  last  illness, 
which  continued  for  a  number  of  mouths, 
he  was  remarkable  for  his  submission  and 
patience.  While  he  acknowledged  him- 
self to  be  an  unprofitable  servant,  he  look- 
ed to  the  atoning  sacrifice  of  Christ  for 
pardon.  He  spoke  of  dying  with  cheer- 
fulness. Sometimes  he  was  heard  to  say 
with  great  pathos,  "  come,  Lord  Jesus, 
come  quickly."  At  length  he  died  as 
one,  who  was  assured  of  a  happy  inimor-. 
tality.  He  married  Oct.  29,  1713,  Eliz- 
abeth Walley,  who  died  before  him. 
Only  one  child  survived  him,  his  son, 
Samuel,  who  was  a  deacon  in  the  church 
from  1763  to  1771.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon on  family  religion,  1716  ;  on  the 
death  of  Wait  Winthrop,  1717  ;  of  king 
George  I,  Thomas  Lewis,  and  Samqel 
Hirst,  1727  ;  of  his  father  1730 ;  Ben- 
jamin Wadsworth;  1737  ;  Josiah  Wil- 
lard, 1756  ;  Thomas  Prince,  1758  ;  Al- 
exander Gumming,  1763 ;  a  caveat 
against  covetousness,  1718;  election  ser- 


683 


SEWALL. 


I;fi 


mon,  1724  ;  on  a  day  of  prayer  for  the 
rising  generation,  1728 ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  three  iniBsionarics,  1733 ;  fast 
sermon,  before  the  general  q>urt,  1740 ; 
aermonat  Thursday  lecture;  the  Holy 
Spirit  convincing  the  world  of  sin,  of 
of  righteousness,  and  of  judgment,  four 
eermons,  1741  ;  on  a  day  of  prayer  ;  on 
the  love  of  our  neighbor,  1742  ;  sermon 
on  Revelation  v.  11,  12,  1745;  on  the 
reduction  of  Havana,  1762. — Chauncy^a 
fun.  $ertnon;  Wisner't  hist.  98. 

SEWALL,  Stephen,  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court  of  Mass.,  the  nephew 
of  Samuel  Sewall,  was  the  son  of  major 
Stephen  Sewall of  Salem.  His  mother 
was  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Mitchell.  He  was  born  in  Dec.  1702, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1721.  Having  instructed  a  school  in 
Marblehead  for  several  years,  he  began 
to  preach  with  great  acceptance.  In 
1728  he  was  chosen  a  tutor  in  the  college, 
and  he  filled  this  office  till  1739,  when  he 
was  called  to  take  a  seat  on  the  bench  of 
the  superior  court.  On  the  death  of 
chief  justice  Dudley  in  1752  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him,  though  not 
the  senior  judge .  He  was  also  soon  elected 
a  member  of  the  council  and  continued 
such  till  his  death,  though  it  was  with 
difficulty,  that  he  could  be  prevailed  upon 
to  accept  the  appointment,  as  he  ques- 
tioned the  propriety  of  sustaining  at  the 
same  time  the  two  offices.  After  a  use- 
ful and  honorable  life  he  died  Sept.  10, 
1760,  aged  57.  His  estate  was  insolvent. 
He  was  distinguished  for  genius  and 
learning.  He  united  an  uncommon  de- 
gree quickness  of  apprehension  with  a 
deeply  penetrating  and  capacious  mind. 
As  a  tutor,  he  proved,  that  there  was  a 
perfect  consistency  between  the  most  vig- 
orous and  resolute  exertion  of  authority 
and  the  most  gentle  and  complacent  man- 
ners. Though  he  was  a  very  humble 
and  modest  man  he  supported  the  dignity 
of  a  judge.  He  was  an  exemplary  Chris- 
tian, and  while  he  constantly  attended 
upon  the  institutions  of  the  gospel,  he 
oflfered  up  sacrifices  to  the  Lord  in  his 
own   house,  though,  as  he  was  never 


married,  his  family  cannot  be  supposed  to 
have  had  the  deepest  interest  in  his  af- 
fections. His  charity  to  those  in  want 
was  so  great,  that  it  has  been  thought 
excessive.  He  had  a  deep  reverence  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  and  oilen  spoke  with 
approbation  of  the  circumstance  in  the 
character  of  sir  Matthew  Hale,  that  he 
never  mentioned  thenameofGodwithout 
making  a  pause  in  his  discourse. — May- 
hevB^afun.  term. 

SEWALL,  Stephen,  first  Hancock 
professor  of  Hebrew  in  Harvard  college, 
descended  from  Henry  S.  of  Newbury  by 
his  second  son,  John.  He  was  born  at 
York,  Maine,in  April  1734,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1761.  He  succeeded  Mr. 
Monis  in  1762.  Hebrew  had  sunk 
into  contempt  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Mon- 
is, but  it  was  now  brought  into  honor. 
When  Mr.  Hancock  founded  the  profes- 
sorship of  Hebrew,  he  was  inaugurated 
June  17, 1765,  and  continued  in  office 
above  20  years.  He  took  an  early  part 
in  the  revolution.  After  he  lost  his 
professorship,  he  led  a  very  retired  life 
till  his  death  July  23,  1 804,  aged  70.  His 
lectures  proved  him  to  have  possessed  an 
elegant  taste.  He  pubfished  a  Hebrew 
grammar,  8vo,  1763  ;  oratio  funebris  in 
obitum  D.  Edvardi  Holyoke,  1769  ;  an 
oration  on  the  death  of  professor  Win- 
throp,  1779  ;  translation  of  the  first  book 
of  Young's  night  thoughts  in  Latin,  1780; 
carmina  sacra,  qua;  Latine  Grseceque 
condidit  America,  1789  ;  the  scripture 
account  of  the  Schechinah,  1794  ;  the 
scripture  history,  relating  to  the  over- 
throw of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha,  and  to 
tha  origin  of  the  salt  sea,  or  lake  of  Sod- 
om, 1796.  He  wrote  an  admirable  Chul- 
dee  and  English  dictionary,  which  is 
in  the  library  of  Harvard  college. 

SEWALL,  Jonathan,  attorney  gen. 
of  Mass.,  a  descendant  of  Henry  S.,  was 
the  nephew  of  chief  justice  Stephen  S.. 
Having  lost  his  parents  in  early  life, 
he  was  educated  by  the  charity  of  his 
friends,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1748;  taught  school  in  Salem  till  1756; 
then  studied  law  with  judge  Chambers 
Russell  of  Lincoln  ;  and  commenced  the 


111 


SEW  ALL. 


SHEPARD. 


689 


practice  in  Charleatown.  About  1767 
he  was  appointed  attorney  general.  Be- 
ing a  tory  in  the  revolution,  he  retired 
from  this  country  in  1775,  and  resided 
in  Bristol.  In  1788  he  went  to  Halifux. 
He  died  soon  afterwards.  His  wife  was 
Esther,  daughter  of  Edmund  Quincy  of 
Quincy.  One  of  his  sons  was  attorney 
general  and  the  other  chief  justice  of 
Canada.  He  had  an  insinuating  elo- 
quence, was  an  acute  and  learned  law- 
yer, and  one  of  the  finest  writers  of  his 
day  in  N.  England.  He  wrote  various 
political  papers,  the  chief  of  which,8igned 
Massachusettensis,  were  answered  by  J. 
Adams,  under  whose  name  an  account  of 
them  is  given. 

SEWALL,  David,  ll.  d.,  judge,  a 
descendant  of  John,  the  second  son  of 
Henry  S.,  who  lived  in  Newbury  in 
1634,  was  born  at  York,  Maine,  and  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1755,  being 
a  classmate  and  friend  of  John  Adams. 
In  1777  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Mass. ;  and  in  1739 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  U.  S. 
He  died  at  York  Oct.  22,  1825,  aged  90. 
He  was  an  honest  lawyer ;  a  learned  and 
upright  judge  ;  a  sincere  patriot ;  and  an 
exemplary  Christian. 

SEWALL,  Jonathan  Mitchell,  a  poet, 
was  born  in  York  in  1749.  Being  adop- 
ted by  his  uncle,  chief  justice  Stephen  S., 
he  studied  law,  &  in  1774  was  register  of 
probate  for  Grafton  county,  N.  H.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Portsmouth, 
where  he  died  March  29,  1808,  aged  59. 
His  ode  of  War  and  Washington  was 
celebrated  and  sung  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  A  volume  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished, 1801.— Spec.  Jlmer.poet.  i.  198. 

SEWALL,  Samuel,  ll.  d.,  chief  jus- 
tice of  Mass.,  the  grandson  of  Joseph  S., 
the  minister  of  Boston,  was  born  in 
Boston  Dec.  11,  1757  ;  his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Edmund  Quincy.  He  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1776.  He 
settled  at  Marblehead  and  in  1797  was  a 
member  of  congress  ;  in  1800  he  was 
placed  upon  the  be<lch  of  the  supreme 
courtofMass.  After  the  death  ofjudge 
Partfons  in  1813  he  was  appointed  chief 
87 


justice.  He  died  suddenly  at  Wiscasset 
June  8,  1814,  aged  56,and  was  succeeded 
bychief  justice  Parker.  The  gentlemen 
of  the  bar  erected  a  monument  to  hia 
memory.  His  sons,  Samuel  and  Edmund 
Q.,  are  ministers  of  Burlington  and  Dan- 
vers.—KnappU  biog.  219-231. 

SEYBERT,  Adam,  Dr.,  a  member  of 
congress  for  8  years  from  Philadelphia, 
died  at  Paris  May  2,  1825,  bequeathing 
1,000  doll,  for  educating  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  and  500  doll,  to  the  orphan  asy- 
lum, Philadelphia.  He  was  a  man  of 
science  and  benevolence,  and  was  partic- 
ularly skilful  as  a  chemist  and  mineralo- 
gist. He  published  a  valuable  work, 
Statistical  Annals  of  U.  S.  from  1789  to 
to  1818,  4io. 

SHAYS,  Daniel,  captain,  the  leader  of 
the  rebels  in  Mass.  in  1787,  was  a  captain 
in  the  revolutionary  war.    In   the  rebel- 
lion  he  appeared  at  S|)ringfield  at  the 
head  of  2,000  men  and  attempted  to  seize 
the  arsenal ;  but  his  forces  were  dispersed 
by  gen.  Shepherd.     He  next  assembled  a 
force  at  Pelham  ;  but  in  Feb.  1787  gen. 
Lincoln  by  a  forced  march  surprised  the 
rebels  and  took  150  prisoners,  and  put  an 
end  to  the  insurrection.    Such  was  the 
lenity  of  the  government,  that  not  a  man 
was  executed.    Even  Shays,  after  hiding 
himself  a  year  or  two  in  Vermont,  obtain- 
ed a  pardon.     He  removed  to  Sparta,  in 
N.  York.    In  his  old  age  he  had  a  pen- 
sion of  20  dollars  a  month  for  his  revolu- 
tionary services.      Ho  died    Sept.  29, 
1825,  aged  85.     The  clemency,  which 
he  experienced,  and  which  is  honorable 
to  Mass. ,  made  him  a  good  citizen. 
,  SHELBY,  Isaac,    colonel,    the  first 
governor  of  Kentucky,  was  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution  ond  distinguished  himself 
in  tha  battle  of  King's  mountain  ;  also 
on  thi?  Thames  in  Upper  Canada  in  the 
war  of  1812.      He  was  governor  from 
1792  to  1796,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Garrand  ;  he  also    succeeded    Scott  in 
1812  and  was  succeeded  by  Madison  in 
1816.    He  died  in  Lincoln  county  July 
IS,  1836,  at  an  advanced  age. 

SHEPARD,  Thomas,   minister    of 
Cambridge,  filass.  was  born  near  North- 


690 


SHEPARD. 


SHERMAN. 


11 


amptnn,  England,  Nov.  5,  1605,  and  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
While  in  this  seminary  it  pleased  God  in 
infinite  mercy  to  awaken  him  from  his 
natural  state  of  thoughtlessness  and  sin, 
to  convince  bim,  that  he  had  been  entirely 
selfish  in  hisdesiresand  conduct,to inspire 
him  with  holy  principles,  and  to  render 
him  a  humble  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ. 
He  met  afterwards  with  many  kinds  of 
temptations  ;  but,  as  he  said,  he  was  nev- 
er tempted  to  Arminianism,  his  own  ex- 
perience so  perfectly  confuting  the  free- 
dom of  the  will.    After  he  left  the  univer- 
sity, he  was  eminently  useful  as  a  prea- 
cher.     His  puritan  principles  exposing 
him  to  persecution,  he  narrowly  escaped 
the  pursuivants,  and  arrived  at  Boston  in 
this  country  Oct.  3,  1635.     After  the  re- 
moval of  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stone  to 
Connecticut  he  formed  a  church  at  Cam- 
bridge and  took  the  charge  of  it  Feb.  1, 
1636.      Here  he  continued  till  his  death 
Aug.  35,  1649,  aged  44.    He  was  succee- 
ded by  Mr.  Mitchell,      Asa  preacher  of 
evangelical  truth  and  as  a  writer  on  ex- 
perimental religion    he  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  men  of  his  time.      It 
was   on  account  of  the   energy  of  his 
preaching  and  his  vigilance  in  detecting 
and  zeal  in  opposing  the  errors  of  the 
day,  that  when  the  foundation  of  a  col- 
lege was  to  be  laid,  Cambridge  rather 
than  any  other  place  was  pitched  upon  as 
the  seat  of  the  seminary.      He  was  the 
patron  of  learning  and  essentially  promo- 
ted its  interests.      He  was  distinguished 
for  his  humility  and  piety.    Ui;der  hea- 
vy afflictions  he  acknowledged,  ihat  he 
deserved  nothing  but  misery,  and  bowed 
submissive  to  the  divine  will.    He  usually 
wrote  his  sermons  so  early  for  the  sab- 
bath, that  he  could  devote  a  part  of  Sat- 
urday to  prepare  his  heart  for  the  solemn 
and  affectionate  discharge  of  the  duties  of 
the  following  day.     He  published  theses 
eabbaticae  ;  a  letter,  entitled,  New  Eng- 
lai  d's  lamenution  for  Old  England's  er- 
rors, 1645  ;   cautions    against   spiritual 
drunkenness,  a  sermon ;    subjection    to 
Christ  in   all  his    ordinances    the  best 
nieans  to  preserve  our  liberty,  to  which 


is  added  a  treatise  on  ineffectual  hearing 
of  the  word  ;  the  sincere  convert ;  the 
sound  believer,  a  treatise  on  evangelical 
conversion  ;  singing  of  psalms  a  gospel 
ordinance  ;  the  clear  sunshine  of  the  gos- 
pel upon  the  Indians,  4to.  1648  ;  a  trea- 
tise of  liturgies,  power  of  the  keys,  and 
matter  of  the  visible  church,  in  answer 
to  Mr.  Ball,  4to.  1653  ;  the  evangelical 
call ;  select  cases  resolved  and  first  prin- 
ciples of  the  oracles  of  God  ;  these  were 
republished  together  with  meditations 
and  spiritual  experiences,  extracted  from 
his  private  diary,  by  Mr.  Prince  of  Bos- 
ton, 1747  ;  of  the  right  use  of  liberty  ; 
reply  to  Gauden,  1661;  the  parable  of 
the  ten  virgins ;  the  church  membership 
of  children  and  their  right  to  baptism, 
1663  ;  the  saint's  jewel  and  the  soul's 
imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  two  sermons  ; 
the  four  lost  things,  4to.—Malher^s 
magnalia,  iii.  84-93. 

SHEPARD,  Thomas,  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  London  April  5, 
1635;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1653  ;  and  ordained  April  13,  1659,  as 
colleague  to  Mr.  Symmes.  After  a  min- 
istry of  18  years  he  died  of  the  small  pox 
Dec.  22,  1677,  aged  42.  President 
Oakes  in  a  Latin  oration  represents  Mr. 
Shepard  as  distinguished  for  his  erudition, 
prudence,  modesty,  and  integrity,  as  a 
strenuous  defender  of  the  orthodox  faith, 
and  as  holding  the  first  rank  among  the 
ministers  of  his  day.  He  published  the 
election  sermon,  1672  In  Mather's 
magnalia  there  is  preserved  a  paper  of 
excellent  instructions  to  his  son,  a  stu- 
dent at  college,  who  afterwards  succee- 
ded him  at  Charlestown  in  1680,  but 
died  in  1685.— Magnalia,  iv.  189-203; 
Oakea'  elegy. 

SHEPHERD,  William,  general,  an 
officer  of  the  revolution,  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  suppressing  the  re- 
bellion of  Shays  in  1787.  He  died  at 
Westfield,  Nov.ll,  1817.  The  old  soldier 
supported  with  equanimity  in  his  declin- 
ing years  the  sufferings,  to  which  he  was 
called. 

SHERMAN,  John,  minister  of  Wa- 


SHERMAN. 


SHIPPEN. 


691 


tertown  Mass.,  was  born  in  England  in 
1613,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  His 
puritan  principles  induced  him  to  come  to 
this  country  in  1 634.  After  being  a  short 
time  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Phillips  at  Wa- 
tertown,  he  removed  to  Connecticut, 
where  he  preached  occasionally.  But  af- 
ter the  death  of  Mr.  Phillips  in  1644  he 
returned  to  Watertown,  and  was  minister 
in  that  place  till  his  death  August  8,1675, 
aged  71.  He  was  succeeded  by  Henry 
Gibbs.  Besides  being  a  distinguished 
divine  Mr.  Sherman  was  an  eminent 
mathematician,  and  published  a  number 
of  almanacs,  to  which  pious  reflections 
were  added.  Though  he  was  a  very  hum- 
ble man,in  his  preaching  there  was  an  un- 
affected loftiness  of  style,  and  his  discour- 
ses were  enriched  with  figures  of  orato- 
ry. He  was  twice  married,  having  by  his 
first  wife  six  children  and  twenty  by  his 
last. — Magnalia,  in.  162-165. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  senator  of  the 
U.  S.  a  descendant  of  capt.  John  S.,  who 
lived  in  Watertown,  Mass.,  in  1637  and 
was  a  representative  in  1 663,  was  born  at 
Newton,  Mass.  April  19,  1721.  His  fa- 
ther, William  S.,  a  farmer,  could  give 
him  no  advantages  for  education,  excep- 
ting those  of  a  common  school.  Yet  was 
he  eager  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge. 
Apprenticed  to  a  shoe  maker,  he  oflen 
had  a  book  open  before  him,  while  at 
work  on  his  seat .  The  care  of  a  numer- 
ous family  devolved  on  him  on  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1741 .  He  kindly  provided 
for  his  mother  and  assisted  two  brothers, 
afterwards  ministers,  to  obtain  an  educa- 
tion. He  removed  in  174S  to  New  Mil- 
ford,  Conn.,  carrying  his  tools  upon  his 
back.  He  soon  relinquished  his  trade  and 
became  the  partner  of  an  elder  brother,  a 
country  merchant  at  N.  Milford.  In 
1745  he  was  appointed  county  survey- 
or. Having  acquired  a  competent  knowl- 
edge of  the  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1754.  In  the  following  year  he 
was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  peace ; 
he  was  also  chosen  a  representative  in  the 
legislature  and  a  deacon  in  the  church . 
Removing  to  New  Haven  in  1761,  he 
was  in  1766  chosen  an  assistant  of  the 


colony,  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court,  which  ofRce  he  held  for  23 
years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  con- 
gress in  1774,  and  continued  a  member 
19  years  till  his  death.  He  was  one  of 
those,  who  signed  the  act  of  independence 
in  1776.  During  the  war  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governor's  council  of  safety. 
After  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of 
the  U.  S.,  of  the  convention  for  framing 
which  he  was  a  conspicuous  member,  he 
was  elected  a  representative  to  congress. 
Being  chosen  a  senator  in  1791, he  contin- 
ued in  this  station  till  his  death  July  23, 
1793,  aged  72.  By  two  wives  he  had  15 
children.  Jeremiah  Evarts  married  a 
daughter.  His  talents  were  solid  and  use- 
ful;  hisjudgment  unfailing.  Mr.  Macon 
said  of  him — "  Roger  Sherman  had  more 
common  sense,  than  any  man  I  ever 
knew."  Mr.  Jefferson  pointed  him  out 
as  a  man,  "  who  never  said  a  foolish 
thing  in  his  life."  He  was  eminently  a 
self-taught  man.  Few  young  men  can 
reach  the  political  distinction  of  Roger 
Sherman  ;  all  may  possess  his  integrity, 
and  industry,  and  love  of  science  and 
truth.  Having  made  a  public  professiou 
of  religion  at  the  age  of  21,  he  was  never 
ashamed  to  advocate  the  peculiar  doctrines 
of  the  gospel,  which  are  often  so  un- 
welcome to  men  of  worldly  eminence. 
His  sentiments  were  derived  from  the 
word  of  God  and  not  from  the  exertions 
of  his  own  reason.  In  the  relations  of  pri- 
vate life  he  secured  esteem  and  affec- 
tion.— Qoodrieh. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  native  of 
England,  and  a  member  of  the  society  of 
friends.  He  came  to  Massachusetts  to 
avoid  persecution,  and  settled  at  Boston 
as  early  as  1669,  but  persecution,  drove 
him  thence  to  Pennsylvania,  in.  which 
colony  he  was  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly,  and  member  of  the  governor's 
council.  He  was  also  the  first  mayor  of 
Philadelphia.  His  descendants  have  been 
persons  of  distinction  to  the  present  day. 
—Miller,  ii.  340. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  ll.  d.,  chief  jus- 
tice of   Pennsylvania,  a  descendant  of 


693 


SHIPPEN. 


SHUTE. 


11 ' 


the  preceding,  received  this  appointment 
in  1799,  but  resigned  it  in  Feb.  1906. 
He  died  April  15,  1806,  aged  77. 

SHIPPEN,  William,  m.  d.,  first  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  a  descendant  of  Edw.  S., 
was  a  native  of  that  colony  and  was  grad- 
uated at  the  college  in  N.  Jersey  in  1754. 
After  studying  medicine  for  some  time  in 
Philadelphia,  he  completed  his  medical 
education  at  Edinburgh.  Al\er  his  return 
be  commenced  in  1764  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  at  Philadelphia,  which 
were  the  first  ever  pronounced  in  the  new 
world.  Being  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
medical  school,  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  anatomy  in  1765.  He  had  to  struggle 
with  many  difficulties,  and  his  life  was 
sometimes  endangered  by  a  mob  in  con- 
sequence of  his  dissections.  But  he  liv- 
ed to  see  the  institution  divided  into  five 
branches,  all  of  which  were  supplied  with 
able  professors,  his  own  pupils,  and 
become  a  rival  to  the  medical  school  at 
Edinburgh.  Instead  of  the  ten  students, 
whom  he  first  addressed,  he  lived  to  ad- 
dress 250.  About  the  year  1777  he  was 
appointed  director  general  of  the  medical 
department  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Morgan.  He 
resigned  his  professorship  in  1806  into  the 
hands  of  his  colleague,  Dr.  Wistar,  and 
died  at  Oermantown,  July  11,  1808,  aged 
74. 

SHIRLEY,  William,  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  a  native  of  England. 
end  was  bred  to  the  law.  After  his  arri- 
val at  Boston  about  the  year  1733  he 
practised  in  hia  profession  iIII  he  received 
his  commission  as  governor  in  1741  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Belcher.  He  planned  the 
successful  expedition  against  cape  Breton 
in  1745  ;  but,  while  his  enterprising  spirit 
deserves  commendation,  some  of  his 
schemesdid  not  indicate  much  skill  in  the 
arts  of  navigation  and  war.  He  went  to 
England  in  1745  leaving  Spencer  Phipps, 
the  lieutenant  governor,  commander  in 
chief,  but  returned  in  1753.  In  1754  he 
held  a  treaty  with  the  eastern  Indians, 
end  explored  the  Kennebec,  erecting  two 
or  three  forts.    In  1755,  being  comman- 


der in  chiefof  the  British  forces  in  Ameri- 
ca, he  planned  an  expedition  against  Ni- 
agara, and  proceeded  himself  as  far  £b 
Oswego.  In  June  1766  he  was  superse- 
ded in  the  command  of  the  army  by  Aber- 
cronibie.  He, embarked  for  England  in 
Sept.,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.Pownall. 
After  having  been  for  a  number  of  years 
governor  of  one  of  the  Bahama  islands, 
he  returned  to  Mass.,  and  died  at  his  seat 
in  Roxbury  March  24,  1771.  Though 
he  held  several  of  the  most  lucrative  offi- 
ces within  the  gift  of  the  crown  in  Ameri- 
ca ;  yet  he  left  no  property  to  his  children. 
The  abolition  of  the  paper  currency  was 
owing  in  a  great  degree  to  his  firmness 
and  perseverance.  His  penetration  and 
unremitting  industry  gained  him  a  high 
reputation.  But  it  was  thought,  that  as 
a  military  officer  he  was  not  sufficiently 
active  in  seizing  the  moment  for  success. 
During  his  administration  England  lear- 
ned the  importance  of  this  country,  and 
the  colonists  learned  to  fight,  and  thus 
were  trained  for  the  mighty  contest, 
which  in  a  tew  years  commenced.  His 
instructions  to  Pepperell,  with  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  expedition  against  Louis- 
bourg,are  preserved  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  historical  collections.  He  published 
Electra,  a  tragedy,  and  Birth  of  Hercules, 
a  masque,  17t!5. 

SHUTE,  Samuel,  governor  of  Mass., 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  citizen  of  Lon- 
don. His  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
Mr.Caryl,  a  dissenting  minister  of  distinc- 
tion. His  early  education  was  under  the 
care  of  Charles  Morton.  From  London 
he  was  sent  to  Leyden,  and  afterwards  he 
entered  the  army  of  king  William,  served 
under  Marlborough,  and  became  a  lieuten- 
ant colonel.  He  was  wounded  in  one  of 
the  principal  battles  in  Flanders.  Arri- 
ving at  Boston  as  governor  Oct.  4,  1716, 
in  the  place  of  Dudley,  he  continued  in 
office  a  little  more  than  six  years.  He 
embarked  Jan.  1,  1723,  on  his  return  to 
England  with  complaints  against  the  pro- 
vince. Governor  Burnet  succeeded  him. 
During  his  administration  he  maintained 
a  warm  controversy  with  the  house  of 
representatives .     He  endeavored  in  vain 


STIUTE 

to  procure  a  fixed  salary,  an  object,  which 
Dudley  had  sought  without  effect.  His 
right  of  negativing  the  speaker  was  de- 
nied, and  his  powers  as  commander  in 
chief  were  assumed  by  the  house.  In 
consequence  of  his  complaints  an  explana- 
tory charter  was  procured  in  1724,  which 
confirmed  the  governor  in  the  rights,  for 
which  he  had  contended.  Kc  died  in 
England  April  15,  1742,  ageil  80.— 
Hutchinson,  n.  215-217,  238;  J\linot,  1. 
61. 

SHUTE,  Daniel,  d.d.,  minister  of 
Hingham,  Mass. , was  horn  July  19, 1722, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1743.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
second  church  in  H.  Dec.  10,  1746.  By 
the  failure  of  his  sight  being  under  the 
necessityof  quitting  his  public  labors, 
Mr.  Whitney  was  ordained  his  colleague 
Jan.  1,  1800.  Under  the  infirmities  of 
age  he  was  serene  and  patient.  He  died 
Aug.  SO,  1802,  aged  80.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention,  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  the  U.  S.  He  published 
artillery  election  sermon  1767  ;  election 
sermon,  1768  ;  on  the  death  of  E.  Gay, 
1787. 

SITG REAVES,  John,  district  judge 
of  N.  Carolina,  was  an  officer  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  and  a  member  of  con- 
gress after  the  peace.  He  died  at  Halifax, 
N.  Carolina,  in  March  1802. 

SKELTON,  Samuel,  one  of  the  first 
ministers  of  Salem,  Mass.,  was  a  preacher 
in  Lincolnshire,  England,  and,  being  per- 
secuted for  his  nonconformity,  came  to 
this  country  in  June  1629,  and  was  or- 
dained with  Mr.  Higginson  at  Salem 
Aug.  6th.  After  the  death  of  his  col- 
league he  had  for  his  assistant  Roger 
Williams.  He  died  Aug.  e,  1634. 
Though  strict  in  discipline  he  was  a 
friend  to  the  utmost  equality  of  privileges 
in  church  and  state.  His  fears  of  the  as- 
sumption of  authority  by  the  clergy  made 
him  jealous  of  the  ministers,  who  used  to 
hold  a  meeting  once  a  fortnight  for  mu- 
iual  improvement. — Magnolia,  j.  16; 
111.  74,  76  ;  Savage's  IVinthrop,  i.  26, 
31;  Morton,  82-S6 ;  Prince,  183-191; 
Neal,  I.  140,   157  ;  Hist,  collec.  vi.  244. 


SKENONDOU 


69S 


SKENONDOU,  an  Indian  chief,  re- 
sided  at  Oneida,  in  the  state  of  N.  York. 
In  his  youth  he  was  very  savage  and  ad- 
dicted to  drunkenness.  In  1755  he  was 
present  at  a  treaty  made  at  Albany.  At 
night  he  was  drunk,  and  in  the  morning 
he  found  himself  in  the  street,  stripped  of 
his  ornaments  and  clothing.  Indignant 
at  ibis  own  folly  he  resolved,  that  he 
would  never  again  deliver  himself  over  to 
the  [)ovver  of  strong  water.  Through 
the  instructions  of  Mr.  Kirkland,  a  mis- 
sionary, he  lived  a  reformed  man  for  more 
than  sixty  years.  He  died  in  Christian 
hope  at  Oneida  March  1816,  aged  106  or 
110  years.  From  attachment  to  Mr. 
Kirkland  he  had  often  expressed  a  desire  to 
be  buried  near  his  minister,  that  he  might, 
as  he  said,  "go  up  with  him  at  the  great 
resurrection."  At  the  approach  of  death, 
after  listening  to  the  prayers,  which  were 
read  at  his  bed  side  by  his  great-grand- 
daughter, he  re|)eated  his  request.  Ac- 
cordingly his  corpse  was  conveyed  to  the 
village  of  Clinton,  where  he  was  buried, 
March  13,  with  distinction,  an  address 
being  made  to  the  Indians  by  Dr.  Back- 
us, president  of  Hamilton  college,  and  in- 
terpreted by  judge  Dean  of  Westmore- 
land. After  the  funeral  the  only  surviv- 
ing son  of  Skenandou  returned  thanks  for 
the  respect  shown  to  his  father.  In  per- 
son he  was  tall  an  brawny,  but  well 
made.  His  counte  nee  expressed  the 
dignity  of  an  Indian  hief.  He  was  a 
brave  and  intrepid  wan  ior  in  youth,  and 
an  able  counsellor  in  age.  He  watched 
the  Canadian  invasions  with  the  cunning 
of  the  fox,  and  repelled  them  with  the 
agility  and  fierceness  of  the  mountain  cat. 
To  his  vigilance  the  inhabitants  of  Ger- 
man fiats  on  the  Mohawk  were  indebt- 
ed for  preservation  from  massacre.  His 
influence  brought  his  tribe  to  our  assis- 
tance in  the  war  of  the  revolution.  A- 
mong  the  Indian  tribes  he  was  called 
"the  white  man's  friend."  For  several 
years  he  kept  his  dresp  for  the  grave  pre- 
pared. He  often  went  to  Clinton  to  die, 
that  his  body  might  lie  near  his  Christian 
teacher.  A  short  time  before  his  death, 
he  said  to  a  friend  by  an  interpreter, — "I 


694 


SMALLEY. 


'SMITH. 


14*^ 


apt  an  ageilj  hucniuck  ; — the  wimls  of  a 
hundred  winters  have  whistled  through 
my  branches ; — I  am  dead  at  the  top. 
The  generation,  to  whicli  I  belonged, 
have  run  away  and  left  me  ; — why  1  live, 
the  great  Good  Spirit  only  knows.  Pray 
to  my  Jesus,  that  I  may  have  patience  to 
wait  for  my  appointed  time  to  die." 

SMALLEY,  John,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
BerHn,  Conn.,  was  born  in  Lebanon  June 
4,  1734  ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1756;  was  ordained  April  19,  1758;  and 
died  June  1, 1820,  aged  nearly  86.  Jona. 
Cogswell  is  the  present  minister  of  his 
society,  called  New  Britain. — He  was 
a  distinguished  theologian  and  a  faithful 
and  successful  preacher.  He  published 
sermons  on  natural  and  moral  inability, 
1760;  eternal  salvation  not  a  just  debt, 
against  John  Murray,  1735;  concio 
adclerum;  at  the  election,  1800;  ser- 
mons, on  connected  subjects  1803;  ser- 
mons, 2  vols. 

SMALLWOOD,  William,  general, 
governor  of  Maryland,  was  appointed  a 
brigadier  in  1776,  and  major  general  Sept. 
15,  1780.  In  the  deieat  on  L.  Island  in 
Aug.  his  brigade  suffered  most  severely. 
Among  the  250  men,  whom  he  lost,  were 
many  from  the  first  families  of  Maryland. 
He  was  in^the  battle  of  Camden  and  in 
that  of  Germantown  in  1777.  In  1735 
he  was  a  delegate  to  congress.  He  suc- 
ceeded Paca,as  governor  in  1785  and  was 
succeeded  by  Howard  in  1788.  He  died 
in  Feb.  1792. 

SMIBERT,  John,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in 
1684.  After  serving  his  time  with  a 
house  painter,  he  repaired  to  London,  and 
thence  to  Italy,  where  he  spent  3  years  in 
copying  Raphael,  Titian,  Vandyck,  and 
Rubens.  He  was  induced  in  1739  to  ac- 
company dean  Berkeley  to  this  country  ; 
he  settled  in  Boston,  where  he  married  a 
woman  with  a  considerable  fortune, 
whom  he  left  with  two  children  at  his 
death  in  1751.  His  son,  Nathaniel,  a 
painter  of  great  promise,died  in  early  life. 
The  gazette  of  May  5,  1757  speaks 
of  his  death.  He  painted  Mr.  Lovell, 
his  schoolmaster. — Many  of  the  portraits 


of  Mr.  S.  are  regarded  as  good  paintings. 
His  head  of  cardinal  Bentivoglio  and  of 
Dr.  Mayhew  have  been  commended. 
At  Yale  college  his  large  painting  of  dean 
Berkeley  and  his  family  is  preserved. 
Sniibert  himself  is  one  of  the  figures, 
with  an  expressive  countenance. 

SMITH,  John,  the  father  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Virginia,  was  born  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  1 579.  He  early  discovered  a 
romantic  genius,  and  delighted  in  daring 
and  extravagant  actions.  At  the  age  of 
13  he  sold  his  books  and  satchel  to  raise 
money  in  order  to  convey  himself  private- 
ly to  sea,  but  was  prevented.  Being  an 
apprentice  to  a  merchant  he  quitted  his 
master  at  the  age  of  1 5,  and  went  to 
France  and  the  low  countries.  After  his 
return  he  studied  military  history  and 
tactics,and,  having  recovered  a  part  of  the 
estate,  which  his  father  left  him,  he  was 
enabled  to  set  out  again  on  his  travels  at 
the  age  of  17  in  a  better  condition  than 
before .  Having  embarked  at  Marseilles 
for  Italy  with  some  pilgrims,  a  tempest 
obliged  them  to  anchor  near  a  small  isl- 
and off  Nice.  As  his  companions  attribu- 
ted their  unfavorable  voyage  to  the  pres- 
ence of  Smith,  they  threw  the  heretic 
into  the  sea  ;  but  by  swimming  he  was 
enabled  to  reach  the  shore.  After  going 
to  Alexandria,  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  the  emperor  of  Austria  against  the 
Turks.  By  his  exploits  he  soon  obtained 
the  commands  of  250  horsemen.  At  the 
siege  of  Regal  the  Ottomans  sent  a  chal- 
lenge, purporting  that  the  lord  Turbisha 
to  divert  the  ladies  would  fight  any  cap- 
tain of  the  Christian  troops.  Smith  ac- 
cepted it,  and,  meeting  his  antagonist  on 
horse  back  in  view  of  the  ladies  on  the 
battlements,  killed  him  and  bore  away  his 
head.  A  second  antagonist  met  the 
same  fate.  Smith  then  requested,  that, 
if  the  ladies  wished  for  more  diversion, 
another  champion  might  appear.  His 
head  was  added  to  the  number  of  the  oth- 
ers, though  Smith  narrov/ly  escaped 
losing  his  own.  He  was  afterwards  taken 
prisoner;  but  by  killing  his  tyrannical 
I  master  he  escaped  into  Russia.  When 
'  he  returned  to  England,  he  formed  the 


SMITH. 


095 


resolution  toseek  adventures  in  N.  Amer- 1 
ica.     Having  persuaded  a  number  ofl 
gentlemen  in  1606  to  obtain  a  patent  of 
South  Virginia,  he  engaged  in  the  expe- 
dition, which  was  fitted  nut  under  the 
command  of  Christopher  Newport,  and 
arrived   with  the  first  emigrants,  who 
made  a  permanent    settlement,  in  the 
Chesapeak  April  26,1607,    A  colony  was 
begun  at  James  Town,  and  the  govern- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  a  council,  of 
which  Smith  was  a  member.      When 
Newport  returncd,more  than  100  persons 
were  left  in  Virginia.    They  would  have 
perished  with  hunger  but  for  the  exer- 
tions ofSmith  in  procuring  corn  of  the 
Indians.    When  he  could  not  effect  his 
object  by  purchase,  he  resorted  to  force. 
He  once  seized  the  Indian  tdol,Okee,made 
of  skins  stuffed  with  moss,for  the  redemp- 
tion of  which  as  much  corn  was  brought 
to  him,  as  he  required.    While  exploring 
the  Chickahominy  river  he   was  taken 
prisoner,  afler  having  killed  with  his  own 
hand  three  of  the  enemy.    He  was  car- 
ried to  the  emperor  Powhatan,  who  re- 
ceived him,  clothed  in  a  robe  of  racoon 
skins,  and  seated  on  a  kind  of  throne, 
with  two  beautiful  girls,  his  daughters, 
near  him.    Afler  a  long  consultation  two 
large  stones   were  brought  in   and  his 
head  was  laid  upon  one  of  them.    At  this 
moment,  when  the  war  clubs  were  lifted 
to  despatch   him,  Pocahontas,  the  king's 
favorite  dauorhter,  shielded  him  from  the 
blows,  and  by  her  entreaties  saved  his 
life.    He    was   sent  to  James    Town, 
where  by  his  resolution,  address,  and  in- 
dustry he  prevented  the  abandonment  of 
the  plantation.    In  TjOS  he  explored  the 
whole  country  from  cape  Henry  to  the 
t  iver  Susquehannah,  sailing  about  3,000 
miles.  On  his  return  he  drew  a  map  of  the 
bay  and  rivers,  from  which  subsequent 
maps  have  been  chiefly  copied.In  this  year, 
when  he  was  president  of  the  council, 
by  his  severity  and  his  example  he  ren- 
dered the  colonists  exceedingly  industri- 
ous.   It  happened,  however,  that  the 
blistered  hands  of  several  young  gentle- 
men, who  had  known  better  times  in 
£ngland,called  forth  frequent  expressions 


of  impatience  and  profaneness.    Smith 
causal  the  number  of  evtiy  man's  oaths 
to  be  noted  daily,  and  at  night  as  many 
cans  of  water  to  be  poured  inside  his 
sleeve.    This  discipline  so  lessened  the 
number  of  oaths,  that  scarcely  one  was 
heard  in  a  week,  and  it  perfectly  restored 
the  subjects  of  it  to  good  humor.    In 
16C9  being  much  injured  by  an  explosion 
of  gunpowder,  he  returned  to  England 
for  the  benefit  of  medical  assistance.    In 
1614  he  ranged  the  coast  of  what  was 
then  called  North  Virginia  from  Penob- 
scot to  cape  Cod  in  an  open  boat  with 
eight  men.    On  his  return  he  formed  a 
map  of  the  country,  and  desired  prince 
Charles,  afterwards  "  the  royal  martyr, " 
to  give  it  a  name.     By  him  it  was  for  the 
first  time  called  N.  England.    After  other 
adventures  Smith  died  at  London  in  1631, 
aged  51.    For  all  his  services  and  suffer- 
ings he  never  received  any  recompense. 
He  published  the  sixth  voyage,  made  to 
Virginia,  1606;   the  first  voyage  to  N . 
England  with  the  old  and  new  names, 
1614  ;  a  relation  of  his  second  voyage, 
1615;  description  of  N.  E.,  1617  ;  N. 
England's  trials,  declaring  the  success  of 
26  ships,  employed  thither  within  these 
six  years,  &c.  1 620  ;  the  general  history 
of  Virginia,  N.  England,  and  the  Sum- 
mer isles,  with  the  names  of  the  adven- 
turers, &c.  from  1584  to  1626,  also  the 
maps  and  descriptions  of  all  those  coun- 
tries in  six  books,  folio,  1627  ;  his  friend, 
Mr.  Purchas,  had  published  in  his  pil- 
grims most  of  the  narrative  part  before ; 
the  true  travels,  adventures,  and  obser- 
vations of  captain  John  Smith  in  Europe, 
Asia,   Africa,  and  America,  from  1693 
to   1629,  folio,  1630 ;  2d  ed,  2  vols.  8vo. 
Richmond,  1819 ;  this  is  preser\'ed  entire 
in  Churchill's  collections  ;  advertisements 
for  the  inexperienced  planters  of  New 
England,   4to.  1630.— Smith's  travels ; 
Belknap's  ^mer.  hiog.  i.  240—319. 

SMITH,  Samuel,  a  historian,  was  a 
native  of  Buriington,  N.  Jersey,  in  which 
place  he  died  in  1776.  He  published  a 
history  of  N-  Jersey  from  its  settlement 
tol721,8vo.  1755,  which  is  a  judicious 
compilation. 


696 


SiMlTH. 


SMITH,  U'illiam,  cliierjustice  of  the 
province  of  N.  York,  (he«on  of  Win.  S. 
an  eminent  lawyer  and  jmljfe  of  tin-  su- 
preme court,  wlio  (lied  Nov.  22,  17C9, 
aged  73,  was  giiiduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1745.  In  the  revolution  he  was  a  tory, 
and  allerw.ird8  chief  justice  of  Canada. 
He  publisiied  a  history  of  the  |)rovirice  of 
N.  Yoric  from  the  tirst  discovery  to  the 
year  1732,4to.  1757  ;  id.  ed.  1814^  A  con- 
tinuation from  1782  to  17U2  was  written 
by  his  son  ,Wni .  S. 

SMITH,  Josiah,  minister  in  S.  Caro- 
lina, was  the  first  native  of  that  province, 
who  received  a  literary  degree.  He  was 
born  in  Charleston  in  1704,  being  the 
grandson  of  governor  Thomas  Smith, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1725. 
He  waa  ordained  in  Boston  as  minister  for 
Bermuda  July  11, 1 726,and  afterwards  be- 
came minister  of  Cainhoy,  &  pastorofthe 
presbyterian  church  in  Charleston.  Hav- 
ing become  a  prisoner  of  war  at  Charles- 
ton he  was  sent  on  parole  in  1781  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  died  in  the  same  year, 
aged  76.  He  maintained  in  the  early 
part  of  his  ministry  a  learned  disputation 
with  Hugh  Fisher  on  the  right  of  private 
judgment.  Fie  published  a  sermon  at 
his  own  ordination  ;  the  Spirit  of  God  a 
holy  fire,  1727  ;  the  duty  of  parents  to 
instruct  their  children,  1727  ;  the  young 
man  warned  ;  Solomon's  caution  against 
thecup,l729  ;  human  impositions  proved 
unscriptural ;  answer  to  a  sermon  of 
Hugh  Fisher ;  the  divine  right  of  private 
judgment,  1730 ;  on  the  preaching  of 
Mr.  Whitefield,  1740;  on  the  death  of 
Hannah  Dart,  1742  ;  letters  to  W.  Coop- 
er,l743;  Jesus  persecuted  in  his  disciples  ; 
zeal  for  God  encouraged  and  guarded, 
1745  ;  a  volume  of  sermons,  8vo.  1752  ; 
the  church  of  Ephesus  arraigned,  the 
substance  of  five  short  sermons  contracted 
into  one,  1765. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  fist  minister  of 
Portland,  Maine,  the  son  of  Thomas  S., 
hierchant  of  Boston,  was  born  March  21, 
1702,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1720.  In  1726  he  went  to  Fal- 
mouth, now  Portland,  as  chuplain  to  the 
troops  stationed  there,  and  preacher  to 


the  inhabitants.  He  was  ordained  March 
8,  1727,  the  day,  on  which  a  church  was 
gaihered.  Though  he  received  for  his 
(•olleague  Mr.Deane  in  1767,  he  preached 
till  the  close  of  1784,  and  olliciated  in  pub- 
lic prayer  till  within  a  year  and  a  half  of 
his  death.  He  died  May  23,  1795,  aged 
93,  renouncing  all  self  dependence,  and 
|)lacing  his  hope  in  the  mercy  of  God 
through  the  merits  of  the  Redeemer. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Solomon  Lombard  at  Gorham,  and  a 
sermon  to  seafaring  men. 

SMITH,  Robert,  d.  d.,  minister  in 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  of  Scotch  parents 
in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  about  the  year 
172S,  and  was  brought  to  this  country 
about  the  year  1730.  At  the  age  of  a- 
bout  17  years  he  became  the  subject  of 
that  divine  influence,  which  so  eminently 
accompanied  and  blessed  the  preaching  of 
Mr.  Whitefield  during  his  first  visit  to 
America.  His  classical  and  theological 
studie.^i  he  pursued  under  the  instruction 
of  Samuel  Blair.  In  1731  he  was  settled 
in  the  presbyterian  church  at  Pequea 
in  Pennsylvania,  in  which  station  he 
continued  to  olTtciate  with  reputation  and 
usefulness  till  his  death  about  the  year 
1785,  aged  62.  His  wife,  the  sister  of 
Mr.  Blair,  was  intelligent  and  pious;  in 
his  absence  she  conducted  the  family 
worship.  Two  sons  were  physicians, 
and  three  ministers. — He  was  one  of  the 
most  able  theologians,  the  most  profound 
casuists,  and  the  most  successful  preach- 
ers of  his  age.  Soon  after  his  settlement 
he  founded  a  school  at  Pequea.  Many 
young  men,  who  have  since  filled  very 
honorable  stations  in  church  and  state, 
received  in  it  the-r  classical  education. 
It  was  his  care  to  instil  with  the  eipments 
of  literature  the  principles  of  ..  pure  and 
ardent  piety.  In  the  Amer.  preaclier,vol. 
4th,  there  are  published  three  of  his  ser- 
mons, entil!jd,the  nature  of  saving  faith; 
the  excellency  of  saving  faith  ;  practical 
uses  from  the  nature  and  excellency  of 
saving  faitli. 

SMITH,  John  Blair,  first  president 
of  Union  college  at  Schenectady,  the  son 
the  preceding,  was  born  June  12,  1756. 


SMITH. 


6fT 


In  early  life  he  exhibited  marks  of  uncom- 
mon energy  of  mind.  He  wasthesubject 
of  many  pious  prayers  and  those  prayi' 
were  heard  in  heaven.  When  he  was 
about  14  years  of  age,  it  pleased  God  to 
exoite  among  the  youth  in  the  academy  at 
Pequea  a  serious  attention  to  religion. 
His  mind  was  at  this  period  deeply  im- 
])resseu  by  the  truths  of  the  gospel  ;  he 
was  renewed  by  the  agency  of  the  Holy 
Spirit ;  itnd  in  a  short  time  he  avowed 
himself  u  disciple  of  Jesus.  From  the 
year  1773,  when  he  was  graduated  at 
the  college  of  N.  Jersey,  he  devoted  him- 
self almost  entirely  to  theological  studies 
under  the  direction  of  his  brother.Sam'I.S, 
Smith,  at  that  time  president  of  Hampden 
Sidney  college  in  Virginia.  In  1779  he 
was  settled  over  a  church  in  Virginia,  and 
at  the  same  time  he  succeeded  his  brother 
as  principal  of  the  seminary.  Here  he 
was  eminently  honored  by  the  great  head 
of  the  church  in  being  made  instrumental 
in  promoting  a  general  'eligious  solicitude 
and  reformation  among  the  people  of  bis 
charge  and  of  the  neighborhood.  As  he 
was  now  called  to  extraordinary  exertions, 
he  generally  preached  once  at  least  every 
day,  and  in  the  evenings  he  was  common- 
ly engaged  in  religious  conversation. 
His  engagements  interfering  with  the 
attention  due  to  the  college,  he  resigned 
this  part  of  his  charge,  that  he  might 
give  himself  wholly  to  the  work  of  the 
Christian  ministry.  His  zeal  was  rewar- 
ded by  the  success,  which  attended  his 
labors  ;  but,  as  his  health  was  r  -<eebled, 
he  was  persuaded  to  accept  an  invitation 
from  the  third  presbyterian  church  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  was  installed  in 
Dec.  1791.  When  Union  college  was 
ibunded  in  1795,  he  presided  over  it  (or 
three  years  with  high  reputation.  But 
amidst  his  literary  occupations  the  duties 
of  the  sacred  office  most  ivarmly  interest- 
ed him.  He  improved  every  opportunity 
for  preaching  the  gospel  of  his  Redeemer. 
Being  again  invited  to  his  former  charge 
in  Philadelphia,  he  returned  to  that  city 
in  May  1799.  His  successor  in  the  care 
of  the  college  was  Dr.  Edwards.  In  a 
short  time  he  was  seized  with  the  yellow 
88 


I  fever,  ot  which  he  died  in  resignation  and 
i  joyful  hope,  Aug.  a-J,  1799,  aged  43. 

SMITH,  James,  colonel,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
He  settled  as  a  lawyer  and  s  surveyor  in 
York,  Penns.  He  raised  in  1774  the  first 
volunteer  company  in  the  state  for  th» 
purpose  of  resisting  Great  Britain.  In 
1776  he  was  a  member  of  congress  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
In  Nov.  1778  he  resumed  his  professional 
pursuits.  He  died  in  1806,  aged  about 
92.  For  many  years  he  was  a  professor 
of  religion. 

SMITH,  Robert,  o.  d.,  first  bishop  of 
the  episcopal  churches  in  S.  Carolina,, 
was  consecrated  bishop  in  1795,  and  died 
at  Charleston  in  Nov.  1801,  aged  72, 
He  had  fur  47  years  discharged  the  duties- 
of  a  minister  of  St.  Philip's  church. 

SMITH,  William,  d.d., first  provost 
of  the  college  in  Philadelphia,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  received  his  education  at  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  where  he  wa* 
graduated  in  1747.    AAer  being  employ- 
ed as  a  private  tutor  in  the  family  of  gov, 
Martin  on  L.  Island,  he  was  invited  to- 
take  the  charge  of  the  college  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  he   accepted    the  invitation, 
Afler  revisiting  England,  and  receiving 
regular  ordination  in  the  episcopal  church 
in  Dec.  1753,  he  returned  to  America, 
and  in  May  1754  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  infant  seminary.      His   popular 
talents  and  taste  in  polite  literature  con- 
tributed greatly  to  raise  the  character  of 
the  college.    He  was  principally  assisted 
by  Dr.  Allison.    After  being  for  many . 
years  a  distinguished  preacher  and  writer, 
and  rendering  important  service  to  the 
literary  interests  of  America,  he  died  at 
Philadelphia  May  14,  1803,  aged    76. 
He  published   a  sermon  to  freemasons, 
1 755;  discourseson  several  public  occasions 
during  the  war,  1759,  and  2d.  edit,  with 
sermons  added,   1763;    concerning   the 
conversion  of  the  heathen  in  America, 
1760;  an  account  of  the  charitable  corpora- 
tion for  the  widows  of  clergymen,!  769;  an 
oration  before  the  Amer.  phil.  sec,  1773; 
on  the  present  crisis  of  American  affairs, 
1775  ;  an  oration  in  memory  of  Mont- 


»» 


\j  ,. 


60S 


SMITH. 


ffi 


m 


gomery,  1776;  on  temporal  and  ipiritual 
salvation,  1790;  eulogium  on  Franklin, 
1703.  His  works  woro  published  in  two 
voIh.  8vo.  180S. 

SMITH,' John,  D.  d.,  prorcssor  of  lan- 
guages at  Dartmouth  college,  was  born 
at  ByfielJ,  Mau.,  Dec.  SI,  1752  and  was 
graduated  in  l778Bt  Dartmouth,where  he 
was  a  tutor  from  1774  to  I77d  &  profess- 
or iVom  1773  till  his  death.  Howasapreoch- 
er,  as  well  aa  a  teacher  of  tho  ancient  lan- 
guages. He  died  in  May  1809,  aged  56. 
His  daughter,  Sarah,  who  had  a  fine  taste 
for  poetry,  and  of  whom  a  memoir  is 
given  in  the  PanopliBt,ix.  385,  died  Aug. 
17,  1812,  aged  33.— He  published  a  dedi- 
cation sermon,  1795 ;  Hebrew  grammar, 
1803;  Greek  grammar,  1809;  Latin 
grammar,  3d  ed.  1812. 

SMITH,  William  Loughton,  ll.  d., 
ambassador  to  Spain,  was  elected  in  1789 
a  member  of  congress  from  S.  Carolina, 
and  with  great  ability  supported  the  ad- 
ministrations of  Washington  and  Adams. 
In  1797  he  was  appointed  minister  to 
Portugal,  and  in  1800  to  Spain  ;  but  the 
next  year,  on  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefler- 
Bon,  his  functions  ceased.  He  died  in  S. 
Carolina  Dec.  19, 1813.  He  published  an 
oration  July  4, 1796 ;  a  comparative  view 
of  the  constitutions  of  the  states  and  of 
tho  U.  S.,  1797  ;  a  pamphlet  against  the 
pretensions  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presi- 
dency ;  Essays  signed  Phocion.  His 
speeches  and  letter  to  his  constituents 
were  republished,  London,  1795. 

SMITH,  Isaac,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  N.  Jersey,  was  graduated  at  the 
college  in  that  state  in  1755,  and  after- 
wards commenced  the  practice  of  physic. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  with 
G.  Britain  he  was  distinguished  for  his 
patriotic  services  in  the  cause  of  his  coun- 
try. In  1776  he  commanded  a  regiment, 
and  during  the  periods  of  gloom  and  dis- 
may he  was  firm  and  persevering.  He 
associated  valor  with  discretion,  the 
disciplined  spirit  of  the  soldier  with  the 
sagacity  of  the  statesman.  Soon  afler 
the  termination  c  "  the  struggle,  he  recei- 
ved his  appointmei  i  as  judge,  and  for  18 
years  discharged  the  arduous  duties  of 


that  station.  After  tho  present  consti- 
tution of  tho  U.  S.  was  formed,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  was  esteemed  by  Washington  and 
Adams.  Endowed  with  fine  talentii,  and 
having  enjoyed  a  cLisHical  education,  he 
united  the  character  of  a  Christian,  schol- 
ar, soldier,  and  gentleman.  Ho  died 
Aug.  29,  1807,  aged  67,  in  hope  of  mercy 
through  the  Hedecmcr. — Portfolio,  new 
series,  1. 135, 136. 

SMITH,  Samuel  Stanhope,  o.  o., 
president  of  Princeton  college,  the  son  of 
Robert  Smith,  o.  d.,  was  born  at  Pe- 
quea,  town  of  Salisbury,  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Penns.,  March  16,  1750,  ond  gradua- 
ted in  1760  at  Princeton,  whore  he  was 
afterwards  two  years  a  tutor.  Being  an 
eloquent  and  popular  preacher  in  Virgin- 
ia, Hampden  Sidney  college  was  institu- 
ted with  the  design,  that  ho  should  be- 
come its  president.  After  being  at  tho 
head  of  that  college  a  few  years,  ho  was 
appointed  in  1779  professor  of  moral  phil- 
osophy at  Princeton  ;  and  was  succeeded 
in  Virginia  by  his  brother,  John  S.  In 
the  absence  of  Dr.  Witherspoon  as  a 
member  of  congress  much  of  the  care  of 
the  college  devolved  upon  him  ;  and  after 
his  death  in  1794  he  was  elected  his  suc- 
cessor. In  consequence  of  his  infirmities 
he  resigned  his  office  in  1812.  He  died 
Aug.  31,  1819,  aged  69,  and  was  succee- 
ded by  Dr.  Green.  His  wife  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Witherspoon ;  his  daugh- 
ter married  J.  M.  Pintard,  consul  at 
Madeira .  He  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  R.  Stockton,  1781 ;  an  essay  on 
the  causes  of  the  variety  of  the  complex- 
ion and  figure  of  the  human  species,  1788, 
in  which  he  ascribed  all  the  variety  to 
climate,  the  state  of  society,  and  the 
manner  of  living  ;  sermons,  8vo.  1801  ; 
lectures  on  the  evidences  of  the  Christian 
religion,  12mo.  1809  ;  on  the  love  of 
praise,  1810  ;  a  continuation  of  Ramsay's 
history  of  the  U.  S.,  from  1808  to  18lV  ; 
lectures  on  moral  and  political  philosophy; 
the  principles  of  natural  and  revealed  re- 
ligion. 

SMITH,  Elihu  Hubbard,  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Liichfiald,  Conn.,  in  1771, 


w 


SMITH. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


COS 


and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1786. 
After  pursuing  a  regular  courte  of  medi- 
cal studies  under  the  direction  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  commenced  the  practice  at 
Wethersfield  in  1792,  but  removed  to  N. 
York  in  1793.  In  1797  he  commenced 
the  medical  repository  in  conjunction 
with  Drs.  Mitchill  and  Miller.  He  fell 
a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in  1798 .  At 
his  early  age  he  had  explored  ■  vast  ex- 
tent of  medical  learning.  His  writings 
display  singular  ncutcnuas,  great  force  of 
reasoning,  and  the  talent  of  accuratu  and 
extensive  observation.  Besides  his  medi- 
cal productions  in  the  repository,  he  pub- 
lished Edwin  and  Angelina,  or  the  bandit- 
ti, an  opera  in  three  acts,  1797. 

SMITH,  George  William,  governor 
of  Virginia,  was  elected  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Monroe  in  1811.  Being  one  of  the 
attendants  at  the  theatre  in  Richmond  in 
the  evening  of  Dec.  26,  1811,  when  it 
took  fire,  he  lost  his  life  with  Mr.  Vena- 
ble  and  70  otweta. 

SMITH,  Nathaniel,  judge,  was  bom 
at  Woodbury,  Conn.,  Jan.  6,  1762,  and 
with  few  advantages  for  education  rose  to 
distinction.  He  practised  law  in  his  native 
town.  In  1795  he  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress: from  1806  till  1819he  was  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court.  He  died  March  9, 
1822,  aged  60.  He  was  learned  in  the 
law  ;  his  mind  was  acute  and  powerful ; 
and  he  was  respected  for  his  integrity  and 
piety. 

SMITH,  Nathan,  m.  d.,  professor  in 
the  medical  schools  of  Dartmouth,  Yale, 
and  Bowdoin  colleges,  was  born  in  he- 
hoboth,  Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1762.  As  his 
parents  removed  to  Chester,  Vermont,  he 
was  brought  up  as  a  farmer  at  the  foot  of 
the  Green  mountains.  At  the  age  of  24 
he  began  the  study  of  physic.  After 
praci  ising  a  few  years  at  Cornish  he  pro- 
jected a  medical  institution  at  Dartmouth 
college.  Being  chosen  a  professor,  he 
went  to  Europe  in  1796  for  his  improve- 
ment in  science.  In  1798  the  school  was 
opened  ;  for  twelve  years  he  lectured  on 
the  various  branches,  usually  taught ;  in 
1810  Dr.  Cyrus  Perkins  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy.    In  1813  he  wa.-^ 


choien  professor  of  the  theory  aiid  prac- 
tice of  physic  and  surgery  at  Vale  college, 
and  removed  from  Hanover  to  New  Ha- 
ven. In  1821  he  was  the  first  lecturer  in 
the  Medical  school  of  Maine  at  Bowdoin 
college,  and  ho  lectured  thiro  for  five 
yeart.  He  died  at  New  Haven  Jun.  96, 
1829  aged  66.  His  son,  Nathan  R.  S., 
is  a  distinguished  physician  at  Baltimore. 
—Dr.  S.  was  eminent  both  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon,  and  had  practised  more  'ex- 
tensively in  N.  England,  than  any  olher 
man.  His  manners  were  pleasing  and 
interesting ;  in  his  friendshijis  ho  was 
steady  ;  and  he  was  beloved  by  his  nu- 
merous pupils.  His  works,  entitled, 
Medical  and  surgical  menioirs,  were  pub- 
lished, 8  vo.  1831. 

SMITH,  John,  d.  d,,  professor  of  the- 
ology in  the  theological  seminary  at  Ban- 
gor, Maine,  was  born  in  Belchertown, 
Mass.  in  1766 ;  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1794  ;  and,  having  studied  the- 
ology with  Dr.  Emmons,  was  ordained 
at  Salem,  N.  H.,  in  1797.  After  20 
years  he  was  dismissed  and  settled  at 
Wenham,  Mass.  In  1819  he  succeeded 
A.  Wines  as  professor  of  theology  at 
Bangor,  where  heMied  in  Christian  peace 
April  7,  1831,  aged  65.  His  successor  is 
Rev.  Mr.  Pond.  He  published  a  sermon 
to  the  Missionary  society,  1 830. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  one   of  the 
United  States,  was  first  granted  with  N. 
Carolina  and  Georgia  to  the  earl  of  Clar- 
endon and  others  in  1663.    A  small  plan- 
tation had  for  some  years  been  established 
within  the  boundaries  of  the  patent.    A 
more  ample  charter  was  obtained  in  1664, 
and  the  government  was  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  proprietors.    This  proprieta- 
ry   government    continued  about   fifty 
years.    In  1719  a  change  was  effected  in 
it  by  the  inhabitants.    They  refused  to 
do  any  business  with  the  proprieta.  ,-  gov- 
ernor ;  but  at  the  same  time  offered  to 
obey  him,  if  he  would  hold  his  authority 
in  the  name  of  the  king  of  England. 
This  being  refused,  they  chose  a  different 
governor  and  bound  themselves  by  an  as- 
sociation to  stand  by  each  other  in  the 
defence  of  their  rights.    From  this  peri- 


"i^BpK .  ■^■£nSjiltkw<i!la*f. 


700 


SPENCER. 


SPUING. 


0(1  the  government  was  regal.  The  gov- 
ernor was  appointed  by  the  crnwn,  and 
he  had  a  negative  on  all  the  bilU  passed 
by  the  assemblies.  The  £nglish  consti- 
tution was  the  model.  During  the 
proprietary  government  the  colony  was 
involved  in  perpetual  quarrels.  Harassed 
by  the  Indians,  infested  by  pirates,  inva- 
ded by  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  ag- 
itated with  internal  dissensions,  it  did 
not  much  flourish.  But  after  the  change 
in  the  government  it  increased  rapidly. 
In  1739  the  province  of  Carolina  was  di- 
vided into  the  two  distinct  governments  of 
North  and  South  Carolina.  This  state 
took  on  early  and  decided  part  in  the 
struggle  with  Great  Britain,  It  was  the 
first  of  the  U.  States,  that  formed  an  in- 
dependent constitution  ;  but,  as  this  was 
done  on  temporary  principles,  it  was  new 
modelled  after  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence. The  present  constitution  of  S. 
Carolina  was  adoptPif  in  1790,  It  estab- 
lishes a  legislature  of  two  branches,  a 
house  of  representatives  and  a  senate,  the 
members  of  the  former  to  he  chosen  every 
second  and  of  the  latter  every  fourth  year; 
and  they  by  a  joint  vote  elect  the  gover- 
nor for  two  years.  He  is  re-eligible  after 
four  years.  A  lieutenant  governor  has 
jio  duties,  while  there  is  a  governor. 
The  clergy  are  ineligible  to  any  civil 
ofBce.  The  judges  hold  their  commis- 
sions during  good  behavior,  being  appoin- 
ted by  the  legislature. — Ramnay. 

SPENCER.  Joseph,  major  general  in 
the  army  of  the  revolution,  received  this 
appointment  in  Aug.  1776  ;  he  had  been 
previously  a  brigadier,  aiid  in  the  war  of 
) 758  had  served  as  a  majrpr  and  colonel. 
He  was  with  the  army  in  the  expedition 
to  R.  Island  and  in  the  retreat  in  1778. 
On  his  resignation  he  whk  chosen  a 
jnember  of  congress.  He  died  at  East 
Haddam,  the  place  of  his  birth,  in  Jan. 
|789,  aged75.  His  brother,  Elihu  S., 
D.  D.,  successively  minister  of  .Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  and  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  died  Dec. 
27,  1784.  His  nephew,  Oliver,  S.,son 
of  capt.  Samuel  S.,  married  a  daughter  of 
Rob.  Ogden  ;  coiTjmanded  a  regiment  in 
the  battle  of  Princeton  ;  and  after  the  war 


was  judge  of  probate  in  Ohio,  where  hr 
died  Jan.  33, 1811. 

SPRING,  Samuel,  n.  n.,  niinistcrnf 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Ux- 
bridge  Feb.  37,  1740,  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1771.  He  was  the 
only  chaplain  in  Arnold's  dotaclinient, 
which  penetrated  through  the  wilderness 
of  Maine  to  Quebec  in  1775.  On  his  re- 
turn in  1776  he  left  the  army.  He  was 
ordained  Aug.  6,  1777,  and  died  March 
4,  1819,  aged  79.  His  wife  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Hopkins,  minister  of  Hadley  ; 
his  two  sons  are  ministers  in  N.  York  and 
in  Hartford,  Conn. — Besides  his  labors  as 
minister  Dr.  Spring  performed  various 
other  important  public  services ;  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mass.  mission- 
ary society  in  1799,  and  its  president; 
he  assisted  also  in  founding  the  theologi- 
cal seminary  at  Andover,  and  the  Ameri- 
can board  of  commissioners  for  foreign 
missions,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
prudential  committee.  In  his  theologi- 
cal views  he  accorded  with  Drs.  Hopkins, 
Bellamy,  and  West,  who  were  his  teach- 
ers. He  was  distinguished  for  metaphys- 
ical acnteness.  He  published  Friendly 
dialogue  on  the  nature  of  duty,  1784; 
Disquisitions  and  strictures  on  Rev.  D. 
Tappan's  letters  to  Philalethes,  1789  ; 
thanksgiving  sermon,  1794  ;  a  missionary 
sermon,  1802  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Mr. 
Coffin,  1804  ;  on  the  duel  between  Ham- 
ilton and  Burr,  1804 ;  2  discourses  on 
Christ's  self-existence,  1805;  3  fast  ser- 
mons, 18^9,  which  occasioned  a  letter 
from  Mr,  Aikin;  at  the  inauguration  of 
Dr.  Grttlin  at  Andover,  1809;  on  the 
death  of  Tho,  Thompson,  1818  ;  before 
the  Amcr.  foreign  mission  socipty,  1818. 

SPRING,  Marshafl,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  Watertown,  Mass. ; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1763; 
and  settled  at  Waltham,  where  he  had 
exteijaive  practice.  He  disapproved  of 
the  resistance  to  Great  Britain,  and  was 
a  tory  ;  yet  in  1801  he  was  a  democrat, 
or  an  adherent  of  Mr,  Jefferson.  He 
died  in  Jan,  1818,  aged  75.  To  hia  son 
he  left  a  fortune  of  between  two  and 
tlnee  hundred  thousand  dollars,  but  be- 


/ 


sruoAT. 


STARK. 


701 


qneathcd  nothing  to  rrlipious  and  clinri- 
table  institutionit.  llo  had  a  high  ropii- 
tatinn  tor  medical  skill.  Many  resorted 
to  iiim  Bi  to  an  oracle.  He  waa  a  man  oi' 
keenneis  ofvrh.—  Thaeher. 

SPROAT,  .James,  d.  d.,  minister  in 
Philadelphia, wan  horn  at  Scitimte,  Mass., 
April  11,  nii,  ond  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1741.  While  a  member 
of  this  seminary  he  heard  a  sermon  by 
Gilbert  Tennent,  which  made  the  most 
permanent  impressions  upon  his  mind. 
He  was  ordained  Aug.  23,  1743  a  minis- 
ter in  Guilford,  where  he  was  highly 
popular  and  very  useful.  Thence  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  succeeded 
Mr.  Tennent  at  the  close  of  the  year 
17C8.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death, 
Ocu  18,  1793,  aged  71.  Dr.  Green,  his 
colleague,  survived  him.  The  manner 
of  his  funeral  showed  the  high  e3tcem,in 
which  he  was  held.  It  was  at  the  time, 
when  the  yellow  fever  made  such  rava- 
ges in  the  city,  and  when  even  two  or 
three  mourning  friends  were  seldom  seen 
attending  a  corpse  to  the  gro^e.  About 
fifly  persons  followed  him,  and  some  reli- 
gious negroes  voluntarily  offered  them- 
selves to  carry  the  bier.  He  was  a  re- 
spectable divine,  and  in  his  pr'  ung  r  u 
loved  to  dwell  on  the  pecul  -,  iloctrines 
of  the  gospel.  His  life  'vhsblted  a  most 
amiable  view  of  tlio  influ<?ncc  >i"  religion. 
The  copious  extracts  from  his  diary  in 
the  assembly's  mngaysne  evince  his  piety 
and  submission  to  '  he  will  of  God  under 
the  heaviest  afflictions,  and  give  an  af- 
fecting account  of  the  distress,  occasion- 
ed bv  the  vellow  faver. 

STANDISn,  Miles,  the  hero  of  N. 
^ngland,was  horn  in  Lancashire  about  the 
year  1584.  After  having  served  for  some 
time  in  the  army  in  the  Netherlands,  he 
settled  with  Mr.  Robinson's  congregation 
at  Leyden.  Though  not  a  member  of 
the  church,  he  embarked  with  the  com- 
pany, that  came  to  N.  {England  in  1630, 
and  was  chosen  captain  or  chief  military 
commander  at  Plymouth.  In  every  ha- 
zardous enterprise  he  was  foremost ;  he 
was  resolute  and  daring  ;  and  often  when 
in  great  danger  was  guarded  by  the  prov- 


idence of  God.  In  162.1  he  was  sent  to 
VVeHsagUHSct  or  Weymouth  to  protect 
the  settlers  there  from  a  c.mspirncy  of 
the  Indians,  which  Massassoit  had  dis- 
closed. Having  chosen  eight  men  ho 
went  to  the  plantation  under  pretence  of 
trade,  and  he  found  it  in  a  most  perilous 
condition.  The  people  by  their  unjust 
and  disorderly  conduct  had  made  them- 
selves contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  the  In- 
dians. Togiveihe  savages  satisfaction 
on  account  of  corn,  which  had  been  sto- 
len, they  pretended  to  hang  the  thief,  but 
hung  in  his  stead  a  poor,  decrepid,  old 
man.  After  Standish  arrived  at  Wey- 
mouth, he  was  insulted  and  threatened 
by  the  Indians,  who  hod  been  named  as 
conspirators.  Taking  an  opportunity, 
when  a  number  of  them  were  together,he 
killed  five  without  losing  any  of  his  men. 
He  himself  seized  Pecksuot,  a  bold  chief, 
snatched  his  knife  from  his  neck,  and 
killed  him  with  it.  The  terror,  with 
which  this  enterprise  filled  tiie'savages, 
was  of  great  advantage  to  the  colonists. 
When  the  rejjort  of  this  transaction  was 
carried  to  Holland,  Mr.  Robinson  in  his 
next  letter  to  the  governor  exclaimed, 
"0  that  you  had  converts'  some,  bel'  re 
you  killed  any."  Captain  Standish  was 
one  of  the  magistrates  or  assistants,  as 
long  as  he  lived.  He  died  in  1 656  at 
Duxbury  where  he  had  a  tract  of  land 
now  known  by  the  name  of  captain's  hill. 
Mr.  Hubbard  says  of  him, "  a  little  chim- 
ney is  soon  fired  ;  so  was  the  Plymouth 
captain,  a  man  of  a  very  small  stature, 
yet  of  a  very  hot  and  angry  temper. — 
He  had  been  bred  a  soldier  in  the  low 
countries,  and  never  entered  into  the 
school  of  Christ,  or  iohn  the  baptist." 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  in  his 
military  expeditions  iie  exceeded  his  or- 
ders. Morton  sayp.  that  lie  fell  asleep 
in  the  Lord . — Belknap'' s  Amer.  biog.  i. 
310-336. 

STARK,  John,  major  general,  the 
son  of  Archibald  S.,a  native  of  Glasgow,' 
who  married  in  Ireland,  wus  born  at 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  Aug.  28, 1728.  In 
1736  his  father  removed  to  Derryfield, 
iiow     Manchester,  on    the    Merrimac. 


•?v 


:^i'i 


■%■ 


.  »Li<i«4k3»*teBSa!»:. 


702 


STARK. 


STEUBEN. 


While  on  a  hunting  expedition  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  St.  Francis  In- 
dians in  1752,  but  was  soon  redeemed  at 
an  expense  of  103  dollars,  paid  by  Mr. 
Wheelwright  of  Boston.  To  raise  this 
money  he  repaired  on  another  hunting 
expedition  to  the  Androscoggin.  Ho  af- 
terwards served  in  a  company  of  rangers 
with  Refers,  being  made  a  captain  in 
1756.  On  itearing  of  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington he'repaircd  to  Cambridge,  and,  re- 
ceiving a  colonel's  commission,  enlisted 
tin  the  same  day  800  men.  He  fought  in 
the  battle  of  Breed's  hill,  June  17,  1775, 
his  regiment  forming  the  left  of  the  line, 
and  repulsing  three  times  by  their  deadly 
iire  the  veteran  Welsh  fiisileers,  who  had 
fought  at  Minden.  His  only  defence 
was  a  rail  frtnce,  covered  with  hay  to  re- 
semble a  breast  work.  In  May  1776  he 
proceeded  from  N.  York  to  Canada.  In 
the  attack  on  Trenton  he  commanded 
the  van  of  the  right  wing.  Ho  was 
also  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Princeton. 
Displeased  at  being  neglected  in  a  list  of 
promotions,  he  resigned  his  commission  in 
March  1777  and  retired  to  his  farm.  In 
order  to  impede  the  progress  of  Burgoyne 
he  proposed  to  the  council  of  N.  Hamp- 
shire to  raise  a  body  of  troops,  and  fall 
upon  his  rear.  In  the  battle  of  Benning- 
ton, BO  called,  though  fought  six  miles 
north  west  from  B.,  in  the  borders  of  N. 
York,  Saturday  Aug.  16, 1777,  he  defea- 
ted col.  Baum,  killing  207  and  making 
750  prisoners.  The  place  was  near  Van 
Schaack's  mills,  (denominated  by  Bur- 
goyne Stantcoick  millf  "i  on  a  branch  of 
the  Hoosuck,  callea  '  j  Dr.  Holmes  Wal- 
loon creek ;  by  others  Walloomsack, 
and  Walloomschaick,  and  Looms-chork. 
This  event  awakened  confidence,  nnd  led 
to  the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  Of  those 
who  fought  in  this  battle,  the  names  of 
T.  Allen, J.  Orr,  and  others  are  recorded 
in  this  volume.  In  Sept.  he  enlisted  a 
new  and  larger  force  and  joined  Gates. 
In  1778  and  1779  he  served  in  R.  Island', 
and  in  1780  in  N.  Jersey.  In  1781  he 
had  the  command  of  the  northern  depart- 
ment at  Soratoga.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  bid  adieu  to  public  employments. 


In  1818  congress  voted  him  a  pension  of 
60  doll.  per.  month.  He  died  May  8, 
1322,  aged,  93.  He  was  buried  on  a 
small  hill  near  the  Merrimac ;  a  granite 
obelisk  has  the  inscription — "  Maj.  Gen. 
Stark."  A  memoir  of  his  life  was  pub- 
lished,  annexed  to  Reminiscences  of  the 
French  war,  12mo.  1831. 

STEDMAN,  C,  published  a  history 
of  the  American  war,  2volg.  4io.  Lond. 
1794. 

STEUBEN,  Frederick  William,  Ba- 
ron DE,  a  major  general  in  the  American 
army,  was  a  Prussian  oificer,  who  served 
many  years  in  the  armies  of  Frederick, 
and  afterwards  entered  the  service  of 
prince  Charles  of  Baden.  He  had  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  general,  and  was 
also  a  canon  of  the  church.  With  an 
income  of  2500  doll,  a  year,  he  passed 
his  winters  at  Paris,  and  there  became  ac- 
quainted with  Franklin.  He  arrived  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  Nov.  1777,  with 
strong  recommendations  to  congress. 
He  claimed  no  rank,  and  only  requested 
permission  So  serve  as  a  volunteer.  He 
was  soon  appointed  to  the  office  of  inspec- 
tor general  with  the  rank  of  major  general. 
He  established  a  uniform  system  of  man- 
oeuvres, and  by  his  skill  and  persevering 
industry  effected  during  the  continuance 
of  the  troops  at  Valley  Forge  a  most  im- 
portant improvement  in  all  ranks  of  the 
army.  He  was  a  volunteer  in  the  action 
at  Monmouth,  and  commanded  in  the 
trenches  of  York  Town  on  the  doy ,  which 
concluded  the  struggle  with  Great  Brit- 
ain. He  died  at  Steubonville,  New  York, 
Nov.  28,1794,  aged  61.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished gentleman  &  a  virtuous  citizen,  of 
extensive  knowledge  nnd  sound  judgment. 
His  aids  were  North,  Popham,  and 
Walker.  The  following  anecdotes  will 
illustrate  his  character.  When  in  Virgi- 
nia, a  militia  colonel  rode  up  with  a  boy, 
and  said,  •  I  have  brought  you  a  recruit.' 
The  baron  patted  the  boy  on  his  head, 
and  asked  his  age,  and  in  his  indignation 
at  the  cheat  ordered  the  colonel  to  be  div 
mountcd,  unspurred,  and  turned  into  tl.e 
ranks  ;  and  said  to  the  lad,  *  Go,  my  boy, 
take  the  colonel's  spurs  and  horses  to  his 


STEUBEN. 


STEVENS. 


708 


Ncwbiirg.  On  tlie  wlinrf  lie  sow  a  poor 
woiiikIimI  bluck  rniin,  wlio  wanted  a  dollar 
topay  I'or  Ills  |mii8ny;e  to  liis  home.  Of 
wlioni  tlio  baron  borrowed  thedollar.it  ia 
not  known  ;  but  ho  soon  returned,  when 
tliu  negro  liuiled  tbu  sloop,  and  cried— 
<  God  bless  you,  master  baron  I'  The 
state  of  N .  Jersey  giivo  him  a  small  farin. 
N.  York  gave  him  16,000  acres  in  Oneida 
county  ;  a  pension  of  3500  doll,  was  also 
given  him.  He  built  him  a  log  house  at 
Steubcnville,gave  a  tenth  part  of  his  land 
to  his  aids  and  servants,  nnd  parcelled  out 
the  rest  to  30  or  .SO  tcnniits.  His  library 
wns  liis  chief  solace.  Moving  little  exer- 
ciHC,  he  dicdof  the  apoplexy.  Agreea- 
bly to  his  request  he  was  wrapped  in  his 
cloak  and  buried  in  u  plain  cofRn  without  a 
stone.  He  was  a  believer  in  Jesus  Christ,  a 
rncnibor  of  the  reformed  Dutch  church,N. 
Y.  An  obstruct  of  liis  sysiem  of  discipline 
was  published  in  1770,  and  in  1784  he 
published  a  letter  on  the  subject  of  an  es- 
tablished militia  and  ,  military  arrurigc- 
ments, 

STEVENS,  Joseph,  minister  of 
Chark'stown,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Joseph  8., 
was  born  in  An(iov(;r,  was  gra<luatcd  at 
Harvard  college  in  1703,  and  was  ordain- 
ed colleague  with  Mr.  Bradtitrect  Oct,  13, 
1713.  He  died  Nov.  16,  1721,  oged  40. 
He  wns  u  fervent  and  eloquent  preucher, 
cheerful  though  serious  in  conversation, 
gentle  as  a  lather,  and  beloved  by  all  his 
congregation.  There  was  published  from 
his  nmnu8cri])t  his  last  sermon,  entitled, 
artother  and  a  better  country  in  reserve 
for  all  true  believers,  and  annexed  to  it  a 
discourse  on  tlie  death  of  Mr.  Brattle  of 
Cambridge, 

STEVENS,  Benjomln,  d.  d.,  minis- 
ter of  Kittery,  Maine,  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
in  1740,  and  ordained  May  1,  1751.  He 
died  May  18, 1791,  oged  70,  having  been 
respected  in  life  as  on  able  minister  of  the 
gospel,  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  a 
modest  and  humble  man.  He  published 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Andrew  Peppe- 
rell,  1762  ;  on  the  death  of  sir  W.  Pep- 
tenances  were  brightened,  for  he  gavolperell,  1759;  at  theelection  1760. 
them  all  he  had  to  give.    This  was  at  I     STEVENS,  Edward,  general,  a  sot- 


wife  ; — make  my  compliment,  and  say, 
her  liusband  has  gone  to  fight  for  the  free- 
dom of  his  country,  as  on  honest  man 
should  do.     By  platoons  I    to  the  right 
wheel  !  forward  morch ! '    On  the  urrivol 
of  the  corps  at  Iloanoke,  tlio  colonel  es- 
caped, and  applied  in  vain  to  governor 
JofTertion  for  redress, — At  a    review  in 
Morristown  he  arrested  a  lieut.  Gibbons 
for  a  fault,  of  which  he  was  innocent ; 
but,  ascertaining  his  innocence,  ho  desir- 
ed him  to  come  to  the  front,  when  he 
said, — "  Sir,  the  fault,  which  was  com- 
mittcd,  would  have  been  perilous  in  the 
presence  of  an  enemy,  but  it  was  not 
yours ;    I  ask  your  pardon  ;    return  to 
your  command  ;"  and  this  was  said  %vith 
his  hat  off,  and  the  rain  pouring  on  his 
reverend  head.    What  ollicer  would  not 
respect  the  veteran  ? — On  leaving  a  sick 
aid  de  camp  in  Virginia,  he  said,  '  There 
is  my  sulkey,  and  hero  ishalf  of  my  mon- 
ey, I  can  do  no  more,'    For  amusement 
he  sometimes  miscalled  words  in  English, 
similar  in  sound,    Mrs,  Washington,  at 
the  dinner  table,  asked  him  once  what  he 
had  caught,  when  he  went  a  fishing. 
He  replied,  that  he  had  caught  two  fish, 
adding,  'I  am  not  sure,  but  I  think  one  of 
them  wos  o  whale' — '  A  whale, boron,  in 
the  North  river  ? '    '  Yes,  I  assure  you, 
n  very  fine  whale  ;  wos  it  not.'' — appeal- 
ing to  one  of  his  aids,  who  replied,  '  an 
Eel,  baron.'     At  the  house  of  Mrs.  Liv- 
ingston, the  mother  of  the  chancellor,  he 
was  introduced  to  a  Miss  Sheafl';  '  I  am 
happy,  said  he,  to  be  presented  to  you, 
though;at  a  great  risk  ;  from  my  youth  I 
have  been  cautioned  ogainst  mischief;  but 
I  hod  no  idea,  that  her  attractions  were  so 
powerful!'    Wlien  the  army  was  disban- 
ded, and  the  pld  soldiers  shook  hands  in 
farewell,  lieut.  col.  Cochran,  a  green- 
mountain  veteran,  said — 'For  myself  I 
could  stand  it,  but  my  wife  and  daugh- 
ters are  in  the  garret  of  that  wretched 
tavern,  and  I  have  no  moons  of  removing 
them.' — 'Come,'  said  the  baron,  'I  will 
pay  my  respect  to  Mrs,  C.  and  her  daugh- 
ters ;'  and  when  ho  left  them,  their  coun- 


704 


STEVENS. 


STILES. 


I 


dior  of  the  revolution,  served  with  dis- 
tinction during  the  wiiolc  war.  In  the 
bottle  at  Guillbrd  court  house  he  was 
wounded.  He  was  the  friend  of  Wash- 
ington and  Greene.  He  died  in  Virginia 
Aug.  17,  1820. 

STEVENS,  Eben^zer,  major  gener- 
al, a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  born 
in  Boston  in  1751,  and  entered  the  army 
as  an  artificer.  He  obtained  the  rank  of 
lieut.  col.  of  artillery.  On  the  return  of 
peace  he  settled  in  New  York,  and  was 
an  enterprising  merchant.  For  many 
years  he  commanded  the  division  of  the 
artillery  of  the  state.  He  died  Sept.  2, 
1823,  aged  71. 

STEVVARD,Jo8eph,a  painter,  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  college  in  1780.  Ho 
became  a  preacher  ;  but  losing  his  health 
he  devoted  himself  to  painting,  being  in- 
structed by  Trumbull.  He  established  a 
museum  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he 
died  in  April  1823,  aged  69. 

STILES,  Ezra,  d.  d.,  president  of 
Yae  college,  the  son  of  Isaac  gtiles, 
minister  of  North  Haven,  Conn.,  was 
born  Dec.  15,  1727.  He  was  graduated 
in  1746,  and  in  1749  was  chosen  tutor,  in 
which  station  he  remained  six  years.  Af- 
ter having  preached  occasionally  his  im- 
paired health  and  some  doubt  respecting 
the  truth  of  Christianity  induced  him  to 
pursue  the  study  of  the  law.  In  1753  he 
took  the  attorney's  oath  at  New  Haven, 
and  practised  at  the  bar  till  1755.  But, 
having  resumed  preaching,  he  was  or- 
dained Oct.  22,  1755  minister  of  the  sec- 
ond congregational  church  in  Newport, 
R.  Island.  In  March  1776  th6  events  of 
the  war  dispersed  his  congregation,  and 
induced  him  to  remove  to  Dighton.  He 
aflerwards  preached  at  Portsmouth.  In 
1777  he  was  chosen  president  of  Yale  col- 
lege, as  successor  of  Mr.  Clap,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  station  till  his  death  May 
12,  1795,  aged  67.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  learned  men,  of  whom  this  country 
can  boast.  He  had  a  thorough  knovvl- 
etlge  of  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin 
languages,  the  former  of  which  he  learn- 
ed when  he  was  about  forty  years  of  age ; 
he  had  made  considerable  progress  in  the 


Samaritnn,Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic  ; 
on  the  Persic  and  Coptic  he  had  bestow- 
ed some  attention  ;  and  the  French  he 
read  with  groat  facility.  He  was  also 
well  versed  in  most  branches  of  mathema- 
tical knowledge.  Next  to  sacred  litera- 
ture astronomy  was  his  favorite  science. 
He  had  read  the  works  of  divines  in  vari- 
ous languages,  and  very  few  have  had  so 
thorough  an  acquaintance  with  the  fath- 
ers of  the  Christian  church.  He  posses- 
sed an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Rabbinical  writings.  He  was  a  most  im> 
presaive  and  eloquent  preacher,  for  he 
spoke  with  that  zeal  and  energy,  which 
the  deepest  interest  in  the  most  impor- 
tant subjects  cannot  fail  to  inspire.  His 
early  discourses  were  philosophiual  and 
moral  ;  but  he  gradually  became  a  serious 
and  pov/erful  preacher  of  the  momentous 
truths  of  the  gospel.  In  the  room  of  la- 
bored disquisitions,  addressed  rather  to 
the  reason  than  to  the  conscience  and 
heart,  he  employed  his  time  in  preaching 
repentance  and  faith ;  the  great  truths 
respecting  our  disease  andcure;  the  physi- 
cian of  souls  and  our  remedy  in  him  ;  the 
manner,  in  which  the  sinner  is  brought 
home  to  God  in  regeneration,  justifica- 
tion, sanctification,  and  eternal  glory ; 
the  terrors  and  blessings  of  the  world  to 
come  ;  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
and  the  efficacy  of  the  truth  in  the  great 
change  of  the  character,  preparatory  for 
heaven.  The  doctrines  of  the  trinity  in 
unity,  of  the  divinity  and  atonement  of 
Christ,  with  the  capital  principles  of  the 
great  theological  system  of  the  doctrines 
of  grace  he  believed  to  have  been  the  un- 
interrupted faith  of  eight  tenths  of  Chris- 
tendom from  the  ascension  of  Jesus  Christ 
to  the  present  day.  He  delighted  in  preach- 
ing the  gospel  to  the  j)oor.  Among  the 
members  of  his  church  at  Newport  were 
seven  negroes.  These  occasionally  met 
in  his  study,  when  he  instructed  them, 
and, falling  on  their  knees  together,he  im- 
plored for  them  and  for  himself  the  bles- 
sing of  that  God,  with  whom  all  distinc- 
tion excepting  that  of  Christian  excellence 
is  as  nothing.  In  the  cause  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty  he  was  an  enthusiast. 


STILES. 


STILLMAN. 


70» 


in  him ;  the 


He  con  tended, that  tite  right  orcnnsciencc 
&ii(i  private  judgment  was  unalienable; 
and  that  no  exigences  of  the  Christian 
church  could  render  it  lawful  to  erect  any 
body  of  men  into  a  standing  judicatory 
over  the  churches.  He  engaged  with 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  He 
thought,  that  the  SOth  of  Jan.,  which 
was  observed  by  the  episcopalians  in  com- 
memoration of  the  martyrdom  of  Charles 
I,  "ought  to  be  celebrated  as  an  anniver- 
sary thanksgiving,  that  one  nation  on 
earth  had  so  much  fortitude  and  public 
jtistice,  as  to  make  a  royal  tyrant  bow  to 
the  sovereignty  of  the  people."  He  was 
catholic  in  his  sentiments,  fur  his  heart 
lyas  open  to  receive  all,  who  loved  the 
Lord  Jesus  in  sincerity.  He  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  benevolence,  as  well  as 
for  his  leai;iing  and  piety.  The  follow- 
ing extn.  " ->m  his  diary  furnish  evi- 
dence ol  ?:  ristian  goodness.  "The 
review-  :  ■  !.Je astonishes  me  with  a 
sense  of  my  sins.  May  I  be  washed  in 
the  blood  of  Jesus,  which  cleanseth  Trom 
all  sin.  Purify  and  sanctify  me,  0  blessed 
Spirit ! — I  hope  I  love  my  Savior  for  his 
divine  excellences,  as  well  as  for  his  love 
to  sinners ;  I  glory  in  his  divine  righteous- 
ness ;  and  earnestly  beseech  the  God  of 
all  grace  to  endue  me  with  true  and  real 
holiness,  and  to  make  me  like  himself. — 
I  have  earnestly  itnportuned  the  youth  of 
this  university  to  devote  themselves  to 
that  divine  Jesus,  who  hath  loved  them  to 
the  death.  And  praised  be  God,  I  have 
reason  to  hope  the  blessed  Spirit  hath 
wrought  effectually  on  the  hearts  of  sun- 
dry, who  have,  I  think,  been  brought 
home  to  God,  and  experienced  what 
flesh  and  blood  cannot  impart  to  the  hu- 
man mind.  Whether  I  shall  ever  get  to 
heaven,  and  through  many  tribulations 
enter  into  rest,  God  only  knows.  This 
I  know,  that  I  am  the  most  unworthy  of 
all  the  works  of  God . " 

He  was  a  man  of  low  stature,  and  of  a 
small  though  well  proportioned  form. 
His  voice  was  clear  and  energetic.  His 
countenance  especially  in  conversation 
was  expressive  of  benignity  and  mild- 
ness :  but,  if  occasion  required,  it  became 
89 


the  index  of  majesty  and  authority.  He 
published  a  funeral  oratiun  in  Latin  on 
governor  Law,  1751  ;  a  discourse  on  the 
Christian  union,  preached  before  the  con- 
gregational mitiisters  of  Rhode  Island, 
1760  ;  in  this  work  he  recommends  har- 
mony among  different  Christians,  and 
shows  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  th? 
ecclesiastical  aiikirs  of  this  country ;  a 
sermon  at  the  installation  of  S.  Hopkins, 
1770;  a  Latin  oration  on  his  induction 
into  his  oiKce,  1778  ;  the  U.  States  ele- 
vated to  glory  and  honor,  an  election  ser- 
mon, preached  May  8,  1783,  which  ex- 
hibits the  eloquence,  and  patriotism,  and 
glowing  sentiments  of  liberty,  with  which 
the  au(rust  occasion  could  not  fail  to  in- 
spire him;  account  of  the  settlement  of 
Bristol,  1785  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  H.  Channiiig,  1787  ;  history  of  the 
three  judges  of  king  Charles  I, — Whalley, 
Goffe,  and  Dixwell,  12mo.  1795;  in  this 
work  he  discloses  very  fully  his  senti- 
ments on  civil  liberty,  and  predicts  a 
"  republican  renovation"  in  England. 
He  left  an  unflnished  ecclesiastical  histo- 
ry of  N.  England,  and  more  than  forty 
volumes  of  manuscripts.  An  interesting 
account  of  his  life  was  published  by  his 
son  in  law,  Dr  Holmes,  in  1798. 

STILLMAN,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister 
in  Boston,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  Feb. 
27,  1737.  When  he  was  but  11 
years  ol'  age  his  parents  removed  to 
Charleston,  S.  Carolina,  and  in  an  acade- 
my in  that  city  he  received  the  rudiment* 
of  his  education.  The  preaching  of  Mr. 
Hart  was  the  means  of  teaching  him, 
that  he  wns  a  sinner,  and  of  converting 
him.  Being  ordained  at  Charleston  Feb. 
36, 1759,  he  immediately  afterwards  set- 
tled at  James'  island  ;  but  his  impaired 
health  induced  him  in  1760  to  remove  to 
Bordentown,  N.  Jersey, where  he  preach- 
ed two  years,  and  then  went  to  Boston. 
After  being  an  assistant  about  a  year  in 
the  second  baptistcliurch,  he  was  installed 
the  minister  of  the  first,  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Condy,  who  now  resigned  his  office, 
Jan.  9,1765.  In  this  church  he  contin- 
ued his  benevolent  labors,  iiniversiilly 
respected  and  beloved,  till  his  death  by  a 


I  I 

;' 


^ 


TOO 


STILLMAN. 


W 
■m 


paralytic  shock  March  18,  1807,  aged  69. 
As  an  eloquent  preacher  of  the  gospel 
Dr.  Stillman  held  the  first  rank.  Em- 
bracing the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the 
Christi'  religion,  he  explained  and  en- 
forced >  lem  with  clearness  and  with  apos- 
tolic intrepidity  and  zeal .  He  possessed 
a  pleasant  and  inoit  commanding  voice; 
and,  as  he  felt  what  he  spoke,  he  was 
enabled  to  transfuse  his  owni'eelings  into 
the  hearts  of  his  auditors.  The  total 
moral  depravity  of  man  was  a  principle, 
on  which  in  his  preacliing  he  much  insis- 
ted, and  he  believed,  that  the  Christian 
was  dependent  on  God'b  immediate  agen- 
cy for  the  origin  and  continuance  of  every 
gracious  exercise.  From  h^lnr  appre- 
hension of  the  eternal  peaj|H^lection  of 
a  certain  number  of  thfHp4Kn  race  to 
salvation  he  was  led  to  believe  the  per- 
severance unto  eternal  glory  of  ail  those, 
who  are  regenerated  by  the  Spirit  of  God. 
The  Godhead  and  atonement  of  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ  were  his  frequent  themes. 
He  was  a  preacher  of  righteousness,  and 
his  own  life  was  holy.  In  the  chamber 
of  sickness  and  affliction,  he  was  always 
among  different  denoTtinations  a  welcome 
visitor.  His  uncommon  vivacity  and 
energy  of  feeling  were  united  with  a  per- 
fect sense  of  propriety,  and  with  afTnbiiity, 
ease,  and  politeness.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act, 
1766;  at  the  artillery  election,  1770;  at 
the  ordination  of  S.  Shepard,  1771;  of 
Stephen  S.  Nelson,  1797  ;  of  Tho.  Wa- 
terman, 1801  ;  on  the  death  of  S.  Ward, 
1776  ;  election  sermon,  1779  ;  on  chari- 
ty, 1785  ;  before  a  society  of  freemasons, 
1789  ;  apostolic  preaching  in  three  dis- 
courses, 1790 ;  on  the  death  of  N. 
Brown,  1791  ;  of  Washington,  1800;  of 
H.  Smith,  1805  ;  thanksgiving  sermon  on 
the  French  revolution,  1794  ;  on  the  na- 
tional fast,  1799  ;  on  opening  the  baptist 
meeting  house  in  Charlestown  ;  on  the 
first  anniversary  of  the  female  asylum, 
1801  ;  on  the  first  anniversary  of  the 
Massachusetts  baptist  missionary  society, 
1803.  A  volume  of  iiO  sermons  was  pub- 
lished 8vo.  1808,  of  which  8  Ijad  never 
before  been  publiahed. 


STOCKTON. 

STIRLING,  Earl   of,  sec     WilhVr. 
Alexander. 

g'^^ITH,  William,  president  of  Wil- 
liam ttnd  Mary  college,  Virginia,  was  a 
native  of  that  colony,  and  for  some  years 
a  respectable  clergyman.  He  withdrew 
trom  the  laborious  office,  which  he  Bus- 
ts-ned  in  the  college,  soon  afler  the  year 
1740,  and  died  in  1750.  H«  publinhed  a 
history  of  the  first  discovery  and  settle- 
ment of  Virginia,  Williamsburg,  8vo. 
1747.  It  brii%s  down  the  history  only 
to  1624.  An  appendix  contains  a  collec- 
tion of  charters  relating  to  the  period, 
comprised  in  the  volume.  Besides  the 
copious  materials  of  Smith  the  author 
derived  assistance  from  the  manuscripts 
of  his  uncle,  sir  John  Randolph,  and  ' 
from  the  records  of  the  London  company, 
put  into  his  hands  by  colonel  Williaqi 
Byrd,  president  of  the  council,  and  from 
the  valuable  library  of  ihis  gentleman. 
Mr.  Stith  was  a  man  of  classical  learning, 
and  a  faithful  historian  ;  but  he  was  des- 
titute of  taste  in  style,  and  his  details  are 
exceedingly  minute. 

STOCKTON,  Richard,  a  statesman 
of  N.  Jersej',  the  son  of  John  S.,  and 
grandson  of  Richard  S.,  who  died  in  pos- 
session of  a  large  landed  estate  at  Prince- 
ton in  1720,  was  born  at  Princeton  Oct. 
1,  1730  ;  was  graduated  in  the  first  class 
in  1748;  and  studied  law  with  David 
Ogden  of  Newark.  In  1 774  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
N.  J.,  and  in  1776  a  member  of  congress. 
In  debate  he  took  an  tctive  part,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
Nov.  30th  a  party  of  royalists  captured 
him  a'  '  threw  him  into  prison  at  New 
York,  1  .ere  his  sufferings  destroyed  his 
health.  Congress  interposed  for  his 
release.  The  enemy  destroyed  his  library 
and  devastated  his  lands.  He  died  near 
Princeton  Feb.  28,  1781,  aged  50.  At 
the  bar  Mr.  S.  appeared  with  unrivalled 
reputation  and  success,  refusing  to  en- 
gage in  any  cause,  which  he  knew  to  be 
unjust,  and  standing  forth  in  defence  of 
the  helpless  and  the  injured.  He  filled 
the  office  of  judge  with  integrity  and 
learning.     His  BU])erior  powers  of  mind, 


STODDARD. 


7W 


It  of  Wil- 


irhich  were  highly  cultivaled,were  united 
with  a  flowing  and  persuasive  eloquence; 
he  was  also  a  sincere  Christian.  His  soi^, 
Richard,  S.,ll.  D.,a  distinguished  lawyer 
and  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.,and  tor  30 
years  a  trustee  of  Princeton  college,  died 
at  Princeton  in  1828. 

STODDARD,  Solomon,  minister  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  the  eldest  son  of 
Anthony  Stoddard,  was  born  in  Boston 
in  1643,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
C3llege  in  1662.  He  waf  afterwards  ap- 
pointed a  fellow.  His  health  being  im- 
paired, he  went  to  Barbadoes  as  chaplain 
to  gov.  Serle,  and  preached  to  the  dissen- 
ters on  that  island  near  two  years.  After 
his  return,  being  ordained  Sept.  11, 1672, 
as  successor  to  Mr.  Mather  at  North- 
ampton, he  continued  in  that  place  till 
his  death  Feb  11,1729,  aged  85.  His 
ministerial  labors  were  interrupted  for 
but  a  short  time.  His  colleague,  Mr. 
Edwards,  survived  him.  Mr.  Stoddard 
was  a  learned  man,  well  versed  in  relig- 
ious controversies,  and  himself  an  acute 
disputant.  He  engaged  in  a  contioversy 
with  Increase  Mather  respecting  the 
Lord's  supper,  maintaining,  that  the  sa- 
crament was  a  converting  ordinance,  and 
that  sll  baptized  persons,  not  scandalous 
in  life,  may  lawfully  approach  the  table, 
though  they  know  themselves  to  be  un- 
converted, or  destitute  of  true  religion. 
As  a  preacher  his  discourses  were  plain, 
experimental,  searching,  and  argumen- 
tative. He  was  blessed  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  used  to  say,  that  he  had  five 
harvests ;  and  in  these  revivals  there 
was  a  general  cry,  what  must  I  do  to  be 
a&ved  ?  He  was  ro  diligent  in  his  studies, 
that  he  left  a  considerable  number  of  ser- 
mons, which  he  had  never  preached.  He 
wrote  so  fine  a  hand,  that  150  of  his  dis- 
courses are  contained  in-  a  small  12mo. 
manuscript  volume.  He  published  the 
doctrine  of  instituted  churches,  London, 
4to.  1700,  in  which  he  maintained,  that 
the  Lord's  table  should  be  accessible  to 
all  persons  not  immoral  in  their  lives  ; 
that  the  power  of  receiving  and  censur- 
ing members  is  vested  exclusively  in  the 
(elders  of  the  church  ;   and  that  synods 


have  power  to  excommunicate  and  deliv- 
er from  church  censures.  He  published 
also  the  danger  of  degeneracy,  1702;  elec- 
tion ser.  1703 ;  serro.  in  regard  to  the  sup- 
per, 1707  ;  at  the  ordina.  of  J.  Willard, 
1708  ;  of  Tho.  Cheney,  1718 ;  on  the 
Lord's  supper,  against  the  exceptions  of 
I.  Mather,  1709  ;  plea  tor  tithes  ;  divine 
teachings,  1712;  a  guide  to  Christ,  or 
the  way  of  directing  souls  in  the  way  to 
conversion,  compiled  for  young  ministers, 
1714;  three  sermons,  showing  the  virtue 
of  Christ's  blood  to  clean^^  from  sin,  that 
natural  men  are  under  the  government  of 
self  love,  that  the  gospel  is  the  means  of 
conversion,  and  a  fourth  annexed  to  stir 
up  young  jaen  and  maidens  to  praise  the 
Lord,  1 7  if  <^  ^treatise  concerning  conver- 
sion ;  th*>wgiy^<  to  know  sincerity  and 
hypocrisy,  1719  ;  answer  to  cases  of  con- 
science, 1722;  whether  God  is  not  angry 
with  the  country  for  doing  so  little  to- 
wards the  conversion  of  the  Indians, 
1723;  safety  of  appearing  at  the  judg- 
ment in  the  rightrtousness  of  Christ ;  this 
work  was  republished  at  Edinburgh,  Svo. 
1792. — Cclman^s  term,  on  his  death. 
STODDARD,  John,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceJ- 
ing,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1701.  He  discharged  theduties  of  seve- 
ral important  stations  with  great  ability 
and  uprightness .  He  was  many  years  in 
the  council,  was  chief  justice  in  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  and  colonel  of  a  regi- 
irent.  With  a  vigorous  mind  and  keen 
penetration  he  united  an  accurate  acquain- 
tance with  the  concerns  of  the  colonies 
and  of  the  neighboring  tribes  of  Indians. 
Thoroughly  established  in  the  principles 
and  the  doctrines  of  the  first  fathers  of 
N.  England,  he  greatly  detested  what  he 
considered  the  opposite  errors  of  more 
modern  divinity.  He  died  at  Boston, 
June    19,    1748,  aged    66.—Edtoard'a 

sermon. 
STODDARD,    Amos,    major,    was 

born  in  1759  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 

Hallowell,  Maine,  about  1792  ;  in  1799 

he  was  appointed  a  captain  of  artillery 

in  the  army.    In  the  battle  at  fort  Meigs, 

in  May  1813,  he  was  wounded  by  a  shell. 


708 


STOLL. 


STOUGHTON. 


^i 


and'in  eonsequence  died  of  the  lockjaw, 
aged  54.  He  was  a  man  of  talen  ts.  He 
published  the  political  crisis,  London  ; 
and  Sketches  of  Louisiana,  12  mo.  1813. 

STOLL,  Jacob,  70  years  a  minister 
oPthe  Dunkers,  died  in  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  April  1822,  aged  91. 

STONE, Samuel,  one  of  the  first  min- 
isters of  Hartford,  Conn,  was  a  native  of 
England,  and  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  To  escape  perse- 
cution he  came  to  this  country  with  Mr. 
Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker,  and  was  settled 
as  an  assistant  of  the  latter  at  Cambridge 
Oct.  11,  1633.  He  removed  with  him  in 
1636  to  Hartfijrd,  where  he  died  July  30, 
1663.  While  he  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  accurate  and  acute  disputants 
of  his  day,  he  was  also  celebrated  for  his 
wit,  pleasantry,  and  good  humor.  Being 
eminently  pious,  he  abounded  in  fastings 
and  prayer,  and  was  a  most  strict  obser- 
ver of  the  Christian  sabbath.  He  pub- 
lished a  congregational  church,  &c.  Lon- 
don, 1652.  In  this  work,  which  is  a 
curious  specimen  of  logic,  he  endeavors 
to  demolish  the  Bystem  of  a  national, 
political  church.  He  left  in  a  manuscript 
a  confutation  of  the  antinomians,  and  a 
body  of  divinity.  The  latter  was  so  much 
esteemed  as  to  be  often  transcribed  by 
th-ological  siudonts. — Mather's  Mag- 
nalia,  iii.  62,  116—118. 

STONE,  Thomas,  a  patriot  of  the  rev- 
olution, a  descendant  ofWm.  S,,  gover- 
nor of  Maryland  in  1649,  the  son  of  Da- 
vid S.,  was  born  in  1743  in  Charles  coun- 
ty. -  Having  studied  law,  and  married  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  G.  Brown,  with  whom 
he  received  1000/.,  he  purchased  a  farm. 
B^'ing  in  J776  and  in  subsequent  years  a 
niember  of  congress,  he  signed  the  declar- 
ation of  independence.  In  1783  and  1784 
he  was  also  in  congress.  A  deep  melan- 
choly settled  upon  him  in  consequence  of 
the  death  of  his  wife  by  the  Bmall  pox. 
He  died  siiddeply  Oct.  5,  1787,  aged  44^ 
jeaving  a  son,  who  died  in  1793,  and  two 
daughters.  He  was  arniable  in  disposition, 
and  a  professor  of  religion  of  sincere  pie- 
ty.— Goodrich. 

STONE,   J  )hn  Hoskln.',  governor  of 


Maryland,  was  a  patriot  of  the  revolution. 
In  early  life  and  at  an  early  p3riod  of  the 
revolution  he  was  the  first  captain  in  the 
celebrated  regiment  of  Smallwood.  At 
the  battled  of  L.  Island,  White  plains,  and 
Princeton  he  was  h'ghly  distinguished. 
In  the  battle  ot'  Germantown  Oct.  4, 
1777,  he  received  a  wound,  which  depri- 
ved him  of  bodily  activity  for  the  remain- 
der of  his  life.  But  he  still  bent  his  ex- 
ertions to  promote  the  same  cause,  for 
which  he  had  bled.  He  was  governor 
from  1794  to  1797.  He  died  at  Annapo- 
lis in  1804,  leaving  behind  him  the  char- 
acter of  an  honest  and  honorable  man,  an 
intrepid  soldier,  a  firm  patriot,  and  a  liber- 
al, hospitable,  friendly  citizen. 

STORK,William,published  a  Descrip-  * 
tion  of  East  Florida,  with  a  journal  of  J. 
Bartram,  4ro.  1774. 

STOUGHTON,  William,  lieutenant 
governor  of  Mass.,  was  the  son  of  col. 
Israel  Stoughton,  who  commanded  the 
Massachusetts  troops  in  the  Peqnot  war. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1650,  and  becoming  a  preacher  was  for 
seme  years  resident  in  England.  After 
the  restoration  in  1660  he  was  ejected 
from  a  fellowship  in  Oxfi)rd,  and  repair- 
ed to  N.  E.  in  1662.  Though  not  a  set- 
tled minister  he  was.  appointed  to  preach 
the  election  sermon  in  1668.  This  ser- 
mon has  been  ranked  among  the  best,  de- 
livered upon  the  occasion.  After  the 
death  of  Mr.  Mitchell  he  declined  an  in- 
vitation to  become  his  successor  in  the 
care  of  the  church  at  Cambridge.  In 
371  he  was  cho.'jen  a  magistrate,  and  in 
1677  went  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the 
province.  He  wa  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court. 
Being  appointed  licut.  governor  in  1692, 
he  was  commander  in  chief  from  1694  to 
1699  and  again  in  1700.  He  died  at 
Dorchester  J aly  7,  1701,  aged  70.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning,  integrity, 
prudence,  patriotism,  and  piety.  He  was 
a  generous  benefactor  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, giving  to  that  institution  about 
1,000/.  Stoughton  hal!  was  erected  at 
his  expense  in  1698.  He  left  a  tract  of 
land  for  the  support  of  students,  natives 


STilONG. 


STUYVESANT. 


709 


of  Dorchester,  ot  tiic  collet;?,  and  Bnother 
tract  fiir  the  heneflt  of  suhooly.  Ho  was 
never  married. —  IVillard's  aerm. 

STRONG,  Niithun.D.  d.,  minister  of 
Hartford,  Conn.,  the  son  of  Nathan  S., 
minister  of  Coventry,  was  boru  in  1748  : 
graduated  at  Yale  colleure  in  1769;  and 
was  ordained  Jirn.  5,  1774.  In  the  war  i 
he  was  a  patriot  and  a  chaplain  in  the  ar- 
my. He  died  Dec.  25,  181'.  aged  68. 
He  was  a  learned  nnd  very  imefiil  minister, 
distinguished  for  his  discernment  '  and 
knowledge  of  men.  Of  the  missionary 
society  of  Conn,  he  was  the  principal 
founder  in  1798.  For  some  years  he  was 
the  editor  of  the  Connecticut  evangelical 
magazine.  He  published  the  Doctrine  of 
eternal  misery  reconciled  with  the  benevo- 
lence of  God,  in  answer  to  Huntington, 
8vo. ',  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Cogswell,  1807  ;  sermons,  2  vols.  8vd. 

STRONG,  Caleb,  ll.  d.,  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  the  son  of  Caleb  S.,  de- 
scended from  John  S.,  who  arrived  from 
Taunton,  England,  in  May  1630,  and  set- 
tled at  Dorchester,  and  ihence  removed 
to  Windsor  and  in  1C59  to  Northampton. 
He  was  born  at  N.  in  Jan.  1745,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1764. 
He  studied  law  with  Mr.  Hawley,  but 
from  ill  health  did  not  commence  the 
practice  till  1772.  In  1776  he  was  a 
member  of  the  legislatuie  with  Mr.  Haw- 
ley, and  continued  in  that  body  an  active 
friend  of  his  country  till  1780,  when  he 
was  chosen  a  councillor.  In  1779  he  as- 
sisted in  forming  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1737  that  of  the  U. 
S .  Under  the  new  national  government 
he  was  8  years  a  senator  from  1789  to 
1797. He  wasgovernoi  fromlSOOtill  1807, 
when  Mr.  Sullivan  was  elected  ;  and  was 
again  chosen  governor  during  the  difficult 
peri  id  of  the  war  from  1812to  1815.  He 
(lied  suddenly  Nov.  7,  1819,  aged  74. 
His  wife  the  daughter  of  John  Hooker, 
the  minister  of  Northampton,  died  in 
1817 .  He  wasa  man  of  sound  judgment, 
and  of  exemplary  piety.  He  wrote  the 
address  of  the  government  to  the  insur- 
gents in  1736.  His  speeches  from  1807 
to  1803  were  published  8vo.'  1808. 


STRONG,  Jonathan,  n.  d.,  minister 
of  Raridolph,  Ma8<i.,  was  bora  in  Bolton, 
Conn.,  Sept.  4,  1764  ;  his  parents  remo- 
ved to  Oxford,  N.  H,  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Dartmouth  college  in  1786 ;  ordain- 
ed as  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Taft  in  Jan. 
1789  :  and  died  Nov.  9,  1814,  aged  50. 
His  successor  was  Thaddeus  Pomeroy. 
In  three  periods  of  successfrl  toil  during 
his  ministry  he  numbered  more  than  200 
converts.  He  was  a  faithful  preacher,  of 
unpolished  but  powerful  eloquence,  firm 
in  his  attachment  to  the  great  truths  of 
the  gospel.  A  memoir  of  him  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Storrs  is  in  the  Panoplist  vol.  12. 
He  wrote  much  for  the  Mass.  missionary 
mag.  and  also  for  the  Panoplist.  He 
published  a  sermon  at  the  thanksgiving, 
1795  ;  at  the  ordination  of  L.  White, 
1798  ;  on  the  landing  of  our  forefathers, 
1803  ;  on  the  death  of  Df.  Z.  Bass,  1804; 
before  the  missionary  soc.  1803;  on  the 
national  independence,  1810;  at  a  dedica- 
tion, 1814. 

STUART,  Gilbert,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1755. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Benjamin  West  in 
London.  Hewas  applauded  in  Eng.;  but  hs 
returned  to  America  \a  1794,  and  resided 
chiefly  in  Philadelphia  and  Washington 
till  ubo  01,  when  he  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, wliLie  he  died  in  July  1828,  aged 
73.  He  left  a  daughter,  Mrs.  Stebbins,  a 
painter.  He  was  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  his  art,  and  as  a  portrait  painter  was 
unequalled  in  this  country  ;  he  was  also 
a  man  of  a  strong  mind  and  interesting 
conversation.  His  pictiire  of  Washing- 
ton presents  a  head  of  calm  and  majestic 
wisdom,  familiar  to  all  Americans.  His 
pictures  of  Madison  and  Jefferson  are  in 
the  gallery  of  Bowdoin  college. 

STUYVESANT,  Peter,  the  last 
Dutch  governor  of  New  York,  began  his 
administration  in  1C47.  He  was  continu- 
ally employed  in  resisting  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  English  and  Swedes  upon 
the  territory  intrusted  to  him.  In  1664 
an  expedition  from  England  was  sent  out 
against  the  Dutch  possessions.  Three 
or  four  frigates  under  the  command  of 
ool.  Nicolls  appeared  before  N.  Amster- 


m 


SULLIVAN. 


«lam  or  N.  York,  and  governor  Stuyve- 
sant  was  bimtnoned  to  surrender ;  but  as 
he  was  a  ^ooil  soldier,  having  lost  a  leg  in 
the  service  of  the  States,  he  was  by  no 
means  disposed  to  omply.  He  returned 
A  long  letter  vina..ating  the  claims  of  the 
Dutch,  and  declaring  his  resolution  to  de- 
fend the  place.  He  was  however  obliged 
to  capitulate  Aug.  37th.  The  whole  of 
the  N.Netherlands  soon  became  subject  to 
the  English.  He  remained  in  this  coun- 
try, and  at  his  death  was  buried  in  a 
chapel  on  his  own  farm  a  few  miles  from 
N.  Yoik.— Smith's  N.  Y.  5-23. 

SULLIVAN,  John,  ll  d.,  major  gen- 
eral in  the  American  army,  and  president 
of  New  Hampshire,  was  appointed  by 
congress  a  brigadier  general  in  1775,  and 
in  the  following  year,  it  is  believed,  a 
major  general.  He  superseded  Arnold  in 
the  command  of  the  army  in  Canada  June 
4,  1776  ;  but  was  soon  driven  out  of  that 
province.  He  afterwards  on  the  illness 
of  Greene  took  the  command  of  his  di- 
vision on  Long  Island.  In  the  battle  of 
Aug.  f27th,  he  was  taken  prisoner  with 
lord  Stirling.  In  a  few  months  however 
)ie  was  exchanged .  When  Lee  was  car- 
ried off,  he  took  the  command  of  his  divi- 
sion in  New  Jersey  Dec.  30th.  Aug. 
22,  1777  he  planned  and  executed  an  ex- 
pedition against  Staten  Island,  for  which 
on  an  inquiry  into  his  conduct  he  received 
the  approbation  of  the  court.  In  Sept.  he 
was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine, 
and  Oct.  4th.  in  that  of  Germantown. 
In  the  winter  he  was  detached  to  com- 
mand the  troops  in  R.  Island.  In  Aug. 
1778  he  laid  siege  to  Newport,  then  in 
the  hands  of  the  British,  with  the  fullest 
confidence  of  success  ;  but,  being  aban- 
doned by  the  French  fleet  under  D'Esta- 
ingjwho  sailed  to  Boston,  he  was  obliged 
to  his  unutterable  chagrin  to  raise  the 
siege.  Aug.  39th  an  action  occurred 
with  the  pursuing  enemy,  who  were  re- 
pulsed. On  the  SOth  with  great  milita- 
ry skill  he  passed  over  to  the  continent, 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  article,  and 
without  the  slightest  susjncion  on  the 
part  of  the  British  of  his  movements.  In 
the  summer  of  1779  he  commanded  an 


expedition  against  the  six  nations  of  In- 
dians in  N.  York.  Being  joined  by 
general  Clinton  Aug.  23d,  he  marched 
towards  the  enemy  under  the  command 
of  Brant,  the  Butlers,  and  others  at 
Newton,  between  the  south  end  of  Sene- 
ka  lake  and  Tioga  river ;  attacked  them 
in  their  works  ;  and  completely  dispersed 
them.  He  then  laid  waste  the  country, 
destroyed  all  their  villages,  and  lefl  not  a 
single  vestige  of  human  industry.  This 
severity  was  necessary  to  prevent  their 
ravages.  General  Sullivan  had  made 
such  high  demands  for  military  stores,and 
had  so  freely  eompls-nc^'  of  the  govern- 
ment for  inattention  to  those  demands, 
as  to  give  much  offence  to  some  members 
of  congress  and  to  the  board  of  war.  He 
in  consequence  resigned  his  command 
Nov.  9th .  He  was  afterwards  a  mem- 
ber of  congress.  In  the  years  1786,1787, 
and  1789  he  was  president  of  N.  Hamp- 
shire, in  which  station  by  his  vigorous 
exertions  he  quelled  the  spirit  of  insurrec- 
tion, which  exhibited  itself  at  the  time  of 
the  troubles  in  Massachusetts.  In  Oct. 
1789  he  was  appointed  district  judge.  He 
died  at  his  seat  in  Durham  Jan.  33,1795, 
aged  54. 

SULLIVAN,  James,  ll.d.  governor 
of  Mass.  the  brother  of  the  preceding,wa3 
born  at  Berwick,  Maine^  April  33, 1744. 
His  father,  a  man  of  liberal  education, 
came  to  this  country  about  the  year  1733 : 
he  took  the  sole  charge  of  the  education 
ofhis  son,  James,  and  lived  to  see  him 
distinguished  in  the  world,  dying  in  July 
1795,  aged  105.  Governor  Sullivan  was 
destined  for  military  life ;  but  the  fracture 
of  a  limb  in  his  early  years  induced  him 
to  bend  the  vigorous  powers  of  his  mind 
to  the  investigation  of  the  law.  After 
pursuing  the  study  of  this  science  under 
his  brother,  general  Sullivan,and  opening 
an  ofRce  at  Biddeford  on  Saco  river,  he 
soon  rose  to  celebrity,  and  was  appointed 
ki^ig's  attorney  for  the  county  of  York, 
in  which  he  resided.  On  the  approach  of 
the  revolution  he  took  an  early  and  active 
part  on  the  side  of  his  country.  Being  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  of 
Mass.  in  1775,  he  was  intrusted  together 


SULLIVAN. 


711 


with  two  other  gentlemen  with  a  diHicult 
comtnitsinn  to  Ticonderoga,  which  waa 
executed  in  a  very  saliafactory  manner. 
Early  in  the  following  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  superior  court. 
Soon  afterwards  he  purchased  a  farm  in 
Orolon  and  removed  his  family  to  that 
place.    He  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion,which  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
sUte  in  1779  and  1780,     In  Feb.  1782  he 
resigned  his  oflfcc  of  judge  and  returned 
to  the  practi<.e  of  the  bar,  first  at  Cam- 
bridge ther    at  Boston,  where  he  resided 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.    He  was 
appointed  a  delegate  to  congress  in  1 783  ; 
and  in  the  ensuing  year  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  in  the  settlement  of  the 
controversy  between  Mass.  and  N.  York 
respecting  their  claims  to  me  western 
lands.      He  was  repeatedly   chosen  to 
represent  the  town  of  Boston  in  the  leg- 
islature;   in  1787  he  was  a  member  of 
the  executive  council  and  judge  of  probate 
for  Suffolk  ;    and  in  1790  was  appointed 
attorney  general,  in  which  office  he  con- 
tinued till  June  1807,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  common- 
wealth, as  successor  of  governor  Strong, 
He  was  appointed  by  president  Washing- 
toti  agent  under  the  fifth  article  of  the 
British  treaty  for  settling  the  boundaries 
between  theU.  S.and  the  British  provin- 
ces.     Of  the  American  acndemy  of  arts 
and  sciences  he  wan  one  of  the  members 
from  its  first    institution  ;    a  princii  al 
founder  aid  many  years  presideni  of  the 
Mass.  historical  society  ;    and  president 
of  the  Mass.    congregational  charitable 
society.      He  was  the  projector  of  the 
Middlesex  canal,  to  which  object  he  de- 
voted a  great  portion  of  time  and   labor. 
Soon  afler  his  second  election  to  the  of- 
fice of  governor  his  health  became  enfee- 
bled, and  he  suffered  a  long  and  distres- 
sing confinement,  which  terminated  in  his 
death  Dec.lO,1808,aged  64.  The  various 
public  offices,  which  he  sustained  during 
a  period  of  40  years,  \/ere  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  free  and  unbiassed  suffrages 
of  his  countrymen.     As  he  was  not  assis- 
ted in  his  progress  to  distinction  by  the 
advantage  of  opulence  or  family  connex- 


ions, the  stations,  which  he  held,  were  • 
proof  of  his  talents,  of  his  indefatiga- 
ble industry,  and  of  the  confidence,  that 
was  reposed  in  his  integrity.     As  a  judge 
he  was  universally  acknowledged  to  have 
displayed  the  m'-o^  perfect  impartiality. 
As  the  public  prosecutor  of  the  state  he 
tempered  the  sternness  of  o"lcial  severity 
with  the  rarer   tenderness  of  humanity. 
His  style  of  eloquence  was  original,  and 
adapted,  with  judicious  discrimination, 
to  the  occasion,  the  subject,  and  to  the 
tribunal,  before  which  it  was  called  forth. 
Deeply  versed  in  the  science  of  the  law, 
and  equally  well   acquainted  with    the 
sources    f  persuasion  in  the  human  mind, 
he  was  alike  qualified  for  the  investigation 
of    the  most  intricate  and   complicated 
questions  of  legal  discussion,  and  for  the 
developement  of  the  tissues  of  fact  before 
juries.     As  the  chief  magistrate  of  the 
state,  he  considered  himself  as  the  dele- 
gated officer,  not  of  a  political  sect,  but  of 
the  whole  people,  and  endeavored  to  mit- 
igate the  violence  of  parties.      In  all  the 
relations  of  domestic  and  social  life  his 
conduct  was  exemplary.     He  early  made 
a  profession  of  Christianity,  and   his  be- 
liefof  its  truth  was  never  shaken.    When 
his  frame  was  evidently  shattered,  and  he 
had  reason  to  think,  that  God  was  calling 
him  to  his  great  account,  the  faith  of 
Jesus  was  ever  gaining'a  new  ascendency 
in  his  views,  and  his  thoughts  expatiated 
with  singular  clearness  on    the  scenes, 
which  awaited  him,  on  the  mercy  of  hia 
God,  his    own    un worthiness,   and    the 
worth  of  the   Redeemer.      His  private 
prayers  and  his  domestic  devolions,  ex- 
pressing at   times  both  the  joy  and  the 
anguish  tof  his  feelings,  proved   that  his 
passions  were  not  all  given  to  the  world. 
He  closed  his  laboripus  life  with  the  un- 
shaken assurance  of  renewing  his  exist- 
ence in  another  and  better  state.     Amidst 
the  great  and  constant  pressure  of  busi- 
ness, which  occupied  him,  he  still  found 
time  for  the  pursuits  of  Uterature  and 
science.      He  was  ever   ready  to  contri- 
bute the  effort  of  his  powerful  and  origi- 
nal mind  to  the  purposes  of  public  utility. 
He  published  observations  on  the  govern- 


712 


SUMMF.UFJELD. 


SWIFT. 


mentoftlioU.S.nDl;  disserluiion  on  the 
suability  of  the  Htuti-»  ;  tiiu  path  to  riches, 
or  rlisHertatioii  on  bniikx,  179i  ;  history 
of  the  district  of  Maine,  Uvo.  1795  ;  his- 
tory of  Innd  titles  in  Mass.,  8vn.  1801  ; 
dissertation  on  the  constitutional  lilicrty 
of  the  press,  1801  ;  history  of  the  Penob- 
■cot  Indians  in  the  hist.  coll. — Buckmin- 
iler'a  term,  on  hi$  death. 

'  SUMMERFIB^LU,  John,  a  minister, 
was  born  in  Lancashire,  England,  Jan. 
SI,  1798.  After  early  dissipation  he  be- 
came pious,  and  preached  in  the  nictluid- 
ist  connexion  in  Ireland.  He  came  to 
New  York  in  1831,  and  preached  almost 
with  the  popularity  of  Whitefield.  His 
ill  health  induced  him  in  1823  to  visit 
France,  where  as  a  delegate  from  thu 
American  Bible  society  he  addressed  the 
Paris  Bible  society.  He  died  at  N.  York 
June  13, 1835,  aged  27.  Few  ministers 
have  exhibited  such  meekness,  humility, 
disinterestedness,  and  benevolence  in  life ; 
few  have  been  so  eloquent  in  discourse. 
His  memoirs  by  J.  Holland  with  his  por- 
trait were  published  3vo.  2(1  od.  1830. 

SUMNER,  Increase,  governor  of 
Mass,  was  born  in  Roxbury  Nov.  27, 
1746,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1767.  After  entering  upon  the 
profession  of  the  law  he  was  chosen  a  rep- 
resentative of  his  native  town  in  the  leg- 
islature, and  then  a  senator.  In  1782 
governor  Hancock  placed  him  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court.  As  a  judge  he 
was  dispassionate,  .impartial  and  discern- 
ing. ■  In  1797  he  was  chosen  governor  as 
successor  of  S.  Adams,  and  he  was  re- 
elected in  the  succeeding  years  till  his 
death  June  7,  1799,  aged  52.  He  pos- 
sessed a  strong  and  well  balanced  mind. 
His  judgment  was  correct,  and,  though 
he  maintained  an  unusual  degree  of  self- 
command,  yet  his  coolness  of  temper  was 
to  be  ascribed  rather  to  the  infliiance  of 
religious  discipline,  than  to  constitution- 
al temperament.  He  was  mild,  candid, 
and  moderate,  being  remarkably  i'rce  from 
every  appearance  of  party  spirit.  In  the 
intercourse  of  domestic  and  private  life  he 
was  afll'Ctionateand  faithful.  Soon  after 
he  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law, 


he  mode  a  public  profession  of  his  K'Ucfin 
Christianity  and  his  life  was  exemplary. 

SUMTER,  Thomas,  generol,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  after  the  capture 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.  by  the  British,  tied 
to  North  Carolina.  But  he  soon  return- 
ed at  the  head  of  a  little  band  of  exiles. 
July  \2, 1790  a  part  of  his  corps  routed  a 
detachment  of  the  British ;  this  success 
soon  increased  his  troops  to  600  men. 
Gov.  Rutledge  promoted  him  and  Marion 
from  the  rank  of  col.  to  that  of  brigadier 
in  the  militia.  He  was  younger  than 
Marion  ;  of  a  larger  frame,  fitted  for  the 
toils  of  war ;  with  a  stern  countenance, 
and  determined  patriotism,  and  indotnila- 
blc  courage.  He  attacked  Aug.  1st  three 
times  unsuccessfully  the  post  of  Rocky 
Mount ;  Aug.  6th  he  attacked  the  British 
at  Hanging  Rock,  and  destroyed  col. 
Brown's  regiment.  About  the  time  that 
Gates  was  defeated  at  Camden,  he  cap- 
tured a  british  convoy.  But  through 
his  own  negligence  he  was  surprised  near 
Catawba  Ford  by  Tarleton  Aug.  18th  at 
the  bend  of  160  men,  and  hiq  force  of  800 
men  instantly  dispersed,  and  his  artillery 
lost.  He  retrieved  his  character  in  the 
remainder  of  the  campaign.  He  reso- 
lutely kept  the  field  for  3  months.  Nov. 
12th  he  defeated  the  British  under  major 
Wemyss,  and  Nov.  20th,  at  Blackstock 
hill,  near  Tyger  river,  he  repulsed 
Tarleton,  who  in  vain  attempted  to  dis- 
lodge him.  The  wounded  of  the  ene- 
my were  lefl  to  the  humanity  of  Sumter. 
In  this  action  he  was  himself  severely 
wounded  and  in  consequence  long  de- 
tained from  the  field  ;  hut  he  was  con- 
soled by  the  thanks  of  congress  and  the 
applause  of  his  country.  In  1811  he  was 
chosen  a  senator  of  the  U.  S,  He  died 
suddenly  at  his  residence  at  South 
Mount,  near  Camden,  June  1,  1832, 
aged  97. 

SWIFT,  Job,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ben- 
nington, Vermont,  was  born  in  Sand- 
wich, Mass.,  in  1743,  and  was  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1765.  About  tho 
year  1766  he  was  ordained  at  Richmond, 
where  he  continued  seven  years,  making 
every  exertion  to  instruct  his  people  in 


SWIFT. 


SYMMES. 


715 


the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gosprl.  Ho 
was  afterwards  the  minister  q(  Nine 
Partners  in  N.  Y.,  of  Manchester,  Ben- 
nington, and  Addison  in  Vermont.  In 
Bennington  he  lived  about  16  years. 
While  he  was  on  a  mission  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Vermont,  undertaken  at  his 
own  expense,  he  died  at  Enoaburgh 
Oct  30,  1804,  aged  about  61.  He  re- 
joiced, that  his  life  was  to  terminate  at  a 
distance  from  his  friends,  without  wit- 
nessing the  distresses  of  his  family.  The 
patience,  with  which  he  endured  the 
pains  of  his  last  sickness,  and  the  com- 
posure, with  which  he  met  the  king  of 
terrors,  excited  the  greatest  astonishment 
in  an  unbeliever,  who  was  present. 
While  suffering  a  great  variety  of  evils  in 
life  he  never  uttered  a  complaining  word 
and,  when  he  discovered  uneasiness  or 
discontent  in  any  of  the  members  of  his 
family,  he  inculcated  upon  them  the  duty 
of  submission,  and  reminded  them  of  the 
undeserved  blessings,  which  they  were 
yet  permitted  to  enjoy.  A  volume  of  his 
sermons  was  published  in  12mo.  1805. 

SWIFT,  Zephaniah,  L  l.  d.,  chief 
justice  of  Conn.,  was  born  in  Wareham, 
Mass.,  in  Feb.  1759  ;  his  father  removed 
to  Lebanon.  He  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1778.  After  being  a  member  of 
congress  from  1793  to  1796,  he  accom- 
panied Mr.  Ellsworth  as  secretary  to 
France.  In  1801  he  was  elected  a  judge. 
From  1806  to  1819  he  was  chief  justice. 
In  1814  he  was  a  member  of  the  Hartford 
convention.  He  died  while  on  a  visit  to 
Ohio  Sept.  27,  1823,  aged  64.  An  ora- 
tion on  account  of  his  death  was  pronoun- 
ced by  S.  Perkins  at.  Windham,  the 
place  of  his  residence.  He  left  a  widow, 
Lucretia  Webbs,  and  7  children.  Unai- 
ded by  family  friends,  he  rose  to  distinc- 
tion. He  was  a  learned  and  upright 
judge.  He  published  oration  on  domes- 
tic slavery,  1791  ;  a  System  of  the  laws 
of  Conn.  2  vols.  1795  ;  a  Digest  of  the 
law  of  evidence,  and  a  treatise  of  bills  of 
exchange,  1810  ;  Digest  of  the  laws  of 
Conn.  2  vols.  1823. 

SYMMES,    Zechariah,    the    second 
minister  of  Charlestown,Mass.,  the  son  of 
90 


Wm.  S.,  was  born  in  Cnnteibnry  Aprili 
5,  1599;  came  to  N.  E.  in  August  ov 
Sc|)t.  1634  in  the  same  ship  with  Ann 
Hutchinson  and  J.  Laihrop,  and  settled 
at  colleague  with  Mr.  James,  being  cho^ 
sen  teacher  Dec.  23,  1684  ;  and  died 
Feb.  4,  1671,  aged  71.  His  Ion,  Zech- 
ariah, the  first  minister  of  Bradford,  was 
born  in  163S,  was  ordained  Dee.  37, 
1682,  and  died  March  27, 1707,  aged  69. 
— He  preached  the  election  sermon^ 
1648. 

SYMMES,  Thomas,  second  ministef 
of  Bradford,  Mass.,  was  the  son  of 
Zechariah  S.,the  first  minister  of  that 
town.  He  w.i  ^  born  Feb. 1, 1678;  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1698;  waft 
ordained  the  first  minister  of  Boxford 
Dec.  30,  1702,  but  was  dimissed  from  that 
town  in  1708,  and  succeeded  his  father 
at  Bradford  in  the  same  year.  He  died 
Oct.  6,  1725  aged  47.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  powers  of  mind  and  of  very  con- 
siderable learning  ;  an  animated,  popular, 
faithful,  and  successful  preacher.  His 
exertions  to  do  good  in  private  and  pub- 
lic were  rewarded  by  large  accessions  to 
his  church.  He  was  remarkable  for  the 
sanctity  of  his  life,  for  secret  devotion, 
and  for  his  regard  to  days  of  fasting  'and 
prayer.  He  jiublished  monitor  to  delay- 
ing sinners  ;  artillery  election  sermon, 
1720  ;  against  prejudice  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  J.  Emerson,  1721  ;  joco-serious 
diai  le  on  singing,  1723  ;  on  the  sup- 
port of  ministers,  1724  ;  historical  me- 
moirs of  the  fight  of  Piggwacket  May 
9,  1725,  Willi  a  sermon  on  Lovewell's 
death.  An  account  of  his  life  was  pub- 
lished by  J.  Brown,  to  which  is  annexed 
his  advice  to  his  children  and  to  the 
church. 

SYMMES,  William,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Andover,  Mass.  was  ginduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1750,  and  from  1755  to 
1758  was  a  tutor  in  that  seminary;  he 
was  ordained  Nov.  1, 1758  ;  &  died  May 
3,  1807,  aged  77.  His  sermons  were  writ- 
ten with  great  care  and  in  a  style  remark- 
ably neat  and  correct.  He  wos  distin- 
guished for  his  prudence,  hospitable,  dig- 
nified in  his  manners,  and  pure  in  his 


Ti4 


SYMMES. 


TAPPAN. 


principles  and  conduct.  He  published 
election  wrmon,  1785,  and  two  other  oe- 
casional  diacourses. 

SYMMES,  John  Cloves,  captain,  au- 
thor of  the  theory  oC  the  hollow  earth, 
Tvaa  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  but  emigra- 
ted at  an  rtrly  age  to  the  west.  He  was 
the  son,  ai  I  auppose,  of  J.  C.  S.,  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  New  Jersey,  a 
member  of  congress,  and  in  1788  a  judge 
of  the  north  west  territory,  who  died  at 
Cincinnati  in  March  1814,  whose  wife 
was  Susanna,  daughter  of  governor  Liv- 
ing8ton,and  whose  daughter  married  gen. 
W.  H.  Harrison.  For  some  yeors  he 
was  a  captain  in  the  army.  During  the 
late  war  he  distinguished  himself  hy  his 
intrepidity  on  the  Niagara.  He  died  at 
Hamilton,  Butler  county,  Ohio,  June  19, 
1839.  He  was  an  amiable  and  exempla- 
ry man.  On  his  strange  theory  of  the 
earth  he  lectured  in  many  cities  and 
towns,  apparently  in  full  persuasion  of 
its  truth.  He  supposed,  that  the  hollow 
earth,  open  tit  the  poles  for  the  admission 
of  light,  had  within  it  6  or  7  concentric 
hollow  spheres,  also  open  at  their  poles. 

TACKANASH,  John,  Indian  minis- 
ter on  Martha's  Vineyard,  was  ordained 
colleague  with  Hiacoomes  Aug.  32, 
1 670,  the  day  of  the  formation  of  the  first 
Indian  church  on  the  island.  He  posses- 
sed considerable  talents,  and  was  exem- 
plary in  his  life.  Allowing  himself  in  few 
diversions,  he  studied  much,  and  seemed 
to  advance  in  piety,  as  he  became  more 
acquainted  with  the  truths  of  the  gospel. 
Of  Indian  preachers  he  was  the  most  dis- 
tinguished. In  prayer  he  was  devout 
and  fervent ;  faithful  in  his  instructions 
and  reproofs  ;  strict  in  the  discipline  of 
his  church,  excluding  the  immoral  from 
the  ordinances  till  they  repented.  So 
much  was  he  respected,  that  the 
English,  when  deprived  of  their  own 
minister,  attended  his  meeting  and  re- 
ceived the  Lord's  supper  from  his  hands. 
He  died  in  the  peace  and  hope  of  the 
Christian  Jan.  32,  1684.  His  place  of 
residence  was  at  Nunpaug  at  the  east  end 
of  Martha's  vineyard. — Mayhew'a  Ind. 
eonv.,  15-16. 


T  A  LCOTT,  Joseph,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut from  1734  to  1741,  died  at  the 
close  of  1741  or  beginning  uf  1743,  full  of 
days,  and  was  succeeded  by  gov.  Law. 
He  had  long  served  his  country.  Emi- 
nent for  piety,  he  called  the  periods  of  re- 
vival in  his  last  years 'times  of  refresh- 
ing;' but  governor  Law  was  rather  dispo- 
sed to  suppress  by  rash  legal  enactments 
what  he  deemed  enthusiasm.  Ho  was 
probably  a  descendant  of  John  T.,  who 
lived  in  Cambridge  in  1633,  and  of  major 
John  T.,  who  was  treasurer  of  Connecti- 
cut and  commander  of  the  English  and 
Mohegan  r>rce,  employed  successfully 
against  the  Indiunti  in  1676.  His  sister 
married  R.  Edwards. 

TANTEQUKiGEN,  Lucy,  an  In- 
dian, the  widow  of  John  T.,  died  at  Mo- 
hegan, Conn.,  in  June  1830,  aged  97. 
She  was  the  sister  of  Samson  Occom,  the 
celebrated  Indian  preacher,  and  a  descen- 
dant by  her  mother  from  Uncas.  She 
was  regarded  as  a  pious  woman  ;  in  her 
last  days  she  expressed  her  willingness  to 
die,  that  "she  might  go  where  she  should 
sin  no  more."  A  few  weeks  after  her 
death  a  Sunday  school  was  opened  at  her 
house,  where  three  or  four  generations  of 
her  descendants  lived,  and  this  commence- 
ment  of  benevolent  efforts  for  the  rem- 
nant of  a  once  powerful  tribe  has  led  to 
the  erection  of  a  meeting  house  nnd  the 
establishment  of  a  teacher  among  these 
Indians. 

TAPPAN,  David,  d.  d.,  professor  of 
divinity  in  Harvard  college,  was  the  son 
of  Benjamin  Tappan,  minister  of  Man- 
chester, and  was  born  April  31,  1753. 
The  name  was  formerly  written  Toppan. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1771.  After  pursuing  the  study  of  di- 
vinity for  two  or  three  years  he  com- 
menced preaching,  and  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  third  church  in  Newbury  in 
April  1774.  In  this  place  he  continued 
about  1 8  years.  His  successor  was  Leon- 
ard Woods.  In  June  1792  he  was  elec- 
ted professor  of  divinity  in  Harvard  col- 
lege in  the  place  of  Dr.  Wigglesworth, 
who  had  resigned,  and  after  anxious  de- 
liberation and  the  advice  of  an  ecciesiaar 


TAPPAN. 


715 


tieal  eouncil  ho  was  inaugurated  Dec. 
36,  1793.  When  he  wai  introduced  into 
thia  olHco,  thestudentd  ortho  university 
wereuncoinmoniydiBsolute.ForscxTie.time 
they  had  received  no  ref^uiar  instruction 
in  theologry,  and  the  tide  of  opinion  bcgfan 
to  run  in  the  channel  of  infidelity.  But 
the  lectures  of  Dr.  Tappan,  which  com- 
bined entertainment  with  information, 
which  were  profound  and  yet  pathetic, 
elegant  in  style  and  conclusive  in  argu- 
ment, and  which  came  warm  from  a  pious 
heart,  soon  checked  the  progress  of  pro- 
faneness  and  dissipation,  and  put  open 
irreligion  to  shame.  After  a  short  sickness 
he  died  Aug.  37,  1803,  aged  51,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Ware.  His  widow, 
Mary,  died  in  Sept.  1831,  aged  72.  His 
son,  Benjamin  T.,  is  the  minister  of  Au- 
gu8ta,Maine.  He  possessed  much  activity 
and  vigor  of  mind,  fertility  of  invention, 
and  force  of  imagination.  He  had  a  facility 
in  fixing  his  attention,  and  discriminating 
and  arranging  his  thoughts.  His  readi- 
ness of  conception  and  command  of  lan- 
guage enabled  him  both  in  speaking  and 
writing  to  express  what  he  thought  and 
felt  with  propriety,  perspicuity  ,and  force. 
The  religious  principles,  which  he  em- 
braced, were  the  doctrines  of  the  eternal 
counsels  of  Jehovah;  man's  fallen,  ruined 
state ;  the  electing  love  of  God  ;  the 
atonement  of  Christ ;  justification  by 
grace  ;  and  the  efficacy  of  the  divine 
Spirit  in  renewing  sinners  and  preparing 
them  for  glory.  The  doctrine  of  redemp- 
tion by  a  crucified  Savior  constituted  in 
his  view  the  basis  of  the  gospel.  In  such 
a  light  did  he  regard  the  proper  divinity 
of  Jesus  Christ,  that  he  declared  it  to  I  e 
"the  rock  of  his  eternal  hopes."  To  be- 
nevolence and  candor,  sincerity  in  speech, 
and  uprightness  in  conduct  he  joined  the 
careful  cultivation  and  practice  of  the  per- 
sonal virtues.  He  was  superior  to  all 
fretful  and  anxious  thoug^hts  about  his 
temporal  afiairs,  and  to  all  vanity  of  ex- 
ternal appearance.  When  tried  by  the 
ignorance  and  stupidity,  or  by  the  per- 
verseness  and  injustice  of  men,  he  was 
calm  and  collected.  For  the  conduct  of 
those,who  had  treated  him  with  the  most 


painful  unkindness,  he  invented  the  moat 
charitable  excuses,  and  even  sought  op- 
portunities of  doing  them  good.  His  reli- 
gion as  well  as  his  nature  disposed  him  to 
sympathy,  tenderness,  and  love.  Kind 
alFectiona  lighted  up  his  countenance, 
gave  a  glow  to  his  conversatiim,  and 
cheerfulness  to  his  active  benevolence. 
When  arrested  by  his  last  sickneas,  and 
warned  of  his  approaching  dissolution,  he 
was  not  discomiKised.  With  many  ex- 
pressions of  humility  and  self  abasement 
intermingled,  he  declared  his  hope  in  the 
infinite  mercy  of  God  « ;  rough  the  atone- 
ment of  Christ.  When  his  wife  expn  v 
sed  some  of  the  feelings,  which  were  ex- 
cited by  the  thought  of  parting  with  h..n, 
he  said,  "  if  God  isglori.'?d,  I  am  '  ade 
forever.  Can't  you  lay  hold  of  that  ?  " 
To  his  sons  he  «aid,  "  I  charge  you  to 
love  God  supremely,  and  to  love  your 
neighbor  as  yourselves;  for  \  'iSout 
these  there  is  no  true  religion."  ae  i>ad 
such  a  sense  of  the  evil  of  sin  an  '  of  his 
own  ill  desert,  that  nothing  could  afford 
him  consolation,  but  the  all  suiTicient 
grace  of  *he  Redeemer.  In  Jesus  Christ 
his  soul  found  rest.  He  published  two 
discourses,  preached  on  the  sabbath  af\er 
his  ordination,  1774  ;  a  discourse  on  the 
character  and  best  exercises  of  unregener- 
ate  sinners,  1783  ;  a  sermon  on  the  fast, 
1783 ;  on  the  peace,  1783 ;  on  the  death 
of  M.  Parsons,  1784  ;  of  8  persons  drown- 
ed, 1794  ;  of  J.  Russell,  1796  ;  of  Wash- 
ington, 1800;  of  S.  Phillips,  1803;  of 
Dr.  Hitchcock,  t>'ci  ~fary  Dana,  180S  ; 
two  friendly  \eitt>a  li  Fhilalethes,  1785; 
at  the  ordination  of  J.  Dickinson,  1789  ; 
of  J.  T.  Kirkland,  1794  ;  of  J.  Kendall ; 
of  N.  H.  FkHcher,  1800 ;  install,  of  H. 
Packard,  1303  ;  address  to  the  students 
of  Andover  academy,  1791  ;  at  the  elec- 
tion, 1792  ;  before  an  association  at  Ports- 
mouth,.1792  ;  farewell  sermon  ot  New- 
bury ;  on  the  fost,  1793  ;  a  discourse  to 
graduates  ;  address  to  students  at  Ando- 
ver ;  to  the  class,  which  entered  college, 
1794,  1796,  and  1798  ;  on  the  thanksgiv- 
ing, 1796  ;  before  the  convention,  1797  ; 
on  the  fast,  1798.  Since  his  death  there 
have  been  published  Bermonaon  important 


71 C 


TARLETON. 


TENNENT. 


subjects,  8vo.,  and  lectures  on  Jewish  an- 
tiquities, Hvo.  IS07. — Panoplist,  i. 

TARLETON,  B.,  lieutenant  col.  in 
the  British  service,  published  a  History 
of  the  southern  campaigns  of  1780  and 
1781  4to,  Lond.  1787. 

TAWANQUATUCK,  the  first  sa- 
chem, converted  to  Christianity  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  lived  on  that  island,when 
the  English  first  settled  there  in  1642. 
His  conversion  through  the  labors  of  Mr. 
Mayhew  was  a  circumstance  very  irrita- 
ting to  his  copper  coloured  brethren,  who 
were  indignaat,  that  he  should  turn  away 
from  the  religion  of  their  fathers.  One 
night,  aOer  an  assembly  of  the  Indians, 
as  Tawanquatuck  lay  asleep  upon  a  mat 
by  a  little  fire,  an  Indian  approached  him 
and  let  fly  a  broad  headed  arrow,  inten- 
ding to  drench  it  in  his  heart's  blood  ; 
but  it  struck  his  eyebrow,  and  being  turn- 
ed in  its  direction  by  the  solid ,bone,  glan- 
ced and  slit  his  nose  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom.  The  next  morning  Mr.  May- 
hew  visited  the  sagamore,  and  found  him 
praisiQg  God  for  his  great  deliverance. 
He  afterwards  became  a  Christian  magis- 
trate to  his  people,  and  discharged  faith- 
fully the  trust  reposed  in  him  as  long  as 
he  lived.  He  died  about  the  year  1670. — 
Mayheto's  Ind.  conv. 

TAYLOR,  William,  died  in  Pitt  coun- 
ty, N.  Carolina,  in  Oct.  1794,  aged  114. 
He  was  a  native  of  Virginia. 

TAYLOR,  George,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1716. 
On  his  arrival  at  Durham  on  the  Dela- 
ware he  engaged  in  labor  in  the  iron 
works  of  a  Mr.  Savage,  who  paid  the  ex- 
penses of  his  voyage.  Advanced  to  be 
cleik,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  S.  he  married 
his  widow  and  became  a  man  of  fortune. 
Being  a  member  of  congress  soon  after 
the  declaration  of  independence  was  pas- 
sed, he  signed  the  engrossed  copy  Aug. 
2,  1776.  He  died  at  Eastoa  Feb.  23, 
1781 ,  aged  63. — Goodrich. 

TAYLOR,  John,  colonel,  a  senator  of 
the  U.  S.,  died  suddenly  in  Caroline 
county,  Virginia,  Aug.  20,  1824,  at  an 
advanced  age.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  attention  to  agriculture.    He  pub- 


lished Construction  construed  ;  an  Inqui- 
ry into  the  principles  and  policy  of  the 
government  of  the  U.  S.,  1814;  andoth- 
er  works. 

TECUMSEH,  an  Indian  chief,  the 
son  of  a  Saawanee  warrior,  was  born  on 
the  Scioto  river,  Ohio,  about  1770.  He 
was  engaged  in  many  incursions  into 
Kentucky,  and  intercepted  many  boats, 
descending  tlie  Ohio.  It  is  8upposed,that 
about  1806  he  and  hia  brother,  Elskwa- 
tawa,  the  prophet,  formed  the  project  of 
uniting  all  the  western  Indians  in  a  war 
against  the  Americans.  When  gen.  Har- 
risen  attacked  and  defeated  the  prophet 
in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7, 
1811,  Tecumseh  was  absent,  on  a  visit  to 
the  south.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
an  ally  to  the  British,  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general.  At  the  siege  of  fort 
Meigs,  and  at  the  second  assault  in  July 
he  was  present,  being  at  the  head  of  2,000 
warriors.  In  the  battle  at  Moravian 
town,  on  the  Thames,  Oct.  5,  1813,  he 
fell,  aged  43.  Gen.  Harrison  had  for  his 
aids  gen.  Cass  and  commodore  Perry. 
Col.  R.  M.  Johnson  commanded  on  the 
left,  and  came  in  personal  conflict,  it  is 
said,  with  Tecumseh.  His  horse  being 
killed  and  himself  wounded  by  three  balls 
in  his  right  thigh  and  two  in  the  left  arm, 
the  savage  chief  rushed  upon  hira  with 
his  tomahawk;  but,  drawing  a  pistol  from 
his  holster,  Johnson  laid  him  dead  at  his 
feet.  In  this  battle  col.  J's  brother,  lieut. 
col.  James  J.,  was  killed.  The  project 
of  uniting  all  the  western  Indians  against 
the  Americans  and  the  efforts  made  to  ex- 
ecute the  project  display  a  savage  energy 
and  perseverance,  but  indicate  very  little 
wisdom.  The  prophet  as  well  as  the 
warrior  being  now  deceased,  such  a  com- 
bination will  probably  never  be  made 
again.  King  Philip,  Pontiac,  the  Otta- 
was  chief,  who  in  J763  captured  Michilli- 
mackinac  and  invested  Detroit,  the 
prophet,  and  Tecumseh  may  be  regarded 
as  the  most  remarkable  of  the  savage  war- 
riors of  America, 

TENNENT,  John,  a  physician  of 
Virginia,  published  at  Williamsburg  in 
1736  an  essay  on  the  pleurisy,  which  was 


Bi 


TENNENT. 


717 


reprinted  at  N.  York  in  l742.  In  this 
work  he  first  brougiit  into  view  the  vir- 
tues of  the,  Seneka  snake  root.  The  im- 
mediate cause  of  a  pleurisy  or  peripneu- 
raony,  in  his  opinion,  is :  a  viscidity  of 
blood  of  the  same  nature  with  that  produ- 
ced by  the  venom  of  the  rattle  snake  ; 
and  as  the  rattle  snake  root  had  been 
found  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  the  snake,  he 
proposed  it  as  a  cure  for  the  pleurisy. — 
Bamsay's  rev.  3G. 

TENNENT,  William,  a  useful  schol- 
ar and  minister  of  a  presbyterian  church 
at  Neshaminy,  Penns. ,  received  episcopal 
ordination  in  Ireland,  and  emigrated  to 
this  country  in  the  ^  ear  1718,  with  foiir 
sons,  Gilbert,  William, John,  and  Charles. 
After  his  arrival  he  renounced  his  connex- 
ion with  the  episcopal  church,and  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  synod  of  Philadelphia. 
He  spent  a  short  time  in  the  state  of  N. 
York,and  then  in  1721  or  1722  removed 
to  Bensalem  in  Pennsylvania.  Here  he 
remained  not  more  than  four  or  five  years; 
for  in  1726  he  settled  at  Neshaminy, 
about  20  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  became  pastor  of  a 
small  presbyterian  congregation.  Here 
he  established  a  seminary  of  learning, 
which  soon  received  the  name  of  the  log 
college,  by  which  it  was  long  known. 
But  this  institution,  thr  ugh  humble  in 
name,  was  the  nursery,  in  which  many 
ministers  of  the  gospel  were  trained  up 
for  eminent  usefulness.  Among  these 
were  his  four  sons,  who  were  educated 
under  his  sole  instruction,  and  Messrs. 
Rowland,  Campbell,  Lawrence,  Bealty, 
Robinson,  and  Samuel  Blair.  He  had 
the  happiness  to  see  all  his  sons  employ- 
ed in  the  service  of  the  church  for  several 
years  before  his  death.  As  the  calls  for 
ministerial  service  were  urgent,  he  sent 
them  out,  as  soon  as  they  were  qualified 
for  the  work.  Of  these  John  died  in 
early  life,  and  the  others  lived  to  an  ad- 
vanced age,  and  were  among  the  most 
useful  and  respectable  ministers  of  their 
time.  He  died  about  the  year  1743. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  integrity,  simpli- 
city, industry,  and  piety  ;  and  to  his  la- 
bors and  benevolent  zeal  the  American 


churches  arc  in  no  small  degree  indebt- 
ed. 

TENNENT,  Gilbert,  minister  of 
Philadelphia,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Ireland  Feb.  5,  1703.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen  he  began  to  be  anx- 
ious for  the  salvation  of  his  soul ;  he 
was  often  in  great  agony  of  mind  ;  but 
at  length  the  character  of  Jesus  Christ 
as  the  Savior  of  sinners  filled  him  with 
peace.  Still  he  was  diffident  of  his  Chris- 
tian character,  and  in  consequence  pur- 
sued the  st':dy  of  physic  for  a  year,  but 
afterwards  devoted  himself  to  theology. 
In  the  autumn  of  1726  he  was  ordained 
minister  of  New  Brunswick  in  N.  Jersey. 
For  some  time  he  was  the  delight  of  the 
pious,  lid  was  honored  by  those,  who 
were  destitute  of  religion.  But,  when 
God  began  to  bless  his  faithful  labors  to 
the  awakening  of  secure  sinners  and  to 
their  conversion  from  darkness  unto  light, 
he  presently  lost  the  good  opinion  of  false 
professors  ;  his  name  was  loaded  with 
reproaches,  and  the  grossest  immoralities 
were  attributed  to  him.  But  he  bore  all 
with  patience.  Though  he  had  sensibility 
to  character  as  well  as  other  men,  yet  he 
was  willing  to  encounter  disgrace,  rather 
than  neglect  preaching  the  truth,  how- 
ever oflensive  to  the  sinful,  whom  he 
wished  to  reclaim.  Towards  the  close  of 
the  year  1740  and  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1741  he  made  a  tour  in  N.  England 
at  the  request  of  Mr.  Whitefield.  An 
astonishing  efficacy  accompanied  his 
labors.  Visiting  various  towns  he  was 
every  where  remarkably  useful.  In  this 
tour  the  dress,  in  which  he  commonly 
entered  the  pulpit,  was  a  great  coat,  girt 
about  him  with  a  leathern  girdle,  while 
his  natural  hair  was  left  undressed.  His 
large  stature  and  grave  aspect  added  a 
dignity  to  the  simplicity  or  rather  rustici- 
ty of  his  appearance.  In  1743  he  estab- 
lished a  new  church  in  Philadelphia,  con- 
sisting of  the  followers  of  Mr.  Whitefield. 
In  1753,  at  the  request  of  the  trustees  of 
N.  Jersey  college,  he  went  to  England 
to  solicit  benefactions  for  that  seminary. 
After  a  life  of  great  usefulness  he  died  in 
much  peace  about  the  year  17C5  and  was 


718 


TENNENT. 


succeeded  by  Dr.   Sproat.     For  more 
than  40  years  he  had  enjoyed  a  habitual, 
unshaken  assurance  of  his  interest  in  re- 
deeming love.    As  a  preacher,  he  was  in 
his  vigorous  days  equalled  by  but  few. 
His  reasoning  powers  were  strong  ;  his 
language  forcible  and  often  sublime  ;  and 
his  manner  of  address  warm  and  earnest. 
His  eloquence  however  was  rather  bold 
and  awful,  than    soft    and  persuasive. 
When  he  wished  to  alarm  the  sinner,  he 
could  represent  in  the  most  awful  manner 
the  terrors  of  the  Lord.    He  was  bold, 
courageous,  ardent,  and  independent.    A 
number  of  presbyterians  both  among  the 
clergy  and  laity,  who  were  considered  as 
mere  formalists  in  religion,  violently  op- 
posed Mr.Whitefield  and  Mr.  T.  "The 
consequence  was,  that  the  sy.  "kI  of  Phil- 
adelphia was  split  intotwo  synods  which 
treated  each  other  with  great  censorious- 
nees.    At  length  Mr.  T..  who  had  been 
principally  concerned  in  promoting  the 
separation,  became  desirous  of  restoring 
harmony,  and  labored  with  great  industry 
for  this  purpose.    His  longest  and  most 
elaborate  publication,  entitled  the  peace 
of   Jerusalem,    was  upon  this  subject. 
The  synods  were  united  in  1758.    The 
whole  transaction  illustrates  his  character. 
An  ardent  love  to  what  he  conceived  to 
be  truth  and  duty  always  triumphed  over 
all  considerations  of  a  personal  kind.    He 
published  the  righteousness  of  <hc  scribes 
and  Pharisees  considered  ;  a  sermon  on 
justiilcation ;  remarks  upon  a  protestation 
to  the  synod,  1741  ;  the  examiner  exam- 
ined, or  Gilbert  Tennent  harmonious,  in 
answer  to  Mr.  Hancock's  pamphlet,  enti- 
tled, the    exanrner,  or  Gilbert  against 
Tennent ;  3  sermons  on  holding  fast  the 
truth,  against  the  Moravians  ;  at  the  or- 
dination of  C.  Beatty,  1743  ;  on  the  vic- 
tory of  the  British  arms ;  two  sermons 
at  Philadelphia  ;  an  account  of  a  revival 
of  religion,  in  Prince's  Christian  history, 
1744  ;  on  the  success  of  the  expedition 
against  Louisburg  ;  discourses  on  several 
subjects,  on  the  nature  of  justification,  on 
the  law,  and  the  necessity  of  good  works 
vindicated,  12mo.  1745;  on  the  lawful- 
ness of  defensive  war,  1747  ;  on  the  con- 


sistency of 
Christianity 


defensive    war    with  true 
defensive  war  defended;  a 


fast  sermon  ;  before  the  sacramental  so- 
lemnity, 1748  ;  essay  on  the  peace  of 
Jerusalem  ;  at  a  thanksgiving  ;  on  the 
displays  of  divine  justice  in  the  propitiato- 
ry sacrifice  of  Christ,  1749  ;  sermons  on 
important  subjects,  adapted  to  the  present 
state  of  the  British  nation,  Svo.  1758  ; 
at  the  opening  of  the  presbyterian  church. 
— Assembly's  miss.  mag.  i.  238—248; 
II.  46. 

TENNENT,    William,    minister  of 
Freehold,  N.  Jersey,  the  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  Ireland  June  3, 
1705.    He  arrived  in  America,  when  in 
the  1 4th  year  of  his  age.    Having  resolv- 
ed to  devote  himself  to  the  ministry  of  the 
gospel  his  intense  application  to  the  study 
of  theology  under  the  care  of  his  brother 
at  New  Brunswick  so  impaired  his  health, 
as  to  bring  on  a  decline.    He  became 
more  and  more  emaciated,  till  little  hope 
of  life  was  led.    At  length  he  fainted  and 
apparently  expired.    The  neighbors  were 
invited  to  attend  his  funeral  on  thei  next 
day.    In  the  evening  his  physician,  a 
young  gentleman,  who  was  his  particular 
friend,  return  d  to  the  town,  and  was 
afflicted  beyond  a^easure  at  the  news  of 
his  death.    On  examining  the  body  he 
affirmed,  that  he  felt  an  unusual  warmth, 
and  had  it  restored  to  a  warm  bed,  and 
the  funeral  delayed.    All  probable  means 
were  used  to  restore  life ;  the  third  day 
arrived,  and  the  exertions  of  the  doctor 
had  as  yet  been  in  vain.    It  was  deter- 
mined by  the  brother,  that  the  funeral 
should  now  be  attended  ;  but  the  phy- 
sician requested   a  delay  of  one  hour, 
then  of  half  an  hour,  &  finally  of  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour.    As  this  last  period  near 
expired  ,indications  of  life  were  discovered. 
The  eflforts  were  now  renewed,  and  in  a 
few  hours  Mr.  T.  was  restored  to  life. 
His  recovery  however  was  very  slow ; 
all  former  ideas  were  for  some  time  blot- 
ted out  of  his  mind  ;  and  it  was  a  year 
before  he  was  perfectly  restored.    To  his 
friends  he  repeatedly  stated,  that,  after 
h^  h-:d  !«pparently  expired,  he  found  him- 
ne     u.  he  iven,  where  he  beheld  a  glory, 


TENNENT. 


trt 


which  he  could  not  describe,  and  heard 
Bongs  of  praise  before  this  glory,  which 
were  unutterable.    He  was  about  to  join 
the  throng,  when  one  of  the  heavenly 
messengers  said  to  him,  "  you  mnst  re- 
turn to  the  earth.  "     At  this  instant  he 
groaned,  and  opened  his  eyes  upon  this 
world.    For  three  years  afterwards  the 
sounds,  which  he  had  heard,  were  not 
out  of  his  ears,  and  earthly  things  were 
in  his  sight  as  vanity  and  nothing.    In 
Oct.  1733  he  was  ordained  ai  Freehold, 
as  the  successor  of  his  brother,  John  T. 
It  was  not  long  before  his  attention  to 
worldly  concerns  brought  him  into  debt. 
In  his  embarrassment  a  friend  from  New 
York  told  him,  that  the  only  remedy  was 
to  get  a  wife.    "  I  do  not  know  how  to 
go  about  it,  "  was  the  answer.    "  Then 
I  will  undertake  the  business,"  said  his 
friend  ;  I  have  a  sister  in  law  in  the  city, 
a  prudent  and  pious  widow.  "    The  next 
evening  found  Mr.  T.  in  New  York,  and 
the  day  afler  he  was  introduced  to  Mrs. 
Noble.    Being  pleased  with  her  appear- 
ance, when  he  was  left  alone  with  her  he 
abruptly  told  her,  that  he  supposed  she 
knew  his  errand,  that  neither  his  time  nor 
inclination  would  suffer  him  to  use  much 
ceremony,  and    that  if  she  pleased  he 
would  attend  his  charge  on  the  next  sab- 
bath, and    return  on  Monday  and  be 
married.    With  some  hesitation  the  lady 
consented ;  and  she  proved  an  invaluable 
treasure  to  him.    About  the  year  1744, 
when  the  faithful  preaching  of  Mr.  T. 
and  John  Rowland  was  the  means  of  ad- 
vancing in  a  very  remarkable  degree  the 
cause  of  religion  in  N.  Jersey,  the  indig- 
nation and  malice  of  those,  who  loved 
darkness  rather  than  light,  and  who  could 
not  quietly  submit  to  have  their  false  se- 
curity shaken,  was  excited  against  these 
servants  of  God.     There  was  at  this  time 
prowling    through  the  country  a  noted 
man,  named  Tom  Bell.     One  evening  he 
arrived  at  a  tavern  in  Princeton,  dressed 
in  a  parson's  frock,  and  was  immediately 
accosted  as  Rev.  Mr.  Rowland,  whom  he 
much  reseiablcd.     This  mistake  was  suffi- 
cient for  him.    The  next  day  he  went  to 
a  congregation  in  the  county  of  Hunter- 


don, and,  declaring  himself  to  be  Mr. 
Rowland,  was  invited  to  preach  on  the 
sabbath.    As  he  was  riding  to  church  in 
the  family  waggon  accompanied  by  his 
host  on  an  elegant  horse,  he  discovered, 
when  he  was  near  the  church,  that  he 
had  left  his  notes  behind,  and  proposed 
to  ride  back  for  them  on  the  fine  horse. 
The  proposal  was  agreed  to,  and  Bell 
after  returning  to  the  house  and  rifling 
the  desk  made  off  with  the  horse.     Mr. 
Rowland  was  soon  indicted  for  the  rob- 
bery ,but  it  happened  that  on  the  very  day, 
in  which  the  robbery  was  committed,  he 
was  in   Pennsylvania  or  Maryland  ;  and 
this   circumstance  being  proved  by  the 
testimony  of  Mr.  T.  and  two  other  gen- 
tlemen, who  accompanied  him,  the  jury 
brought  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty.    Mr. 
Rowland    could  not  again  be  brought 
before  the  court ;  but  the  witnesses  were 
indicted  for  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury. 
The  evidence  was  very  strong  against 
them,  for  many  had  seen  the  supposed 
Mr.  Rowland  on  the  elegant  horse.    Mr. 
T.  employed  John  Coxe,    an  eminent 
lawyer,  to    conduct    his   defence.    He 
went  to  Trenton  on  the  day  appointed, 
and  there  found  Mr.  Smith  of  New  York, 
one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  America,  and 
of  a  religious  character,  who  had  volunta- 
rily attended  to  aid  in  his  defence.     He 
found  also  at  Trenton  his  brother,  Gil- 
bert, from  Philadelphia,  with  Mr.  Kinsey, 
one  of  the  first  counsellors  in  the  city. 
Mr.  Tennent  was  asked  who  were  his 
witnesses  ;  he  replied,  that  he  had  none, 
as  the  persons,  who  accompanied  him, 
were  also  indicted.     He  was  pressed  to 
delay  the  trial,  as  he  would  most  certainly 
be  convicted  ;  but  he  insisted,    that   it 
should  proceed,  as  he   trusted  in  God  to 
vindicate  his  innocence.     Mr.  Coxe  was 
charging  Mr.  T.  with  acting  the  part  of 
an  enthusiast,  when  the  bell  summoned 
them  to  court.   The  latter  had  not  walked 
far  in  the  street,  before  he  was  accosted 
by  a  man  and  his  wife,  who  asked  him,  if 
his  name  was  not  Tennent.    The  man 
said,  that  he  lived  in  a  certain  place  in 
Pennsylvania    or   Maryland;   that  Mr. 
T.  and  Mr.  Rowland  had  lodged  at  his 


720 


TENNENT. 


THACHER. 


house,  or  nt  a  house  where  he  and  his 
wife  had  been  servants,  at  a  particular 
time,  and  on  the  next  day  preaclied ; 
that,  some  nights  bei(>rc  lie  left  home,  he 
and  his  wife  both  dreamc^d  repeatedly, 
that  Mr.  T.  was  in  distress  at  Trenton, 
and  they  only  could  relieve  him  ;  and 
that  they  in  consequence  had  come  to 
that  town,  and  wislied  to  know  what 
they  had  to  do.  Mr.  T.  led  them  to  the 
court  liouse,  and  their  testimony  induced 
the  jury  to  bring  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty 
to  the  astonishment  of  his  enemies.  Af- 
ter a  life  of  great  usefulness  he  died  at 
Freehold  March  8,  1777,  aged  71.  He 
was  well  skilled  in  theology,  &  professed 
himself  a  moderate  Calvinist.  The  doc- 
trines of  man's  depravity,  the  atonement 
of  Christ,  thfi  necessity  of  the  all  power- 
fnl  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  renew 
the  heart,  in  consistence  with  the  free 
agency  of  the  sinner,  were  among  the 
leading  articles  of  his  Jiiith.  With  his 
friends  he  was  at  all  times  cheerful  and 
pleasant.  He  once  dined  in  company  with 
gov.Livingston  and  Mr.Whitefield,when 
the  latter  expressed  the  consolation  he 
found  in  believing,  amidst  the  fatigues  of 
the  day,that  his  work  would  soon  be  done, 
and  that  he  should  depart  and  be  with 
Christ.  He  appealed  to  Mr.  T.  wheth- 
er this  was  not  hii  comfort.  Mr.  T .  re- 
plied, "  what  do  you  think  I  should  say, 
if  I  was  to  send  my  man,  Tom,  into  the 
field  to  plough,  and  at  noon  should  find 
him  lounging  under  a  tree,complaining  of 
the  heat,  and  of  his  difficult  work,  and 
begging  to  be  discharged  of  his  hard  ser- 
vice.' What  should  I  say?  Why,  that 
he  was  an  idle,  ta/.y  fellow,  and  that  it 
was  his  business  to  do  the  work,  that  I 
had  appointed  him."  He  was  the  friend 
of  the  poor.  The  public  lost  in  him  a 
firm  assertor  of  the  civil  and  religious 
rights  of  his  country.  Few  men  have 
ever  been  more  holy  in  life,  more  submis- 
sive to  the  will  of  God  under  heavy  afflic- 
tions, or  more  peaceful  in  death.  His 
account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in  i^'ree- 
hold  and  other  places  iy  published  in 
Prince's  Christian  history. — Jissemblifs 
miss.  mag.  ii. 97-103,  146,  202,  333. 


TENNEY,  Samuel,  m.  d.,  a  physician 
and  judge,  was  born  at  Byfield,  Mass., 
and  graduated  at.  Harvard  college  in  1772. 
Having  studied  physic,  he  repaired  to  the 
army  on  the  day  of  Breed's  hill  battle, 
and  was  employed  in  the  night  in  dressing 
the  wounded.  He  served  in  the  R.  I. 
line  during  the  war,  at  the  close  of  which 
he  settled  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  but  did  not 
resume  his  profession.  Hewasjudgoof 
probate  from  1793  till  1800,  when  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  He  died 
in  1816,  aged  about  65.  He  was  a  man 
of  literature,  and  science,  and  religion. 
In  the  collections  of  the  hist,  society  he 
published  an  account  of  Exeter,  and  com- 
munications in  various  journals. — Thach- 
ei: 

TENNESSEE,  one  of  the  United 
States,  was  formerly  apart  of  Carolina, 
and  in  1754  containing  not  more  than  50 
families,  who  were  either  destroyed  or 
driven  away  by  the  Indians  before  the 
close  of  the  following  year.  In  1765  the 
settlement  of  this  territory  again  commen- 
ced, and  the  ravages  of  the  Indians  aller- 
wards  occasioned  much  suffering.  This 
country  was  ceded  to  the  U.  States  in 
1789,  and  in  1790  congress  established  a 
territorial  government.  It  was  erected 
into  a  separate  state  in  1 796,  and  admit- 
ted into  the  union.  By  the  constitution 
of  this  state  which  was  adopted  Feb.  6, 
1796,  a  general  assembly  is  established, 
consisting  of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, the  members  of  which  are 
chosen  for  two  years.  The  governor  is 
chosen  by  plurality  of  votes  for  two  years, 
and  in  eligible  only  for  six  years  out  of 
eight.  The  clergy  are  excluded  from  the 
legislature. 

THACHER,  Thoma8,fir8t  minister  of 
the  old  south  church  in  Boston,  the  son 
of  Rev.  Peter  T.  of  Old  Sarum.  was  born 
in  England  May  1,  1620,  and  arrived  in 
this  country  June  4,  1635.  He  pursued 
his  studies  under  the  direction  of  Chaun- 
cy.  Jan.  2,  1644  he  was  oidained  minis- 
ter of  Weymouth  ;  but  after  ihe  death  of 
his  wife  in  1664  he  was  induced  to  remove 
to  Boston.  When  a  new  .church  was  for- 
med out  of  the  first  by  persons,  displeas- 


THACHER. 


7S1 


ed  with  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Davenport, 
Mr.  Thacher  was  installed  its  pastor 
Feb.  16,  1670.  He  died  Oct.  15,  1678, 
aged  58.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Willard, 
survived  him.  His  wile  was  a  daughter 
ofRev.  Ralph  Partridge.  His  son,  Ralph, 
was  a  nainister  at  Martha's  Vineyard  in 
1697.  Being  well  skilled  in  the  Hebrew, 
he  composed  a  lexicon  of  the  principal 
words  in  that  language.  President  Stiles 
speaks  of  him  as  the  best  Arabic  scholar 
in  the  country.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
very  popular,heing  remarkably  fervent  and 
copious  in  prayer.  He  was  also  a  physi- 
cian. He  published  a  fast  sermon,  1674 ; 
a  brief  rule  to  guide  the  common  people 
in  the  small  pox  and  measles,  1677  ;  2d 
ed.  nO'i.— Magnolia,  iii.  148-153. 

THACHER,  Peter,  first  minister  of 
Milton,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Salem  in  1651,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1671.  In  a  Cew 
years  he  went  to  England,  where  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  a  number  of  eminent 
divines.  On  his  return  he  was  ordained 
at  Milton  June  1,  1681.  He  died  Dec. 
17,  1727,  aged  76.  His  successor  was 
John  Taylor.  His  wife  was  Theodora, 
daughter  of  Rev.  John  Oxenbridge;  his 
second  wife  the  widow  of  Rev .  J.  Bailey; 
his  third  the  widow  of  Rev .  J.  Gee.  His 
daughter  by  his  first  wile  married  Rev.  S. 
Miles.  In  his  natural  temper  there  was 
a  great  deal  of  vivacity,  which  gave  an 
interest  to  his  conversation  and  to  his 
public  performances.  While  he  was 
cheerful  and  affable,  he  was  eminent  for 
sanctity  and  benevolence.  Besides  the 
ordinary  labors  of  the  Lord't  day  he 
preached  a  monthly  lecture,  and  encoura- 
ged the  private  meetings  of  his  neighbors 
for  religious  purposes.  Having  studied 
the  Indian  language,  he  also  at  a  month- 
ly lecture  imparted  to  the  Indians  of  a 
neighboring  village  the  gospel  of  salvation. 
Being  a  physician, hisbenevolence  promp- 
ted him  to  expend  a  great  part  of  his  year- 
ly salary  in  the  purchase  of  medicines  for 
the  sick  and  indigent.  His  death  was 
sudden.  The  last  words,  which  he  utter- 
ed, were,  "  I  am  going  to  Christ  in  glo- 
ry." He  published  Unbelief  detected 
91 


and  condemned,  to  which  is  added  the 
treasures  of  the  fathers  inheritable  by 
their  posterity,  1703 ;  election  sermon, 
1711;  Christ's  forgiveness  a  pattern, 
1712;  on  thedeathof  Samuel  Man,  1719; 
a  divine  riddle,  he  that  is  weak  is  strong, 
1723  ;  the  perpetual  covenant. 

THACHER,  Peter,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, was  born  in  that  town,  the  son  of 
Thomas  T.,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1696.  While  a  member 
of  college  it  pleased  a  sovereign  God  to 
give  him  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin,  and  at 
length  to  inspire  him  with  a  cheerful 
faith  in  the  Savior.  After  living  for 
some  time  at  Hatfield  as  a  schoolmaster, 
he  was  settled  in  ihe  ministry  at  Wey- 
mouth, where  he  remained  11  or  12 
years.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
new  north  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague 
with  Mr.  Webb,  Jan.  27,  1720.  In  con- 
sequence of  some  divisions  in  the  society, 
and  some  irregularity  in  the  measures, 
which  were  adopted  to  obtain  Mr.  Thach- 
er, the  association  refused  to  assiit  in  his 
settlement .  He  died  Feb .  26, 1739,  aged 
61.  He  possessed  a  strong  and  masterly 
genius.  Mr.  Cooper  calls  him  the  evan- 
gelical reasoner.  In  the  gift  of  prayer 
he  was  almost  unequalled.  During  hia 
last  sickness  he  was  cheerful,  for  he  ho- 
ped in  the  mercy  of  God  through  the 
Redeemer.  He  published  the  election 
sermon,  1726;  and  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  Mrs.  Gee. 

THACHER,  Peter,  minister  of  Mid- 
dleborough,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev.  P. 
Thacher  of  Milton,  was  '-■":n  Oct.  6, 
1088,  and  was  graduated  at  liarvard  col- 
lege in  1706.  After  preaching  two  years 
in  Middleborough,  he  was  ordained  Nov. 
2, 1709.  He  died  April  22,  1744,aged55. 
F  -.'as  succeeded  by  Sylvester  Conant. 
He  was  very  djotinguished  for  the 
sanctity  of  his  life.  At  one  period  his 
faithful  exertions  as  a  minister  were  the 
means  of  adding  near  aOO  members  to  his 
church  in  less  than  three  years.  He 
published  an  account  of  the  revival  of  re- 
ligion in  Middleborough  in  the  Christian 
history,  where  is  a  minute  account  of  his 
life  by  Mr.  Prince. 


yi 


733 


THACHER. 


THACHER.  Oxenbrklge,  a  represen- 
tative of  Boston  in  tlie  general  court, 
was  the  son  ol'Oxenbridge  T.,  who  died 
in  1772,  ageu  92,  and  gra  iloon  of  Peter 
T.  of  Milton.  He  wat  graduated  nt 
Haivard  college  in  1738  aiul  died  July  8, 
1765,  aged  45.  Fir  was  a  learned  man 
and  good  writer.  He  published  a  pam- 
phlet on  the  gi/ld  coin,  1760,  and  the  sen- 
timonts  of  a  British  American  occasion- 
ed by  the  art  to  lay  certain  dulits  in  the 
British  colonies,  1764. 

THACHER,  Peter,  d.  n.,  minister  in 
Boston,  the  con  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Milton  March  21,  1752,  nni]  was 
gradar.t:'d  at  Harvsul  college  in  1769. 
Sept.  !9.  1"70  he  w;;i  ordained  ihe  min- 
ister of  ;!i.de^.  As;  a  preacher  he  was 
adiuired.  Bin,  orJuckul  powers,  his  flu- 
eiJ?v  in  prayer,  ni.d  \.).c  pathos  of  his  ex- 
pression v.ort  !.j>,)luuded  by  the  serious 
and  intolligeMi,  KiiJ  )endcr?d  him  nncom- 
iL^i.nly  acceptable  to  the  multitude.  No 
youTigf  man  preached  to  such  crowded  as- 
semblies. Ml.  Whitefield  in  his  prayers 
ceiled  him  the  young  Elijah.  Being  a 
Btnet  Calvinibt  in  his  sentiments,  he  con- 
tent? ed  zealously  for  the  faith  of  his  fa- 
thers. When  the  :ontrover.sy  began  with 
G.  Britain,  ho  exerted  himself  in  tiie  pul- 
pit, in  conversation,  and  in  other  ways 
vo  support  the  rights  of  his  country.  He 
waa  a  delagate  from  Maldcui  to  the  con- 
veii*io'-i,  'vhich  formed  the  constitution 
of  Mass.  in  1780.  Being  demooiatic  in 
!»i8  sentimenta  he  contended,  that  there 
should  be  no  governor ;  and,  when  a 
decision  was  made  contrary  to  his  wish- 
es, he  scill  made  objections  to  the  title  of 
Excellency,  given  to  the  chief  magistate. 
But  afterwards,  as  he  became  better  ac- 
quainted with  the  policy  of  government,he 
vras  warmly  attached  to  those  parts  of  the 
constitution,  which  he  had  once  dis,appro- 
ved.  He  was  installed  minister  of  the 
church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  as  suc- 
cessor of  Dr.  Cooper,  .Ian.  19,  1785 ; 
and  in  this  vineyard  of  the  Lord  he  con- 
tinued till  his  d'.  .  Boing  afflicted 
with  a  pulmonary  plaint,  his  physi- 
oians  recommenu  m  .iie  milder  air  of  a 
more  southern  climate.    He  accordingly 


sailed  for  Savannah,  where  he  died  Dec. 
16,  1802,  aged  50.  He  was  siiccecded 
by  Mr.  Buckftiinster.  Just  bclun  he  set 
sail  from  Boston  V,i>  Wiis  visited  hv  Dr. 
Stiliman,  to  whomheoxp-ettcd  his  lielief, 
that  he  should  not  recovt  r,  .-.nd  said  will- 
peculiar  energy,  "the  dricii-'i'f.'f  }  ''.uvvi 
preached  .!;a  now  ;iiy  ui.iy  rjUilbrt. 
My  hopes  are  built  o'l  the  atonement  and 
nfv|iteousne*i  of  Cniist.  "  The  last 
woi  da,  which  he  uttered,  were  ''Jesus 
Chijst,  my  Savior."  in  the  chamber  of 
sickness  \w  was  rf-markably  a(Otpt&b  o'. 
To  il'C!  dir-iresacd  aud  afflicted  his  voiw 
was  that  of  jn  a;igpl  ol'coivibi  t.  Fn  pray- 
er  he  was  anconimonly  ^oqueri,  utter- 
ing in  impressive  and  pa  (ctic  language 
the  devout  feelings  of  his  own  heart,  and 
exciting  deep  emotions  in  the  hearts  of 
his  hearers.  He  published  an  oration 
against  standing  armies,  March  5,  1776; 
on  the  death  of  A.  Eliot,  1778;  3  ser- 
mons in  proof  of  ihe  eternity  of  future 
punishment,  1782  ;  observations  on  the 
state  of  the  clergy  in  N.  E.,  with  stric- 
tures upon  the  power  of  dismissing  them, 
usurped  by  some  churches,  1783  ;  a  re- 
ply to  strictures  upon  the  preceding  ;  on 
the  death  of  J.  Paine,  1788  ;  of  gov. 
Bowdoin,  1791 ;  of  jrov.  Hancock,  1793; 
of  S.  Stiliman,  jun.  1794;  ofT.  Russell, 
and  N.  Gorham,  1796  ;  of  Dr.  Clarke, 
and  Rebecca  Gill,  1798  ;  of  gov.  Sumner, 
1799  ;  of  Washington,  1800  ;  at  the  or- 
dination of  E.  Kellogg,  1788  ;  of  W.  F. 
Rowland,  1790  ;  at  the  ordination  o[  his 
son,  T.  C.  Thacher,  1794  ;  memoirs  of 
Dr.  Boylston,  1739;  before  the  Mass. 
congregational  charitable  society,  1795; 
before  a  society  of  freemasons^  1797  ;  ai 
the  artillery  election,  1798  ;  l  century 
sermon,  1799. 

THACHER,  Thomas,  minister  of 
Dedham,  Mass.,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  at  •'  ward  college  hi  1775 
and  died  Oct.  19. 
lished  a  sermon  e 
a  thanksgiving, 
N.  Robbi,  17' 
of  J.  Fair  ■- 
1804;  at  '  i   k..-  i 


tion  of  £. 


J  <iged  56.  He  pub- 
•rolence,  1784;  at 
on  the  death  of 
i  Washington, 1800; 
.  <01  ;    of   S.   Adams, 
•MS,  1799  ;  at  the  oidina- 
bur  ;  of  J.  Tuckerman  j 


THACHER. 


THOMAS. 


73S 


before  the  humane  aociety,  1800 ;  centu- 
ry sermon,  1801 ;  Dudleian  lecture,  1805; 
at  the  dedication  of  Milton  academy, 
1807  ;  at  a  fast ;  character  of  Dr.  West, 
1808. 

THACHER,  Samuel  Cooper,  minis- 
ter in  Boston,  the  son  of  Rev.  Peter  T., 
was  born  Dec.  14, 1785  ;  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1804  ;  and  in  1806 
went  to  Europe  with  Mr.  Buckminister, 
He  was  ordained  as  the  successor  of  J. 
T.  Kirkland  in  Boston  May  15,  1811, 
and  died  at  Moulins  in  France,  whither 
he  went  for  his  health,  Jan.  2,  1818,  aged 
32.  He  published  a  memoir  of  Mr. 
Buckminister,  and  many  reviews  in  the 
Monthly  anthology,  that  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  Aadover  theological  seminary  ex- 
citing the  most  attention.  After  his  death 
a  vol.  of  sermons,  with  a  memoir,  was 
published,  8vo.  '324. 

THOMAS,  John,  an  Indian,  remarka- 
ble for  longevity,  died  at  Natick,  Mass. 
in  1727,  aged  110.  He  was  among  the 
first  of  the  praying  Indians.  He  joined 
the  church,  when  it  was  first  gathered  at 
Natick  by  Mr.  Eliot,  and  was  exemplary 
through  life. — Belknap. 

THOMAS,  John,  a  major  general  in 
the  An'.erican  army,  descended  from  a 
respectable  family  in  the  county  of  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  served  in  the  war  of  1756 
against  the  French  and  Indians  with  rep- 
utation. In  April  1775,  residing  at 
Kingston,  Mass.,  he  raised  a  regiment 
and  marched  to  "oxbury.  He  was  soon 
app  j.nied  by  congress  a  brigadier  general, 
and  during  the  siege  of  Bo.^ton,  he  com- 
manded a  division  of  the  provincial  troops 
at  Roxbury.  In  March  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed major  general,  and  after  the  death 
of  Montgomery  was  intrusted  with  the 
command  in  Canada.  He  joinci  the  ar- 
my bofore  (>  Hier  on  the  firi^  of  May, 
but  boon  (■' 'i' ..  ii  neCL;  nry  to  raise  the 
siege  commence  his    t  'reat.     He 

died  .  !.ne  small  pox  at  Chani^lee  May 
30,  i'76.  On  his  deoth  the  command 
devolved  for  a  few  days  on  Arnold,  and 
then  on  general  Sullivan.  His  aid  de 
camp  was  maj.  Joshua  Thomas,  judge  of 
probate,  who  died  at  Plymouth  in  Jan. 


1821.  Gen.  T.  was  a  man  of  sound 
judgment  and  fixed  courage,  who  waa 
beloved  by  his  soldiers  and  amiable  in  the 
relations  of  private  life. 

THOMAS,  John,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  1,  1758, 
and  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  army 
1776  on  the  resignation  of  his  father. 
He  and  a  brother,  a  captain,  served  du- 
ring the  whole  war,  at  the  close  of  which 
he  settled  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  died  in  1818,  aged  60.  In  his  conduct 
he  was  honorable,  just,  and  benevolent. 
For  wit  and  humor  he  was  unrivalled. 
Col.  Wm.  North,  relates,  that  once  at 
dinner  at  head  quarters  Dr.  T.  told  asto- 
ry,  which  caused  gen.  Washington  to 
laugh  heartily  ;  it  was  concerning  an  in- 
quisitive Yankee  of  Taunton,  who  jour- 
neyed to  R.  Island  to  see  Rochambeau's 
French  army,  and  who  on  his  return  said 
— "  The  fools,  who  call  a  hat  a  chapeau  : 
why  couldn't  they  call  it  a  hat  at  once 
and  done  with  ili'  " 

THOMAS,  Isaiah,  ll.  d.,  an  eminent 
printer,  the  son  of  Moses  T.,  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1749.  His  father  • 
being  dead,  he  was  at  the  age  of  6  appren- 
ticed to  Z.  Fowle,  a  printer,  and  remain- 
ed with  him  11  years.  In  1770  he  pub- 
lished the  Mass.  Spy  in  Boston.  For  an 
article  in  his  paper  in  1771  gov.  Hutchin- 
son and  council  ordered  Thomas  to  ap- 
pear, but  he  expressly  refused  to  go ;  the 
attorney  general  then  presented  in  vain 
a  bill  «:f  indictment  to  the  grand  jury,  and 
next  was  directed  to  file  an  information 
against  him, — but  such  resistance  was 
made,  that  the  measure  was  dropped. 
In  1775  he  removed  his  press  to  Worces- 
ter, where  he  printed  the  Spy  May  3d. 
A  few  days  before  he  was  in  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  In  1788  he  opened  a  book- 
store in  Boston,  under  the  firm  of  Thom- 
as and  Andrews,  and  opened  printing  . 
houses  and  bookstores  in  other  towns, 
still  residing  at  Worcester.  At  one  time 
h  had  16  presses  in  use,  and  8  bookstores. 
In  1791  he  printed  an  edition  oi  the  Bi- 
ble in  folio,  and  many  subsequent  editions. 
He  died  at  Worcester  April,  4,  1831,. 
aged  82.    He  was  the  founder  and  presi- 


714 


THOMPSON' 


THOMSON. 


dent  of  theAmerican  Antiquarian  lociety, 
for  which  he  erected  a  brick  house  at 
Worcester,  and  to  which  he  presented 
many  bool<s,  and  made  a  large  bequest. 
He  pubii-shed  a  valuable  History  of  prin- 
ting in  America,  2  vols.  8vo.  1810. 

THOMPSON,  William,  first  minister 
ofBraintree,  Mass.,  a  native  of  England, 
was  first  settled  in  Lancashire.  Afler  his 
arrival  in  this  country,  when  a  church 
was  gathered  at  mount  Wollaston.  or 
Braintree,  he  was  chosen  its  pastor,  and 
was  installed  Sept.  24, 1639.  Mr.  Flynt, 
was  settled  as  his  colleague  March  17, 
1640.  In  the  year  1642  he  accompanied 
Mr.  James  and  Mr.  Knovvles  to  Virginia 
in  order  to  carry  the  gospel  to  the  igno- 
rant, but  was  soon  obliged  to  leave  that 
colony  for  his  nonconformity  to  the  epis- 
copalian worship.  He  died  at  Brain iree 
Dec.  10,  1666,  aged  68.  His  son,  Benj. 
T.  a  poet,  died  in  1714,  aged  72. 

THOMPSON,  sir  Benjamin,  count 
Rumford,  a  descendant  of  Jona.  T.  of 
Woburn  in  1659,  was  born  in  Woburn, 
Mass.,  March  26,  1753.  His  father 
died  while  he  was  young;  his  mother, 
Mrs.  Ruth  Peirce,  in  1811.  Beif'^placed 
as  a  clerk  to  a  merchant  in  Salem,  he  was 
disqualified  for  business  by  his  devotion 
to  the  mechanic  nrts.  Through  the 
kindness  of  sheriff  Baldwin  he  obtained 
permission  to  attend  the  philosophical 
lectures  of  prof.  Winthropat  Cambridge. 
He  afterwards  taught  school  in  Rumford, 
now  Concord,  N.  H.,  where  he  married 
Sarah,  the  Widow  of  B.  Rolfe  and  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Walker.  By  this 
marriage  his  pecuniary  circumstances 
were  rendered  easy.  In  about  two  years 
his  adherence  to  the  British  cause  indu- 
ced him  to  leave  his  family  in  1775  and 
to  repair  to  England,  where  he  was  pat- 
ronized by  lord  Germaine.His  personal  ap- 
pearance and  manners  recommended  him. 
He  was  under  secretary  in  the  northern 
department.  Near  the  close  of  the  con- 
test he  sent  to  New  York,  and  comman- 
ded a  regiment  of  dragoons,  and  became 
entitled  to  half  pay,  '/n  his  return  the 
king  knighted  him.  His  acquaintance 
with  the  minister  of  the  duke  of  Bavaria 


induced  him  to  go  to  Munich,  where  he 
introduced  important  reforms  in  the  po- 
lice. The  prince  raised  him  to  high  mili- 
tary rank  and  created  him  a  count  of  the 
empire .  He  added  the  title  of  Rumford. 
In  1800  he  was  in  London,  and  projected 
the  Royal  institution  of  G .  Britain.  He 
died  at  Autreuil,  France,  Aug,  20,  1814, 
aged  61.  His  first  wife  died  at  Charles- 
town,  N.  H.,  in  Feb.  1792.  It  would 
seem,  that  he  abandoned  her.  How 
'this  is  to  be  reconciled  to  good  moral 
principle  is  yet  to  be  explained.  He  be- 
queathed 50,000  doll,  to  Harvard  college, 
and  appropriated  other  sums  to  promote 
discoveries  in  light  and  heat.  His  own 
discoveries  gave  him  high  reputation,  and 
caused  him  to  be  elected  a  member  of 
many  learned  societies.  His  Essays 
were  published  at  London,  1796. 

THOMSON,  Charles,  secretary  of 
congress,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1730,  and  came  to  this 
country  with  his  three  elder  brothers 
about  1741.  He  landed  at  Newcastle 
with  slender  means  of  subsistence.  Hav- 
ing been  educated  by  Dr.  Allison,  he 
kept  the  Friend's  academy.  He  after- 
wards went  into  Philadelphia,  where  he 
obtained  the  advice  and  friendship  of  Dr. 
Franklin.  At  the  first  congress  in  1774 
he  was  called  upon  to  take  minutes  of 
their  measures  ;  from  *hat  time  he  was 
sole  Secretary  of  the  n  vulutionary  con- 
gress. He  resigned  his  office  in  July 
1789,  having  held  it  15  years.  An 
Indian  tribe,  which  adopted  him,  gave 
him  the  name  of  "  The  man  of  truth.  " 
He  was  strictly  moral  and  his  mind  was 
deeply  imbued  with  religious  principles. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  principally  em- 
ployed in  preparing  for  his  removal  into 
(I  '•  eternal  world.  He  died  in  Low- 
er Merion,  Montgomery  county,  near 
Philadelphia,  Aug  16,  1824,  aged  94. 
His  wife  was  Hannah  Harrison.  His 
mind  was  enriched  with  various  learning, 
and  his  character  was  marked  by  regular- 
ity, probity,  firmr"  ■',  and  patriotism. 
He  translated  the  Sept'T;  t.  which  was 
published,  entitled,  Holy  J  'ranslated 
from  the  Greek,  4  vols.  8v;  .  :  'uii. 


,f:,^'.3 


THORNDIKR. 


TILTON. 


735 


THORNDIKE,  Israel,  a  merchant, 
was  a  native  of  Beverly,  Mass.  In  the 
revolutionary  war  he  vvns  in  part  the 
owner  and  the  commander  of  an  armed 
ship.  His  cruises  were succiissful.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  partner  with  his 
brother  in  law,  Moses  Brown,  and  aCter- 
wards  engaged  in  commerce  to  the  East 
Indies  and  Chini,  which  he  continued  till 
his  death.  Ho  was  a  larwe  owner  in 
manuracturing  establi.ihments.  After  a 
long  residence  in  Beverly,  he  passed  his 
last  years  in  Boston,  where  he  died  May 
10,  1333,  aged  about  75.  He  purchased 
in  1818  the  library  of  professor  Ebeling 
of  Hamburg  of  more  than  3,000  volumes, 
of  great  value  in  relation  to  American 
history,  and  presented  it  to  Harvard  col- 
lege. It  includes  350  vols,  of  newspapers 
printed  in  this  country.  To  three  sons 
he  bequeathed  each  about  half  ii  million 
of  dollars,  and  other  sums  to  another  son, 
to  his  widow,  and  daughters  ;  in  all  aboui 
1,800,000  dollars  to  his  relations.  Some 
poor  man  may  be  inclined  to  say,  that 
were  he  the  owner  of  one  or  two  millions 
of  dollars,he  would  bequeath  much  to  the 
greatcharitiesof  the  world ;butperhapson 
gaining  the  power  he  would  lose  the  dispo- 
position  to  benefit  others  beyond  his  own 
family,  and  would  forget,  that  of  them, 
to  whom  much  as  the  Stewards  of  heav- 
en's bounty  is  given,  much  will  be  requir- 
ed. 

THORNTON,  Matthew,  colonel,  a 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, was  born  about  1714.  His  father 
lived  a  few  years  at  Wiscasset,  then  re- 
moved to  Worcester.  Mr.  T.  settled  as  a 
physician  in  Londonderry,  N.  H.  He 
accompanied  Pepperell  in  the  expedition 
to  Louisburg  in  1745.  Of  the  provincial 
convention  in  1775  he  was  the  president, 
and  taking  his  seat  as  a  member  of  con- 
gress TTov.  :,  1776,  he  signed  the  dec- 
laration of  independence,  but  was  not 
present  to  vote  fir  it,  as  were  not  Riis'' 
Clymer,  Wil"'  ,,  '  oss,  and  Taylor,  i-ip 
was  soon  appuirst.r.l  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior com t,  in  hich  <.fTice  he  remained 
till  1782.  About  1780  he  removed  to 
Merrimac  on  the  bankb  of  the  Merrimac. 


He  died  while  on  a  visit  to  his  daughters 
at  Newburyport  June  24,  1803,  aged  88. 
On  his  grave  is  the  inscription — "  an 
honest  man.  " 

TILGHMAN,William,chief  justice  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  Aug.  12,  1756 
in  Talbot  county,  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland.  His  father,  James,  was  sec- 
retary of  the  proprietary  land  office.  His 
mother's  father  was  Tench  Francis,  an 
eminent,  lawyer  of  Philadelphia,the  broth- 
er of  Richard  Francis,  who  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Maxima  of  equity, "  and  of 
Mr.  Philip  Francis,  the  translator  of 
Horace. — After  the  removal  of  his  family 
to  Philadelphia  he  studied  law  in  that  city, 
under  the  direction  of  Benjamin  Chew, 
from  1772  to  1776.  In  1783  he  was 
admitted'to  the  courts  of  Maryland ;  but 
in  1793  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and 
practised  law  till  his  appointment  by  Mr. 
Adams,  March  3,  1801,  chief  judge  of  the 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States.  The 
law  establishing  this  court  being  repealed 
in  about  a  year,  Mr.  Tilghman  again 
practised  law  till  ho  was  appointed  t 
July  1805  ,'  -sident  of  the  courts  ot 
common  pleas  in  the  first  district.  In 
Feb.  1806  he  succeeded  E.  Shippen  as 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He 
died,  after  a  short  illness,  April  30,  1927, 
aged  70.  His  wife  was  Margaret  Allen, 
daughter  of  James  A.  of  Philadelphia. 
Besides  his  ordinary  ofRcial  duties,  he,  in 
obedience  to  the  legislature,  reported 
about  1809  the  English  statutes  in  force 
withinthestate,  — a  work  of  great  labor 
and  requiring  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  written  law  of  England  and  of  the 
colonial  legislation.  It  was  also  his  g\f:  '. 
and  constant  toil  to  incorporate  the  piw  • 
ciples  of  scientific  equity  with  the  law  of 
Pennsylvania.— He  published  an  eulogi- 
um  on  Dr.  Wistor,  1818. 

TILTON,  James,  m.  d.,  a  physician, 
was  born  in  Delaware  June  I,  1745; 
was  sent  early  at  Finley's  Nottingham 
academy  ;  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Dover.  In  1776  h  •  .erved  as  a  surgeon 
in  the  army  ;  in  1777  he  was  called  to 
the  hoopital  department,  and  continued  as 
hospital  surgeon  ti!'  the  close  of  the  war. 


73G 


TOMPKINS. 


TREADWRLL. 


-i] 


He  introduced  the  hospital  huts,  witli  a 
fire  in  the  middle,  and  a  hole  in  the 
roof  for  the  escape  of  smol't-  With  his 
pecuniary  resources  >.  <  .t"  it  re- 
sumed his  profi'".!  >',  ami  iv,  '  on  n 
farm  in  New  Cnitk  couniy.  'I'ho  olRce 
of  commissiom  •  of  loans,  given  him  in 
1785,  he  held  lor  some  years.  In  the 
war  of  181 2  he  was  a^ipointed  PhyHician 
and  surgeon  general  of  the  army  of  the 
U.  S.  Ho  visited  the  hospitals  of  the 
northern  frontier.  At  the  ago  of  7»  u 
disease  of  his  knee  rendered  umputntion 
necessary.  He  died  near  Wilmington 
Mny  14,  1822,  aged  nearly  77.  He  was 
nevf  married.  His  height  was  about 
6  fei'k  and  a  half;  in  person,  manners, 
^pccch,  and  all  his  habits  he  was  an  orig- 
inal. He  was  a  Christian.  In  his  last 
sickness  the  scriptures  were  his  principal 
study.  Of  the  vicarious  righteousness  of 
Christ  he  wns  fond  of  conversing.  He 
publislied  Ojservations  on  military  hos- 
pitals, and  Fome  papers  on  agriculture. 
He  maintained,  that  a  farmer  should 
live  on  the  produce  of  his  own  land,  and 
of  course  should  reject  tea  and  colRp. 
As  for  himself,  he  kept  no  tea  cups  and 
saucers . 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  June  21, 
1774,  the  son  the  revolutionary  patriot, 
Jonathan  G.  T.,  who  died  in  May  1S23, 
aged  86,  at  Fox  Meadows,  or  Si-arsdalc, 
on  the  river  Bronx,  in  We-^-t  Chi^stei 
county,  N.  Y.  He  ^'laduatcd  at  Coluiu- 
bia  college  in  1795,  and  settled  at  N. 
York  as  a  lawyer.  In  the  party  strug- 
gles of  1799-1301  he  was  u  conspicuous 
Republican,  In  1803  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Lewis  as  chief  justice  of  the  superior 
court,  and  in  1907  was  elected  governor. 
In  1812  he  prorogued  the  legislatii  ■•  in 
order  to  prevent  a  corrupt  sy  ■!  \  of 
banking.     During  the  war,  vvhici  an 

in  1812,  he  was  as  gov.'rnor  exin  mely 
active  and  devoted  to  the  cause  of  his 
country.  His  cllurts  had  an  important 
bearing  on  the  result  of  the  war.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  purchased  a  farm  in 
Richmond  county,  in  tiew  of  the  city. 
In  1817  be  was  elected   Vice   President, 


Mr.  Munroe  being  Prrsiiient.    He  died 
at  Staten  inland  June  II,  1825,  aged  50. 

TORREY,  Samuel  minister  of  Wey- 
mouth,  Mass.,  died  April  21,  1707,  aged 
about  76.  Ho  iuul  been  in  the  ministry 
50  years,  and  was  an  able  ami  lixithful 
preacher.  Ho  published  the  election 
sermon  in  the  years  1674,  1683,  and 
IGO.-i. 

TRACY,  Uriah,  a  statesman,  was 
grndir'  'at  Yale  college  in  1779,  and 
a.urward',  dir.  >  ing  hi-  attention  to  the 
law  he  soon  rose  to  eminence  in  that  pro- 
fession. The  last  14  yours  of  his  life 
were  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  coun- 
try in  the  national  councils,  where  he 
was  admired  by  his  friends,  and  respected 
by  his  opponents.  Aller  heving  been 
a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives 
lor  some  time  ho  was  chosen  a  senator, 
and  he  continued  in  this  high  station  till 
his  (leatn.  In  the  beginning  of  March 
1807,  while  in  a  feeble  state  of  health,  he 
exposed  himself  by  attending  the  funeral 
of  Mr.  Baldwin  of  the  sennte.  From 
this  period  he  declined  ;  v.nd  'ic  died  at 
Washington  July  19,  1807,  aged  53. 
His  devotion  to  the  public  service  pre- 
cluded him 'from  that  attention  to  his 
private  interests,  which  claim  the  princi- 
pal regard  of  most  men.  His  speeches 
displayed  a  vigorous  and  well  informed 
mind.  In  wit  and  humor  ho  was  unri- 
valled, in  delivery  graceful,  and  lucid  in 
argument.  He  was  was  sometimes  se- 
vere ;  but  the  ardoi  of  debate,  the  rapidi- 
ty of  his  ideas,  and  the  impetuosity  of  his 
eloquence  constituted  an  apology.  He 
was  an  instructive  and  agreeable  compan- 
ion. 

TREAD  WELL,  John,  Li..  d.,  gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut,  the  son  of  Eph- 
rairn  T.,  was  born  in  Farmington  Nov. 
23,1745;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1767  ;  and  having  studied  law  with  Ti- 
ais  Hosmer  of  Middletown,  settled  in  his 
native  town,  but  did  not  engage  in  the 
practice.  He  was  an  only  son ;  and  the  heir 
of  a  competent  estate.  After  sustaining 
various  odices,  as  judge  of  probate  and 
of  other  courts  and  lieutenant  governor, 
he  was  in  1909  chosen  governor  as  suc- 


TREAT. 


TRUMBULL. 


787 


eenBor  of  Trumlmll,  but  \vm  •ucccpded 
by  (iriHWokl  in  1811  ;  thus  bein^;  thrown 
out  of  all  |)iil)lic  employments,  which  Imd 
occupied  him  thirty  years.  Tliis  was 
painful.  For  twenty  years  he  was  a  den 
con  of  the  church,  of  wiiicli  he  hecnme  a 
member  at  the  nge  of  'J6  under  the  salu- 
tary inHuence  of  nfHiction  by  the  lo!<8  of 
u  daughter.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  American  foreign  mission  society, 
and  continue)  in  that  place  till  his  death. 
He  died  Aug.  19,  18'23,  aged  77.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Pomeroy, 
of  a  family  from  Northampton.  Gov.T. 
was  not  a  man  of  jiojjular  address  or 
character,  but  he  was  a  man  of  unbending 
integrity,  and  great  usefulness  ;  ho  was 
also  an  eminent  christian,  bowing  meekly 
to  God's  will  under  heavy  alllictions,  and 
dying  in  the  joyous  hope  of  the  believer. 
In  his  lost  years  he  wrote  a  series  of  the- 
ological essays,  which  were  not  published. 
TRKAT,  Robert,  governor  of  Conn., 
was  the  son,  it  is  believed,  of  Robert  T., 
one  of  the  settlers  of  Miiflnd  in  1639. 
He  was  chosen  oueof  the  magistrates  in 
1673.  Al'iir  Philip's  war  commenced, 
he  was  sent  to  VVestfield  at  the  head  of 
the  Conneciicut  troops,  and  when  the 
enemy  attacked  Springfield  ,  he  marched 
to  lis  reliif,  and  drove  thera  from'  the 
town.  He  also  attacked  the  Indians  in 
their  assan  u|)on  Hadley  Oct  19tli,  and 
j)ut  them  completely  to  flight.  In  1676 
lie  was  chosen  deputy  governor,  and  in 
1683  governor,  to  which  office  he  was 
annually  elected  for  15  years.  From 
1698  to  1703  he  was  again  deputy  gover- 
nor. He  died  at  Milfbrd  July  12, 1710, 
aged  88.  His  character  was  very  res- 
pectable, and  he  had  rendered  the  most 
important  services  to  his  country. 

TREAT,  Samuel,  first  minister  of 
Eastham,  Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1669.  He  was  ordained  in  1672,achurch 
having  been  e£;tablished  for  more  than  20 
years.  Soon  after  his  settlement  he 
studied  the  Indian  language,  and  devoted 
to  the  Indians  in  his  neighborhood  much 
of  hia  time  and  attention.  Through  his 
l«bora  many  of  the  savages  were  brought 


into  a  state  of  civilization  and  ordnr,  and 
not  a  few  of  them  ware  converted  to 
the  Christian  faith.  In  1693  ho  wrote 
a  letter  to  Increase  Mather,  in  which  he 
he  slates,  that  there  wcr<'  within  thelim- 
its  of  Eastham  QOO  adult  Indians,  to  whom 
ho  had  for  many  years  imparted  the 
gospel  in  their  own  language.  He  had 
under  him  four  Indian  teachers,  who 
read  insejiarate  villageson  every  sabbath, 
excepting  on  every  fourth  when  he  him- 
self preached  the  sermons,  which  he 
wrote  fi)r  them.  If'-  procured  school- 
masters and  persuaded  the  Indians  to 
choose  from  among  themselves  six  mag- 
istrates, who  held  regular  courts.  After 
having  passed  near  half  a  century  in  the 
most  benevolent  exertions  as  a  minister 
of  the  gospel,  he  died  March  18,  1717, 
aged  68.  His  2d  wife  was  the  widow  of 
Rev.  1).  Estabrook  and  daughter  of  S. 
Willard.  He  was  a  consistent  uud  strict 
Calvinist,  who  zealously  proclaimed  those 
truths,  which  arc  calculated  to  alarm  and 
humble  the  sinner ;  and  it  pleased  God  at 
different  times  to  accompany  his  labors 
with  a  divine  blessing.  An  extract  from 
one  of  his  sermons,  which  proves  that  the 
author  was  able  to  array  the  terrors  of 
the  Lord  against  the  impenitent,  is  pre- 
served in  the  historical  collections.  He 
was  mild  in  his  natural  temper,  and  his 
conversation  was  pleasant  and  sometimes 
facetious,  but  always  decent.  He  pub- 
lished the  confession  of  faith  in  the  Nauset 
Indian  language ;  and  the  election  ser- 
mon, 1713. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathsr,,  governor 
of  Conn.,  the  son  of  Josepli  i'.  of  Leb- 
anon, descended  from  John  T.,  who  lived 
in  Rowley,  Mass,  in  16};J.  ivluse  son, 
John,  removed  to  Suffield,  and  his  son, 
Joseph,  settled  at  Lebanon.  He  was 
born  in  1710,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1727.  He  was  chosen 
governor  in  1769  and  was  annually  elec- 
ted till  1783,  when  he  resigned,  having 
been  occupied  for  fifty  years  without  in- 
terruption in  public  employments,  and 
having  rendered  during  eight  years'  war 
the  most  important  services  to  his  coun- 
try.   Having  seen  the  termination  of  the 


723 


TRUMBULL. 


f 

I 

I 
ii 

i 

j 


oonteil  in  the  establiahment  or  the  m]t- 
pendence  ol'  America,  he  withdrew  from 
public  laborti,  that  hu  might  devote  him- 
self to  the  concerns  of  religion,  and  to  a 
better  preparation  for  hia  future  existence. 
He  died  Aug.  17,1785,  aged  74.  Hin 
wife  wati  Mm  Kobinson,  a  deucendant 
of  John  R.  of  Leyden,  liy  whom  he  had 
4  sons  and  3  daughlerH ;  Joseph  wua 
commissary  general  in  1775  and  died  un- 
married ;  John  wus  nid  to  gen.  Leo  ; 
David  died  in  Lebanon  Jan.  17,  1822, 
aged  71  ;  Faith  morried  pon.  Hunting- 
ton J  Hope  married  gen.  VVm.  Williams 
of  Lebanon.  Washington  in  u  letter  of 
condolence  on  his  death  to  one  of  hi.s 
sons,  wrote  thus  ;  "  under  this  loss,  how- 
ever great  as  your  pangs  may  have  been 
at  the  first  shock,  you  have  every  thing 
to  console  you.  A  long  and  well  spent 
life  in  the  service  of  his  country  placed 
gov.  Trumbull  among  the  first  of  patriots; 
in  the  social  duties  he  yielded  to  none  ; 
and  his  lamp  IVom  the  common  course 
of  nature  being  nearly  extinguished, 
worn  down  with  age  and  cares,  but  re- 
taining his  mental  faculties  in  perfection 
are  blessings,  which  attend  rarely  his 
advanced  life.  All  these  combining  have 
secured  to  his  memory  universal  respect 
here,  and  no  doubt  increasing  happiness 
hereafter.  "  A  long  letter  of  gov.  T. 
upon  the  war  is  printed  in  the  historical 
collections. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathan,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Lebanon  March  26, 1740  ; 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1759  ; 
and  settled  in  his  native  town.  From 
1775  to  the  close  of  the  campaign  in  1778 
he  was  paymaster  to  the  army  in  the 
northern  department.  In  1780  he  was 
appointed  secretary  and  first  aid  to  Wash- 
ington, in  the  enjoyment  of  whose  confi- 
dence and  friendship  and  in  whose  family 
he  remained  until  the  end  of  the  war.  In 
March  1789  he  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress ;  in  1791  speaker  of  the  house ;  and 
in  1794  a  senator  of  the  U.  S.  In  1798 
he  succeeded  Wolcott  as  governor,  and 
remained  in  office  II  years  till  his  death. 
He  died  of  the  dropsy  of  the  heartat  Leb- 


anon Aug.  7,  1900,  aged  69.  He  had  no 
children.  His  will*  Eunice  Backus,  died 
at  N.  Haven  Feb.  1826,  aged  76.  In  de- 
liberative assemblies  he  presided  with 
great  dignity,  being  graceful  in  manner 
and  elegant  in  language.  His  incorrupti- 
ble integrity  was  united  with  a  sound 
judgment  and  extensive  knowledge.  To 
the  oncient  religious  principles  of  N. 
England  he  was  zealously  attached.  It 
was  with  serenity  and  Christian  hope, 
founded  on  the  atonement  made  for  sin, 
that  he  met  the  king  of  terrors. 

TRUMBULL,  Benjamin,  d.  d.,  an 
historian,minister  of  North  Haven, Conn., 
was  the  grandson  of  Benoni  T.,  the 
brother  of  the  llrst  governor  T's  father. 
He  was  a  native  of  Hebron  and  lived  long 
in  the  family  of  Dr.  Wheelock.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1759  ;  was 
ordained  Dec.  25, 1760;  and  died  sudden- 
ly Feb.  2,  1820,  aged  85.  His  widow 
died  in  June  1825,  aged  92.  With  a 
salary  not  exceeding  400  dollars  he  left  a 
good  estate,  the  result  of  his  prudence  and 
industry.  In  the  sermon  ot  his  ordina- 
tion Dr.  Wlieelock  urged  u|Ton  the  peo- 
ple the  duty  of  providing  for  him  ;  but 
said,  he  should  not,  if  he  believed  him  to 
be  "a  sensual,  sleepy,  la/y,dumb  dog,  that 
cannot  bark." — His  historical  works  are 
valuable.  He  published  essays  in  (iivor 
of  the  claim  of  Conn,  to  the  Susquehan- 
nah  country,  in  the  Journal,  1774  ;  ser- 
mon at  a  thanksgiving,  1783  ;  a  treatise 
on  divorces,  1788  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Mr.  Holt,  1789  ;  a  century  sermon,  1801, 
address  on  prayer  and  family  religion, 
1804;  12  discourses  on  the  divine  origin 
of  the  scriptureH;  History  of  Connecticut, 
vol.  1.  8vo.  1797  ;  vol,  2d.  1819  ;  Histo- 
ry of  the  U.  S.  to  1765,  vol.  1.  1819. 

TRUMBULL,  John,  ll.  d.,  judge,  a 
poet,a  descendant  of  John  T.  of  Sulfield, 
was  the  son  of  John  T.,  minister  in 
Watcrtown,  Conn.,  who  died  Dec.  13, 
1787,  aged  72  ;  his  mother  was  Sarah 
Whitman,  daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  W. 
of  Farmington  and  grand  daughter  of  S. 
Stoddard.  He  was  born  in  1750.  His 
father  directed  his  early  studies,  and  at 
the  age  of  7  he  was  judged  qualified  ftfr 


M' 


TRUXTON. 


TUCKEn. 


7I» 


ii<1tni«4iou  to  college.  He  was  grmluated 
at  Yale  in  I7(i7.  From  1771  to  1773  he 
was  a  tutor,  and  in  thia  period  he  publish- 
ed hia  poem,  the  proj^rctis  o(  du!nei«, 
Avhich  had  a  great  flale.  Having  studied 
law  with  John  Adams  at  Boston,  he  set- 
tled at  Hartford  in  1781  and  became  dis- 
tinguished in  his  proression.  In  1784  he 
published  his  celebrated  poem,  Mc  Fin- 
gal.  About  the  year  1797  his  feeble 
health  withdrew  him  from  business.  He 
was  the  victim  of  hypochondrin.  But 
from  1801  to  1819  he*  was  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court.  In  1820  he  revised  his 
work.H,  for  which  he  received  a  handsome 
compensation.  Having  removed  with 
his  wife  to  Detroit  to  reside  in  the  family 
of  his  son  in  law,  Mr.  Woodbridge,  he 
died  May  10,  1831,  aged  81.  His  wife 
wos  Sarah,  daughter  of  col.  Leverett 
Hubbard  of  N.  Haven.  He  had  two 
Ki^itors  ;  one  married  Dr.  Caleb  Perkins 
of  West  Hartford,  and  the  other  Rev. 
Timo.  Lnngdon  of  Danbury.  From 
early  life  he  whs  a  professor  of  religion, 
whose  consolations  he  experienced  in  his 
last  days.  His  poetical  works  were  pub- 
lished in  two  vols.  8vo.  1820. 

TRUXTON,  Thomas,  a  naval  com- 
mander, the  son  of  a  lawyer,  was  born  on 
Long  Island  Feb.  17,  1755.  He  early 
went  to  sea.  Early  in  1776  he  sailed  as 
a  lieutenant  in  the  private  armed  ship, 
the  Congress  ;  captures  were  made  olf 
the  Havana,  and  of  one  of  the  prizes  he 
took  the  command  and  brought  her  to 
New  Bedford.  In  June  1777  ho  com- 
manded the  Independence,  fitted  out  by 
himself  and  Isaac  Sears,  and  off  the 
Azores  captured  three  large  and  valuable 
ships.  He  afterwards  sailed  in  the  Mors. 
His  prizes  were  numerous.  Sailing  in 
the  St.  James  of  20  guns,  in  a  severe 
engagement  he  disabled  a  British  ship  of 
32  guns.He  returned  from  France  with  a 
most  valuable  cargo.  After  the  war,  resi- 
ding at  Philadelphia,  he  was  extensively 
concerned  in  trade  to  Europe  and  Asia. 
In  1794  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  Constellation,  in  which  Feb. 
9,  1799  he  captured  the  French  ship, 
L'lnsurgente,  of  superior  force,  losing 
98 


one  man  killed  and  two  wounded  ;  th« 
enemy  lost  29  killed  and  44  wounded. 
Feb.  1,  1800  he  gained  a  victory  over 
La  Vengeance,  of  54  guns  and  500  men, 
but  his  own  mast  fulling  the  silenced  ve«- 
sel  escaped  in  the  night.  For  this  actionr 
congress  gave  him  a  golden  medal.  He 
died  at  Philadelphia  May  5,  1822,  aged 
67.  His  only  remaining  son,  Wm.,  died 
at  Key  West  in  April  1830. 

TUCK E,  John,  minister  at  Gosport, 
Isles  of  Shoals,  a  graduate  of  1723,  died 
Aug.  12,  1773,  ogcd  71.  Hull,  Brock, 
Belcher,  and  Moody  had  previously 
preached  on  the  Isles.  His  son,  Jolui, 
minister  of  K|isom  &  a  chaplain  in  the  ar- 
my ,dicd  in  1777. — He  was  an  industrious,. 
liiithful,  learned  minister,  and  a  useful 
physician.  Ho  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  his  son,  1761. 

TUCKER,  John,  n.  n.,  minister  of 
Newbury,  Moss.,  was  born  at  Amesbury, 
and  was  graduated  ut  Harvard  college 
in  1741.  He  was  ordained  colleague 
with  Christopher  Toppun  Nov.  20,  J745.- 
As  there  was  not  a  perfect  union  in  the 
invitation,  which  was  given  him,  he  hes- 
itated long;  but,  as  the  opposition  arose 
from  contrariety  of  sentiment,  which 
probably  would  continue  to  exist,  he  was- 
induced  to  accept  the  call.  Those,  who 
dissented,  formed  with  others  the  pre  hy- 
terian  society,  of  which  Jonathan  Parsons 
was  the  first  minister.  Dr.  Tucker  died 
March  22,  1792,  aged  72.  Mr.  Moor 
succeeded  him.  He  possessed  a  strong, 
and  well  furnished  mind,  and  in  argumen- 
tation exhibited  peculiar  ingenui'y.  He 
was  habitually  meek  and  placid,  but  when 
called  to  engage  in  controversy  he  defen- 
ded himself  with  courage  and  with  the 
keenness  of  satire.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon at  the  ordination  of  Edmund  Noyes, 
1751  ;  four  sermons,  on  the  danger  of  sin- 
ners hardening  their  hearts,  on  God's  spe- 
cial care  over  thij  righteous  under  calam- 
ities, on  the  reconciliation  of  sinners 
to  God,  and  on  being  born  of  God, 
1756;  at  a  thanksgiving,  1756;  on  the 
doctrines  and  uncharitableness  of  J.  Par- 
sons as  exhibited  more  especially  in  his 
late  discourses,  1757  ;  at  the  ordination 


730 


TUCKER. 


UNCAS. 


of  A.  Moody,  1765  ;  account  of  an  eccle- 
siastical council,  to  which  is  annexed  a 
discourse,  being  a  minister's  appeal  to  his 
hearers,  as  to  his  life  and  doctrines,  1767  ; 
two  discourses  on  the  death  of  J.  Lowell, 
1767  ;  remarks  on  a  sermon  of  A.  Hutch- 
inson; the  reply  of  A.  Hutchinson  con- 
sidered, 1768  ;  a  letter  to  J.  Chandler ; 
a  reply  to  Mr.  Chandler's  answer,  1768  ; 
j'emarks  on  Mr.  Chandler's  serious  ad- 
dress, 1763;  at  the  convention  of  minis- 
ters, 1768  ;  two  sermons,  on  the  condi- 
tion of  salvation,  and  on  the  nature  and 
necessity  of  the  Father's  drawing  such, 
as  come  to  Christ,  1769  ;  at  the  election, 
1771  ;  remarks  on  a  discourse  of  J.  Par- 
•ons,  1774  ;  the  Dudleian  lecture,  1778  ; 
and  a  sermon  f  t  Newburyport,  1788. 

TUCKEE,  St.  George,  judge,  died  in 
Nelson  county,  Virginia,  in  Nov.  1827. 
He  had  beer  a  judge  of  the  state  court 
and  was  appointed  in  1813  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  place  of 
Tyler  deceased.  He  published  an  exam- 
ination of  the  question.  How  far  the 
common  law  of  England  is  the  law 
of  the  United  States  ;  a  treatise  on 
slavery,  1796;  Letter  on  the  Alien  und 
sedition  laws,  1799 ;  Commentaries  on 
Blackstone. 

TUDOR,  William,  an  author,  the 
son  of  William  T.,  a  lawyer  and  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Boston,  who  died 
July  S,  1819,  and  grandson  of  John  T., 
who  died  in  1796  aged  86,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  coUego  in  1796  and  settled  in 
Boston  as  a  lawyer.  He  died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  where  he  was  American  Cliarg^ 
d'  Affaires,  March  9,  1830,  aged  about 
61.  He  published  a  discourse  before  the 
humane  society,  1817  ;  letters  on  the 
eastern  states,  1820;  miscellanies,  1821 ; 
the  life  of  James  Otis,  8vo.  1823. 

TURELL,  Ebenezer,  minister  of 
Medford,  Mass.,  a  native  of  Boston,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721, 
and  was  ordained  Nov.  25,  1724,  as  suc- 
cessor of  Aaron  Porter.  He  died  Dec.  5, 
1778,  aged  V6.  He  was  an  eminent 
preacher,  of  a  ready  invention,  a  correct 
judgment,  and  fervent  devotion,  who  de- 
livered divine  truth  with  animation,  and 


maintained  discipline  in  his  church  wiih 
boldness  tempered  with  piudence.  To 
his  country  he  was  n  zealous  friend  in  all 
its  interests.  After  following  to  the 
grave  three  wives,  one  of  whom  was  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Colman,  he  died  in 
Christian  hope.  He  published  the  life 
and  character  of  Dr.  Colman,  8vo.  1749. 

TYTLER,  James, eminent  for  learning, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  emigrated 
to  this  country  about  the  year  1796. 
He  died  at  Salem,  Mass.  in  Jan.  1804 
aged  53.  He  was  poor  and  lived  on  a 
point  of  land  at  a  little  distance  from  the 
town.  Returning  to  his  house  in  a  dark 
night  he  fell  into  a  clay  pit  and  was 
drowned.  His  conduct  in  life  was  mar- 
ked with  perpetual  imprudence  ;  yet  he 
was  a  man  of  no  common  scienceand  gen- 
ius. He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Edinburgh  edition  of  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica.  He  published  an  answer  to 
Paine's  age  of  reaucn,  and  a  treatise  on 
the  plague  and  yellow  fever. 

UNCAS,  sachem  of  the  Mohegan  In- 
dians in  Connecticut,  is  said  to  have  been 
a  Pequot  by  birth,  and  of  royal  descent. 
Rebelling  against  Sassacus,  he  was  expel- 
led from  the  Pequot  country  and  by  his 
enterprise  became  chief  of  the  Mohegans. 
To  the  English  he  was  a  uniform  friend, 
at  the  time  of  their  first  settlement  in 
Connecticut  and  for  many  subsequent 
years.  When  all  the  other  Indians  of  N. 
E.  were  by  the  art  of  Philip  combined 
for  the  destruction  of  the  whites ;  the 
sachemdom  of  Mohegan  alone  remained 
in  friendship.  He  was  a  brave  warrior  ; 
but  oppressive  to  his  captive  subjects. 
In  1637  he,  with  70  Mohegan  warriors, 
accompanied  capt.  Mason  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  the  Pequots.  Atthedestruc- 
tion  of  the  Mislic  fort  and  of  the  Pequot 
race  he  and  his  Indians  formed  the  second 
line.  He  received  a  part  of  the  180  cap- 
tives. As  he  had  given  some  umbrage 
to  the  Massachusetts  government,  he 
went  to  Boston  in  1638  and  making 
a  present  of  wampum  to  the  governor 
formed  a  treaty  of  friendship,  to  which 
he  \^a8  faithful.     In   Sept.  he  made  a 

treaty  with  the  colonists  of  Connecticut 


UNCAS. 


UNITED  STATES. 


731 


and  he  conveyed  to  them  in  1640  Colches- 
ter and  nil  his  land  excepting  Mohegan. 
In  1643,  when  the  Narraganseit  sachem 
attacked  him  with  1000  men,  he  tooi< 
Miantunnomu  prisoner,  and  having  ob- 
tained the  advice  of  the  commissioners  of 
the  united  colonies,  Winthrop,  Winslow, 
Hopkins,  &c.,  he  cut  off  his  prisoners 
head.  This  seems  a  savage  act.  The 
wonder  in  this  case  is,  that  Christian 
white  men  should  give  such  advice.  In 
1654  he  subdued  the  chief  at  Simsbury, 
In  king  Philip's  war  200  Mohegan  and 
Pequot  Indians  marched  with  250  whiles 
under  major  Talcott  to  Brookfield  and 
Northampton  ;  and  this  iittle  army  June 
12th  defeated  700  Indians  at  Hadley  and 
saved  the  town.  In  the  summer  there 
was  a  great  drought  at  Mohegan  ;  the 
corn  was  dried  up  in  August.  Uncas, 
who  had  given  no  encouragement  to  the 
preaching  of  Mr.  Fitch,  now  went  to  the 
good  man,  with  many  Indians,  asking  his 
prayers  for  rain,  and  engaging  to  ascribe 
the  blessing,  if  granted,  to  the  mercy  of 
God  in  hearing  prayer.  A  day  of  fasting 
and  prayer  was  observed  j  and  the  day 
following  there  was  a  copious  rain.  Un- 
cas was  now  an  old  man.  He  probably 
died  soon  afterwards.  Onecho,  his  eldest 
son  assisted  the  English  in  the  war  of 
1676.  The  family  declined  in  power 
with  the  decay  of  the  tribe.  Isaiah  Un- 
cas attended  Dr.  Wheelock's  school. 
About  1800  Noah  and  John  Uncas  were 
living  ;  but  the  name  is  now  extinct  at 
Mohegan.  The  regal  burying  ground  is 
not  at  Mohegan,  but  at  Norwich  city,  on 
the  plain,  near  the  house  of  Calvin  God- 
dard,  and  a  short  distance  from  the  falls 
of  the  Yantic.  There  are  several  grave 
stones.  The  inscriptiorj  on  the  stone, 
not  of  the  sachem  Uncas,  as  Dr.  Holmes 
represents,  but  of  Samuel  Uncas,  his 
great  grandson,  who  died  in  1741,  aged 
27,  is  this: 

"  For  beauty,  wit,  and  sterling  sense, 

For  temper  mild  and  eloquence, 

For  courage  bold  and  iliinga  Werheegun 

He  was  the  glory  of  Moliegan. 

His  death  has  caused  great  lamentation 

Both  to  the  English  and  the  Indian  nation." 


The  '  things  Werheegan  '  are  either 
things  pertaining  to  warfare,  or  things 
agreeable  and  welcome.  There  are  less 
than  a  hundred  Mohegans,  including 
those  of  mixed  blood,  now  remaining. 
Something  of  their  history  may  be  known 
by  looking  at  the  articles  Fitch,  Occomt 
Jos.  Johnson,  and  Tantequiggen,  in  this 
book.  The  French  and  revolutionary 
wars,  and  above  all  the  use  of  spirituous 
liquors  have  nearly  exterminated  the 
tribe.  However  there  is  now  reason  to 
hope  for  amendment.  They  retain  of  their 
large  territory  2700  acres  of  good  land,and 
have  several  houses,  which  they  rent  to 
white  men ;  they  have  now  schools  and  a 
preacher.  If  they  can  renounce  strong 
drink  and  should  cultiv  ate  their  remaining 
land  diligently,  and  especially  if  the  pow- 
er of  religion  should  be  felt  among  them ; 
they  would  become  a  respectable  and  hap- 
py community. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AM- 
ERICA, existed  formerly  as  disconnec- 
ted colonies  of  Great  Britain.    Af\er  tlie 
settlement  of  America  the  first  appearance 
of  a  union  among  the  distinct  colonies  is 
presented  in  the  articles  of  confederation 
entered  into  at  Boston  May  19,  1643  by 
commissioners  from  N.  Haven,  Connec- 
ticut, Massachusetts,  and  Plymouth.     It 
was  agreed,  that  two  deputies  from  each 
of  these  colonies  should  meet  annually, 
and  have  power  to  make  war  and  peace 
with  the  Dutch,   French,  and  Indians, 
and  to  establish  all  laws  of  a  general  con- 
cern.    All  common  affairs  were  to  be 
transacted  under  tb  ;  name  of  the  United 
Colonies  of  N.  England.     Rhode  Island 
applied  for  admission  in  1648,  but  was 
refused.      This    union  continued  more 
than  forty  years  till  the  abrogation  of  the 
N.  England  charters  by  James  II.    A 
more  extensive  plan  of  union  was  proposed 
in  1754  in  consequence  of  the  apprehen- 
sion of  an  approaching  war  with  the 
French.      A  convention,  consisting]  of 
delegates  from  N.  Hampshire  Massachu- 
setts, R.  Island,  Connecticut,  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  Maryland,  with  the  lieutenant 
governor  and  council  of  N.  York,  met  at 
Albany  June  14th,  and,  afler  making  a 


733 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


treaty  with  the  Indiana  of  the  six  nations, 
took  up  the  subject  of  union.  A  plan, 
which  wna  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Franklin, 
/tras  ai]wned  July  4th,  by  all  the  delegates, 
excepting  those  of  Connecticut.  It  pro- 
posed a  general  government,  to  be  admin- 
isteFed  by  a  president  general  appointed 
by  the  crown,and  by  a  grand  cr)uncii,con- 
sisting  of  members  chosen  by  the  colonial 
assemblies.  No  colony  was  to  have 
more  than  seven,  nor  less  than  two  rep- 
resentatives. The  consent  of  the  presi-  I 
dent  was  to  be  necessary  to  the  passing  j 
of  a  bill  into  a  law,  and  all  laws  were  to  ; 
be  sent  to  England  for  the  approbation  of  j 
the  king.  Among  other  powers  to  be 
vested  in  the  president  and  council  was 
that  of  laying  such  duties,  imposts,  or 
taxes,  as  should  be  necessary  for  the 
general  defence.  A  copy  of  this  plan  was 
transmitted  to  each  of  the  colonial  assem- 
blies and  to  the  king's  council,  and  it  was 
rejected  by  both  for  opposite  reasons  ;  be- 
cause it  was  supposed  to  give  too  little 
and  too  much  power  to  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people.  It  is  not 
a  little  surprising,  that  the  conven- 
tion should  have  been  permitted,  or 
that,  when  assembled,  the  de!r^-n*es 
should  have  been  suffered  to  dir.'Ct  thel"- 
thoughts  to  the  subject  of  union.  The 
proposal  of  a  union  first  came  from  Shir- 
ley, the  royal  governor  of  Mass.  After 
the  passing  of  the  stamp  act  by  the  par- 
liament for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  reve- 
nue in  America,  the  assembly  of  Mass. 
proposed  a  congress  of  deputies  from 
each  colony  to  consult  on  the  common 
interest.  Deputies  from  the  assemblies 
of  Mass.,  R.  Island,  Connecticut,  N. 
York,  N.  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  the  Del- 
aware counties,  Maryland,  and  S.  Caro- 
lina accordingly  met  at  N.  York  in  Oct. 
17C5,  and  immediately  made  a  declara- 
tion of  rights  and  grievances.  They 
claimed  for  the  colonies  the  exclusive 
power  of  taxing  themselves,  and  agreed 
upon  a  petition  to  the  king,  and  a  memo- 
rial to  each  house  of  parliament.  From 
this  period  the  pretensions  of  G.  Britain 
were  examined  with  the  greatest  freedom; 
the  assemblies  ol'  different  colonies  adop- 


ted spirited  resolutions,  asserting  their 
rights ;  a  general  non  importation 
agreement  was  entered  into  ;  commit- 
tees of  correspondence  were  appointed  ; 
and  affairs  were  hastening  to  a  crisis. 
The  bill,  which  shut  the  port  of  Boston 
in  1774,  excited  universal  indignation. 
Through  sympatliy  in  the  sufferings  of 
Massachusetts  the  house  of  Burgesses  of 
Virginia  appointed  a  day  of  fasting  and 
prayer,  and  signed  an  agreement,  declar- 
ing, that  an  attack  upon  a  sister  colony 
to  compel  submission  to  arbitrary  taxes 
was  an  attack  on  all  British  America. 
They  also  directed  the  committee  of  cor- 
respondence to  propose  a  general  con- 
gress. Sept.  5,  1774  the  first  congress, 
composed  of  delegates  from  eleven  colo- 
nies, was  held  at  Philadelphia.  During 
a  session  of  eight  weeks  a  declaration 
of  rights  was  adopted  ;  a  non  impor- 
tation, and  non  consumption,  and  non 
exportation  agreement  was  made  ;  an 
address  to  the  people  of  G.  Britain,  a 
memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  British 
America,  anri  a  loyal  ar'  Iress  to  his  maj- 
esty were  prepared  ;  and  letters  were  . 
written  to  the  people  of  Canada,  and  to 
the  colonies  of  St.  John's,  Nova  Scotin, 
Georgia,  and  the  Floridas,  inviting  them 
<o  unite  in  the  common  cause.  The 
battle  of  ^Lexington,  April  19,  1775,  was 
the  signal  of  war  and  the  royal  troops  in 
Boston  soon  found  themselves  besieged 
by  an  army  of  20,000  men.  The  second 
congress  assembled  at  Philadelphia  May 
10th,  and  immediately  resolved  upon 
taking  up  arms,  and  emitted  bdls  of  credit 
to  the  amount  of  3  mill.'  of  dollars  to  de- 
fray the  expenses  of  the  war,  for  the  re- 
demption oi"  which  bills  the  12  confeder- 
ate colonies  were  pledged.  They  how- 
ever prepared  a  second  petition  to  the 
king,  a  second  address  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Great  Britain,  and  addresses  to  the 
people  of  Canada,  and  to  the  assembly  of 
Jamaica,  all  of  which  were  written  in  a 
masterly  manner.  In  the  mean  time 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  taken 
by  troops  under  the  command  of  col. 
Allen,  and  the  hard  fought  battle  of 
Breed's  hill,Juncl7,taiight  the  Americans, 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


733 


Ihat  they  were  able  to  contend  with  the 
disciplined  troops  of  Great  Britain.  Gen- 
eral Washintjton  arrived  at  Cambridge 
as  the  coniniiinder  in  chief  in  July.  In 
the  autumn  Canada  was  invaded  l)y  Moni- 
gomery,  who  took  Montreal,  and  Arnold 
penetrated  through  the  wilderness  of  the 
district  of  Maine  and  presented  himself 
before  Quebec.  The  assault  upon  the 
city  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  however 
unsuccessful.  The  British  were  reduced 
to  the  necessity  ot'  evacuating  Boston 
March  17, 1776,  and  in  June  the  Ameri- 
cans were  obliged  to  withdraw  themselves 
from  Canada.  July  4ih,  after  an  anima- 
ted debate, the  declaration  oi'independence 
was  adopted  by  congress.  The  members 
of  that  illustrious  body  solemnly  declared 
the  unit  kI  colonies  to  he  "  free  and  inde- 
pendent states,"  and  in  support  of  this 
declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the 
protection  of  divine  providence,  they 
mutually  pledged  to  each  other  their  lives, 
their  fortunes,  an  I  their  sacred  honor. 
In  Aug.  the  British  drove  tiie  Americans 
from  L.  Island  ;  in  Si'pt.  they  took  pos- 
session of  New  York  ;  and  in  a  short 
lime  they  captured  forts  Washington 
and  Lee,  and  obliged  the  commander  in 
chief  to  retire  beyond  the  Delaware. 
The  congress  removed  to  Baltimore  in 
Dec.  The  battle  of  Trenton,  Dec.  26, 
1776,  revived  the  expiring  cause  of  Amer- 
ica, During  the  year  1777  there  were 
several  warm  engagements.  In  Sept. 
aftei'  the  battle  of  Brandyvvine  the  enemy 
took  possession  of  Philadelphia.  The 
Americans  were  again  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown  Oct.  4th.  The 
northern  campaign  was  more  encourag- 
ing,for  Oct.  17th  Burgoyne  was  ca[)tured 
with  his  whole  army  of  upwards  of  5,700 
men.  In  the  beginning  of  1778  a  treaty 
was  made  with  France,  and  a  powerful 
ally  obtained.  This  event  induced  the 
B;itish  to  abandon  PhiLidclphia  in  June 
in  order  to  concentrate  the  royal  forces 
at  N.  York.  They  were  pursued  and 
attacked  at  Monmouth.  At  the  close  of 
the'year  Savannah  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy.  In  1779  an  expedition  was 
undertaken  from  N.  York  against  Con- 


necticut, and  N.  Haven  was  plundered, 
and  Fairfield  andNorwalk  burned.  Sto- 
ny point  on  the  other  haml  was  taken  by 
general  Wayne  by  assault.  The  coun- 
try of  the  Indians  of  the  six  nations  was 
desolated  by  general  Sullivan  in  Aug. 
and  Sept.  In  Oct.  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt to  recover  Savannah  was  made  by 
count  D'  Estaing  and  general  Lincoln. 
Newport  in  ]l.  Island,  which  had  been 
held  by  the  enemy  from  Dec.  1776, 
was  evacuated  ■  Oct.  23th.  In  the  year 
1780  sir  H.  Clinton  sailed  to  Charleston, 
and  May  12th  made  general  Lir.coln  and 
the  whole  garrison  prisoners.  Au{^.  16th 
Gates  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  r^n- 
den.  In  Sept.  the  treachery  of  Arnold 
was  detected.  The  year  1781  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  most  important  events. 
Greene,  who  had  superseded  Gates  in  the 
southern  department,  brought  the  high- 
est honor  to  the  American  arms.  The 
splendid  victory  cfEulaw  Sept.  8th  closed 
the  revolutionary  war  in  S.  Carolina. 
Cornwallis  was  besieged  in  Yorktown  by 
the  united  American  and  French  armies, 
and  Oct.  19th  he  was  obliged  to  capitu- 
late with  about  6,000  men.  The  cap- 
ture of  this  army  may  be  considered  as 
the  termination  of  the  war,for  the  events, 
which  occurred  afterwards,  Wo/e  of  little 
comparative  magnituilc. 

Till  the  y^ar  1781  the  powers  of  con- 
gress seem  to  liave  buen  defined  by  no 
formal  agreement  between  the  several 
states,  but  iu  this  year  articles  of  confed- 
eration werM  adopted.  The  arti- 
cles had  been  made  by  congress  Nov. 
15,  1777,  and  submitted  to  the  individual 
states,  but  Maryland  did  not  sign  them 
till  March  1,  l78l.  On  their  reception 
by  this  state  the  act  of  union  was  com- 
pleted. There  were  perhaps  some  ad- 
vantages in  the  delay  of  this  event  ;  for 
as  seven  states  were  a  majority,  when- 
ever that  number  met,  it  was  considered 
as  the  representative  body  of  the  ihirteen, 
and  if  a  measure  was  adopted  by  four  out 
ofthe  «even,  it  was  considered  as  the  act 
of  the  whole,  even  in  those  cases,  which 
by  the  confederation  required  the  concur- 
rence of  nine  state?.     The  following  are 


734 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


the  pi  incii)al  features  of  the  confederation, 
which  was  the  foundation  of  the  Ameri- 
can government  until  the  establishment 
of  the  present  constitution.  The  style 
of  the  confederacy  was,  the  United  states 
of  America,  each  state  retaining  all  pow- 
ers not  expressly  delegated.  No  state 
was  to  be  represented  in  congress  by  less 
than  two,  nor  by  more  than  seven  mem- 
bers. The  delegates  were  chosen  an- 
nually, and  while  they  were  incapable  of 
being  chosen  for  more  than  three  years 
in  any  term  of  six  years,  they  were  liable 
at  any  time  to  be  recalled.  No  one 
could  be  a  member  of  congress,  who 
held  an  office  of  profit  under  the  U.  S. 
Each  state  was  to  have  one  vote.  Af- 
fairs of  common  concern  were  for  the 
most  part  intrusted  to  congress.  There 
was  to  be  a  common  treasury,  and  a  re- 
venue was  to  be  raised  by  taxes,  appor- 
tioned among  the  states  according  to  the 
value  of  surveyed  lands  and  buildings, 
but  to  be  levied  by  the  legislatures  of  the 
respective  states.  In  all  disputes  re- 
specting the  boundary  or  jurisdiction  of 
states,  an  appeal  could  be  made  to  con- 
gress in  the  last  resort.  Measures 
were  decided  by  a  majority  of  the  U.  S. 
assembled.  Congress  could  not  adjourn 
f' '  a  longer  time  than  six  months,  and 
during  a  recess  "  a  committee  of  the 
states,"  consisting  of  one  delegate  from 
each,  might  execute  such  powers,  as 
nine  of  the  states  should  confer  upon 
them,  'no  alteration  could  be  made  in 
the  articles  of  union,  unless  agreed  to  in 
congress,  and  confirmed  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  every  state.    . 

Nov.  30,  1782  provisional  articles  of 
peace  between  G.  Britain  and  the  U. 
States  were  signed,  and  the  definitive 
treaty  Sept.  3,  1733.  New  York  was 
evacuated  Nov.  25th,  and  Washington 
soon  afterwards  repaired  to  congress 
and  resigned  his  military  commission. 
In  178G  there  was  an  insurrection  in 
Mass.  and  N.  Hampshire,  occasioned 
principally  by  the  burdens  of  the  neces- 
sary taxes  ;  but  it  was  suppressed  in  the 
following  year.  In  May  1737  the  con- 
vention, which   framed  the  present  con- 


stitution of  the  U.  StateD,  assembled  at 
Philadelphia.  A  new  government  had 
been  rendered  necessary  by  the  imbecility 
of  the  confederation.  An  enormous  debt 
had  been  contracted  by  the  war,  and  to 
dischaige  it  a  system  of  revenue  had  been 
devised,  an  essential  part  of  which  was  a 
general  impost.  But  as  the  states  were 
ro  longer  bound  together  by  common 
danger  and  common  interest,  the  ordinan- 
ces of  congress  w^re  disregarded.  Com- 
mercial regulations,  adopted  by  some 
states,  only  operated  to  divert  the  course 
of  busuiess  to  the  advantage  of  the  other 
states.  In  the  midst  of  the  calamities, 
which  were  fult,and  of  greater  calamities, 
which  were  apprehended,  Mr.  Madison 
in  the  legislature  of  Virginia  proposed  a 
general  convention.  Commissioners  ac- 
cordingly met  at  Annapolis  in  Sept.  1786 
but  adjourned  to  May  25,  1787,  when 
delegates  with  more  ample  powers  assem- 
bled ;  and  they  agreed  upon  the  present 
constitution  Sept.  I7th.  It  was  ratified 
first  by  Delaware  Dec.  3,  1737,  and  by 
June  25,  1788  it  was  accepted  by  nine 
other  states,  which  more  than  completed 
the  number  necessary  for  rendering  it 
valid.  It  was  afterwards  adopted  by  N. 
York  July  26,  l788,by  N.  Carolina  Nov. 
27,  1739,  by  R.  Island  May  29,  1790, 
and  by  Vermont  Jan.  10,  1791.  The 
constitution  of  the  U.S.,  as  it  now  exists, 
for  some  amendments  have  been  made, 
vests  all  legislative  powers  in  a  congress, 
consisting  of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  rep- 
resentatives,the  members  of  the  former  to 
be  chosen  for  six  years  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  the  respective  states,  and 
the  members  of  the  latter  to  be  cho- 
sen for  two  years  by  the  people  u  the 
several  states.  Two  senators  are  chosen 
from  each  state,  making  48,  and  one  rep- 
resentative is  allowed  for  every  47,700  of 
estimated  persons  in  a  state,  the  following 
rule  being  adopted  in  making  the  estima- 
tion, that  to  the  whole  number  of  free  per- 
sons, including  those  bound  to  service 
for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  In- 
dians not  taxed,  there  be  added  three 
fifths  of  all  other  persons,  so  that 
slaves    are    counted    in     this  manner; 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


735 


making  344  representatives,  afler  March 
3,  1833  for  the  ten  succeeding  years.  No 
person,  holding  any  office  under  the  U. 
States,  can  be  a  member  of  either  house. 
The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  States  of  America.  He  is 
chosen  every  four  years  by  electors,  ap- 
pointed by  each  of  the  states,  in  number 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators 
and  representatives,  to  which  a  state  may 
be  entitled.  These  electors  meet  in  their 
separate  states  on  the  same  day,  and  give 
in  written  votes  for  a  president  and 
vice  president.  A  list  of  these  votes  is 
transmitted  to  the  seat  of  government, 
where  they  are  counted  in  the  presence  of 
the  senate  and  the  house  of  representa- 
tives. The  person,who  has  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  votes  for  president, 
is  elevated  to  that  office.  In  the  event  of 
his  decease,  the  vice  president,  who  pre- 
sides in  the  senate,  takes  his  place.  The 
president  is  so  far  concerned  in  legislation, 
that  every  bill,  which  has  passed  the  two 
houses  of  congress,  must  be  presented 
to  him  for  his  signature,  and,  if  he 
objects  10  it,  must  be  reconsidered 
andapprovedby  two  thirds  of  each  house 
before  it  can  become  a  law.  With  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senat^.  he  has 
power  to  make  treaties,  and  appoin*  am- 
bassadors, and  the  principal  public  offi- 
cers. The  judges  of  the  supreme  and  in- 
ferior courts  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior.  No  religious  test  is  required 
as  a  ([ualification  for  any  office  or  public 
trust  under  the  U.  States,  and  no  law 
can  be  made  respecting  an  esiablLsimicnt 
of  religion.  All  powers  not  delegated  are 
reserved  to  the  slates  respectively  or  to 
the  people. 

April  Cj  1789  a  quorum  of  senators  and 
representatives  assembled  at  New  York, 
and  on  counting  the  votes  declared  George 
Washington  to  be  elected  president  and 
John  Adams  vice  president  of  the  U.  S. 
''.Vashington  was  inaugurated  into  his 
high  office  April  30th.  His  adminis- 
tration lasted  eight  years,  as  he  was  re- 
elected after  the  expiration  of  the  first 
term.  A  treaty  with  Great  Britain  was 
signed  at  London  Nov.   19,  1794,  and 


treaties  with  Spain  and  the  Dey  of  Al- 
giers were  made  in  1795.  During  the 
continuance  of  president  Washington  in 
office  the  foundations  of  the  prosperity  of 
America  were  laid.  In  1797  John  Ad- 
ams vvas  chosen  president  of  the  U.  States 
and  Thomas  Jefferson  vice  president. 
During  this  administration  a  treaty  was 
made  with  Prussia  July  11,  1799,  and 
after  repeated  injuries  from  revolutionary 
France  a  convention  was  concluded  at 
Paris  with  the  French  republic  Sept.  30, 
1800.  This  event  contributed  much  to 
the  prosperity  of  America.  In  1801  Tho. 
Jefferson  was  elected  president  and  Aaron 
Burr  vice  president  for  the  U.  Slates. 
In  1803  Louisiana  was  purchased  of 
France  for  fifteen  millions  of  dollars.  In 
1805  Thomas  Jefitirson  was  re-elected 
president  and  George  Clinton  was  chosen 
vice  president  of  the  U.  Slates.  In  this 
year  general  Eaton  distinguished  himself 
by  his  exploits  against  the  barbarians  of 
Tripoli.  In  Dec.  1806  a  negotiation  for 
the  settlement  of  differences  wiih  Eng- 
land terminated  in  a  treaty,  which  was 
sent  to  this  country.  It  was  rejected  by 
the  president  because  it  contained  no  en- 
gagement against  the  impressment  of  sea- 
men from  merchant  vessels,  and  on  ac- 
count of  a  note  annexed,  that  England 
retained  the  right  of  retaliating  on  the 
principles  of  the  Berlin  decree,  if  the  U. 
S.  submitted  to  it.  In  Dec.  1807  an  act, 
laying  an  embargo  on  all  vessels  in  the 
ports  of  the  U.  States,  was  passed  in  con- 
sequence of  the  decree  of  Berlin  by  the 

French  emperor,  declaring  the  British 
islands  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  of"  in- 
creasing dangers,"  >,;;■'  ii  threatened  our 
commerce.      This  act  continued  in  force 

until  the  non  intercourse  act  .vas  substi- 
tuted in  its  place  at  the  close  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  Mr.  Jeflerson.  In  1809 
James  Madison  vvas  chosen  president  of 
the  U.  S.  and  Geo.  Clinton  vice  president. 
April  19th,  the  president  issued  a  proc- 
lamation restoring  the  intercourse  with 

Great  Britain  on  the  10th  of  June,  as  the 
government  of  that  country  had  declared, 
thatihe  orders  in  council  in  retaliation  of 

the  French  decree  would  at  that  time  be 


736 


UNITED  STATES. 


VAN  NESS. 


so- 


withdrawn,  as  far  as  they  respected  tlie 
U.  States.  But  this  arrangement  was 
disavowed  by  the  British  government. 
In  November  1810  commercial  inter- 
course was  interdicted  with  Great 
Britain.  Nov.  7,  1811  gov.  Harrison 
defeated  the  Indians  in  a  battle  on  the 
Wabash.  In  consequence  of  impress- 
ments, orders  in  council  injurious  to  our 
rights,  and  other  causes  war  was  declared 
against  Great  Britain  June  19,  1812, 
which  lasted  till  Dec.  24,  1814,  when  a 
treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent.  The 
principal  events  of  the  war  were,  first,  on 
the  sea,  the  capture  of  the  Guerriere  by 
capt.  Hull  in  the  C  institution ;  of 
the  Frolic  by  capt.  Jones  in  the  Wasp  ; 
of  the  JVlacedonian  by  commodore  Deca- 
tur in  the  United  States;  the  loss  of  the 
Chesapeak,  capt.  Lawrence,  captured  by 
capt.  Broke  in  the  Shannon,  and  of  the 
Argus  and  Essex  ^  ihe  capture  of  the 
Pelican,  Boxer,  and  Peacock,  the  Eper- 
vier,  and  Reindeer  j  of  the  British  squad- 
ron on  lake  Erie  by  commodore  Perry;  and 
of  the  British  squadron  on  lake  Chnmplain 
by  commodore  Mc  Donough :  and  next, on 
the  land,  the  surrender  of  gen.  Hull  and 
his  army  to  the  British,  and  of  VVinches- 
terand  his  troops,  and  of  Van  Rensselaer 
at  Queenstown  ;  the  capture  of  York  by 
gen.  Dearborn,  of  fort  George  by  gen. 
Boyd;  the  victory  over  Tecuniseh  ;  the 
defeat  of  the  Creeks  by  gen.  CoH'ee  ;  gen. 
Brown's  victories  at  Chippewa  and 
Bridgewater;  the  capture  of  VVasIiington 
by  the  enemy;  &  the  victory  of  our  troops 
unilergen.  Jackson  at  New  Orleans.  In 
1813  Mr.  Madison  was  re-elected  presi- 
dent and  Mr.  Gerry  was  chosen  vice- 
president,  la  1815  war  was  declared 
against  Algiers  and  Decatur  compelled 
the  (ley  to  relinquish  forever  the  claim  of 
tribute.  In  1816  a  national  bank  was  es- 
tablished. In  I81<  Mr.  Monroe  was 
elected  president  and  Mr.  Tompkins  vice- 
president  and  tliey  were  re-chosen  in 
1821.  Slave  trading  was  in  1820  made 
punishable  with  death.  In  1821  gen. 
Jackson  took  possession  o(  Flo-rida  ;  and 
in  this  ycarMis*)uii,  the  34th  state,  was 
admitted  into  tli'j  union.      In  1824  gen. 


j  La  Fayette  visited  the  U.  S.     In  1825 

John  Quincy  Adams  was  chosen  presi- 

j  dent  and  John  C.Calhoun  vice  president. 

I  In  1829  commenced  the  ninth  administra- 

i  tion,gen.  Jackson  being  chosen  president 

j  and  Mr.  Calhoun  vice-president.      The 

I  population  of  the  U.  States  was  in  1790, 

I  3,929,326  ;  in  1800,  5,309,758  ;  in  1810, 

7,239,903;  in    1820,9,638,166;  m  18S0, 

l'?,856,165.     The  slaves,  included  in  the 

last  number,  amounted  to   2,010,    436. 

The  number  of  Indians  including  those 

j  to  the  west  of  the  rocky  mountains  has 

;  been  estimated  at  313,  170.      Besides  the 

j  24  States  of  the   union,  the   district  of 

I  Columbia,  10  miles  square,  is  under  the 

I  immediate  government  of  congress,  and 

;  there  are  the  three  terr;t<iries  of  Florida, 

Michigan,  and  Arkansas. 

VANE,  sir  Henry,  governor  of  Mass., 
was  born  in  England    and  educated  at 
Oxford.      He    then   went    to    Geneva, 
wliere  he  becamea  republican,  and  found 
arguments  against  the  established  church. 
After  his  return  to  London,as  his  noncon- 
(brmity  displeased  the  bishop,  he  came  to 
N.  I'ngland  in  the  beginning  of  1635. 
In  the  next  year,  though  he  was  only  24 
years  of  age  he  was  chosen  governor ; 
but,  attaching   himself  to  the    party  of 
Mrs.  Hutchinson,  he  was  in  1637  super- 
seded by  gov.  Winthrop.     He  soon  re- 
i  turned  to  England,  where  he  joined  the 
party  against  the  king,  though   he  was 
opposed  to  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell. 
1  After  the  restoration    he  was  tried    for 
'  high  treason,    and    beheaded   June    14, 
i  l(i62,  aged  50.     He  published  a  number 
]  of  speeches;  the  retired   man's   niedita- 
I  tions,  or  the  mystery  and  power  of  godli- 
'  ness,  showing  forth  the  living  word,  &c. 
4to.  1655;  a  needful  corrective  or  balance 
in  popular  government ;  the  love  of  God 
and  union  with  God  ;  an  epistle  general 
to  the    mystical    body    of   Christ,  &c. 
1<.!C2;  the  face  of  the  times,  or  the  enmi- 
ty between   the  seed  of  the  woman  and 
of  the  serpent,  1662;    meditations  con- 
cerning man's  life;  meditations  on  death; 
and  a  number  of  political  tracts,and  pieces 
relating  to  his  trial. 
VAN   NESS,  William,  W.,  judge. 


VAN  RENSSELAER. 


VAN  WART. 


787 


the  son  of  Wm.W.V.,  who  died  in  192), 
aged  83,  was  born  at  Ciaveracic,  N.  Y. 
in  1775  and  practised  law  at  Hudson.  He 
was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  N. 
Y.  from  1807  till  his  resignation  May  1, 
1823,  when  he  returned  to  the  bar  at  N. 
York.  Repairing  to  the  south  for  his 
health,  he  died  at  Charleston,  Feb.  38, 
1823,  aged  47.  His  eldest  daughter  mar- 
ried Henry  Livingston.  Without  any 
peculiar  advantages  of  education  or  pat- 
ronage he  rose  to  distinction  by  the  force 
of  his  talents.  He  was  a  learned,  impar- 
tial, respected  judge.  In  his  manners  he 
w'iS  courteous,andin  private  life  he  was 
amiable  and  beloved.  He  died  as  a  Chris- 
tian, invoking  the  mercy  of  the  Savior 
of  sinners.  At  a  meeting  of  the  bar  in 
N.  Y.  Mr.  Jay  and  Mr.  Griflin  described 
his  eminent  and  excellent  character. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,Jeremiah,  the 
founder  of  the  family  of  that  name  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  a  man  of  wealth  and 
a  director  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
company,  emigrated  to  New  York  about 
1660.  Others  of  the  same  name  emigra- 
tes! about  the  same  time.  He  brought 
out  settlers  from  Holland  and  purchased 
of  the  Indians  an  extensive  tract  around 
Albany.  The  purchase  was  confirmed 
by  the  Dutch  government  and  a  patent 
was  obtained.  After  Nicolls'  cmquest 
of  the  Dutch  settlements  in  1664  the  duke 
of  York  granted  another  patent,  which 
was  confirmed  by  queen  Anne,  giving 
the  right  of  holding  courts  &  of  sending 
a  representative  to  the  assembly.  By  one 
of  the  family  the  manor  was  accordingly 
represented  till  the  revolution.  His  lands 
have  descended  from  generation  to  gener- 
ation and  are  now  held  by  his  descendant, 
Stephen  Van  R.,  formerly  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor of  New  York. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  Jeremiah,  a 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  and  lieutenant 
governor  of  N.  York,  was  for  some  years 
a  member  of  congress.  He  died  at  Al- 
bany Feb.  22,  1810,  aged  69. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  Henry  K. 
general,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was 
a    colonel  in  the  army  of   the    United 
States,  and    afterwards  general  of  the 
93 


militia  of  New  York.  At  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne  he  was  wounded.  For  his  ser- 
vices he  received  a  pension  from  his  coun- 
try. He  died  at  Albany  in  Sept.  1816, 
aged  72.  His  son,  Solomon  Van  R., 
wasadjutani  general  of  N.  "Vovk  in  1809. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  Philip  S., 
mayor  of  Albany,  was  elected  in  1798, 
and  amidst  all  the  changes  of  party  was 
annually  re-elected,  excepting  in  two 
years,  till  1823.  For  23  years  he  was  a 
faithful  chief  magistrate  of  the  city,  as- 
siduous^ in  promoting  its  moral  and  polit- 
ical interests.  He  died  Sept.  23,  1924, 
aged  !j8.  He  was  a  much  respected  and 
useful  citizen.  Of  the  Albany  Bible  so- 
ciety he  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  the 
president,  and  a  trustee  of  Union  college. 
He  was  the  principal  founder  of  the  Al- 
bany academy,  and  of  the  Lancaster 
school  society.  His  fortune  and  talents 
were  employed  for  the  promotion  of  be- 
nevolent objects.  In  liisd«:th,  while  the 
poor  lost  their  best  friend,  the  church 
was  deprived  of  an  exemplary  member. 

VAN  WART,  Isaac,  colonel,  one  of 
the  captors,  with  Paulding  and  Williams, 
of  Andre,  was  born  at  Greensburgh, 
Westchester  county,  N.  Y.  in  1743,  and 
died  at  his  residence  in  the  town  of  Moimt 
Pleasant  May  23,  1828,  aged  80.  He 
was  a  worthy  man,  sober,  industrious, 
moral,  and  religious,  and  much  respected 
in  his  neighborhood.  His  account  of  the 
capture  of  A.  was  this.  He  was  at  the 
encampment  at  North  Castle,  where  col. 
Jameson  commanded,  when  Paulding 
proposed  to  go  on  a  scout  below.  They 
started  in  the  afternoon  and  WilliaoRs 
joined  them.  At  Mount  Plea«ant  they 
passed  the  night  in  a  barn.  The  next 
morning  at  9  o'clock  they  lay  in  wait  on 
the  North  river  post  road,  in  a  field,  now 
the  property  of  Mr.  Wiley,  three  quart- 
ers of  a  mile  from  Tarrytown.  He  was 
sentinel,  lying  in  the  bushes  by  the  fence, 
while  the  others  played  cards.  In  thirty 
minutes,  seeing  a  man  riding  a  black 
horse  on  the  rising  ground,  opposite  Tar- 
rytown academy,  he  summoned  his  com- 
panions to  take  their  firelocks,  and  stand 
by  .the  fetjce.    Having  captured  Andre, 


C-teJ 


738 


VARICK. 


they  took  off  his  boots  and  found  the  pa- 
pers in  his  silk  stockings.  In  conveying 
him  to  the  encampment,  they  allowed 
him  to  ride,  but  avoided  the  high  way  ; 
"big  drops  of  sweat  kept  failing  from  his 
face."  He  once  expressed  a  wish,  that 
they  had  blown  his  brains  out,  when  they 
stopped  him.  Having  arrived  at  Sands' 
mills,  ten  miles  from  the  place  sf  capture, 
they  surrendered  him  to  col.  Jamerji' 

VARICK,  Richard,  colonel,  third 
president  of  the  American  Bible  society, 
was  born  in  175'i.  In  17S3  he  was  one  of 
Washington's  military  family,  being  re- 
cording secretary.  He  was  a  mayor  of 
the  city  of  N.  York  in  1789  ;  also  so  late 
as  1801,  when  he  was  removed  and  Ed- 
ward Livingston  appointed  in  his  place. 
After  Mr.  Jay,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Bou- 
dinot,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Bi- 
ble society.  He  died  at  Jersey  city  July 
30,  i331,  aged  79.  His  life  was  upright. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  a 
Christian  church.  In  his  manners  he 
was  dignified,  and  fixed  in  his  principles, 
political  and  religious. 

VARNUM,  James  Mitchell,general,  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  a  descen- 
dant of  Sam.  v.,  who  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  1649  and  settled  in  Dracut,  Mass. 
He  was  born  in  1749  and  graduated  at 
Providence  college  in  the  first  class  in 
1769  ;  and  afterwards  studied  law  and  re- 
sided at  East  Greenwich.  In  Feb.  1777 
he  was  appointed  a  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  the  U.  S.  In  Nov.  he  com 
manded  at  Red  Bank,  and  he  served  un- 
der Sullivan  in  R.  Island  in  Aug.  1778, 
but  resigned  in  1779.  In  1786  he  was  a 
delegate  to  congress,  and  in  Oct.  1787 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  north  west- 
ern territory.  He  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 
Jan.  10,  1790,  aged  40.  A  letter  to 
bis  wife  on  the  value  of  religion  is  in 
Mass.  mag.  Nov.  1790. 

VARNUM,  Joseph  Bradley,  general, 
a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  about  1750,  and  resi- 
ded at  Dracut  After  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress,  in  which  body  he  remained  13 
years.  H;*  was  the  speaker  four  years.  Of 


VERMONT. 

Mr.  Jefferson's  administration  he  w&s  a 
xealous  supporter.  In  181 1  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Pickering  as  senator  of  the  U.  S. 
Of  3  convPHiions  of  Massachusetts  he 
was  a  useful  member.  Hedied  suddenly 
Sept.  11,  1821,  aged  71,  being  then  major 
general  of  a  division  of  the  militia. 

VAUDREUIL,  Marquis  de,  governor 
of  Canada,  received  the  govornmcnt  of 
Montreal  in  1689,  &  in  1703  he  succeeded 
to  the  government  of  the  whole  province 
of  Canada.  He  continued  in  this  ofiice 
till  his  death  Oct.  10,  1725.  His  admin- 
istration was  distinguished  by  vigilance, 
firmness,  and  success.  He  was  succeeded 
by  the  chevalier  dc  Beauharnois,  wtio 
sent  one  of  his  officers  to  penetnte  to  the 
south  sea.     This  object  was  r*rected. 

VENABLE,  Abraham  B.,  a  senator 
of  the  U.  S.  from  Virginia,  perished  with 
gov.Smith  and  about  70  others,  principal- 
ly females,  in  the  conflagration  of  the 
theatre  at  Richmond  Dec.  26,  1811, 
Mr.  Bolt,  a  lawyer,  and  his  wife,  Miss 
Almerine  Marshall,  daughter  of  chief  jus- 
tice M.,  and  Miss  Clay,  daughter  of  a 
member  of  congress,  were  among  the  vic- 
tims. 

VERMONT,  one  of  the  United 
States,  was  not  settled  in  any  part  until 
1724,  when  fort  Dummer  on  Connecticut 
river  was  built  by  Massachusetts.  The 
French  from  Ccnadabuiltafortat  Crown 
Point  in  1731.  When  the  boundary  hno 
between  Massachusetts  and  N.  Hamp- 
shire was  drawn  in  1741,  the  latter  colony 
concluded,  that  its  jurisdiction  extended 
as  far  west  as  that  of  the  former,  and  un- 
der this  impression  granted  many  town- 
ships of  lands.  The  government  of  N. 
Ifork,  which  claimed  the  territory,  which 
is  now  Vermont,  required  the  settlers  to 
lake  out  new  grants,  which  were  atten- 
ded with  great  expense.  The  settlers 
generally  refused  and  the  controversy 
rose  to  such  a  height  about  the  year  1765, 
that  some  of  the  officers  of  N.  York  were 
resisted  and  wounded  in  attempting  to 
execute  the  judgments  of  the  courts  of 
that  province.  The  people  were  deter- 
mined notquiellyto  submit  to  oppression. 
Colonels  Allen  and  Warner  were  the  lea- 


VERMONT. 


VIRGINIA. 


199 


dero  in  thia  opposition,  and  they  were 
cool,  firm,  and  resolute.  At  length  the 
government  of  N.  York  passed  a  law  in 
1774  requirinff  ill  offenders  ir-  ■  'irrerjrler 
themselves -under  the  severer  ,,>nalties, 
and  60/.  a  head  were  offered  for  •  e  ai)- 
prehension  of  eigh l  f  the  most  obnoxious 
of  the  settlers.  Preparations  were  now 
making  for  civil  war,  when  provincial  dis- 
putes were  lost  in  the  grandeur  of  the 
contest,  which  commenced  with  G.  Brit- 
ain. A  convention  in  1777  adopted  the 
bold  measure  of  declaring  the  N.  Hamp- 
shire grants,  as  Vermont  was  then  called, 
a  free  and  independent  state.  They  then 
petitioned  congress  for  admission  into  the 
union,  but  t'^o  j,  tition  was  dismissed. 
New  York  ■  'led  for  the  interference  of 
congress  ii.  "pport  of  their  claims  ;  but 
it  was  thought  dangerous  to  irritate  a 
brave  people,  who  were  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Ihu  enemy.  Vermont  at  the 
same  time  had  the  policy  to  enter 
into  a  negotiation  with  the  British  in  Can- 
ada, and  thus  alarmed  congress,  and  pre- 
vented an  invasion  by  the  royal  troops. 
After  the  peace  admission  into  the  union 
ceased  to  be  an  object  of  desire,  and  the 
circumstances  of  this  state  became  most 
easy  and  prosperous.  The  long  continu- 
ed controversy  with  N,  York  was  termi- 
nated in  1790  by  an  agreement  on  the 
part  of  Vermont  to  pay  the  former  30,000 
dollars.  On  the  renewal  of  the  request 
to  be  admitted  into  the  federal  union,  an 
act  of  congress  completed  the  business 
Feb.  18, 1791.  Aconstitution  of  govern- 
ment was  formed  by  Vermont  in  1778, 
and  it  ^was  revised  in  1786  and  1792, 
The  present  constitution  of  this  state  was 
adopted  in  July  1793.  It  vests  the  legis- 
lative powers  in  a  general  assembly,  con- 
sisting of  representatives  from  the  sever- 
al towns  annually  chosen.  The  govern- 
or is  elected  every  year,  and  with  the 
consent  of  a  council,  appointed  by  the 
people,  he  may  propose  ameudmeiitj  to  all 
bills,  originating  in  the  assembly,  and  if 
the  amendments  are  not  agreed  to,  he 
may  suspend  the  passing  of  such  bills 
until  the  next  session  of  the  legislature. 
His  authority  however  is  very  limited. 


for  he  has  only  a  casting  vote  in  the 
council.  The  judges  of  the  state  are  cho- 
sen annually  by  the  assembly.  A  council 
of  censors  's  chosen  eve  y  seven  years, 
whose  at  hority  contiu'  s  for  but  one 
year.  They  are  empowered  to  inquire 
whether  the  constitution  has  been  preser- 
ved inviolate,  to  call  a  convention,  and 
to  pass  censures. 

VINCENT,  Louis,  an  Indian  chief, 
was  educated  at  Moor's  school  and  at 
Dart,  o'fh  "'lege,  where  he  was  gradua- 
ted in  a  claoc  of  four  in  1781.  In  the 
preceding  year  Peter  Pohquonnoppeet,  a 
Stockbridge  Indian,wa8  graduated.  Vin- 
cent -  'as  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Hurons 
or  Wyandots  near  Quebec.  In  his  last 
years  he  ;as  a  schoolmaster.  He  died  at 
Loretto  m  May  1825,  aged  about  65. 
His  son,  a  grand  chief,  was  then  in  Eng- 
land. 

VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  United  States, 
was  given  by  patent  to  the  London  com- 
pany in  1606.  For  20  years  previously 
to  this  time  attempts  had  been  made  to  es- 
tablish a  colony  in  Virginia  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  sir  W.  Raleigh,  but  the  settle- 
ments wer"  broken  up  and  the  attempts 
wcro  unsuccessful .  The  first  permanent 
colony,  sent  out  by  the  company  already 
mentioned,  aiiived  in  1607.  The  adven- 
turers tc  '  r>3ssession  of  a  peninsula  on 
Powhatan  .t  James'  river  May  13th, and 
immediately  .  immenced  building  a  town, 
which  t'  ^y  called  James  Town.  Thia 
was  the  first  permanent  habitation  of  the 
English  in  America.  Before  the  close  of 
the  year  the  number  of  the  colony  amoun- 
ted to  two  hundred.  In  1608  captain 
Smith  ir  an  open  barge  with  14  persons 
explored  tlje  waters  from  cape  Henry  to 
the  Susq  :f  hannah .  On  his  return  he 
was  made  president  of  the  colony,  A 
second  charter  with  more  ample  privile- 
ges was  granted  in  1609,  and,  as  the 
number  of  r  -oprietors  was  increased,  the 
augmented  wealth  and  reputation  ena- 
bled them  to  proceed  with  greater  spirit. 
Seven  ships  were  fitted  out  with  500" 
people  for  the  colony.  Soon  af\er  their 
arrival  a  plot  was  formed  by  the  Indians 
forrxierminating  ihem,  bat,  it  being  dis- 


740 


VIRGINIA. 


clftsed  by  PocahontR  'hey  were  provi- 
dentially savetl  from  a.s. ruction.  In  1610 
the  HufTeriiip"  o''thp  )lony  were  extreme 
bot!i  on0'!o()unt  of  the  hostility  of  the  In- 
diana, and  the  want  of  provisions.  Of 
near  500  persons  left  nt  the  departure  of 
captain  Smith  60  only  remnineil  at  the 
expiration  of  Bi.x  months.  Tiie  small  re- 
mains of  the  colony  had  embarked  with 
the  intention  of  returning  to  England, 
•when  the  arrival  of  lord  Delaware  pre- 
vented them  fVom  abandoning  the  coun- 
try. He  came  with  three  ships  and  an 
abundant  supply  of  provisions.  He  ap- 
pointed a  council  to  assist  him  in  the  ad- 
ministration. Under  his  care  the  aflkirs 
of  the  colony  were  soon  re-established.  A 
third  charier,  granted  in  1612,  annexed 
to  Virginia  all. the  islands  within  300 
miles  of  that  coast.  A  provincial  legis- 
lature, in  which  the  colonists  were  repre- 
sented, was  established  in  1619.  In  the 
fitllowing  yearlbe  settlement  was  increa- 
sed and  strengthened  by  the  accession  of 
more  than  1200  persona.  As  many  of 
the  settlers  were  Hcstitute  of  wives,  tbe 
compony  was  [X^IitiC  enough  to  send  over 
150  girls,  \nr,n<.;  ind  handsome.  The 
price  ofa  vfik  -n  thm  was  100  pounds  of 
tobai'vO,bui,  aaihc  number  was  diminish- 
ed, the  price  was  ini;rea3ed  to  150  pounds, 
the  value  of  which  in  money  was  three 
shillings  per  pound.  The  first  negroes 
were  imported  into  Virginia  in  1620.  In 
the  following  year  sir  Francis  Wyat  ar- 
rived as  governor  with  700  people.  Some 
changes  took  place  in  the  government 
favorable  to  freedom.  The  constitution 
at  this  period  became  fixed.  The  assem- 
bly was  composed  of  two  burgesses  from 
every  plantation,andall  matters  wereto  be 
decided  by  a  majority  of  voices,Teserving  a 
negative  to  the  governor.  A  glebe  of  100 
acresof  land  was  ordered  in  every  borough, 
and  the  stipend  of  the  minister  was 
fixed  at  about  200/.  There  were  at  this 
time  only  five  ministers  in  the  colony. 
The  year  1622  is  memorable  for  the 
massacre  of  the  English.  March  27th 
the  Indians  carried  into  effect  a  precon- 
certed conspiracy,  and  massacred  with 
indiscriminate  barbarity  34T  of  the  Eng- 


lish, who  were  unresisting  and  defence- 
less. A  wur  immediately  commenced, 
and  to  its  evils  were  «li'  <:  the  miseries 
of  famine.  A  new  s  ;]>i<!^  from  the  pa- 
rent country  soon  however  counterbalan- 
ced the  losses,  which  hod  been  sustained. 
In  1624  the  charter  of  Virginia  was  vaca- 
ted,and  the  company,  which  had  expen- 
ded more  than  100,000/.  in  planting  the 
colony,  was  dissolved.  King  Charles  I 
in  1625  made  ATirginia  dependent  on  the 
crown.  In  1633  severe  laws  were  enac- 
ted to  suppress  sectaries  and  preserve 
uniformity  in  religion.  Pir  William 
Berkeley  wnsappointed  governor  in  1639, 
and  a  regular  administration  of  jus- 
tice took  place.  Virginia  was  the  last 
of  the  king's  dominions,  which  Dup- 
mitted  to  Cromwell's  usurpation,  and 
the  first  that  threw  it  oft'.  After  the  res- 
toration, in  the  year  1662  the  church  ot 
England  was  regularly  established  by 
the  assembly,  and  all  ministers  not  or- 
dained by  some  bishop  in  England  were 
prohibited  from  preaching  on  j)ain  of  bus- 
pensionor  banishment.  The  year  1676  is 
memorpble  for  Bacon's  rebellion.  Several 
causes  contributed  to  prmluce  it,  among 
which  causes  were  the  clashing  of  differ- 
ent grants  of  lands,  the  impositions  on 
the  trade  of  the  plantations,  and  the  dim- 
inution of  the  trallic  with  the  Indians. 
Mr.  Bacon  fomented  the  discontent, 
which  existeil,  and  at  length  usurped  the 
government.  His  sudden  death  extin- 
guished the  flames  of  civil  war.  This 
rebellion  cost  the  colony  100,000/.  The 
colony  from  this  period  increased,  and  no 
very  important  events  occurred  for  a 
number  of  years.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain, 
which  terminated  in  American  indepcn- 
dcnce,Virginia,passed  the  first  resolutions 
against  the  stamp  act,  asserting  the  co- 
lonial rights,  and  denying  the  claim  of 
parliamentary  taxation.  This  state  was 
uniformly  distinguished  for  intelligence 
and  decision.  The  constitution  of  Vir- 
ginia was  adopted  July  5,  1776,  and 
amended  in  1830.  It  vests  the  legislative 
powers  in  a  general  assembly,  consisting 
of  a  house  of  delegates  and  a  senate.  The 


'^!S 


WABAN. 


WADSWOUTII. 


741 


membeni  of  the  houtte  are  chosen  annu- 
ally ;  of  the  senate  one  Toiirth  are  annu- 
ally renewed  by  popular  election.  The 
governor  is  chosen  for  3  years  by  the  two 
branches  of  the  legiHJature  nnd  is  eligi- 
ble but  o  re  in  6  years.  There  is  n 
council  of  3,of  whom  the  senior  is  licuten- 
nnt  governor.  The  judges  are  removable 
by  address.  Elections  are  not  by  ballot. 
The  clergy  arc  ineligible  as  legislators. 

WABAN,  an  Indian,  welcomed  Mr. 
Eliot  to  his  wigwam  in  Newton  Oct. 
38,  1646,  when  he  first  preached  to  the 
Indians,  and  became  an  eminent  Chris- 
tian, and  a  useful  magistrate.  Remov- 
ing to  a  tract  of  3,000  acres  in  Natick, 
the  Indiana  cultivated  the  land  and  were 
much  civilised.  He  died  in  1674,  aged  70. 
One  of  his  exhortations  is  preserved  in 
Neal's  history.  As  to  his  views  of  ad- 
ministering justice  it  is  said,  that,  when 
asked  by  a  younger  justice, — "  when  In- 
dians get  drunk  and  quarrel,  what  you 
do  den .' "  He  replied-"  Hah !  tic  um  all 
up,  and  whip  um  plaintiff,  and  whip  um 
fendant,  and  whip  um  witness!"  The 
following  is  the  form  of  a  warrant,  he 
issued — "  You,  you  big  constable,  quick 
you  catch  um  Jeremiah  Offscow,  strong 
you  hold  um,  safe  you  bring  um  afore 
me.  Wabanjustice  peace.  "  This  Is  simi- 
lar to  the  warrant,  given  by  judge  Davis: 
— "I  Hihoudi,  you  Peter  Waterman, 
Jeremy  Wicket:  Quick  you  take  him, 
fast  you  hold  him,  straight  you  bring 
him,  before  me,  Hihoudi.  "  This  sim- 
plication  of  legal  writings  rather  exceeds 
the  proposed  improvements  of  modern 
reformers  of  law. 

WADDELL,  James,  n.  D.,a  presby- 
terian  minister  in  the  county  of  Orange, 
Virginia,  died  in  Albemarle  county  in 
the  summer  of  1805.  But  little  is  known 
of  him,  as  his  retired  habits  and  situation 
have  involved  him  in  obscurity.  He  is 
however  represented  as  a  preacher  of  very 
uncommon  eloquence,  of  which  a  descrip- 
tion is  given  by  Mr.  Wirt  in  his  British 
spy  in  America. 

WADSWORTH,  Benjamin,  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college,  the  son  of  capt. 
Samuel  W..  was  graduated  in   1690,  and 


was  orduiiied  minister  of  the  first  church 
in  Boston,  ns  colleague  with  Mr.  Allen, 
Sept.  8,  1690.  Here  he  continued  till  hit 
election  as  the  successor  of  president  Lev- 
erctt.  Into  this  oiKce  he  wiis  inducted 
July  7, 17-25,  Mr.Foxcrolt,  his  colleague, 
rt'itiuiningin  the  church  at  Boston.  He 
.  led  March  '  i737,  aged  67.  His  suc- 
cessor IV  'sident  Holyoke.  His 
ieorning  u  lerable,  and  he  was 
most  pious,  irudent,  and  a  very 
pathetir  en t  preacher.  A  tenth 
part  of  li  III  '' devoted  to  charita- 
ble uses,  i!  icil  artillery  election 
serin.  1700;  i:  'ions  to  early  piety, 
1702  ; 3 sermons,  1706; on  thedayof  judg- 
ment,1709  ;  o\\  assemblingat  the  house  of 
God, 1710  ;  the  well  ordered  family,  1712  ; 
advice  to  the  sick  and  well  ;  expl$ination 
of  assembly's  catechism,  1714;  invitation 
t)  the  gospel  feast  in  II  sermons,  12mo; 
saint's  prayer  to  escape  tem))tation  ;  on 
the  death  of  I.  Addington,  1715  ;  elec- 
tion serm.  1716;  12  sermons,  1717  ;  zeal 
against  flagrant  wickedness  ;  essay  for 
s])reading  the  gospel  into  ignorant  places, 
8vo.  1718  ;  Christ's  fan  is  in  his  hand  ; 
imitation  of  Christ  a  Christian  duty, 
1722  ;  a  dialogue  on  the  Lord's  supper, 
1724;  it  is  honorable  not  shamei^ul  to 
suffer,  1725  ;  the  benefits  of  a  good  and 
mischiefs  of  an  evil  conscience  in  14  ser- 
mons ;  nonebut  the  righteous  saved. 

WADSWORTH,  Benjamin,  d.  d., 
minister  of  Danvers,  Mass.,  was  born  in 
Milton  July  29,  1750;  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1769 ;  was  ordained 
in  1773  ;  and  died  in  Jan.  1826,  aged  75, 
in  the  54th  year  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
eminently  pious,  and  a  prudent,  faithful 
minister.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  J.  Badcock,  1783;  at 
thanksgiving,  1795  and  1796  ;  at  a  dedi- 
cation, 1807;  before  a  society  for  sup- 
pressing intemperance,  1815. 

WADSWORTH,  Peleg,  major  gener- 
al, a  soldier  of  the  revolution,was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college  in  1769.  In  1780  he 
was  sent  from  Boston  to  command  in  the 
district  of  Maine.  In  Feb,  1781  a  party 
of  the  enemy  captured  him  in  his  own 
house  and  conveyed  him  to  Bagaduce  or 


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743 


WALDRON. 


WALKER. 


CaaUnc  From  his  pi-iaon  in  the  fort  he 
and  maj.  Burton  eO'ected  their  escape  in 
Janehy  most  extraordinary  efforts,  cros- 
sed the  Penobscot  in  a  canoe,  and  travel- 
led through  the  wilderness  to  St.  George's. 
Of  his  captivity  and  escape  Dr.  D wight 
gives  a  long  account  in  the  second  vol. 
of  his  travels.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  Cumberland 
district.  He  died  at  Hiram,  Maine,  in 
Nov.  1829,  aged  about  80.  His  son, 
lieut.  Henry  W.,  was  blown  up  in  a  fire 
ship  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli  with  capt. 
Somers,  midshipman  Izard,  and  a  few 
men  in  Sept.  1804. 

WALDRON,  Richard,  major,  presi- 
dent of  New  Hampshire,  an  early  settler 
of  Dover,  came  from  England  about 
1635,  and  began  a  plantation  atCocheco, 
or  Dover,  about  1640.  From  1654  he 
was  a  representative  to  the  general  court 
at  Boston  32  years,  and  several  years  the 
speaker  of  the  house  and  president,  after 
Cutt,  in  1631.  He  was  chief  military 
officer.  In  the  war  of  1676  two  compa- 
nies were  senttd  him  from  Massachusetts 
with  ordeA  to  seize  all  Indians,  concerned 
in  the  war.  There  assembled  at  bis 
house  400  Indians.  The  English  cap- 
tains wished  to  attack  them,  but  maj.  W. 
substituted  a  stratagem  in  the  place  of  an 
open  attack.  He  proposed  to  the  Indians 
a  sham  fight,  and  after  they  had  fired 
the  first  volley  he  made  them  all  prison- 
ers. Dismissing  those,  whom  he  deemed 
friendly,  he  sent  to  Boston  about  200, 
jsome  of  whom  were  hung  and  the  rest 
sold  as  slaves  in  foreign  parts.  This  oc- 
purrence  awakened  in  the  savage  breast 
the  desire  of  revenge,  which  after  13 
years  was  gratified.  The  Indians  adop- 
ted the  following  stratagem.  To  each 
of  the  garrisoned  houses  in  Dover  they 
sent  two  squaws  to  ask  a  lodging,  for  the 
purpose  of  opening  the  doors  in  the  night 
to  the  assailants.  June  29,  1689  the  In- 
dians thus  entered  maj.  Waldron's  house, 
and  made  prisoner  of  the  brave  old  sol- 
dier, who  fought  them  with  his  sword  in 
hand.  Seating  him  in  an  elbow  chair  on 
a  long  table  in  the  hall,  they  asked  him, 
'.' who  shall  judge  Indians  now."'    And 


then  horribly  mangled  and  killed  him  at 
the  age  of  80.  His  descendants  have 
been  men  of  distinction. 

WALES,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  professor  of 
divinity  in  Yale  college,  the  son  of  John 
W.,  minister  of  Raynham,  Mass,  who 
died  Feb.  23, 1765,  aged  65,  was  gradu- 
ated in  1767,  and  was  the  minister  of 
Milford  from  1770  to  1783.  He  succee- 
ded professor  Daggett  June  13,  1782, 
and  died  Feb.  18,  1794.  His  mind  for 
2  years  was  broken  down  by  the  epilepsy. 
He  brought  to  the  theological  chair  great 
abilities,  a  pure  and  energetic  style,  ex- 
emplary piety,  and  dignity  and  solemnity 
of  manner. 

WALKER,  Robert,  jtidge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Conn.,  a  descendant  of 
Robert  W.,who  lived  in  Boston  in  1634 
and  of  Zechariah,  his  son,  the  minister  of 
Jamaica,  L.  I.,  and  of  Stratford  and 
Woodbury, Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1730  and  died  at  Stratford  in 
1772.  He  was  judge  from  1760  to  1772, 
and  was  fjcceeded  by  W.  S.  Johnson. 
One  of  his  daughters  married  Mr.  Wet- 
more,  minister  of  Stratford,  and  another 
John  M.  Breed,  mayor  of  Norwich.  His 
son,  gen.  Joseph  Walker  of  Stratford, 
died  at  SaratogaAug.  11, 1810. 

WALKER,Timothy,  judge,  a  patriot 
of  the  revolution,  the  son  of  T.  W.,  the 
minister  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  who  died 
Sept.l,  1732,  aged  77,was  born  June  26, 
1737  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1756  ;  and  in  1776  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  safety.  He  commanded  a  reg- 
iment of  minute  men,  and  served  a  cam- 
paign at  Winter  Hill  under  Sullivan. 
For  several  years  he  wa^  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas.  He  died 
May  5, 1822,  aged  85. 

WALKER,  William,  judge,  resided  in 
Berkshire  county,  Mass.  In  1775  he  was 
an  officer  in  the  army  at  Cambridge.  For 
many  years  he  wasthejndge  of  the  coun- 
ty court  and  judge  of  probate.  He  died  at 
Lenox  in  Nov.  1831,  aged  80.  In  his 
politics  he  was  a  republican  in  the  party 
times  of  1801.  He  was  tall  with  white 
locks,  of  great  personal  dignity ;  gov. 
Lincoln  remarked,  that  he  was  the  most 


■V  ■* 


tfT.  W.,the 


WALLEY. 

venerable  man  he  ever  saw.  Ha  was  in- 
deed venerated  by  those,  who  knew  him, 
not  only  for  a  long  life  of  faithful  public 
service,  but  for  his  social  virtues,  his 
pure  morals,  his  disinterested  benevolence, 
and  ardent  piety.  Of  the  church  at  Lenox 
he  was  an  exemplary  member ;  of  the 
Berkshire  Bible  society  president.  In 
one  of  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  travel- 
led over  the  bleak  hills  of  Berkshire  with 
the  sole  object  of  arousing  his  fellow  citi- 
zens in  different  towns  to  a  sense  of 
the  value  of  some  moral  or  charitable  in- 
stitution, designed  for  their  benefit. 

WALLElf,Thoma8,minister  of  Barn- 
stable, Mass.,  was  ejected  from  a  parish 
in  London  in  1662  and  in  1663  sought  a 
refuge  in  America,  and  was  settled  at 
Barnstable.  His  prudence  was  the 
means  of  restoring  the  harmony  of  the 
church,  which  had  been  interrupted.  He 
died  March  24,  1679,  aged  61.  He  was 
an  accomplished  scholar  and  an  eminent 
christian,  remarkable  for  humility.  He 
published  balm  in  Gilead  to  heal  Zion's 
wounds,  an  election  sermon  in  Plymouth, 
June  1,  1669. 

WALLEY,  John,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Mass.  and  a  member  of  the 
council,  died  at  Boston  Jan.  11,1712, 
aged  68.  In  the  year  1690  he  accompa- 
nied sir  W.  Phippa  in  his  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Canada,  being  intrus- 
ted with  the  command  of  the  land  forces. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  of 
the  town  and  church  of  Bristol.  The 
high  trust8,repo8ed  in  him  by  his  country, 
were  discharged  with  ability  and  fidelity, 
and  he  exhibited  an  uncommon  sweetness 
and  candor  of  spirit  and  the  various  vir- 
tues of  the  christian.  His  journal  of  the 
expedition  to  Canada  is  preserved  in 
Hutchinson. 

WALN,  Robert,  jun.,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  in  1794,  and  was 
liberally  educated,  but  did  not  pursue  any 
profession.  On  his  return  from  a  voyage 
to  Canton  as  supercaigo  he  published  in 
4to  numbers  a  history  of  China.  He  died 
July  4,1825,  aged  31. — After  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Sd.  vol.  of  the  biog.  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  cf  independence. 


WALTER. 


748 


he  edited  that  work.  He  published  the 
hermit  in  Philad.,  asatirical  work,  1819;  ■ 
second  series  of  do.;  ihe  American  bards; 
touches  at  the  tim  ^B,  with  other  poemSi 
1820  ;  life  of  La  Fayette,  18^4.— Spec. 
^tn.  poet.  III.  218. 

WALTER,Nehemiab,mini8ter  of  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  Dec. 
1663.  His  father,  who  settled  in  Boston, 
brought  him  to  this  country  as  early  as 
1 679  ;  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1684.  He  soon  afterwards  went 
to  Nova  Scotia,  and  lived  in  a  French 
family.  Thus  acquiring  a  correct  know- 
ledge of  the  French  language,he  was  ena- 
bled in  the  latter  periods  of  his  life  to 
preach  to  a  society  of  French  protestants 
in  Boston  in  the  absence  of  their  pastor. 
After  his  return  he  pursued  his  studies  for 
some  time  at  Cambridge, where  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  fellow  of  the  college.  He  was, 
ordained  at  Roxbury  Oct.  17,  1688,  as 
colleague  with  the  apostolic  Eliot.  After 
a  ministry  of  more  than  68  years  he  died 
in  peace  and  hope  Sept.  17,  1750,  aged 
86.  His  wife  was  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Increase  Mather.  His  ministry  and  that 
of  Mr.  Eliot  occupieda  space  of  ncSr  120 
years.  He  preached  a  few  years  after  his 
settlement  without  notes  in  the  usual 
manner  of  the  day ;  but,  his  memory 
having  been  impaired  by  fit  of  sickness, 
he  from  that  cause  kept  his  notes  before 
him.  He  was  eminent  in  the  gift  of 
prayer.  It  was  3  maxim  %vi:h  him,  that 
those  religious  principk's  might  well  be 
suspected,  which  could  not  be  introdu« 
ced  in  an  address  to  heaven  ;  and  he 
was  pleased  in  observing  that  those, 
who  in  their  preaching  opposed  the 
system  of  Calvin,  were  wont  to  pray 
in  accordance  with  it.  His  whole  life' 
was  devoted  to  the  great  objects  of 
the  christian  ministry.  He  presented  a 
brightexample  of  personal  holiness.  Mr. 
Whitefield,  who  saw  him  in  1740,  calls 
him  a  good  old  puritan,  and  says  "  I  had 
but  little  conversation  with  him,  my  stay 
was  so  short ;  but  I  remeihber  he  told 
me,  he  was  glad  to  hear  1  said,  that  man 
was  half  a  devil  and  half  a  beast."  In  his 
own  preaching  it  was  the  care  of  Mr. 


744 


WALTER. 


WARD. 


Walter  to  humble  man,  and  to  exalt  the 
grace  ofGod.  He  published  the  body  of 
death  anatomized,  an  essay  on  indwelling 
«in,  12mo,  1707;  on  vain  thoughts  ;  the 
great  concern  of  man  ;  the  wonderfulness 
of  Christ,  1713  ;  a  convention  sermon, 
1723 ;  unfrjuitful  hearers  detected  and 
warned,  1754 ;  .  a  posthumous  vol.  of 
serm.  on  the  55th  chapter  of  Isaiah,  8vo. 
1755. 

W  ALT£R,  Thomas,  minister  of  Rox- 
bury,M9S8.,the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  Dec.  7,  1696,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1713.  He  was  or- 
dained colleague  with  his  father  Oct.  S9, 
1718,  but  died  Jan.  10,  1725,  aged  38. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
scholars  and  acutest  disputants  of  his  day. 
He  was  a  champion  of  the  doctrines  of 
grace.  In  bis  last  illness  he  was  for 
some  time  very  anxious  for  the  salvation 
of  his  soul,  as  the  follies  of  his  youth  were 
fresh  in  his  vie^  ;  but  at  length  his  ap- 
prehensions were  removed.  Hei  said,  "  I 
shall  be  a  most  glorious  instance  of  sove- 
reign grace  in  all  heaven."  He  f-obli shed 
a  sermon  at  the  lecture  for  promoting 
good  singing,  1722  ;  the  scriptures  the 
only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  1723 ;  and 
two  other  sermons. 

WALTER,  Thomas,  a  botanist,  was 
a  native  of  England.  Atler  his  arrival  in 
this  country  he  became  a  planter  a  few 
miles  from  Charleston  in  South  Carolina, 
and  died  towards  the  close  of  the  last,  cen- 
tury. He  published  Flora  Caroliniana» 
1788. 

WALTER,  William  Bicker,  a  poet, 
was  born  in  Boston  ;  graduated  in  Bow- 
doin  college  in  1818;  and  died  at  Charles- 
ton, ,S.  C,  April  33,  1823,  aged  37.  He 
published  Sukey,a.poem,lS21  ;  a  volume 
of  poems,  1821. — Spee.A.pofit.  ii.  161. 

WALTON,  George,  colonel,  gover- 
nor of  Georgia,  a  patriot  of  the  revolu- 
tion, was  born  in  Virginia  in  1740,  and 
was  early  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter, 
whose  economy  would  not  allow  his 
young  apprentice  a  candle  to  read  at 
night.  In  his  zeal  for  knowledge  he  found 
a  substitute  in  pine  knots.  In  1774  he 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in 


Georgia.  Being  from  Feb.  1776  till  Oct. 
1781  a  member  of  congress,  h«  signed 
the  declaration  of  independence.  With 
a  colonel's  commission  in  the  militia  he 
assisted  in  the  defence  of  Savannah  in 
Dec.  1778,  and  was  wounded  in  the 
thigh,  and  kept  a  prisoner  till  Sept.  1779. 
In  the  next  month  he  was  chosen  gover- 
nor ;  and  again  in  1789.  He  was  also  a 
senator  of  the  U.S.,  and  for  15  years  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court.  To  such 
eminence  did  this  self-taught  man  rise  by 
the  force  of  his  talents,  his  industry,  and 
the  favor  of  providence.  In  his  last 
years  he  suffered,  from  the  gout.  He  died 
Feb.  4, 1804,  aged  %S.— Goodrich. 

WARD,  Nathaniel,  first  minister  of 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Haverhill, 
England,  in  1570,  the  son  of  John  W. 
a  minister  of  the  established  church.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge. Being  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Standon  in  Hertfordshire,  he  was'ordered 
belbre  the  bishop  Dec.  12,  1631,  to  an- 
swer for  his  nonconformity  ;  and  refu- 
sing to  comply  with  the  requisitions  of 
the  church,  he  was  at  length  forbidden 
to  continue  in  the  exercise  of  his  clerical 
oiHce.  In  April  1634  he  leil  his  native 
country,  anf*  -rived  in  New  England  in 
June.     H  soon  Settled  as  pastor  of 

the  churcl,  -mgawam  or  Ipswich.  In 
1635  he  received  Mr.  Norton  as  his  col- 
league ;  but  in  the  following  year  he  was 
by  his  own  request  released  from  his  en- 
gagement as  a  minister,  and  Nathaniel 
Rogers  was  settled  in  his  place.  Id  1641 
he  was  chosen  by  the  freemen  without 
the  consent  of  the  magistrates  to  ])reach 
the  election  sermon.  In  Dec.  of  the  same 
year  the  general  court  established  100 
laws,  called  "the  body  of  liberties,"  which 
were  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Ward  in  1639, 
and  had  been  committed  to  the  governor 
and  others  for  consideration.  In  1647  he 
returned  to  England,  and'  soon  after  his 
arrival  published  a  work  entitled, "  the 
simple  cobbler  of  Aggawam  in  America," 
which  was  written  during  the  civil  wars 
of  Charles  I,  and  designed  to  encourage 
the  oppoaers  of  the  king,  and  the  enemies 
of  the  established  church.     He  resumed 


'• 


WARD, 


WARNER. 


m 


hit  profemton,  and  in  1648  Was  nettled  at 
Shenfield  in  Essex,  where  lie  remained 
till  his  death  in  I65S,  agfed  about  83.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  humor.  Besides 
his  simple  cobbler  at  Aggawam,  which 
was  printed  at  London  in  4to.  and  at 
Boston  17 IS,  and  which  is  a  curious  speci* 
men  of  his  wit  and  the  rigor  of  his  mind, 
he  pttblished  several  other  humorous 
works  ;  but  they  are  now  forgotten,  ex- 
cepting a  trifling  satire  upon  the  preach- 
ers in  London,  entitled,  Mercurius  Anti- 
mecharius,  or  the  simple  cobbler's  boy 
with  his  lap  full  of  caveats,  &c.  1647. 

WARD,  John,  first  minister  of  Haver- 
hill, Mass.,  the  sou  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  England  Nov.  5,  1606.  He 
came  to  this  country  in  16S9,  preached 
for  some  time  at  Agamenticus,  but  in 
1641  was  settled  at  Haverhill.  Here  he 
continued  till  his  death  Dec.  37,  1693, 
aged  87.  About  a  month  before  this 
event  he  preached  an  excellent  sermon. 
His  firm  health  in  his  advanced  age  was 
owing  to  his  temperahce  in  eating, 
drinking,  sleeping,  and  to  his  much  exer- 
cise. He  sometimes  w  'Iked  30  miles 
without  any  difficulty.  He  was  very 
modest  and  difiident ,  plain  in  his  dress, 
and  prudent  in  his  whole  conduct. 
He  was  a  physician,  as  well  as  a  minis- 
ter. 

WARD,  Samuel,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  elected  to  this  office  in  1763 
and  again  in  1765  and  in  1766.  He  was 
also  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in 
1774.  While  attending  his  duty  as  a 
member  of  this  body,  he  died  at  Philadel- 
phia of  the  small  pox  March  36,  1776. 
His  brother,  Henry  W.,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  died  in  Dec.  1797. — He  was 
not  only  a  .firm  patriot,  but  a  sincere 
Christian,  a  devout  attendant  on  the 
Lord's  supper,  and  a  useful  member  of 
the  church,  with  which  he  was  connec- 
ted. 

WARD,  Artemas,  the  first  major 
general  in  the  American  army,  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1748,  and 
was  afterwards  a  representative  in  the 
legislature,  a  member  of  the  council,  and 
94 


a  justice  of  the  court  ofcomiAon  pleas  for 
Worcester  county.  When  the  war 
commenced  with  Great  Britain,  he  was 
appointed  by  congress  first  major  general 
June  17,  1775.  After  the  arrival  of 
Washington  in  July,  when  a  disposition 
was  made  of  the  troops  for  the  siege  of 
Boston,  the  command  of  the  right  wing 
of  the  army  at  Roxbury  was  intrusted  to 
him.  He  resigned  his  commission  in 
April  1776,  though  he  continued  for 
some  time  longer  in  command  at  the  re* 
quest  of  Washington.  He  afterwards  dc 
voted  himself  to  the  duties  of  civil  life. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  both  be* 
fore  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution.  After  a  long  decline,  in 
which  he  exhibited  the  most  exemplary 
patience,  he  died  at  Shrewsbury  Oct.  38, 
1800,  aged  73.  He  was  a  man  of  incor- 
ruptible integrity.  His  life  presented 
the  virtues  of  the  Christian. 

WARHAM,  John,  first  minister  of 
Windsor,  Conn.,  was  an  eminent  minis- 
ter in  Exeter,  England,  before  he  came 
to  this  country.  Having  taken  the 
charge  of  a  church,  which  was  gathered 
at  Plymouth,  consisting  of  persons  about 
to  emigrate  to  America,  he  accompanied 
them  as  teacher  and  Mr.  Maverick  as  pas* 
tor.  They  arrived  at  Nantaskct  May 
30,  1 630,  and  in  June  began  a  settlement 
at  Dorchester.  In  1635  this  chnrch  re> 
moved  and  settled  at  Windsor.  Mr, 
Maverick,  while  preparing  to  follow  them, 
died  Feb.  8,  1636;  but  Mr.  W.  joined 
them  in  Sept.  Here  he  continued  about 
34  years  till  his  death  April  1,  1670. 
Though  he  was  distinguished  for  piety 
and  the  strictest  morals,  yet  he  was  some« 
times  the  prey  of  religious  melancholy.  He 
was  known  to  administer  the  Lord's  8up> 
per  to  his  brethren,whilehedid  not  partici- 
pate with  them  through  appTehension,that 
thesealsofthe  new  covenant  did  not  belong 
to  him.  It  is  supposed,  that  he  was  the 
first  minister  in  N.  E.,  who  used  notes 
in  preaching  ;  yet  he  was  animated  and 
energetic  in  his  manner. — Mather'a  mag' 
nalia,  in.  131. 

WARNER^  Seth,  colonel,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  was  bora  in  Woodburyi 


746 


WARNER. 


WARREN. 


t^ 


Conn.,  about  1744.  la  1779  he  removed 
to  Bennington,  Vermont,  where  he  be- 
came an  indefatigable  hunter.  In  the 
controversy  with  N.  York  he  and  Ethan 
Allen  were  the  leaders  of  the  people. 
N.  York  passed  an  act  of  outlawry  against 
him  March  9,  1774.  At  the  head  of 
troops,  which  he  raised,  he  marched  with 
Allen  to  capture  Ticonderoga  in  1775. 
Receiving  a  commission  from  congress 
he  also  raised  a  regiment  and  joined 
Montgomery  in  Canada  ;  but  on  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  his  men  were  dischar- 
ged. After  the  death  jof  Montgomery 
he  raised  another  body  of  troops  in  1776 
and  marched  to  Quebec.  He  covered 
the  retreat  to  Ticonderoga.  Forced  to 
abandon  that  poet  July  6,  1777,  the 
enemy  overtook  him  at  Hubbardton  July 
7th,  and  attacked  the  three  regiments  of 
Hale,  Francis,  and  Warner.  Francis 
fell ;  Hale  surrendered  with  his  regiment; 
but  Warner  made  good  his  retreat  to 
Manchester.  Called  to  the  aid  of  Starks 
Aug.  16,  1777,  he  arrived  in  season  to 
meet  and  defeat  the  re-enforcement  of  the 
enemy  and  thus  to  participate  in  the  re- 
nown of  the  Bennington  victory.  He 
then  joined  the  army  under  Gates.  In 
vain  did  the  New  York  convention 
in  1777  solicit  congress  to  revoke  his 
commission.  Worn  down  by  his  toils, 
lie  sunk  under  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  died  at  Woodbury,  Conn., 
whither  he  removed  his  family,  in 
178&,'aged  41.  Vermont  in  gratitude 
to  this  brave  soldier  granted  a  valuable 
tract  of  land  to  his  widow  and  children. 

WARRENf  Joseph,  a  major  general 
in  the  American  army,  the  son  of  a  far- 
mer, descended  from  an  ancestor,  who 
was  on  early  settler  of  Boston.  He  was 
born  in  Roxbury  in  1740,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1759.  Having 
studied  under  Dr.  Lloyd,  he  in  a  few 
years  became  one  of  the  most  eminent 
physicians  in  Boston.  But  he  lived  at  a 
period,  when  greater  objects  claimed  his 
attention,,  than  those,^  which  related  par- 
ticularly to  his  profession.  He  was  a 
bold  politician.  While  many  were  wa- 
vering with  regard    to  the    measures. 


which  should  be  adopted,  he  contendedi 
that  every  kind  of  taxation,  whether  ex- 
ternal or  internal,  was  tyranny,  and 
ought  immediately  to  be  resisted  ;  and 
he  believed,  that  America  was  able  to 
withstand  any  force,  that  could  be  sent 
against  her.  From  the  year  1768  he  was 
a  principal  member  of  a  secret  meeting  or 
caucus  in  Boston,  which  had  great  influ- 
ence on  the  concerns  of  the  country.  In 
this  assembly  the  plans  of  defence  were 
matured.  After  the  destruction  of  the 
tea,  it  was  no  longer  kept  secret.  He 
was  twice  chosen  the  public  orator  of  the 
town  on  the  anniversary  of  tlie  massacre, 
and  his  orations  breathe  the  energy  of  a 
great  and  daring  mind.  It  was  he,  who 
on  the  evening  before  the  battle  of  Le.v 
ington  obtained  information  of  the  inten- 
ded expedition  against  Concord,  and  At 
ten  o'clock  at  night  despatched  an  express 
to  Hancock  and  Adam8,who  were  at  Lex- 
ington to  warn  them  of  their  danger.  He 
himself  on  the  next  day,  the  memorable 
19th  of  April,  was  very  active.  After 
the  departure  of  Hancock  to  congress  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  provincial 
congress  in  his  place.  Four  days  previ- 
ously to  the  battle  of  Bunker's  or  Breed's 
hill  he  received  his  commission  of  major 
general.  When  the  intrenchments  were 
made  upon  the  fatal  spot,  to  encourage 
the  men  within  the  lines,  he  went  down 
from  Cambridge  and  joined  them  as  a 
volunteer  on  the  eventful  day  of  the  bat- 
tle, June  17th.  Just  as  the  retreat  com- 
menced, a  ball  struck  him  on  the  head, 
and  he  died  in  the  trenches,  aged  35. 
He  was  the  first  victim  of  rank,  that  fell 
in  the  struggle  with  Great  Britain.  In 
the  spring  of  1776  his  bones  were  taken 
up  and  entombed  in  Boston.  Congress 
made  provision  for  the  education  of  his  4 
children.  With  warm  zeal  he  was  yet 
judicious  in  council,  and  candid  and  geU' 
erous  towards  those,  who  bad  different 
sentiments  respecting  the  controversy. 
His  mind  wan  vigorous,  his  disposition 
humane,  and  his  manners  affable  and  en- 
gaging. In  his  integrity  and  patriotism 
entire  confidence  was  placed.  To  the 
most  undaunted  bravery  lie  added  the 


^1^ 


■M:^9.m- 


WARREN. 


.■-•«;J:1'// 


virtues  of  (^omeatie  li(b,  the  eloquence  of 
an  accomplished  orator,  and  the  wiadom 
of  an  able  atateeman.  He  published  an 
oration  in  1772  and  another  in  1775  com- 
memorative of  the  5th  of  March  1770. 

WARREN,  James,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  descended  from  Richard 
W.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Plymouth 
in  1630,  and  was  born  in  the  year  1736. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  collegre  in 
1746.  Directing;  his  attention  to  com- 
mercial afiaira,  he  was  for  many  years  a 
respectable  merchant.  About  the  year 
1757  his  fkther  died  and  left  him  a  hand- 
some patrimonial  estate,  which  had  de- 
scended fVom  Richard  W.  He  was  at 
this  time  appointed  high  sheriif  as  suc- 
cessor of  his  father,  and  he  retained  this 
office  till  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
notwithstanding  the  active  part,  which 
he  took  in  opposing  the  measures  of  the 
British  ministry.  In  May  1766  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  general  court 
from  Plymouth,'  and  he  uniformly  supn 
ported  the  rights  of  his  country.  The 
government,  who  knew  his  abiJities  and 
feared  his  opposition,  tried  the  influence 
of  promises  and  of  threats  upon  him  ; 
but  his  integrity  was  not  to  be  corrupted. 
In  1773  his  proposal  for  establishing  com- 
mittees of  correspondence  was  generally 
adopted.  He  was  for  many  years  speak- 
er of  the  house  of  representatives.  Pre- 
ferring an  active  station,  in  which  he 
could  serve  his  country,  he  refused  the 
Oilice  of  lieutenant  governor,  and  that  'ol 
judge  of  the  supreme  court,  but  accepted 
a  seat  at  the  navy  board,  the  duties  of 
which  were  very  arduous.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  retired  from  public  employ- 
ments to  enjoy  domestic  ease  and  leisure. 
He  died  at  Plymouth  Nov.  27,  1808, 
aged  83.  Amidst  his  public  cares,  which 
demanded  his  abilities,  and  much  occupi- 
ed him,  he  never  neglected  the  more 
humble  duties  of  domestic  life,  or  the 
more  exalted  claims  of  religion. 

WARREN,  Mercy,  an  historian,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  the  daughter  of  James 
Otis  of  Barnstable,  was  born  in  1727,  and 
died  at  Plymouth  in  Oct.  1814,  aged  87. 
Before  the  revolution  she  wrote  some  po- 


litical pieces.  She  published  poems  dra- 
matic and  miscellaneous,  1700  ;  a  History 
of  the  American  revolution,  S  vols.  8vo. 
1805. 

WARREN,  John,  u.  o.,  a  physician, 
brother  of  gen.  Joseph  W.,  was  born  in 
Roxbury  July  27, 1753,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1771.  Being  settled 
in  the  practice  of  physic  at  Salem,  he 
marched  as  surgeon  to  the  scene  6f  bat- 
tle at  Lexington.  He  was  soon  appoin- 
ted hospital  surgeon  ;  other  Mass.  sun 
geons  in  the  war  were  Foster,  Eustis, 
Adams,  Townsend,  Hart,  Fiske,  and 
Bartlett.  In  1772  he  followed  the  army 
to  Long  Island  and  N.  Jersey;  In  1777 
he  was  intrusted  with  the  military  hos- 
pitals of  Boston,  in  which  post  he  re- 
mained during  the  war.  In  1780  he  gave 
a  course  of  dissections ;  and  in  1783  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  in  the  medical  school  of  Cam- 
bridge. In  1796  he  endorsed  the  notes  of 
a  medical  friend,  who  had  purchased 
lands  in  Maine,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
failure  was  obliged  to  pay  for  and  receive 
the  lands,  which  caused  him  immense 
vexation  and  great  \osa  of  property.  For 
years  he  was  subject  to  an  organic  dis- 
ease of  the  heart ;  but  he  died  of  an  in- 
flammation of  the  lungs  April  4,  1815, 
aged  61.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
gov.  Collins ;  his  son.  Dr.  John  Collins 
W.,  succeeded  him  as  professor  of  anato- 
my and  surgery.  He  was  the  most  emi- 
nent surgeon  in  New  England,  unless 
Dr.  Nathan  Smith  might  be  considered 
as  equally  skilful.  As  an  eloquent  anat- 
omical lecturer  he  was  unequalled.  For 
industry  and  temperance  he  was  remarka- 
ble. Firmly  believing  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, he  was  not  regardless  of  its  duties. 
He  attended  on  the  sabbath  public  wor- 
ship, and  was  careful  to  instruct  his  fami- 
ly in  religious  doctrine.  He  had  him- 
self been  instructed  by  a  pious  mother 
At  times  he  was  subject  to  great  depres- 
sion of  spirits,  the  consequence  of  afflic- 
tions ;  so  that  he  lost  the  wish  to  live  to 
old  age.  He  was  liberal,  generous, 
charitable  in  private  life,  and  a  disinteres- 
ted, enlightened  friead  of  his  conatry. 


*|t 


7« 


WARREN. 


M^ii-AAl/        WASHINGTON. 


He  (ielirered  various  public  orations  and 
addresses. —TAaeAer,  ii.  3)4-371. 

WARREN,  Edward,  a  missionary  to 
Ceylon,  was  born  in  1786  ;  graduated  at 
Middlebiiry  college  in  1808  ;  and  studied 
theology  at  Andover.  He  sailed  for  Cey- 
lon in  Oct.  1813.  Aller  a  residence  of 
some'years,  falling  into  the  consumption, 
he  for  his  health  sailed  with  Mr.  Richards 
in  April  for  Cape  town,  whore  he  died 
Aug.  II,  1818,  aged  S3.  Archdeacon 
Twiatleton  said  of  him  and  Mr.  R.,  "men 
of  more  amiable  manners  and  purer  lives  I 
never  saw." 

WASHBURN,  Joseph,  minister  of 
Farmington,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1793,  and  was  ordained  in 
1795.  His  declining  health  induced  him 
in  1805  to  seek  a  more  southern  elimate. 
While  on  his  passage  with  his  wife  from 
Noriblk  to  Charleston,  he  died  Dec.  35, 
and  his  body  was  deposited  in  the  ocean. 
His  successor  was  Noah  Porter.  He 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Connecticut 
evang.  magazine.  A  volume  of  his  ser- 
mons was  published  al^er  his  death  in 
13mo. 

WASHINGTON,  George,  comman- 
der in  chief  of  the  American  army  during 
the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  first 
president  of  the  United  States,  was  the 
third  son  of  Augustine  Washington,  and 
was  born  at  Bridges  creek  in  the  county 
of  Westmoreland,  Virginia,  Feb.  32, 
1733.  His  great  grandfather  had  emi- 
grated to  that  place  from  the  north  of 
England  about  the  y#ar  1657.  At  the 
age  of  ten  years  he  lost  his  father,  and 
the  patrimonial  estate  descended  to  his 
elder  brother,  Lawrence  Washington, 
who  io  the  year  1740  had  bren  engaged 
jn  ^be  expedition  against  Carthagena. 
|n  honor  of  the  British  admiral,  who 
xommanded  the  fleet,  employed  in  that 
enterprise,  tbe  estate  was  called  Mount 
Vernon,  At  the  age  of  15,  agreeably  to 
the  wishes  of  hia  brother  as  well  as 
to  his  own  urgent  request  to  enter  into 
the  British  navy,  the  place  of  a  midship- 
man in  a  vessel  of  war,  then  stationed  on 
Ihe  coast  of  Virginia,  was  obtained  for 
^im.     Every  thing  was  in  readiness  for 


his  departure,  when  the  feara  of  a  timid 
and  affectionate  mother  prevailed  upon 
him  to  abandon  his  proposed  career  on 
the  ocean,  and  were  the  means  of  retain- 
ing him  upon  the  land  to  be  the  future 
vindicator  of  his  country's  rights.  All 
the  advantages  of  education,  which  he 
enjoyed,  were  derived  from  a  private  tu- 
tor, who  instructed  him  in  English  litera- 
ture and  the  general  principles  of  science, 
as  well  as  in  morality  and  religion.  After 
his  disappointment  with  regard  to  enter- 
ing the  navy,  he  devoted  much  of  hit 
time  to  the  study  of  the  mathematics  ; 
and  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  aa  a 
surveyor  he  had  an  opportunity  of  acquir- 
ing that  information  respecting  the  value 
of  vacant  lands,  which  afterwards  greatly 
contributed  to  the  increase  of  his  private 
fortune.  At  the  age  of  19,  when  the 
militia  of  Virginia  were  to  be  trained  for 
actual  service,  he  was  appointed  an  ad- 
jutant general  with  the  rank  of  major.  It 
was  fur  a  very  short  time,  that  he  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  this  office.  In  the 
year  1753  the  plan,  formed  by  France  for 
connecting  Canada  with  Louisiana  by  a 
line  of  posts,  and  thus  of  enclosing  the 
British  colonies  and  of  establishing  her 
influence  over  the  numerous  tribes  of  In- 
dians on  the  frontiers,  began  to  be  devel- 
oped. In  the  prosecution  of  this  design 
poi»ession  had  been  taken  of  a  tract  of 
land,  then  believed  to  be  within  the  prov- 
ince of  Virginia.  Mr.  Dinwidiiie,  the 
lieutenant  governor,  being  determined  to 
remonstrate  against  the  supposed  en- 
croachment, and  violation  of  the  treaties 
between  the  two  countries,  despatched 
major  Washington  through  the  wilder- 
ness to  the  Ohio  to  deliver  a  letter  to  the 
commanding  oflicer  of  the  French,  and 
also  to  explore  the  country.  This  trust 
of  danger  and  fatigue  he  executed  with 
great  ability.  He  left  Williamsburg  Oct. 
31,  175S,  the  very  day,  on  which  he  re- 
ceived his  commission,  and  at  the  frontier 
settlement  of  the  English  engaged  guides 
to  conduct  him  over  the  Alleghany 
mountains.  After  passing  them  he  pur- 
sued his  route  to  the  Monongahela,  ex- 
amining the  country  with  a  military  eye, 


P" 


■~''^^-' 


\s,   1 


WASHINGTON. 


749 


and  taking  the  mpit  judiciou*  means  Tor 
■eciirin;  the  friendtihip  of  the  Indians. 
He  selected  ihe  forks  of  the  Monongahela 
and  Alleghany  rivers  as  a  position,  which 
ought  to  bo  immediately  possessed  and 
fortified.  At  this  place  the  BVench  very 
aoon  erected  fort  du  Quesne,  which  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  English  in  1758  and 
was  called  by  them  fort  Pitt.  Pursuing 
his  way  up  the  Alleghany  to  French 
creek,  he  found  at  a  fort  upon  this  stream 
the  commanding  officer,  to  whom  he  de- 
livered the  letter  from  Mr.  Dinwiddie. 
On  his  return  he  encountered  great  diffi- 
culties and  dangers.  As  the  snow  was 
deep  and  the  horses  weak  from  fatigue, 
he  left  his  attendants  at  the  moutL  of 
French  creek,  and  set  out  on  foot,  with 
his  papers  and  provisions  in  his  pack,  ac- 
companied only  by  his  pilot,  Mr.  Gist. 
At  a  place  upon  the  Alleghany,  called 
Murdering  town,  they  fell  in  with  a  hos- 
tile Indian,  who  was  one  of  n  party  then 
lying  in  wait,  and  who  fired  upon  them 
not  ten  steps  distant.  They  took  him 
into  custody  and  kept  him  until  nine 
o'clock,  and  then  let  him  go.  To  avoid 
the  pursuit,  which  they  presumed  would 
be  commenced  in  the  morning,  they 
travelled  all  night.  On  reaching  the 
Monongahela,  they  had  a  hard  day's 
work  to  make  a  raft  with  a  hatchet.  In 
attempting  to  cross  the  river  to  reach  a 
trader's  house,  they  were  enclosed  by 
masses  of  ice.  In  order  to  stop  the  rafl 
major  Washington  put  down  his  setting 
pole  ;  but  the  ice  came  with  such  force 
against  it,  as  to  jerk  him  into  the  water. 
He  saved  himself  by  seizing  one  of  the 
rail  logs.  With  difficulty  they  landed  on 
an  island,  where  they  passed  the  night. 
The  cold  was  so  severe,  that  the  pilot's 
hands  and  feet  were  frozen.  The  next 
day  they  crossed  the  river  upon  the  ice. 
Washington  arrived  at  Williamsburg 
Jan,  16, 1754.  His  journal,  which  evin- 
ced the  solidity  of  his  judgment  and  his 
fortitude,  was  published. 

As  the  French  seemed  disposed  to  re- 
main upon  the  Ohio,  it  was  determined 
to  raise  a  regiment  of  three  hundred  men 
to  maintain  the  claims   of  the  British 


crown.  The  command  was  given  to 
Mr.  Fry,  and  major  Washington,  who 
was  appointed  lieutenant  cok)nel,  march- 
ed with  two  companies  early  in  April 
1754  in  advance  of  the  other  troops.  A 
few  miles  west  of  the  Grent  Meadows  he 
surprised  a  French  encampment  in  a 
dark,  rainy  night,  and  only  one  man  es- 
caped. Before  the  arrival  of  tho  two 
remaining  companies  Mr.  Fry  died,  and 
the  command  devolved  on  cokinel  Wash- 
ington. Being  joined  by  two  other  com- 
panies of  regular  troops  from  South  Car- 
olina and  New  York,  after  erecting  a 
small  stockade  at  the  Great  Meadows,  he 
proceeded  towards  fortdu  Quesne,  which 
had  been  built  but  a  short  time,  with  the 
intention  of  dislodging  the  French.  Ha 
had  marched  only  thirteen  miles  to  the 
westernmost  foot  of  th^  Laurel  hill,before 
he  received  information  of  the  approach 
of  the  enemy  with  superior'numbers,  and 
was  induced  to  return  to  his  stockade. 
He  began  a  ditch  around  it,  and  called  it 
fort  Necessity  ;  but  the  next  day,  July 
the  third,  he  was  attacked  by  1500  men. 
His  own  ti  oops  were  about  400  in  num- 
ber. The  action  commenced  at  ten  in 
the  morning  and  lasted  until  dark.  A 
part  of  the  Americans  fought  within  the 
fort,  and  a  part  in  the  ditch  filled  with 
mud  and  water.  Colonel  Washington 
was  himself  on  the  outsi^v;  of  the  fort 
during  the  whole  day.  i'lo  enemy 
fought  under  cover  of  the  tre  3  and  high 
grass.  In  the  course  of  the  night  arti- 
cles of  capitulation  were  agreed  upon. 
The  garrison  were  allowed  to  retain  their 
arms  and  baggage,  and  to  march  unmo- 
lested to  the  inhabited  parts  of  Virginia. 
The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  supposed  to  be  about  I00,& 
that  of  the  enemy  about  SOO.  In  a  few , 
months  afterwards  orders  were  received 
for  settling  the  rank  of  the  officers,  and 
those,  who  were  commissioned  by  the 
king,  being  directed  to  take  rank  of  the 
provincial  officers,  colonel  Washington 
indignantly  resigned  his  commission.  '  He 
now  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  that  estate 
by  the  death  of  his  brother  havi  ng  devol- 
ved upon  him.    But  in  the  spring  of 


# 


.* 


,*• 


WASHINGTON. 


176ft  ha  aeoepted  an  invitation  from-  gen- 
eral Braddock  to  enter  hia  family  aa  a 
volunteer  aid  de  camp  in  hi<  expedition 
to  the  Ohio.    He  proceeded  with  him 
to  Wiila'  oreeic,  afterwarda  called  fort 
Cumberland,  in  April.    Atler  the  troops 
bad  marched  a  lew  milea  from  thia  place, 
he  was  seized  with  a  raging  fever  ;  but 
vsAisinf  to  remain  behind  he  was  convey- 
ed in  a  covered  waggon.    By  hia  advice 
twelve  hundred  men  were  detached  in 
order  by  a  rapid  improvement  to  reach 
fort  do  Quesne  before  an  expected  re- 
enforcement  should  be  received  at  that 
place.      These    diaencumbered     troops 
were  commanded  by  Braddock  himself; 
•nd  colonel  Washington,    though  still 
extremely  ill,  insisted  upon  proceeding 
with  them.    Af\er  they  arrived  upan  the 
Monongahela  he  advised  the  general  to 
employ  the  ranging  companies  of  Virgin- 
ia to  scour  the  woods  and  to  prevent 
ambuscades ;  but  his  advice  was  not  fol- 
lowed.   '  July  9,   whei}  the  army  was 
within  seven  milea  of  fort  du  Quesne,  the 
enemy  commenced  a  sudden  and  furioiis 
attack,  being  concealed  by  the  wood  and 
high  grass.     In    a  short  time  colonel 
Washington  was  the  only  aid,  that  was 
unwounded,  and  on  him  devolved  the 
whole  duty  of  carrying  the  orders  of  the 
commander  in  chief.     He  was  cool  and 
fearless.    Though  he  had  two  horses  kil- 
led under  him,  and  four  balls  through  his 
tfoat,  be   escaped  unhurt,  while  every 
Ather  officer  on  horseback  was  eitlier  killed 
Ar  wounded.    Dr.  Craik,  the  physician, 
who  attended   him  in  his  last  sickness, 
was  present  in   this  battle,   and  says, 
''I  expected  every  moment  to  see  him 
All. — Nothing   but   the  s)  perintending 
care  of  Providence  could  have  saved  him 
fVom  the  fate  of  all  around  him."    After 
an  action  of  three  hours  the  troops  gave 
way  in  all  directions,  and  col.  Washing- 
ton and  two  others  brought  off  Braddock, 
who  had  been  mortally  wounded.     He 
attempted  to  rally  the  retreating  troops  ; 
but,  as  he  says  himself,  it  was  like  endea- 
voring "to  stop  the  wild  bears  of  the 
mountains."     The  cordiict  of  the  regu- 
,  k^r  trqop9  was  most  cowardly.    The  en- 


emy were  few  in  number  and  had  no  ex- 
pectation of  victory .     In  a  sermon  occa- 
sioned by  this  expedition  Samuel  Daviea 
of  Hanover  county  thus  prophetically  ex- 
pressed   himself; "  as  a  remarkable    in- 
stance of  patriotism  I  may  point  out  to  the 
public  that  heroic  youth,  col.   Washing- 
ton,   whom  I  cannot  but  hope  Provi- 
dence  has  hitherto  preserved  in  so  signal 
a  manner  for  some  important  service  to 
his  country."      For    this  purpose    he 
was    indeed    preserved,    and    at    the 
end  of  twenty  years  he  began  to  ren- 
der to  his  country  more  important  ser- 
vices, than  the  minister  of  Jesus  could 
have  anticipated.    From  1755  to  1758 
he  commanded  a  regiment,  which  was 
raised  for  the  protection  of  the  frontiers, 
and  during  this  period  he  was  incessant- 
ly occupied  in  efforts  to  shield  the  ex* 
posed  settlements  iVom  the  incursions  of 
the  savages.     His  exertions  were  in  a 
great  degree  ineffectual  in  consequence 
of  the  errors  &  the  pride  of  government, 
and  of  the  impossibility  of  guarding  with 
a  few  troops  an  extended  territory  fVom 
an   enemy,  which  was  averse  to  open 
warfhre.    He  in  the  most  earnest  man- 
ner recommended  offensive  measures  as 
the  only  method  of  giving  complete  pro- 
tection to  the  scattered  settlements.    In 
the  year  1758  to  his  great  joy  it  was  de- 
termined to  undertake  another  expedition 
against  fort  dn  Que8ne,and  he  engaged  in 
it  with  zeal.       Early  in  July  the  troops 
were  assembled  at  fort  Cumberland  ;  and 
here  against  all  the  remonstrances  and 
arguments  of  col.  Washington  general 
Forbes  resolved  to  open  a  new  road  to 
the  Ohio  instead  of  taking  the  old  route. 
Such  was  the  predicted  delay,  occasion- 
ed by  this  measure,  that  in  Nov.  it  ^as 
resolved  not  to  proceed  fbrther  during 
that  campaiflrn.    But  intelligence  of  the 
weakness   of  the  garrison  induced     an 
'alteration  of  the  plan  of  passing  the  winter 
in  the  wilderness.    By  slow  marches  the 
army  was  enabled  on  the  95th,  of  Nov. 
to    reach  fort    du   Quesne,    of  which 
peaceable  possession  was  taken,  as  the 
enemy  on  the  preceding  night  after  set- 
ting it  on  fire  had  abandoned  it,  and  pro- 


WASHINGTON. 


751 


eeeded  down  the  Ohio.  The  works  in 
this  place  ware  repaired,  and  its  name 
was  changed  to  that  of  Tort  Pitt.  The 
success  of  the  expedition  was  to  be  at- 
tributed to  the  British  fleet,  which  inter- 
cepted re-enforcements,  destined  for  Can- 
ada, and  to  events  in  the  northern  colon- 
ies. The  gieat  object,  which  he  had 
been  anxious  to  effect,  being  now  accom- 
plished and  his  health  being  enfeebled, 
eol.  Washington  resigned  his  commis- 
sion as  commander  in  chief  of  all  the 
troops  raised  in  Virginia. 

Soon  after  his  resignation  he  was 
married  to  Martha,  the  widow  of  Mr. 
Custis,  a  young  lady,  to  whom  he  had 
been  for  some  time  strongly  attached, 
and  who  to  a  large  fortune  and  a  fine 
person  added  those  amiable  accomplish- 
ments, which  fill  with  silent  felicity  the 
scenes  of  domestic  life.  His  attention 
for  several  years  was  principally  directed 
to  the  management  of  his  estate,  which 
had  now  become  considerable.  He  had 
9,000  acres  under  his  own  management. 
So  great  a  part  was  cultivated,  that  in 
one  year  he  raised  7,000  bushels  of 
wheat,  and  10,000  of  Indian  corn.  His 
slaves  and  other  persons,  employed  by 
him,  amounted  to  near  a  thousand  ;  and 
the  woollen  and  linen  cloth  necessary  for 
their  use  was  chiefly  manufactured  on 
the  estate.  He  was  at  this  period  a  member 
of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  in  which 
he  took  a  decided  part  in  opposition  to 
the  principle  of  taxation,  asserted  by 
the  British  parliament.  He  alt>c  Qcied  as 
a  judge  of  a  county  court.  In  1774  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  first  congress, 
and  was  placed  on  all  those  committees, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  make  arrangements 
for  defence.  In  the  following  year  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  when  it  was  deter- 
mined by  congress  to  resort  to  arms,  col. 
Washington  was  unanimously  elected 
commander  in  chief  of  the  army  of  the 
united  colonies.  All  were  satisfied  as  to 
his  qualifications,  and  the  delegates  from 
New  England  were  particularly  pleased 
with  his  election,  as  it  would  tend  to  u- 
nite  the  southern  colonies  cordially  in  the 
war.    He  accepted  the  appointment  with 


difHdence,  and  expressed  his  intentioD  of 
receiving  no  compensation  for  hi«  aervi- 
ces,  and  only  a  mere  discharge  of  his  tx« 
penset.  He  immediately  repaired  to 
Cambridge  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boa- 
ton,  where  he  arrived  on  the  second  of 
July.  He  formed  the  army  into  three 
divisions  in  order  the  most  eliisctually  to 
enclose  the  enemy,  intrusting  the  dn 
vision  at  Roxbury  to  gen.  Ward,  the  di« 
vision  on  Prospect  and  Winter  hills  to 
gen.Lee,  and  commanding  himself  tho 
centre  at  Cambridge.  Here  he  had  to 
struggle  with  great  difficulties,  with  the 
want  of  ammunition,  clothing,  and  mag« 
azines,  defect  of  arms  and  discipline,  and 
the  evils  of  short  enlistments ;  but  instead 
of  yielding  to  despondence  he  bent  the 
whole  force  of  his  mind  to  overcome 
them.  He  soon  mutle  the  alarming  dis> 
covery,  that  there  was  only  sufficient 
powder  on  hand  to  furnish  the  army  with 
nine  cartridges  for  each  man.  With  the 
greatest  caution  to  keep  this  fact  a  secret, 
the  utmost  exertions  were  employed  to 
procure  a  supply.  A  vessel,  which  was 
despatched  to  Africa,  obtained  in  ex* 
change  for  N.  England  rum  all  the  gun- 
powder  in  the  British  factories ;  and  in 
the  beginning  of  winter  captain  J^anly 
captured  an  ordnance  brig.which  Airnish- 
ed  the  American  army  with  the  precise 
articles,  of  which  it  was  in  the  greatest 
want.  In  Sept.  general  Washington  des- 
patched Arnold  on  an  expedition  against 
Quebec.  In  Feb.  1776  he  proposed  to  a 
council  of  his  officers  to  cross  the  ice  and 
attack  the  enemy  in  Boston,  but  they 
unanimously  disapproved  of  the  daring 
measure.  It  was  however  soon  resolved 
to  take  possession  of  the  heights  of  Dor- 
chester. This  was  done  without  discov- 
ery on  the  night  of  the  fourth  of  March, 
and  on  the  seventeenth  the  enemy  found 
itnecessary  to  evacuate  the  town.  The 
recovery  of  Boston  induced  congress  to 
pass  a  vote  of  thanks  ta  general  Wash- 
ington and  his  brave  army. 

In  the  belief,  that  the  efforts  of  the 
British  would  be  directed  towards  the 
Hudson,  he  hastened  the  army  to  New 
York,  where  he   himself  arrived  April 


76« 


WASHINGTON. 


14th.  He  made  every  exertion  to  Turtiry 
the  eity,  and  attention  waa  paid  to  the 
forta  in  the  highlanda.  While  he  met 
the  moat  embarrasaini;  ditlicultiea,  a  plan 
waa  ibrmed  to  aaaiat  the  enemy  in  aeizing 
hia  peraon,  and  aome  ofhisown  guarda 
engaged  in  the  eonapiracy  ;  but  it  waa 
discovered,  and  aome  who  were  con- 
cerned in  it,  were  executed.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  July  Howe  landed  hia  troopa 
at  Staten  laland.  Hia  brother,  lord  Howe, 
who  commanded  the  fleet,  aoon  arriveil ; 
and  aa  both  wore  commiwioncra  fur  re- 
atoring  peace  to  the  coioniea,  the  latter 
addreaaeJ  a  letter  upon  the  aubject  to 
"George  Waahington,  esquire ;"  but  the 
general  refused  to  receive  it,  aa  it  did  not 
acknowledge  the  public  character,  with 
which  he  was  invested  by  congress,  in 
which  character  only  he  could  have  any 
intercourse  with  hia  lordship.  Another 
letter  was  aent  to  "George  Washington, 
&c.  &c.  &c."  This  for  the  same  reason 
was  rejected.  Al\er  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Brooklyn  on  the  27  th  of  Aug.,  in  which 
Stirling  and  Sullivan  wore  taken  prison- 
erB,and  of  which  he  was  only  a  spectator, 
he  withdrew  the  troops  from  L.  Island, 
and  in  a  few  days  he  resolved  to  with- 
draw from  N.  York.  At  Kipp's  bay, 
about  three  miles  from  the  city,  some 
works  had  been  thrown  up  to  oppose  the 
enemy  ;  but  on  their  approach  the  Ameri- 
can troops  fled  with  precipitation.  Wash- 
ington rode  towards  the  lines,  and  made 
every  exertion  to  prevent  the  disgraceful 
flight.  He  drew  his  sword,  and  threat- 
ed  to  run  the  cowards  through  ;  he  cock- 
ed and  snapped  his  pistols,but  it  was  all  in 
vain.  Such  was  the  state  of  his  mind  at 
the  moment,  that  he  turned  his  horse 
towards  the  advancing  enemy  apparently 
with  the  intention  of  rushing  upon  death. 
His  aids  now  seized  the  bridle  of  his  horse 
and  rescued  him  from  destruction.  N. 
York  was  on  the  same  day,  Sept.  15, 
evacuated.  In  Qct.  he  retreated  to  the 
White  Plains,  where  Oct.  28,  a  considera- 
ble action  took  place,  in  which  the  Ameri- 
cans were  overpowered.  After  the  loss 
of  forts  Wauhington  and  Lee  he  passed 
iuto  N.  J.  in  Nov.  and  was  pursued  by  a 


triumphant  ft  numeroua  enemy.  Hie 
army  did  not  amount  to  S.OOO,  and  it  wa« 
daily  diminiahing;  hia  men,  as  the  winter 
commenced ,  were  barefooted  and  alnuiat 
naked,destitute  of  tents  &  of  utensils,  with 
which  to  dresa  their  scanty  provisions  } 
and  every  circumatance  tended  to  fill  the 
mind  with  despondence.  But  general 
Washington  was  undismayed  and  firm. 
He  showed  himself  to  his  enfee« 
bled  army  with  a  aerene  and  unembar- 
rassed countenance,  and  they  were  in- 
spired with  the  resolution  of  their  com- 
mander. Dec.  8,  he  was  obliged  to  croas 
the  Delaware;  hut  he  had  the  precaution 
to  secure  the  boats  for  70  milea  upon  the 
river.  While  the  British  were  waiting 
for  the  ice  to  aflbrd  them  a  passage,  as 
his  own  army  had  been  re-enforced  by 
several  thousand  men,  he  formed  tlie  res- 
olution of  carrying  the  cantonmenta  of 
the  enemy  by  surprise.  On  the  night  of 
Dec.  25,  he  crossed  the  river  nine  miles 
above  Trenton,  in  a  storm  of  jnow  min- 
gled with  hail  and  rain,  witli  about 
3,400  men.  Two  oilier  detacliments 
were  unable  to  eflect  a  passage.  In  the 
morning  precisely  at  eight  o'clock  he 
surprised  Trenton  and  took  1,000  Hes- 
sians prisoners,  1,000  stand  of  arms,  and 
six  field  pieces.  Twenty  of  the  enemy 
wore  killed.  Of  the  Americans  two  pri- 
vates were  killed,  and  two  frozen  to 
death  ;  and  one  officer  and  three  or  four 
privates  were  wounded.  On  the  same 
day  he  recrossed  the  Delaware  with  the 
fruits  of  his  enterprise  ;  but  in  two  or 
three  days  passed  again  into  N.  Jersey, 
and  concentrated  his  forces,  amounting 
to  5,000  at  Trenton.  On  the  approach 
of  a  superior  enemy  under  Cornwallis  Jan. 
2,  1777,  he  drew  up  his  men  behind  As- 
sumpinck  creek .  He  expected  an  attack 
in  the  morning,  which  would  probably 
result  in  a  ruinous  defeat.  At  this  mo- 
ment, when  it  was  hazardous  if  not  im- 
practicable to  return  into  Pennsylvania, 
he  formed  the  resolution  of  getting  into 
the  rear  of  the  enemy  and  thus  stop  them 
in  their  progress  towards  Philadelphia. 
In  the  night  he  silently  decamped,  taking 
a  circuitous  route  through  Allen's  town 


WASHINGTON. 


to  Princeton.  A  ludden  change  of  the 
weather  to  levere  cold  rendered  the 
rnadl  fkvotable  for  hii  ntarch.  About 
■unriae  hia  van  met  a  Britiah  detachment 
on  its  way  to  join  Cornwaiiii,  and  was  de- 
feated by  it  ;  but  as  he  came  up  he  ex- 
poaed  himself  to  every  danger  and  gained 
a  victory.  With  SOO  prisonera  he  then 
entered  Princeton.  During  this  march 
many  of  his  soldiers  were  without  shoes, 
*  lind  their  feet  lef\  the  marks  of  blood  up- 
on the  frozen  ground.  This  hardship 
and  their  want  of  repose  induced  him  to 
lead  his  army  to  a  place  of  security  on  the 
road  to  Morristown.  Cornwallis  in  the 
morning  broke  up  his  camp  and  alarmed 
for  hia  atorea  in  Brunswick  urged  the  pur- 
suit. Thus  the  military  genius  of  the 
American  commander,  under  the  blessing 
of  divine  Providence,  rescued  Philadel- 
phia from  the  threatened  danger,  obliged 
the  enemy,  which  had  overspread  New 
Jersey,  to  return  to  the  neighborhood  of 
New  York,  and  revived  the  desponding 
spirit  of  his  country.  Having  accom- 
plished these  objects,  he  retired  to  Mor- 
ristown, where  he  caused  his  whole  army 
to  be  inoculated  with  the  small  pox,  and 
thus  was  I'reed  from  the  apprehension  of 
a  calamity,  which  might  impede  his  ope- 
rations during  the  next  campaign. 

On  the  last  of  May  he  removed  hia  ar- 
my to  Middlebrook,  about  ten  miles  from 
Brunswick,  where  he  fortified  himself 
very  strongly.  An  ineffectual  attempt  was 
made  by  air  Wm.Howe  to  draw  him  from 
his  position  by  marching  towards  Phila- 
delphia ;  but  afler  Howe's  return  to  New 
York  he  moved  towards  the  Hudson  in 
order  to  defend  the  passes  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  expectation  that  a  junction 
with  Burgoyne,  who  was  then  upon  the 
lakes,  would  be  attempted.  Afler  the 
British  general  sailed  from  New  York  and 
entered  the  Chesapeak  in  Aug.,  general 
Washington  marched  immediately  for  the 
defence  of  Philadelphia.  Sept.  1 1 ,  he 
was  defeated  at  Brandywine  with  the  loss 
of 900  in  killed  and  wounded.  A  few 
days '  aflerward,  as  he  was  pursued,  he 
turned  upon  the  enemy,  determined  upon 
another  engagement ;  but  a  heavy  rain 
95 


so  damaged  the  arms  and  ammunition, 
that  he  was  under  the  abaolnte  neeeaaity 
of  again  retreating.  Philadelphia  waa 
entered  by  Cornwallis  Sept.  96.— Oct.  4, 
tha  American  commander  mad*  a  well 
planned  attack  upon  the  Britiah  camp  at 
Oermantown ;  but,in  consequence  of  the 
darkness  of  the  morning,  and  tha  impei^ 
feet  discipline  of  his  troops,  it  terminated' 
in  the  loss  of  1300  men  in  killed,wound6d, 
and  prisoners.  In  Deo.  he  went  into 
winter  quarters  at  Valley  Forge  on  tht 
west  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  between  SO 
and  SO  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Here 
his  army  was  in  the  greatest  distreaa  for 
the  want  of  provisions,  and  he  waa  redu- 
ceA  to  the  necessity  of  sending  outpartiea 
to  seize  what  ihey  could  find.  About  the 
same  time  a  combination,  in  which  some 
members  of  congress  were  engaged,  y>^:i 
formed  to  remove  the  commander  in 
chief  and  to  appoint  in  his  place  Gates, 
whoae  recent  successes  had  given  him  a 
high  reputation.  But  the  name  of  Wash- 
ington was  too  dear  to  the  great  body  of 
Americans  to  admit  of  such  a  change. 
Notwithstanding  the  discordant  mate- 
rials, of  which  his  army  was  composed, 
there  was  something  in  his  character, 
which  ennbied  him  to  attach  both  his  oiH- 
cers  and  suKllers  so  strongly  to  him,  that  * 
no  distress  could  weaken  their  affection, 
or  impair  the  veneration,  in  which  he 
was  generally  held.  Without  thia  at- 
tachment to  him  the  army  must  have 
been  dissolved.  General  Conway,  who 
waa  concerned  in  this  faction,  being  woun- 
ded in  a  duel  with  general  Cadwallader, 
and  thinking  his  wound  mortal,  wrote  to 
gen.  Washington,  "you  are  in  my  eyes, 
the  great  and  good  man."  Feb.  1,  1778 
there  were  about  4,000  men  in  camp  un- 
fit for  duty  for  the  want  of  clothes.  Of 
these  scarcely  a  man  had  a  pair  of  shoes. 
The  hospitals  were  also  filled  with  the 
sick.  At  this  time  the  enemy,  if  they  had 
marched  out  of  winter  quarters,  would 
easily  havedispened  the  American  army. 
The  apprehension  of  the  approach  of  a 
French  fleet  inducing  the  British  to  con. 
centrate  their  forces,  when  they  evacuated 
Philadelphia  Jime  17th;  and    marched 


754 


WASHINGTON. 


towards  New  York,  general  Washington 
followed  them.  Contrary  to  the  advice 
of  a  council  he  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Monmouth  June  38,  the  result  of  which 
made  an  impression  favorable  to  the 
cause  of  America.  He  slept  in  his  cloak 
on  the  field  of  battle,  intending  to  renew 
tlie  attack  the  next  morning,  but  at  mid- 
night the  British  marched  off  in  such 
silence,  as  not  to  be  discovered.  Their 
loss  in  killed  was  about  300,  and  that  of 
the  Americans  69.  As  the  campaign 
now  closed  in  the  middle  states, 
the  American  army  went  into  winter 
quarters  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  high- 
lands upon  the  Hudtion.  Thus  after  the 
vicissitudes  of  two  years  both  armies 
were  brought  back  to  the  point,  from 
which  they  set  out.  During  the  year 
1779  general  Washington  remained  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York.  In  Jan. 
178Di  in  a  winter  memorable  for  its  sever- 
ity, his  utmost  exertions  were  necessary 
to  save  the  army  from  dissolution.  The 
soldiers  in  general  submitted  with  heroic 
patience  to  the  want  of  provisions  and 
clothes.  Atone  time  they  ate  every  kind 
of  hofsc  food  but  hay.  Their  sufferings 
at  length- were  so  great,  that  in  March 
two  of  the  Connecticut  regiments  mutin- 
ied, but  the  mutiny  was  suppressed  &  the 
ringleaders  secured.  In  Sept.  the  treach- 
ery of  Arnold  was  detected.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1781  such  were  again  the  priva- 
tions of  the  army,  that  a  part  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania line  revolted,  and  marched  home. 
Such  however  was  still  their  patriotism, 
that  they  delivered  up  some  British  em- 
issaries to  general  Wayne,  who  hanged 
them  as  spies.  Committing  the  defence 
of  the  posts  on  the  Hudson  to  general 
Heath,  general  Washicgton  in  Aug. 
marched  with  count  Rochambeau  for  the 
Chesapeak  to  co-operate  with  the  French 
fleet  there.  The  siege  of  Yorktown 
commenced  Sept.  28th,  and  Oct.  19th, 
he  reduced  Cornwallis  to  the  necessity  of 
•urreadering  with  upwards  of  7,000  men 
to  the  eombined  armies  of  America  and 
France.  The  day  after  the  capitulation 
he  ordered,  that  those,  who  were  under 
•rrest; should  be  pardoned,  and  that  di- 


vine service  in  acknowledgment  of  the 
interposition  of  Providence  should  be 
performed  in  all  the  brigades  and  divis- 
ions .  This  event  filled  America  with  joy 
and  was  the  means  of  terminating  the 
war. 

Few  events  of  importance  occurred 
in  1782.  In  March  1783  he  exhibited 
his  characteristic  firmness  and  decision 
in  opposL'^g  an  attempt  to  produce  a  mu- 
tiny by  anouymous  letters.  His  addresi* 
to  his  officers  on  the  occasion  displays  in 
a  remarkable  degree  his  prudence  and  the 
correctness  of  his  judgment.  When  he 
began  to  read  it  he  found  himself  in  some 
degree  embarrassed  by  the  imperfection 
of  his  sight.  Taking  out  his  spectacles 
he  said,  "  these  eyes,  my  friends,  have 
grown  dim,  and  these  locks  white  in  the 
service  of  my  country  ;  yet  I  have  never 
doubted  her  justice. "  He  only  could 
have  repressed  the  spirit,  which  was 
breaking  forth.  April  19,  a  cessation  of 
hostilities  was  proclaimed  in  the  Ameri- 
can camp.  In  June  he  addressed  a  letter 
to  the  governors  of  the  several  states, 
congratulating  them  on  the  result  of  the 
contest  in  the  establishment  of  indepen- 
dence, and  recommending  an  indissoluble 
union  of  the  states  under  one  federal 
head,  a  sacred  regard  to  public  justice, 
the  adoption  of  a  proper  peace  establish- 
ment, aud  the  prevalence  of  a  friendly  dis- 
position among  the  people  of  the  several 
states.  It  was  with  keen  distress,  as 
well  as  with  pride  and  admiration,  that 
he  saw  his  bravo  and  veteran  soldiers, 
who  had  suffered  so  much,  and  who  had 
borne  the  heat  and  burden  of  the  war,  re- 
turning peaceably  to  their  homes  without 
a  settlement  of  their  accounts,  or  a  far- 
thing of  money  in  their  pockets.  Nov. 
25th  New  York  was  evacuated,  and  he 
entered  it  accompanied  by  governor 
Clinton  and  many  respectable  citizens, 
Dec.  4th  he  took  his  farewell  of  his  brave 
comrades  in  arms.  At  noon  the  princi- 
pal officers  of  the  army  assembled  at 
Frances'  tavern,  and  their  beloved  com- 
mander soou  entered  the  room .  His  emo- 
tions were  too  strong  to  be  concealed. 
Filling  a  glass  with   wine,  he  turned  to 


WASHINGTON. 


763 


them  and  said,  "  with  a  heart  full  of  love 
and  gratitude,  I  nov  take  leave  of  you  ; 
I  most  devoutly  wish,  that  your  latter 
days  may  be  as  prosperous  and  happy,  as 
your  former  ones  have  been  glorious  and 
honorable."    Having  drunk,  he  added, 
"I  cannot  come  to  each  of  you  to  take 
my  leave,  but  shall  be  obliged  to  you,  if 
each  of  you  will  come  and  take  me  by  the 
hand."    General  Knox,  being  nearest, 
Murned  to  him.    Incapable  of  utterance, 
general  Washington  grasped  his  hand, 
and  embraced  him.    In  the  same  affec- 
tionate manner  he  took  leave   of  each 
succeeding  officer.    In  every  eye  was  the 
tear  of  dignified  sensibility,  and  not  a 
v^ord  was  articulated  to  interrupt  the  si- 
lence and  the  tenderness  of  the  iiceno. 
Ye  men,  who  delight  in  blood,  slaves  of 
ambition !    When  your  work  of  carnage 
was  finished,  could  ye  thus  part  with 
your  companions  in  crime  .^    Leaving  the 
room,general  Washington  passed  through 
the  corps  of  light  infantry,  and  walked 
to  White  hall,  where  a  barge  waited  to 
carry  him  to  Powles'  hook.    The  whole 
company   followed  in  mute  procession 
with  dejected  countenances.    When  he 
entered  the  barge,  he  turned  to  them, 
and  waving  his  hat  bade  them  a  silent 
adieu,  receiving  from  them  the  same  last, 
afiiMtionate  compliment.    On  the  twenty 
third  of  December  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission to  congress,  then  assembled  at 
Annapolis.    He  delivered  a  short  address 
on  the  occasion,  in  which  he  said,  "  I 
considered  it  an  indispensable  duty  to 
close  this  last  solemn  act  of  my  official  life 
by  commending  the  interests  of  our  dear- 
est country  to  the  protection  of  Almighty 
God,  and  those,  who  have  the  superin- 
tendence of  them,  to  his  holy  keeping. " 
He  then  retired  to  Mount  Vernon  to  en- 
joy again  the  pleasures  of  domestic   life. 
Here  the  expressions  of  the  gratitude  of 
his  countrymen  in  affectionate  addresses 
poured  in  upon   him,  and  he  received 
every  testimony  of  respect  and  venera- 
tion. 

In  his  retirement  however  he  could 
not  overlook  the  public  interests.  He 
was  desirous  of  opening  by  water  carriage 


a  communication  between  the  Atlantic 
and  the  western  portions  of  our  country 
in  order  to  prevent  the  diversion  of  trade 
down  the  Mississippi,  and  to  Canada, 
from  which  he  predicted  consequences 
injurious  to  the  union.  Through  his 
influence  two  companies  were  formed  for 
promoting  inland  navigation.  The  legis- 
lature of  Virginia  presented  him  with  150 
shares  in  them,  whibh  he  appropriated  to 
publks  uses.  In  the  year  1786  he  was  con- 
vinced,with  other  statesmen,  of  the  neces- 
sity of  substituting  a  more  vigorous  gener- 
al governmentin  the  place  of  the  impotent 
articles  of  confederation.  Still  he  was 
aware  of  the  danger  of  running  from  one 
extreme  to  another.  He  exclaims  in  a 
letter  to  Mr.  Jay,  "what  astonishing 
changes  a  iew  years  are  capable  of  pro- 
ducing !  I  am  told,  that  even  respectable 
characters  speak  of  a  monarchical  form  of 
government  without  horror.  From 
thinking  proceeds  speaking  ;  thence  to 
acting  is  often  but  a  single  step.  But 
how  irrevocable,  and  tremendous !  What 
a  triumph  for  our  enemies  to  verify  their 
predictions!  What  a  triumph  for  the 
advocates  of  despotism  to  find,  that  we 
are  incapable  of  governing  ourselves,  and 
thatsystems,founded  on  the  basis  of  equal 
liberty,  are  merely  ideal  and  fallacious !" 
In  the  following  year  he  was  persuaded 
to  take  a  seat  in  the  convention,  which 
formed  the  present  constitution  of  the  U. 
States,  and  he  presided  in  that  body.  In 
1789  he  was  unanimously  elected  the 
first  president  of  the  U.  States.  It  waa 
with  great  reluctance,  that  he  accepted 
this  office.  His  feelings,  as  he  said  him- 
self, were  like  those  of  a  culprit,  going  to 
the  place  of  execution.  But  the  voice 
ofa  whole  continent,  the  pressing  recom- 
mendation of  his  particular  friends,  &  the 
apprehension,  that  he  should  otherwise 
be  considered  as  unwilling  to  hazard  hia 
reputation  in  executing  a  system,  which 
he  had  assisted  in  forming,  determined 
him  to  accept  the  appointment.  In  April 
he  lefl  Mount  Vernon  to  proceed  to  N. 
York,  and  to  enter  on  the  duties  of  his 
high  office.  He  every  where  received 
testimonies  of  respect   and    love.    At 


Wft 


WASHINGTON. 


Z\: 


Trentun  the  gentler  tex  rewarded  him  for 
his  succesaful  enterprise  and  the  protec- 
tion, which  he  afforded  thera,tweive  years 
before.  On  the  bridge  over  the  creek, 
which  passes  through  the  town,  was 
erected  a  triumphal  arch,  ornamented 
with  laurels  and  flowers,  and  supported 
by  thirteen  pillars,  each  encircled  with 
wreaths  of  evergreen.  On  the  front  of 
the  arch  was  inscribed  in  lar^e,  gilt  let- 
ters— 

THE  DEFENDER  OF  THE  MOTHERS 
WILL  BE  THE 

PROTECTOR  OF  THE  DAUGHTERS. 

At  this  place  he  was  met  by  a  party  of 
matrons,  leading  their  daughters,  who 
were  dressed  in  white,  and  who  with 
baskets  in  their  hands  sung  with  exqui- 
site sweetness  the  following  ode,  written 
for  the  occasion. 

Welcome,  mighty  chief,  once  more 
Welcome  to  thig  grateful  shore, 
Now  no  mercenary  foe 
Aima  again  the  fatal  blow ,  ' 

Aims  at  THEB  the  fatal  blow. 
Virgins  fair  and  matrons  grave, 
Those,  thy  conquering  arms  did  save. 
Build  for  thee  triumphal  bowers; 
Strew,  ye  fair ,  his  way  with  flowers. 
Strew  your  HERO's  way  with  flowers. 

At   the    last  line  the    flowers   were 
strewed    before     him.       After     recei- 
ving such  proofs  of  affectionate  attach- 
ment he  arrived  at  New  York,  and  was 
inaugurated  first  president  of  the  United 
States  April  30th.     In  making  the  neces- 
sary arrangements  ol'  his  household  he 
publicly  announced,  that  neither  visits  of 
business  nor  of  ceremony  would  be  ex- 
pected on  Sunday,  as  he  wished  to  re- 
V  vethat  day  sacredly  to  himself.     In 
Oct.  and  Nov.  1789  he  visited  N.  Eng- 
land.   At  the  close  of  his  first  term  of 
four  years  he  prepared  a  valedictory  ad- 
dress to  the  American  people,  anxious  to 
return  again  to  the  scenes    of  domestic 
life;  but    the  earnest  entreaties  of  his 
friends  and  the  peculiar  situation  of  his 
country  induced  him  to  be  a  candidate 
for  a  second  election.      During  his  ad- 
ministration of  eight  years  the  labor  of 
establishing  the  different  departments  of 


a  new  government  was  accomplished ; 
and  he  exhibited  the  greatest  firmness, 
wisdom,  and  independence.     He  was  an 
American,  and  he  chose  not  to  involve 
his  country  in  the  contests  of  Europe. 
He  accordingly    with     the    unanimous 
advice  of  his  cabinet,  Messrs.  JefiersoD. 
Hamilton,  Knox,  and  Randolph,  issued  a 
proclamation  of  neutrality  April  32,  1793, 
a  few  days  after  he  heard  of  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  between  England 
and  France.    This  measure  contributed 
in  a  great  degree  to  the  prosperity  of 
America.      Its  adoption  was  the  more 
honorable  to  the  president,  as  the  gener- 
al sympathy  was  in  favor  of  the  sister 
republic,  agaiust  whom  it  was  said  Great 
Britain  had  commenced  the  war  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  imposing  upon  her  a  mo- 
narchical form  of  government.    He  pre- 
ferred the  peace  and  welfare  of  his  coun- 
try to  the  breath  of  popular  applause. 
Another  act,  in  which  he  proved  himself 
to  be  less  regardful  of  the  public  partiali- 
ties and  prejudices,  than  of  what  he  con- 
ceived to  be  the  public  good,  was  the 
ratification  of  the  British  treaty.     The 
English    government  had  neglected  to 
surrender  the  western  posts,  and  by  com- 
mercial restrictions  and  in  other    ways 
had  evinced  a  hostile  spirit  towards  this 
cou  ntry .    To  avert  the  calamity  of  anoth- 
er war  Mr.  Jay  was  nominated  as  envoy 
extraordinary  in  April  1794.     In  June 
1795  the  treaty,  which  Mr.    Jay  had 
made,  was  submitted  to  the  senate,  and 
was  ratified  by  that  body  on  the  condi- 
tion, that  one  article  should  be  altered. 
While  the    president  was    deliberating 
upon  it,  an  incorrect  copy  of  the  instru- 
ment was  made  public  by  a  senator,  and 
the  whole  country  was   thrown  into  a 
state  of  extreme  irritation.      At  this  pe- 
riod, he  in  Aug.  conditionally  ratified  it, 
and  in  Feb.  1796,  when  it  was  returned 
from  his  Britannic  majesty  with  the  pro- 
posed alteration,  he  declared  it  to  be  the 
law  of  the  land.    After  this  transaction 
the  house  of  representatives    requested 
him  to  lay  before  them  the  papers  relat- 
ing to  the  treaty,  but  he  with  great  inde- 
pendence refused  to  comply  with  their  re- 


WASHINGTON. 


757 


quest,  as  they  could  have  no  claim  to  an  i  rocal  checks,  an4  consolidating  the  differ- 
inspection  ot'  them  except  upon  a  vote  I  ent  powers.  Against  the  spirit  of  party, 
of  impeachment,  and  as  a  compliance  so  peculiarly  baneful  in  an  elective  gov- 


would  establish  a  dangerous  precedent. 
He  had  before  this  shown  a  disposition 
to  maintain  the  authority,  vested  in  his 
ofBce,  by  declining  to  affix  his  signature 
to  a  bill,  which  had  passed  both  houses. 

As  the  period  for  a  new  election  of  a 
president  of  the  U.  States  approached, 
and  after  plain  indications  that  the  public 
voice  would  be  in  his  favor,  and  when  he 
probably  would  be  chosen  for  the  third 
time  unanimously,  he  determined  irrevo- 
cably to  withdraw  to  the  shades  of  pri- 
vate life.     He  published  in  Sept.  1796  his 
farewell  address  to  the  people  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  which  ought  to  be  engraved 
upon  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.    In 
the  most  earnest  and  afTectionate  manner 
he  called  upon  them  to  cherish  an  immove- 
able attachment  to  the  national  union,  to 
watch  for  its  preservation  with  jealous 
anxiety,  to  discountenance  even  the  sug- 
gestion, that  it  could  in  any  event  be 
abandoned,  and  indignantly  to  frown  up- 
on the  first  dawning  of  every  attempt  to 
alienate  any  portion  of  our  country  from 
the  rest.     Overgrown  military  establish- 
ments he  represented  as  particularly  hos- 
tile to  republican  liberty.     While  he  re- 
commended the  most  implicit  obedience 
to  the  actaof  the  established  government, 
&nd  reprobated  all  obstructions  to  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  laws,  all  combinations  and 
associations,  under    whatever   plausible 
character,  with  the  real  design  to  direct, 
control,  counteract,  or  awe  the  regular 
deliberation  and  action  of  the  constituted 
authorities ;    he  wished  also  to    guard 
against  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon  the 
principles  of  the  constitution.      Aware 
that  the  energy  of  the  system  might  be 
enfeebled  by  alterations,  he  thought,  that 
no  change  should  be  made  without  an  ev- 
ident necessity,  and  that  in  so  extensive  a 
country  as  much  vigor,  as  is  consistent 
with  liberty,  is  indispensable.  On  the  oth- 
er hand  he  pointed  out  the  danger  of  a 
real  despotism  by  breaking  down  the  par- 
titions between  the  several  departments 


ernment,  he  uttered  his  most  solemn  re- 
monstrances, as  well  as  against  inveterate 
antipathies  or  passionate  attachments  in 
respect  to  foreign  nations.     While  he 
thought,that  the  jealousy  of  a  free  people 
ought  to  be  constantly  and  impartially 
awake  against  the  insidious  wiles  of  for- 
eign influence,  he  wished  that  good  faith, 
and  justice  should  be  observed  towards 
all  nations,  and  peace  and  harmony  culti- 
vated.    In  his  opinion,  honesty  no  less 
in  public  than  in  private  affairs  is  always 
the  best  policy.    Providence,  he  believed, 
had  connected  the  permanent  felicity  of 
a  nation  with  its  virtue.      Other  subjects, 
to  which  he  alluded,  were  the  importance 
of  credit,  of  economy,  of  a  reduction  of 
the  public  debt,  and  of  literary  institu- 
tions ;  above  all  he  recommended  religion 
and  morality  as  indispensably  necessary 
to  political  prosperity.      "  In  vain,"  says 
he,  "would  that  man  claim  the  tribute  of 
patriotism,  who  should  labor  to  subvert 
these  great  pillars  of  human  happiness, 
these  firmest  props  of  the  duties  of  men 
and  citizens."    Bequeathing  these  couq-' 
sels  to  his  countrymen  he  continued  in 
office  till  the  fourth  of  March  1797,  when 
he  attended  the  inauguration  of  his  suc- 
cessor, Mr.  Adams,  and  with  complacent 
cy  saw  him  invested  with  powers,  which 
had  for  so  long  &  time  been  exercised  by 
himself.  He  then  retired  to  Mount  Vernoti, 
giving  to  the  world  an  example,  most 
humiliating  to  its  emperors  and  kings  ; 
the  example  of  a  man,  voluntarily  disro- 
bing himself  of  the  highest  authority,  and 
returning  to  private  life  with  a  character 
having  upon  it  no  stain  of  ambition,  of 
coVetousness,  cf  profusion,  of  luxury,  of 
oppression,  or  of  injustice. 

It  was  now,  that  the  soldier,  the  states- 
man, and  the  patriot  hoped  to  repose 
himself  after  the  toils  of  so  many  years. 
But  he  had  not  been  long  in  retirement 
before  the  outrages  of  republican  France 
induced  our  government  to  raise  an  ar- 
my, of  which  in  July  1798  he  was  ap- 


of  government,  by  destroying  the  recip- J  pointed  commander  in  chief.    Though  he 


I 


fit' 


WASHINGTON. 


accepted  the  appointment,  his  services 
were  not  demanded,  &  he  himself  did  not 
believe,  that  an  invasion  would  be  made. 
Pacific  overtures  were  soon  made  by  ihe 
French  directory,  but  he  did  not  live  to 
see  the  restoration  of  peace.  On  Friday, 
Dec.  13,  1799,  while  attending  to  some 
improvements  u))on  his  estate,  he  was 
exposed  to  a  light  rain,  which  wetted  his 
neck  and  iiair.  Unapprehensive  of  danger 
he  passed  the  aflernoon  in  his  usual 
manner ;  but  at  night  he  was  seized  with 
an  inflammatory  affection  of  the  wind- 
pipe. The  disease  commenced  with  a 
violent  ague,accompanied  with  some  pain 
and  a  sense  of  stricture  in  the  throat,  a 
cough  and  a  difHcult  deglutition,  which 
were  soon  succeeded  by  fever  and  a  quick 
and  laborious  respiration.  About  12  or  14 
ounces  ofblood  were  taken  from  him.  In 
the  morning  his  family  physician,  doctor 
Craik,  was  sent  for;  but  the  utmost  exer- 
tions of  medical  skill  were  applied  in  vain. 
The  appointed,  time  of  his  death  was 
near.  Believing  from  the  commence- 
ment of  his  complaint,  that  it  would  be 
mortal,  a  few  hours  before  his  departure, 
after  repeated  efforts  to  be  understood, 
he  succeeded  in  expressing  a  desire,  that 
be  might  be  permitted  to  die  without 
being  disquieted  by  unavailing  attempts 
to  rescue  him  from  his  fate.  After  it  be- 
came impossible  to  get  any  thing  down 
bis  throat,  he  undressed  himself  and  went 
to  bed,  there  to  die.  'Fo  his  friend  and 
physician,  who  sat  on  his  bed,  and  took 
his  head  in  his  lap,  he  said  with  dilRculty, 
"doctor,  I  am  dying,  and  have  been  dying 
for  a  long  time;  but  I  am  not  afraid  to  die." 
Respiration  became  more  and  more  con- 
tracted till  half  past  eleven  on  Saturday 
night,  when,  retaining  the  full  possession 
of  his  intellect,  he  expired  without  a 
struggle.  Thus  Dec.  14,  1799,  in  the 
68th  year  of  his  age,  died  the  father  of 
our  country,  "  the  man,  first  in  war,  first 
in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  fel- 
low citizens."  This  event  spread  a  gloom 
over  the  country,  and  the  tears  of  Amer- 
ica proclaimed  the  services  and  virtues  of 
the  hero  and  sage,  and  exhibited  a  people 
not  insensible  to  his  worth.     The  senate 


of  the  U.  States  in  an  add  rem  to  the  pre- 
sident on  this  melancholy  occasran  in- 
dulged their  patriotic  pride,  while  they 
did  not  transgress  the  bounds  of  truth,in 
speaking  of  their  WASHINGTON. 
"Ancient  and  modern  names,"  said  they, 
"  are  diminished  before  him.  Great- 
ness and  guilt  have  too  often  been  allied; 
but  his  fame  is  whiter  than  it  isbrilliaut. 
The  destroyers  of  nations  stood  abashed 
at  the  majesty  of  his  virtues.  It  repro- 
ved the  intemperance  of  their  ambition, 
and  darkened  the  splendor  of  victory. 
The  scene  is  closed,  and  we  are  no  longer 
anxious  lest  misfortune  should  sully  his 
glory  ;  he  has  travelled  on  to  the  end  of 
his  journey,  and  carried  with  him  an  in- 
creasing weight  of  honor  ;  he  has  deposi- 
ted it  safely  where  misfortune  cannot 
tarnish  it,  where  malice  cannot  blast  it." 
— Mary,  his  mother,  died  at  Fredericks- 
burg Aug.  25,  1789,  aged  82.  Martha, 
his  widow,  died  May  22,  1809;  in  her 
sickness  the  Lord's  supper  was  ad- 
ministered to  her. 

General  Washington  was  rather  above 
the  common  stature  ;  his  frame  was  ro- 
bust, and  his  constitution  vigorous.  His 
exterior  created  in  the  beholder  the  idea 
of  strength  united  with  manly  graceful- 
ness. His  eyes  were  of  a  gray  color,  and 
his  complexion  light.  His  manners  were 
rather  reserved  than  free.  His  person 
and  whole  deportment  exhibited  an  unaf- 
fected and  indescribable  dignity,  unmin- 
gled  with  haughtiness,  of  which  all  who 
approached  him,  were  sensible.  The  at- 
tachment of  those,  who  possessed  his 
friendship,  was  ardent  but  always  res- 
pectful. His  temper  was  humane,  be- 
nevolent,and  conciliatory ;  but  there  was 
a  quickness  in  his  sensibility  to  any  thing 
offensive,  which  experience  had  taught 
him  to  watch  and  correct.  He  made  no 
pretensions  to  vivacity  or  wit.  Judg- 
ment rather  than  genius  constituted  the 
most  prominent  feature  of  his  character. 
As  a  military  man  he  was  brave,  enter- 
prising, and  cautious.  At  the  head  of  a 
multitude,  whom  it  was  sometimes  im- 
possible to  reduce  to  proper  discipline  be- 
fore the  expiration  of  their  time  of  ser- 


WASHINGTON. 


759 


vice,  and  having  to  struggle  almost  con- 
tinually with  the  want  of  supplies,  he  yet 
was  able  to  contend  with  an  adversary 
superior  in  numbers,  well  disciplined,  and 
completely  equipped,  and  was  the  means 
of  saving  his  country.  The  measure  of 
his  caution  has  by  some  been  represented 
as  too  abundant ;  but  he  sometimes 
formed  a  plan,  which  his  brave  officers 
thonght  was  too  adventurous,  and  some- 
times contrary  to  their  advice  he  engaged 
in  battle.  If  his  name  is  not  rendered  il- 
lustrious by  splendid  achievements,  it  is 
not  to  be  attributed  to  the  want  of  milita- 
ry enterprise.  He  conducted  the  war 
with  that  consummate  prudence  and 
wisdom,  which  the  situation  of  his  coun- 
try and  the  state  of  his  army  demanded. 
He  also  possessed  a  firmness  of  resolution, 
which  neither  dangers  nor  difficulties 
could  shake.  In  his  civil  administration 
he  exhibited  repeated  proofs  of  that  prac- 
tical good  sense,  of  that  sound  judgment, 
which  is  a  most  valuable  quality  of  the 
human  mind.  More  than  once  he  put 
his  whole  popularity  to  hazard  in  pursu- 
ing measures,  which  were  dictated  by  a 
sense  of  duty,  and  which  he  thought 
would  promote  the  welfare  of  his  country. 
In  speculation  he  was  a  real  republican, 
sincerely  attached  to  the  'Constitution  of 
theU.  States,  and  to  that  system  of  equal, 
political  rights,  on  which  it  is  founded. 
Real  liberty,  he  thought,  was  to  be  pre- 
served only  by  preserving  the  authority 
of  the  laws,  and  maintaining  the  energy 
of  government.  Of  incorruptible  integ- 
rity, his  ends  were  always  upright,  and 
the  means,  which  he  employed,  were  al- 
ways pure.  He  was  a  politician,  to  whom 
wiles  were  absolutely  unknown.  When 
any  measure  of  importance  was  proposed, 
he  sought  information  and  was  ready  to 
hear  without  prejudice  whatever  could  be 
said  in  relation  to  the  subject ;  he  sus- 
pended his  judgment  till  it  was  necessary 
to  decide ;  but  afler  his  decision  had 
been  thus  deliberately  made,  it  was  sel- 
dom shaken,  and  he  was  as  active  and 
persevering  in  executing,  as  he  had  been 
cool  in  forming  it.  He  possessed  an  in- 
nate and  unassuming  modesty,  which  ad- 


ulation would  have  offended,  which  the 
plaudits  of  millions  could  not  betray  into 
indiscretion,  and  which  was  blended  with 
a  high  senseof  personal  dignity  ,and  a  just 
consciousness  of  the  respect,  which  is 
due  to  station. 

With  regard  to  the  reli^ous  character 
of  general  Washington  there  have  been 
different  opinions.  In  the  extracts  from 
some  of  his  private  letters,  which  have 
been  published  by  the  historian  of  his-liii^, 
the  name  of  the  Supreme  Being  is  once 
or  twice  introduced  in  a  manner,which  in 
common  conversation  is  deemed  irrever- 
ent. It  is  also  understood,  that  in  a  few 
instances  during  the  war,  particularly 
when  he  met  gen .  Lee  retreating  in  the 
battle  of  Monmouth,  his  language  was 
unguarded  in  this  respect.  It  may  not 
be  impossible,  that  a  good  man  in  a  mo- 
ment of  extreme  irritation  should  utter  a 
profane  expression  ;  but  perhaps  it  is  less 
possible,  that  such  a  man,  when  his  pas- 
sion has  passed  away,  and  his  sober  recol- 
lections have  returned,  should  not  repent 
bitterly  of  his  irreverence  to  the  name  of 
God.  On  the  other  hand,  general 
Washington,  when  at  the  head  of  the  ar- 
my, issued  public  orders,  calling  upon  his 
ofHcers  to  discountenance  the  habit  of 
profanity ;  he  speaks  in  his  writings  of 
"  the  pure  and  benign  light  of  revelation," 
and  of  the  necessity  of  imitating  "  the 
charity,  huihility,  and  pacific  temper  of 
mind,  which  were  the  characteristics  of 
the  Divine  Author  of  our  blessed  reli- 
gion;" he  gratefully  acknowledged  the  in- 
terpositions of  providence  in  favor  of  this 
country  ;  his  life  was  upright  and  virtu- 
ous ;  he  principally  supported  an  episco- 
pal church  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount 
Vernon,  where  he  constantly  attended 
public  worship  ;  during  the  war  he  not 
iinfrequently  rode  ten  or  twelve  miles 
from  camp  for  the  benefit  of  the  institu- 
tions of  religion  ;  and  it  is  believed,  that 
he  every  day  had  his  hour  of  retirement 
from  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  private 
devotion. 

General  Washington  was  blessed  with 
abundant  wealth,  and  he  was  not  ignorant 
of  the  pleasure  of  employing  it  for  gener- 


^M 


WASHINGTON. 


oai  purposes^  Hia  style  of  living  was 
dignUied,  though  he  maintained  the  strict- 
est economy.  While  he  was  in  the  army 
ha  wrote  to  the  superintendent  of  his  es- 
tate in  the  following  terms:  "  Let  the 
hospitality  of  the  house  be  kept  up  with 
regard  to  tlie'|>oor.  Let  no  one  go  hun- 
gry away.  If  any  of  this  sort  of  people 
should  be  in  want  of  corn,  supply  their 
necessities,provided  it  does  not  encourage 
them  in  idleness.  I  have  no  objection  to 
your  giving  my  money  in  charity,  when 
you  think  it  is  well  bestowed  ;  I  mean, 
that  it  is  my  desire,  that  itshould  be  done. 
You  are  to  consider,  that  neither  myself 
nor  my  wife  are  in  the  way  to  do  these 
good  offices."  Thus  was  he  beneficent, 
while  at  the  same  time  he  required  an  ex- 
act compliance  with  engagements.  A 
pleasing  proof  of  the  generous  spirit, 
which  governed  him,  is  exhibited  in  his 
conduct  towards  the  son  of  his  friend, 
the  marquis  de  La  Fayette.  The  mar- 
quis, after  fighting  in  this  country  for 
American  liberty,  had  returned  to  France; 
but  in  the  convulsions  of  the  French 
revolution  he  was  exiled  and  imprisoned 
in  Germany.  General  Washington  gave 
evidence  of  sincere  attachment  to  the  un- 
happy nobleman  not  only  by  exerting  all 
his  influence  to  procure  his  release  from 
confinement,  but  by  extending  his  patron- 
age to  his  son,  who  made  his  escape  from 
France,  and  arrived  with  his  tutor  at 
Boston  in  1795.  As  soon  as  he  was  in- 
formed of  his  arrival,  he  wrote  to  a  friend, 
requesting  him  to  visit  the  young  gentle- 
man and  make  him  acquainted  with  the 
relations  between  this  country  and 
France,  which  would  prevent  the  presi- 
dent of  th'e  U.  States  from  publicly  es- 
pousing his  interest,  but  to  assure  him  of 
his  protection  and  support.  He  also  di- 
rected this  friend  to  draw  upon  him  for 
monies  to  defray  all  the  expenses,  which 
young  La  Fayette  might  incur.  Towards 
his  slaves  general  Washington  manifes- 
ted the  greatest  care  and  kindness.  Their 
servitude  lay  with  weight  upon  his  mind, 
and  he  directed  in  his  will,  that  they 
should  be  emancipated  on  the  decease  of 
his  wife.    There  were  insuperable  diffi 


culties  in  the  way  of  their  receiving  free- 
dom previously  to  this  event.  On  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Washington  in  1803,  his 
estate,  as  he  had  no  children,  was  divided 
according  to  his  will  among  his  and  her 
relations.  It  amounted  by  his  own  esti- 
mate to  more  than  600,000  dollars. 

The  public  addresses  and  other  produc- 
tions of  general  Washington's  pen  are 
written  in  a  style  of  dignified  simplicity. 
Some  have  seen  so  much  excellence  in 
his  writings,  that  they  have  been  ready 
to  transfer  the  honor  to  his  secretaries ; 
but  nothing  has  appeared  under  his  name, 
to  which  his  own  powers  were  inadequate. 
A  volume  of  epistles,  confidential  and  do- 
mestic, attributed  to  him,  was  published 
in  1777,  and  republished  about  the  year 
1796.  Of  these  general  Washington,  in 
a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  state  in  1797, 
declared  the  following  to  be  forgeries  ;  a 
letter  to  Lund  Washington,  dated  June 
12,  1776 ;  a  letter  to  John  Parke  Custis, 
dated  June  IS,  1776;  letters  to  Lund 
Washington,  dated  July  8,  July  16,  July 
15,  and  July  23,  1776;  and  a  letter  to 
Mrs.  Washington,  dated  June  .24,  1776. 
His  official  letters  to  the  American  con- 
gress, written  during  the  war,  were  pub- 
lished in  two  volumes  9vo.  1795.  Since 
his  death  his  letters  to  Arthur  Young 
and  sir  John  Sinclair  on  agriculture  and 
the  rural  economy  of  the  U .  States  have 

been    published. Marshall's    life    of 

Washington ;  His  life  by  Ramsay,  and 
Bancroft. 

WASHINGTON,  William,  colonel, 
a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  a  relative  of 
George  Washington,  was  born  in  Staf- 
ford county,  Va.  He  served  as  a  capt. 
under  Mercer ;  he  fought  at  the  battle 
on  Long  Island,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  that  of  Trenton,  in  which  he  was 
wounded.  He  was  afterwards  major  and 
lieutenant  colonel.  At  the  battle  of  the 
Cowpens  he  commanded  the  cavalry,  and 
contributed  much  to  the  victory.  For 
his  good  conduct  he  received  a  sword 
from  congress.  In  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
springs  he  was  wounded  and  taken  pris- 
oner. After  the  war  he  resided  at  Sandy 
hill,  S.  C.     In  1798  George  Washington 


WASHINGTON. 


WAYNE. 


761 


atlecteil  him  h  one  of  hit  staff  witli  the 
rank  ofbrigadier  general.  He  died  March 
•,  1810.  His  aon,  William,  died  at 
Charleaton  in  March  19S0,  aged  46. 

WASHINGTON,  Buahrod,  judge, 
$M  preaident  of  the  American  coloniza- 
tion society,  the  nephew  of  George 
Washington  and  heir  of  hirihooks  and 
papers,  was  born  in  1750  and  studied  law- 
wUh  James  Wilson.  At  the  siege  of 
Yoric  he  was  a  private  soldier  under  Mer- 
cer. In  1797  he  was  ajipointed  by  Mr. 
Adaioa  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  U.  S.,  an  office,  which  he  retained 
till  his  death.  At  the  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  colonization  society  he  deliver- 
ed an  address,  which  expresses  his  devout 
confidence  in  the  blessing  of  God  upon 
the  institution.  He  died  at  Philadelphia 
Nov.  16, 1839,  aged  70.  His  widow,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Blackburne,  died  in  a 
few  days  afterwards.  His  nephew,^  John 
Augustine  W.,  (the  son  of  Corbin  W.), 
to  whom  he  bequeathed  the  mansion  at 
Mountyernon,died  June  14,1832,aged  43. 
He  was  a  man  of  integrity  and  simplici- 
ty of  manners,  devoted  to  the  perfor- 
mance of -his  duties,  a  patriot,  and  a 
Christian.  «He  published  Reports  in  the 
court  of  appeals  of  Virginia,  2  vols.  1798 
-9. 

WATERMAN,  Elijah,  minister  of 
Bridgeport,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1791  ;  ordained  at  Wind- 
ham in  1794  ;  installed  at  Bridgeport  in 
1806;  and  died  Oct.  11,  1825,  aged  56. 
He  published  the  noble  convert,  a  sermon 
at  the  request  of  Pierpont  Edwards ;  life 
of  Calvin,  1809;  catechism  of  Geneva. 

WAYNE,  Anthony,  major  general, 
was  born  in  Chester  county,  Peuns.,  in 
1745.  In  1773  he  was  appointed  a  repre- 
sentative to  the  general  assembly,  where 
in  conjunction  with  Dickinson,  Mifflin, 
Thomson,  and  other  gentlemen  he  took 
an  active  part  in  opposition  to  the  claims 
of  Great  Britain.  In  1775  he  quitted  the 
councils  of  his  country  for  the  field.  He 
entered  the  army  as  a  colonel,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  year  accoiTipanied  gen.  Thom- 
son to  Canada.  When  this  officer  was 
defeated  in  his  enterprise  agamst  the 
96 


Three  Rivers  in  June  1776,  and  taken 
prisoner,  he  himself  received  a  flesh 
wound  in  the  leg.  His  exertions  were 
useful  in  the  retreat.  At  the  close  of  the 
campaign  he  was  made  a  brigadier  j^ener- 
al.  In  the  campaign  of  1777  in  the  mid- 
dle states  he  took  a  very  active  part,  la 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  he  distinguished 
himself,  though  he  was  in  a  lew  days  af- 
terward surprised  and  defeated  by  maj. 
gen.  Grey.  He  fought  also  in  the  battle 
of  Germantown,  as  well  as  in  the  battle 
of  Monmouth  in  June  1778.  In  his 
most  daring  and  successful  assault  upon 
Stony  Point  in  July  1779,  while  he  was 
rushing  foi^ward  with  his  men  under  a 
tremendous  fire  of  musketry  and  grape 
shot,  determined  to  carry  the  works  at 
the  point  of  the  bayonet,  he  was  struck 
by  a  musket  ball  upon  his  head.  He  was 
for  a  moment  stunr.ed  ;  but,  as  soon  as 
he  was  able  to  rise  so  as  to  rest  on  one 
knee,  believing  that  his  wound  was  mor- 
tal, he  cried  to  one  of  his  aids,  "  carry 
me  forward  and  let  me  die  in  the  fort." 
When  he  entered  it,  he  gave  orders  to 
stop  the  efiusion  of  blood.  In  1781  he 
was  ordered  to  march  with  the  Pennsyl- 
vania line  from  the  northward,  and  form 
a  junction  with  La  Fayette  in  Virginia. 
July  6th,  after  receiving  information, 
that  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  under 
Cornwallis  had  crossed  James'  river,  he 
pressed  forward  at  .the  head  of  800  men 
to  attack  the  rear  guard.  But  to  his  ut- 
ter astonishment,  when  he  reached  the 
place,  he  found  the  whole  British  army, 
consisting  of  4,000  men,  drawn  up  ready 
to  receive  him.  At  this  moment  he  con- 
ceived of  but  one  way  to  escape.  He 
rushed  upon  the  enemy,  and  commenced 
a  gallant  attack,  which  he  supported  for  a 
few  minutes,  and  then  retreated  with  the 
utmost  expedition.  The  British  general 
was  confounded  by  this  movement,  and, 
apprehensive  of  an  ambuscade  from  La 
Fayette,  would  not  allow  of  a  pursuit. 
After  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  he  was 
sent  to  conduct  th«  war  in  Georgia, 
where  with  equal  success  he  contended 
with  British  soldiers,  Indian  savages,  and 
American  traitors.    As  a  reward  for  his 


769 


WEARE. 


WEBSTER. 


■ervices  the  legislature  of  Georgia  presen* 
ted  to  him  a  valuable  farin.  At  the 
eonelualon  of  the  war  he  retired  to  pri- 
vate life.  In  1787  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Pennsylvania  convention,  which  rati- 
fied the  constitution  of  the  U.  S.  In 
1793  he  succeeded  St.  Clair  in  the  eont> 
mand  of  the  army  to  be  employed  against 
the  Indians.  In  the  battle  of  the  Miamis 
Aug.  30,  1794  he  gained  over  them  a 
complete  victory  and  afterwards  desolated 
their  country.  On  the  third  of  Aug. 
1795  he  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  hos- 
tile Indians  northwest  of  the  Ohio. 
While  in  the  service  of  his  country  he 
died  Dec.  1796,  in  a  hut  at  Presque  Isle, 
aged  about  51  years;  and  was  buried  on 
the  shore  of  lake  Erie. 

WEARE,  Meshech,  president  of  the 
state  of  N.  Hampshire,  the  son  of  Na- 
thaniel W.  of  Hampton,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  17S5.  In  1754  he 
was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  the 
congress  at  Albany,  afterwards  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  superior  court,  and  in  1777 
chief  justice.  Chosen  president  of  N.  H. 
in  1776,  he  was  invested  at  the  same 
time  with  the  highest  offices,  legislative, 
judicial,  and  executive,  in  which  he  was 
continued  by  annual  elections  during  the 
whole  war.  When  a  new  constitution 
was  adopted,  he  was  again  in  1784  elected 
president;  but  he  resigned  before  the 
close  of  the  year.  He  died  at  Hampton 
Falls,  worn  out  with  public  services,  Jan. 
15, 1786,  aged  73.  He  "  dared  to  love 
his  country  and  be  poor," 

WEBB,  John,  minister  in  Boston, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1708.  He  was  ordained  the  first  minister 
of  the  new  north  church  in  Boston  Oct. 
30,  1714.  Aflersurviving  one  colleague, 
Mr.  Thacher,  and  enjoying  the  assistance 
of  another,  Dr.  Eliot,  for  8  years,  he 
died  in  peace  and  joy  April  16,  1750, 
aged  63.  His  colleague  pronounced  him 
"  one  of  the  best  of  Christians  and  one 
of  the  best  of  ministers."  He  published 
the  following  sermons ;  to  a  society  of 
young  men,  1718 ;  on  the  advantages  of 
early  piety,  1731 ,  before  the  general  as- 
sembly, 1733 ;  warning  against  bad  com- 


pany keeping,  1736  ;  on  the  death  of  W. 
Waldron,  1737  ;  the  believer's  redemption 
by  the  blood  of  Christ ;  on  the  payment 
of  vowsf  1738  ;  Sireciions  to  obtain  sal- 
vation in  7  sermons,  1739;  the  great 
concern  of  N.  England  ;  at  the  ordin«» 
tion  of  a  deacon,  1791  ;  the  duty  of  a  de- 
generate petfple  to  pray  for  the  reviving 
of  God's  work ;  a  sermon  to  two  male- 
factors, 1784 ;  the  government  of  Christ, 
an  election  sermon,  1738;  on  the  death 
of  P.  Thacher,  1739  ;  Christ's  suit  to 
the  sinner  while  he  stands  and  knotfei  at 
the  door. 

WEBBER,  Samuel,  i.d.,  president 
of  Harvard  college,  was  bom  in  Byfield 
in  1759  ;  was  graduated  in  1784  ;  and  in 
1789  succeeded  Dr.  Williams  as  professor 
of'mathematicB.  In  lt96  he  examined 
the  boundary  between  the  U.  S.  and 
New  Brunswick.  After  the  death  of 
Dr.  Willard  he  was  elected  president,Bnd 
inducted  into  his  office  May  6,  1806.  He 
died  of  the  apoplexy  July  17,  1810,  aged 
51.  His  daughter  married  professor 
Dana. — He  published  a  system  of  mathe- 
matics, 3  vols.  8vo.  1 801  ;  an  eulogy  on 
president  Willard,  1804. 

WEBSTER,  Samuel,  d.  <>.,  minister 
of  Salisbury  Mass.,  was  born  in  Bradford, 
in  1718;  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1737  ;  and  was  ordained  Aug.  13, 
1741.  After  a  ministry  of  near  fifty  five 
years,  he  died  JUI3'  18,  1796  aged  77. 
At  the  time,  when  he  entered  the  sacred 
office,  his  mind  was  so  oppressed  by  the 
importance  of  the  work,  in  which  he 
was  about  to  engage,  that  he  was  ready 
to  abandon  all  thoughts  of  the  calling. 
In  his  preaching  he  was  remarkably  clear 
and  plain.  There  was  an  earnestness  in 
his  manner,  which  convinced  his  hearers, 
that  he  himself  felt  what  he  delivered. 
He  did  not  preach  the  things,  which  he 
considered  as  of  doubtful  disputation. 
He  possessed  a  happy  talent  in  visiting 
his  people,  and  could  ^adapt  himself  to 
their  circumstances,  and  in  a  pleasing 
manner  give  them  instruction.  The 
beauties  of  Christian  virtue  were  exhibi- 
ted in  his  whole  life.  He  published 
a  fast  sermon,  1774  ;  to  two  companies 


'-■'», 


WELCH. 

of  minute  men,  1775;  election  sermon, 
1777  ;  two  diacoursea  on  infant  baptiam, 
third  ed.  1780. 

WELCH,  Samuel,  the  oldest  native  of 
N.  Hampshire,  was  born  at  Kingston, 
Sept.  1,  1710  and  died  at  B»w  April  5, 
1833,  aged  IIS.  He  was  alwaya  a  man 
of  temperance.  At  the  age  of  1 1 3  he  re- 
tained hia  faculties,  and  conversed  on  the 
events  of  past  daya.  When  asked,  if  it 
seemed  to  him,  that  he  had  lived  so  long, 
he  replied—"  Oh  no— but  a  little  while." 
Weary  of  the  burthen  of  life,  he  expressed 
a  willingness  to  die. 

WELDE,  Thomas,  first  minister  of 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  a  native  of  England, 
was  a  minister  in  Essex  before  he  came 
to  this  country.  Refusing  to  comply 
with  the  impositions  of  the  established 
church,  he  determined  to  seek  the  quiet 
enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  conscience  in 
America.  He  arrived  at  Boston  June  6, 
1633,  and  in  July  was  invested  with  the 
pastoral  care  of  the  church  in  Roxbury. 
In  Nov.  following  he  received  J.  Eliot  as 
his  colleague.  In  1639  he  assisted  Mr. 
Mather  and  Mr.  Eliot  in  making  the 
tuneful  N.  England  version  of  the  Psalms. 
In  1641  he  was  sent  with  Hugh  Peters 
to  England  as  an  agent  for  the  province, 
and  he  never  returned.  He  was  settled 
at  Gateshead,  but  was  ejected  in  1660  and 
died  in  the  same  year.  He  published  a 
short  story  of  the  rise,  reign,  and  ruin  of 
the  antinomians,  familists,  and  libertines, 
that  infected  the  churches  of  N.  England, 
4to.  1644  ;  3d.  ed.  1693  ;  an  answer  to 
W.  R.'s  narration  of  the  opinions  and 
practices  of  the  N.E.  churches,  vindica- 
ting those  godly  and  orthodoxal  churches 
from  more  than  100  imputations,  &c. 
1644.  With  others  he  wrote  the  perfect 
pharisee  under  monkish  holiness, 
against  the  quakers,  1654. 

WELLES,  Noah,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Stamford,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1741,  and  was  ordained  Dec. 
81,  1746.  He  died  about  1776.  He 
was  a  theologian  of  great  distinction,  and 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  controversy 
respecting  an  American  episcopate.  He 
published  a  discourse  in  favor  of  the  pres- 


WENTWORTH. 


768 


byterian  ordination ;  a  vindication  of  the 
validity  and  divine  right  of  presbyterian 
ordination,  as  set  forth  in  Mr.  Chauncy's 
Dudleian  lecture  and  Mr.  Welles'  dis- 
coursc;  in  answer  to  the  exceptions  of 
J.  Leaming,  1767  ;  a  funeral  sermon  on 
Mr.  Hobart,  1778. 

WELLS,  John  Doane,  m.  d.,  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  aurgei^  in  the  medi- 
cal school  of  Maine,  was  born  in  Boston 
March  6,  1799 ;  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1817  ;  and,  having  finished  his 
medical  education  in  Europe,  succeeded 
Dr.  Smith,  and  delivered  his  first  course 
of  lectures  in  the  spring  of  1838.  In 
Sept.  1836  he  was  chosen  professor  in  the 
medical  school  at  Pittsfield,  and  lectured 
there  four  years.  At  the  close  of  1889 
he  repaired  to  Baltimore  to  deliver  a 
course  of  lectures  ;  and  thence  in  March 
1830  to  his  post  at  Brunswick,  Maine. 
But,  exhausted  by  his  labors,  he  was  able 
to  lecture  only  one  week.  He  died  at 
Boston  July  25,  1830,  aged  31.  As  a 
lecturer  on  anatomy  it  has  been  thought, 
that  no  one  in  this  country  was  superior 
to  him.  He  was  a  member  of  the  church 
in  Boston.of  which  Dr.  Lowell  is  pastoi\ 

WENTWORTH,  Benning,  govern- 
or of  N.  Hampshire,  the  son  of  lieuten- 
ant governor  Wentworih,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1715.  After  hav- 
ing been  a  member  of  the  assembly  and 
of  the  council,  his  mercantile  business 
called  him  to  London,  where  he  snlicited 
and  obtained  the  commission  of  governor. 
He  began  his  administration  in  1741 
and  continued  in  this  office  near  30  yean. 
He  was  superaeded  in  1767  by  his  neph- 
ew, John  Wentworth,  and  died  Oc- 
tober 14,  1770  aged  74.  He  possessed 
strong  passions  and  his  resentments  were 
lasting.  Closely  attached  to  the  interest 
of  the  church  of  England,  in  his  grants 
of  lands,  by  which  he  enriched  himself, 
he  reserved  a  right  in  every  township  for 
the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  of 
which  he  was  a  member.  Bennington  in 
Vermont  has  its  name  from  him,  and  he 
granted  many  other  towns  in  that  state. 
Though  during  his  administration  he  de- 
clined giving  a  charter  for  a  college  in 


764 


WENTWORTH. 


WEST. 


N.  Hampshire,  unless  it  wm  put  under 
the  difMtion  of  the  Bishop  of  London ; 
ytt  he  afterwards  gave  a  lot  of  600  acres 
of  land  to  Dartmouth  college,  and  on  this 
land  the  college  edifice  was  erected.  He 
eo-operated  with  the  assembly  in  giving 
to  Harvard  college  SOOl.  towards  repair- 
ing the  library,  which  had  been  destroy- 
ed by  fire.  In  his  appointment  of  civil 
and  military  officers  he  was  frequently 
governed  by  motives  of  favor  ;  but  his 
administration  in  other  respects  was  ben- 
eficial. He  was  frequently  visited  by  the 
gout,  and  from  these  visits  he  did  not  ac- 
quire much  patience. 

WENTWORTH,  John,  ll.  d., 
governor  of  New  Hampshire  a  descen- 
dant of  W.  Wentworth  of  Dover,  and 
the  son  uf  Mark  Hunting  W.,  was  the 
nephew  of  the  preceding  and  born  in 
I7S6.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1755.  At  the  age  of  81  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  in  1767  nd  successor  of 
B.  Wentworth,  and  remained  in  office 
till  the  revolution  in  1775.  He  gave  the 
charter  of  Dartmouth  college.  He  was  a 
very  acceptable  and  popular  governor. 

In  1792  he  was  appointed  lieut.  gover- 
nor of  Nova  Scotia,but  was  succeeded  by 
Prevost  in  1808.  He  resided  at  Halifax, 
where  he  died  April  8,  1830,  aged  83. 
His  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1760,  was 
Miss  Hilton.  He  was  a  man  of  large 
and  liberal  views,  of  sound  judgment,  and 
cultivated  taste.  He  did  much  to  encour- 
age agriculture,  cultivating  a  farm  and 
hiiilding  an  elegant  house  at  Wolfsbor- 
ough,  on  the  border  of  lake  Winipiseogee. 

WEST,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
New  Bedford,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Yar- 
mouth March  4,  1730,  and  was  early  oc- 
cupied in  the  labors  of  husbandry.  Dis- 
covering traits  of  genius,  a  few  intelli- 
gent and  good  men  resolved  to  give  him 
a,  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated 
nt  Harvard  college  in  1754,  having  gained 
a  rank  among  the  mo9t  distinguished  of 
his  class.  About  the  year  1 764  he  was  or- 
dained  at  N.  Bedford.  The  year  1765 
awakened  his  attention  to  politics,  and  he 
became  a  whig  partizan.  He  wrote  ma- 
ny forcible  pieces    in  the    newspapers. 


He  deoyphered  the  letter  of  Dr.  Church. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  fur 
forming  the  constitution  of  Massaehuietta 
and  of  the  U.  S.  ;  and  was  choaen  hono- 
rary member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Philadelphia,  and  a  member  of  the  acade- 
my at  Boston.    In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  his  memory  almost  entirely  ikiled  him. 
He   died  at   Tiverton,  Sept.  84,  1807, 
aged  77  years,  and  was  buried  at  New 
Bedford.    He  possessed  an  original  mind 
of  vigorous  powers.    During  the  last  80 
years  of  his  liie  he  used   no   notes   in 
preaching.    It  was  his  practice,  when  he 
waa  not  in  his  own  pulpit,  to  discourse 
upon  any  text,  which  was  pointed  out  to 
him ;  and  sometimes  the  most  difficult 
passages  would  be  given  him  for  the  pur- 
pose uf  trying  his  strength .    He  was  not 
however  a  very  popular  preacher.    There 
were  defects  in  the  tone  and  inflexion  of 
his  voice,  and  there  was  a  singularity  and 
uncouthness  in  his  manner,  for  which  tho 
ingenuity  and  strength  of  his  argumenta 
could  not  compensate.   H!»  manners  were 
unpolished  ;  his  figuils  &  deportment  were 
not  very  attracting ;  nor  waa  his  temper 
very  mild  and  amiable.     Notwithstand- 
ing his  singularities  no  man  could  accuse 
him  of  the  wilful  violation  of  any   prin- 
ciple   of  moral    rectitude.    -He  pub- 
lished a  sermon  at  the    ordination  of 
S.  West,  1764  ;  election  sermon.  1776  ; 
at  the  anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the 
forefathers,  1777  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J. 
Allyn,  1788  ;  on  infant  baptism  ;  essays 
on  liberty  and  necessity,  in  which  the  ar- 
guments of  president  Edwards  and  others 
for  necessity  are  considered,  the  first  part 
in  1793,  the  second  in  1795.    To  these 
essays  Dr.  Edwards,  the  son  of  the  pres- 
ident, wrote  an  answer,  and  Dr.  West 
left  behind  him  a  reply  almost  completed. 
He  maintainsjthut  volition  is  not  an  ej^eet, 
for  which  a  cause  is  to  be  sought  in  na- 
ture, or  out  of  man,  but,  being  the  mind 
willing,  is  itself  an  efficient  cause;  that 
human  volitions  are  not   effects,  unless 
divine  volitions  are  effects  ;  that  divine 
prescience  and  a  permissive  decree  do  not 
imply  the  necessity  of  events  ;  and  that 
man  has  a  self-determining  power,  or  that 


>WEST. 


WETMORE. 


765 


he  hlniMir  deturminea,   though   acting 
with  motivea. 

WEST,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  miniater  in 
Boaton,  waa  born  at  Martha'a  Vineyard 
Nov.  19, 1788.  Hia  father,  Thomaa  W. 
wu  the  colleague  oPE.  Mayhew,  but  af- 
terwarda  nmmed  to  Rocheater.  He  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771,  and 
aoon  afterwardfl  waa  appointed  chaplain 
at  Sort  Pownall  in  Penobscot,  where 
he  had  a  good  opportunity  for  pur- 
awing  hia  theological  studies.  He  waa 
ordained  miniater  of  Needham  April  S5, 
1764,  and  waa  installed  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Hollis  street,  aa  aucceaaor  of 
Mr.  Wight,  March  13,  1789.  After  a 
lingering  illneas  of  several  yeara,  he  died 
April  10,  1808,  aged  69.  He  waa  auc- 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Holiey.  Being  of  a  mild 
disposition  he  was  never  disposed  to  intoi- 
ance,  polemical  discussion,  or  acrimonious 
censure  of  others.  He  could  live  in  hab- 
its of  friendship  with  men,  whoso  opin- 
iona  were  opposite  to  hia  own.  His  aen- 
timents  in  the  latter  periods  of  his  life,  it 
ia  represented,  suffered  considerable 
change.  Having  an  excellent  memory, 
he  was  in  the  practice  of  preaching  with- 
out the  uae  of  notes,  though  his  sermons 
were  alwaya  the  fruit  of  deep  study  and 
reflection.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  Jonathan  Newell,  1774; 
at  a  funeral  ;  two  faat  sermons,  1785  ; 
election  sermon,  1786 ;  at  his  own  instal- 
ment, 1789  ;  at  the  artillery  election, 
1794  ;,at  a  thanksgiving,  1795  ;  on  the 
death  of  George  Washington,  1800 ; 
essays  in  the  Columbian  centinel  of"  An 
Old  Man, "  from  Nov.  29, 18G6  to  Aug. 
22,  1807. 

WEST,  Stephen,  d.  d.,  minister  of 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Tolland, 
Conn.,  in  17S6  ;  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1755;  and  ordained  June  13, 
1759.  He  died  May  13, 1819,  aged  83. 
Ephr.  G.  Swift  was  his  colleague  for  a 
few  years.  During  hia  ministry  of  nearly 
60  years  504  persons  were  admitted  to 
the  church,  of  whom  22  were  Indians. 
Hia  predecessor  was  Mr.  Edwards.  He 
is  principally  known  for  his  Essay  on 
moral  agency,  published  in  1772,  in  which 


hia  metaphysical  doctrine  ia  the  fntipode 
of  that  of  Dr.  Samuel  Weat.  He  nain- 
taina,  that  volition  in  every  caae  ia  an 
effect,  the  production  of  God 'a  immediate 
agency ;  ao  that  he  repreaenta  maa  to 
be  a  passive  instrument,  a  mere  machine. 
Yet  he  speaks  of  moral  agency  and  human 
liberty,  and  these  aa  conaisting  in  "  voW 
untary  exertion, "  not  in  the  power  of 
choice,  but  in  actual  willing  ; — not  reflee- 
ting,  than  brutea  have  voluntary  exer- 
tion aa  well  aa  man.  Thia  doctrine, 
though  he  was  himself  eminently  piovut, 
is  well  calculated  to  destroy  the  sense  of 
accountableneaa  and  to  promote  the  opin- 
ions of  the  universaliata.  He  published 
alao  a  treatiae  on  the  atonement,  1785  ; 
life  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  1805  ;  and  about  90 
occasional  sermons  and  tracta. 

WESTERLO,  Eliardus,  D.  d.,  min- 
ister in  Albany,  was  a  native  of  Holland. 
He  had  just  finished  his  studies  in  the 
university  of  Groningen,  when  he  waa 
invited  to  the  Dutch  church  in  Albany.  He 
came  to  America  in  1760.  Inl77l  he  readi- 
ly imparted  his  aid  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Livingston  &  othera  towards  ef&cting  a 
union  of  the  Dutch  churches,  then  divi- 
ded into  parties,  and  he  had  the  happineaa 
of  seeing  this  object  completed  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  was  highly  popular  and 
useful  aa  preacher,  and  died  Dec.  6,1790. 
He  was  a  man  of  a  strong  mind,  of  Emi- 
nent piety,  and  of  great  erudition  in  the- 
ology, and  in  oriental  literature. 

WETMORE,  James,  an  episcopalian 
missionary,  waa  graduated  at  the  college 
in  Saybrook,  in  1714,  ordained  the  first 
minister  of  North  Haven  in  Nov.  1718; 
but  in  Sept.  1722  he  announced  his  con- 
version to  the  episcopal  persuasion.  This 
was  the  time,  at  which  Dr.  Cutler  chan- 
ged his  sentiments.  After  going  to  Eng- 
land for  orders  in  1723,  Mr.  W.  was  on 
his  return  established  rector  of  the  church 
at  Rye  in  the  province  of  N.  York  under 
the  patronage  of  the  society  for  propaga- 
ting the  gospel.  In  this  place  he  contin- 
ued till  his  death,  May  14,  1760.  His 
successor  at  North  Haven,  Isaac  Stiles, 
died  on  the  same  day.  Such  was  his  zeal 
for  episcopacy,  that  he  once  declared  he 


WHEATLEY. 


WHEELOC  K. 


would  rather  join  in  worahip-with  a  Jew- 
iah  lynayogue,  than  with  a  preabjrterian 
ehurch.  Ha  publiabed  a  letter  against 
Diokinaon  in  defenoe  of  Waterland'a  dia- 
eoarse  on  regeneration,  about  the  year 
1744  ;  a  vindication  of  the  profeaaora  of 
thechurah  of  England  in  anawer  to  Ho- 
bart'a  aermon  in  favor  of  preabytnrian  or- 
dination, 1747  ;  a  rejoinder  to  Hobart's 
■erioua  addreas  ;  an  appeiidix  to  Bea«h'a 
vindication. 

WHEATLEY,  Philiia,  a  poet,  was  a 
native  ol  Africa,  and  waa  brought  to  A- 
merica  in  I7G1,  when  ahe  woa  between  7 
and  8  yeara  old.  She  aoon  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  English  language,  and 
ntado  aome  progreaa  in  Latin.  While 
■ha  waa  a  alave  in  the  Ikmily  of  John 
Wheatley  in  Boaton,  she  wrotna  volume 
of  poems.  Africa  may  Well  boast,  that 
ona  of  her  daughters,  not  30  yeara  of 
age,  ahould  produce  the  following 
lines.  They  are  extracted  from  the 
poem  on  imagination .  /''■ 

"  Though  winter  frownt,  to  fancy'i  raptured  eyes 
The  field*  may  Aouriih,  and  gay  Kenen  .iriie; 
The  froien  deept  may  break  thrir  ir  m  bandi, 
Aad  bid  their  waters  murmur  o'  i  >he  Mmde; 
Fair  Flora  may  resume  Iter  fre^'nint  reign, 
And  with  her  flowery  riches  deck  the  plain ; 
Sylvaans  may  diffuse  his  honors  round 
And  all  the  forest  may  with  leaves  be  crown'd ; 
Showers  may  deacend,  and  dews  their  gems  dis- 
close, 
And  nectar  sparkle  on  the  blooming  rose." 

She  afterwards  was  married  to  Mr. 
Peters,  and  died  at  Boston  Dec.  5,  1794, 
aged  SI.  She  published,  besides  other 
separate  pieces,  poems  on  various  sub- 
jects, religious  and  moral,  8vo.  London, 
1773. 

WHEELOCK,  Eleazar,  d.  d.,  first 
president  and  founder  of  Dartmouth  col- 
lege, was  a  descendant  of  Ralph  W.,  a 
native  of  Shropshire,  educated  at  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  and  an  eminent  preach- 
f'.  who  came  to  this  country  in  1637, 
»..  I  dettied  (Irst  at  Dedham,  and  thence 
TfcnWf^  !»  Medfield,  where  he  died  in 
198.1,  a>j<;<:d  83,  leaving  numerous  descen- 
dants in  various ,towns.  His  grandfather, 
Eleazar  W.  of  Medfield,  afterwards  of 


Mendon,  distinguiahad  not  only  sa  • 
Christian,  but  alao  as  a  suidier  in  *h« 
Indian  wars,  died  in  1781.  His  father, 
Ralph  W.,  a  deacon  of  the  cam  ^n,  diad 
at  Windham,  Conn.,  in  1749,  aged  66: 
his  mother  wu  Ruth  Huntington,  the 
daughter  of  Christopher  H.  of  Norwich. 
He  waa  an  only  son  and  was  bom  in 
Windham  in  April  1711  }waa  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1788 ;  and  was  ord«inad 
in  1786  the  minialer  of  the  second  socie- 
ty in  Lebanon,  where  his  labors  were  at- 
tended with  a  remarkable  blessing. 
During  the  revival  about  1740  he  presr'ii- 
ed  with  great  zeal  and  effect  in  ni»  v 
towns  of  N.  E.  Yet  he  aucrr  i  J'^ 
withstood  the  enthusiasm  of  the  separa- 
tists. While  he  iiad  under  hia  care  a 
few  Engliah  youth,  Sumson  Occom,  a 
Mohegan  Indian,  aolicited  admission  into 
his  school  in  Dec.  1748,  and  was  recei- 
ved and  remained  in  his  family  5  yeafa. 
In  consequence  of  the  education  of  Occum 
Dr.  Wheelock  was  induced  to  form  the 
plan  of  an  Indian  missionary  school. 
Ha  conceived,  that  educated  Indiana 
would  be  more  successful  than  whites  aa 
missionaries  among  the  red  men.  The 
project  was  new,  for  the  labora  of  Ser- 
geant and  the  Brainerds,  as  well  as  those 
of  Eliot  and  the  M ayhews,  were  the  la- 
bors of  missionaries  among  the  Indians, 
and  not  labors  designed  to  form  a  band  of 
Indian  missionaries.  Two  Indian  boya  oi^ 
the  Delaware  tribe  entered  the  school  in 
Dec.  1754,  and  others  soon  joined  them. 
In  1763  Dr.  W.  had  more  than  30 youth 
under  his  care.  For  the  maintenance  of 
these  Indians  u^ds  ^<:ere  obtained  by  sub- 
scription of  Uithvi):fiat  individuals,  from 
the  legisK'-'in  *u  '  ^  'iiecticut  ..^ 
Mass.,  am:  !.'>>'  itit  ominissioners  in 
Boston  of  the  Scotch  society  for  propa- 
gating Christian  knowledge.  Joshua 
Moor,  a  farmer  at  Mansfield,  having 
made  a  donation  of  a  house  and  two  . 
acres  of  land  in  Lebanon,  contiguous  to 
Dr.  Wheelock's  house,  the  institution 
received  the  name  of  Moor's  Indian 
Charity  School.  Of  this  school  several 
gentlemen  were  associated  with  Dr.  W. 
as  trustees ;  but  in  1764  the  Scotch  so- 


VVHEFJ.OCK. 


7«7 


ekty  appointed  a  board  oreorrMpondciiU 
in  Connecticut,  who  in  1705  sent  out 
white  miwionariee  and  Indian  '•chool 
NMCteri  to  the  Indiana  in  New  Yurl<. 
For  the  enlargement  of  thia  achool  Mr. 
Whiulier,  miniater  or  Ifarwich,  and 
Samaon  Occom  wera  aent  to  Great  Brit- 
ain i9  1768.  Tlie  money,  which  they 
col'  '"ted  for  MoorH  Bchool,  waa  put  into 
I  «  rnda  ofa  board  or  truateea  in  Eng- 
•^<  S  wkich  the  earl  of  Dartmouth 
waa  'he  head,  and  into  the  handa  or  the 
Seotcii  aociety.  Aa  the  achool  increaaed 
Dr.  W.  determined  to  rentova  it  to  a 
more  favorable  locatiMH  nearer  to  the 
Indiana,  and  to  establish  in  aonnexion 
with  it  a  eollege  for  inatmctioii  in  all  the 
brancheaofacience.  EfTorta  were  made 
to  induce  Dr.  W.  to  establish  the  col- 
lege at  Pittsfield,  Skoekbridge,  and  Alba- 
ny ;  but  larger  tracta  of  land  being  offer- 
ed in  New  Hampshire  he  concluded  to 
to  transplant  his  school  to  Hanover,  aiid 
there  to  found  the  college,  of  which  a 
eharter  was  given  by  gov.  Wovtworth 
in  1769.  It  waa  an  error  not  to  have 
kwated  the  college  at  Pittsfield  or  Albany, 
which  had  offered  a  subscription  of  about 
tO,000  dollars.  In  1770  he  procured  a 
dismission  from  his  people,  of  whom  he 
had  been  the  faithful  minister  about  85 
years,  and  removed  his  school  to  the  wil- 
derness on  the  western  border  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  there  also  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  the  college.  The  achool  was 
not  merged  in  the  college,  aa  has  been 
supposed,  but  it  ever  has  been  and  is  still 
distinct,  with  a  separate  incorporation, 
obtained  at  a  subsequent  period  from 
New  Hampshire.  Of  Moor's  school  the 
earl  of  Dartmouth  was  a  benefactor,  but 
not  of  Dartmouth  college,  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  which  he  and  the  other 
Trustees  of  the  fund  were  opposed,  as 
being  a  departure  from  the  original  de- 
sign. It  would  be  but  an  act  of  justice, 
were  this  college  called  Wheelock  col- 
lege, or  evei  Wentworth  college,  or 
Phillips  college,  rather  than  Dartmouth. 
The  patriarch,  and  his  family,  pupils,  and 
dependants,  consisting^  of  about  70  souls, 
resided  at  first  in  log  houses  -,  but  the 


fVaoM  of  •  small  two  atory  oollege  waa 
lonn  set  up.  The  flrat  conim«*nc«(ii«nt 
in  the  college  was  held  in  1771,  when  tour 
stadenls  graduaf<*<l,  one  of  whom  still 
lives.  At  thia  period  iUe  number  of  hia 
■i^iiolart,  destined. for  roiMSK  iiaries,  waa 
34,  of  whom  18  wera  whites  and  only 
6  Indians.  Thia  alteration  of  hia  plan 
waa  the  rettilt  of  experience.  He  had 
found,  that  of  40  Indian  youth,  who  had 
been  under  hia  care,  90  had  returned  to 
tha  vices  of  savafaiifii.  The  cel|)brat«d 
Bnnt  waa  one  of  his  pupils.  Among  the 
miasionaries,  whom  he  employed,  were 
Occom,  C.  J.  Smith,  T.  Smith,  T. 
Ohamberlain,  S.  Kirkland,  L.  Friabie, 
and  D.  Mc  Cluie.  The  revolutionary 
WW  obstructed  in  a  great  degree  the 
benevolent  project,  which  hi»<i  been  com- 
menced .  Al\er  being  at  th<  head  of  the 
oollege  about  0  years  he  dir< '  in  Chris- 
tian peace  April  34,  1779,  aged  68,  and 
was  succeeded  in  his  ofHee  b^  hia  son, 
John  Wheelock.  Two  of  his  laughters 
married  professors  Woodward  ind  Rip« 
ley .  His  daughter,  Ruth  Patten ,  died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Deo.  5,  1831,  as'ed  91 . 
His  only  surviving  son  is  James  Whee- 
lock of  Burlington,  Vermont. 

Dr.  Wheelock  was  one  of  the  most  in- 
terestiug, eloquent, and  successful  riinia- 
tera  in  N.  England.  Dr.  Trumbull 
describes  him  as  "  of  a  comely  figure,  of 
a  mild  and  winning  aapect  ;  hia  \  ice 
amooth  and  harmonious,  the  best,  by  far, 
that  I  ever  heard.  He  had  the  eutire 
command  of  it.  His  gesture  was  natural 
but  not  redundant.  His  preaching  a  iid 
addresses  were  close  and  pungent,  yet 
winning,  beyond  all  comparison,  so  that 
his  audience  would  be  melted  even  into 
tears,  before  they  were  aware  of  it. "  Be- 
sides his  constant  labors  in  the  ministry 
for  about  46  years,  he  conducted  hia 
school  in  Lebanon  about  80  years,  and 
then  at  Hanover  had  the  double  care  of 
the  school  and  college  for  9  years.  Fo- 
rest lands  were  to  be  cleared  and  cultiva- 
ted, various  buildings  erecttd,  distant 
missions  established  and  directed,  funds 
in  the  difficult  period  of  the  war  were  to 
be  procured,  and  a  multitude  of  English 


WHEELOCK. 


and  Indian  youth  were  to  ba  govomed 
and  taught.  For  enlarged  views,  and 
indomitable  energy,  and  persevering  and 
most  anluous  toils,  and  for  the  great  re- 
sults of  his  labors  in  the  cause  of  religion 
and  learning  perhaps  no  man  in  America 
is  more  worthy  of  being  held  in  honor, 
than  Eleazar  Wheelock .  It  was  a  noble 
Christian  spirit,  and  not  a  selfish  zeal, 
which  governed  him.  Although  some 
lands  were  at  first  given  him,  yet  for  his 
cares  and  labors  at  Hanover  he  received 
merely  the  means  of  subsistence  for  his 
family.  His  whole  life  was  devoted  tc 
the  good  of  mankind.  He  published  a 
narrative  of  the  Indian  charity  school  at 
Lebanon,  1762 ;  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Cha.  J.  Smith  in  1763  ;  narratives  in 
several  numbers  from  1763  to  1771  ;  con- 
tinuation of  the  narrative,  1773,  to 
which  isadded an  abstract  of  a  mission 
to  the  Delaware  Indians  west  of  the  Ohio 
by  McClure  and  Frisbie ;  a  sermon  on 
liberty  of  conscience,  or  no  king  but 
Christ  in  the  church,  1775.  His  Me- 
moirs by  Ors.  Mc  Clure  and  Parish  were 
published,  8vo.,  1811,  with  extracts  from 
his  correspondence. 

WHEELOCK,  John,  ll.  d.,  second 
president  of  Dartmouth  college,  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  Jan.  23,  1754.  After  being  a 
member  of  Yale  college  he  removed  with 
his  father  to  Hanover,  and  graduated  in 
the  first  clasi*  of  four  persons  at  Dart- 
mouth in  1771.  Two  of  the  others  were 
Frisbie  and  Ripley.  In  1772  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  tutor,  and  was  devoted  to  the 
business  of  instruction  until  the  begin- 
ning of  the  revolution.  In  1775  he  was 
a  member  of  the  assembly  ;  in  the  spring 
of  1777  he  was  appointed  a  major  in  the 
service  of  New  York,  and  in  Nov.  a  lieut. 
colonel  in  the  continental  army,  under 
col.  Bedel.  In  1773  he  marched  a  de- 
tachment from  Coos  to  Albany.  By  di- 
rection of  Stark  he  conducted  an  expedi- 
tion into  the  Indian  country.  At  the  re- 
quest of  gen.  Gates  he  entered  his  family 
a^d  continued  with  him,  until  he  was  re- 
called to  Hanover  in  1779  by  the  death 
of  his  Ibther,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 


office  of  president  at  the  ago  of  39.  His 
associates  in  the  care  of  the  college  were 
professors  Woodward,Riptey,  and  Smith. 
The  trustees  in  1783  resolved  to  lend  him 
to  Europe  in  order  to  promote  the  itHufi 
ests  of  the  college.  With  letters  froiia 
gen.  Washington,  governors  Trumbull 
and  Livingston,  and  others  he  8aile(Urom 
Boston  Jan.  S,  1783,  and  visited  France, 
Holland,  and  England,  procuring  conrifd-^ 
erable  donations  for  the  college  in  money, 
books,  &c.  On  his  return  in  thebrigau- 
tine,  Peace  aftd  Plenty,  he  left  Halifax 
Dec.  39th,  aad  in  the  morning  of  Jan. 
3,  1784  was  shipwrecked  on  the  bar  off 
the  point  of  cape  Cod,  losing  his  strong 
box,  containing  his  money  and  papers. 
Yet  his  voyage  was  in  various  respects 
advantageous  to  the  college.  His  labo- 
rious duties  were  now  resumed  and  con- 
tinued for  more  than  30  years.  Besides 
attending  the  daily  recitations  of  the  sen- 
ior class,  he  fur  many  years-delivered  two 
public  lectures  a  week  on  theology,  and 
history,  evincing  "the  extent  of<^is  learn- 
ing,  the  diversified  poweis  dt  his  intel- 
lect, and  the  irresistible  force  and  pathos 
of  his  eloquence."  Hii  favorite  subjects 
of  iuMTstigation  were  intellectual  philoso- 
phy, ethics,  politics,  and  history.  After 
faithfully  serving  the  college  36  years 
he  was  remoTcd  from  office  by  the  Trus- 
tees in  1815.  The  cause  of  this  event 
might  be  found,among  other  circumstan- 
ces, in  a  local  ecclesiastical  controversy 
of  long  continuance.  This  event 
aroused  a  strong  feeling  of  indignation, 
which  induced  the  legislature  to  pass  an 
act  enlarging  the  board  of  Trustees  and 
changing  the  title  of  the  college  ;  but 
the  act  was  ultimately  declared  unconsti- 
tutional. By  the  new  trustees  he  was  re- 
stored to  office  in  Feb.  1817.  But  his 
health  was  by  this  time  effectually  un- 
dermined, and  he  died  April  4, 1817,  aged 
63.  His  wife,  Maria,  the  daughter  of 
gov.  Suhm  of  St.  Thomas,  died  Feb. 
16,1834,  aged  56.  His  only  child,  Maria 
Maileville,  wife  of  William  Allen,  died 
at  Brunswick,  Maine,  Jdne  3, 1838,  aged 
40.  He  bequeathed  about  half  his  estate, 
consisiiiig   of    several     houses,    some 


WHEELWRIGHT- 


WHITEFIELD. 


769 


wild  landtiJi  some  hundred  aerei  of  lea*- 
ed  lands  in  Hanover  snd  Lebanon,  to  tlie 
Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton.  To 
hia  family  he  iaid,that  "he  had  nothing  of 
hia  own ;  all  was  the  gift  of  Ood  ;  and  to 
Him  be  would  devote  it.  Trust  in  Him 
and  aerve  Him,  and  He  will  bleaa  you." 
He  died  in  perfect  composure  and  'peace, 
relying  for  salvation  on  the  atoning  blood 
of  Jesus  Christ.  He  prepared  for  the 
press ,  a  large  historical  work,  proposals 
for  the  publication  of  which  were  once  is- 
sued by  a  Boston  bookseller ;  but  the 
work  is  yft  in  manuscript.  He  published 
an  eulogy  on  Dr.  Smith,  in  1809 ; 
Sketches  of  the  history  of  Dartmouth 
college,  1816. 

>VHEELWRI6HT,  John,  the  foun- 
u«r  of  Exeter,  N.  Hampshire,  after  being 
a  minister  in  England,  was  induced  in 
conaequenee  of  the  impositions  of  the  es- 
tablished church  to  come  to  Massachusetts 
soon  after  its  first  settlement.  He  was  a 
brother  in  law  to  the  famous  Mrs. 
Hutchinson,  and  partook  of  her  antinomi- 
an  zeal.  He  preached  in  Boston  on  a 
faat  day  in  1636,  and  his  sermon  was  fil- 
led with  invectives  against  the  magis- 
trates and  ministera.  The  court  of  mag- 
istrates in  return  adjudged  him  guilty  of 
sedition.  As  all  endeavors  to  convince 
him  of  his  error  were  in  vain,  sen- 
tence of  banishment  was  pasaed  upon 
him  in  Nov.  1637.  In  the  year  1688, 
accompanied  by  aeveral  persons  from 
Braintree,  where  he  had  been  a  preacher, 
and  which  was  a  part  of  Boston,  he  went 
to  N.  Hampshire,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  church  and  town  of  Exeter. 
The  next  year,  thinking  themselves  out 
of  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachvsetts,  they 
combined  into  a  separate  body  politic  ; 
but  in  1642,  when  Exeter  was  annexed 
to  Easex  county,  Mr.  Wheelwright, 
being  still  under  tlie  sentence  of  banish- 
ment, removed  with  a  part  of  his  church 
to  Wells  in  the  district  of  Maine.  In 
1644  he  was  restored  to  the  freedom  of 
the  colony  upon  his  making  an  acknowl- 
edgment. In  1647  he  removed  to  Hamp- 
ton, where  he  was  minister  for  several 
years.  In  1658  he  was  in  England  and 
97 


in  favor  with  Cromwell.  After  the  res* 
toration  he  returned  to  America,  and  set' 
tied  as  successor  of  William  Woree»' 
ter  at  Salisbury,  N.  H. ,  where  he  died 
Nov.  15, 1679,  probably  between  80  and 
90  years  of  age.  He  waa  the  oldest  minr 
iater  in  the  colony,  and  was  a  man  of 
learning,  piety,  and  zeal.  An  Indian 
deed,  alleged  to  have  been  given  to  him 
in  1639,  and  which  had  a  bearing  on  the 
claims  of  Mason  and  Allen,  Mr.  Sav- 
age in  his  edition  of  Winthrop  has  shown 
to  be  a  forgery. 

WHELPLEY,  Samuel,  a  minister, 
was  born  in  Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  in 
1766.  For  many  yeara  he  reaided  at 
Morrii>tow»,  N.  J.,  where  he  had  the 
charge  of  an  academy.  About  1313  he 
removed  to  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
he  died  July  15,  1817.  He  had  acute- 
ness  and  originality  as  a  writer.  He 
publidhed  the  Triangle,  in  defence  of  the 
N.  England  doctrines,  or  against  three 
points  of  old  Calvinism,  3d  ed.  1831 ; 
Letterd  on  capital  punishment  and  war ; 
cnmpend  of  history ;  lectures  on  ancient 
history. 

WHIPPLE,  William,  general,  a  pa- 
triot of  the  revolution,  was  born  at  Kit- 
tery,  Maine,  in  1730;  his  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  Robert  Cutt8,a  ship  buil- 
der. By  several  voyages  to  the  West 
Indies  he  acquired  a  considerable  fortune. 
From  1759  ho  was  concerned  in  trade  at 
Portsmouth.  Being  a  member  of  con- 
gress  in  1776,he  signed  the  declaration  of 
independence.  In  1777  hewaaappointed 
with  Stark  a  brigadier  general.  He 
fought  at  Saratoga  ;  and  was  one  of  the 
officers,  who  conducted  the  prisoners  to 
Cambridge.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court.  He 
died  Nov.  38,  1785,  aged  54. 

WHITE,  Peregrine,  the  first  English- 
man, bom  in  N.  England,  was  bom  at 
Plymouth  in  Nov.  1636,  and  died  at 
Marshfield  July  33,  1704,  aged  33. 

WHlTEFlELD,George,an  eloquent 
itinerant  preacher,  was  born  in  Glouce»- 
ter,  England,  Dec.  16, 1714.  After  hav- 
ing made  some  progress  in  classical  learn- 
ing, he  was  obliged  toasaist  bi»  mother. 


770 


tL  f^:i};«'l^'i>.t- 


WHITEFIELD. 


i\\ii'A.':i^h-<g^^^/ 


who  kept  an  inn,  in  her  bueineu;  but  at 
the  age  of  18  he  entered  one  of  the  col- 
legea  at  Oxford.  Here  he  became  ac* 
quainted  with  John  and  Charles  Wesley, 
whose  piety  was  ardent  and  singular  like 
his  own.  From  the  strict  rules  and  me- 
thods of  life,  which  these  young  men  fol- 
lowed, they  were  called  niethoiiidts,  and 
they  were  the  founders  of  the  sect,  thus 
denominated.  His  benevolent  zeal  led 
him  to  visit  the  poor  and  even  to  search 
out  the  miserable  objects  in  the  gaols,  not 
only  to  diminish  their  wants,  but  that  he 
might  impart  to  them  the  oonsolationn 
and  hopes  of  the  gospel.  He  took  orders, 
being  ordained  by  the  bishop  June  SO, 
1796,  and  preached  his  first  sermon  in  the 
church  at  Gloucester.  When  a  com- 
plaint was  afteiVards  entered  with  the 
bishop,  that  by  his  sermon  he  drove  15 
persons  msd,  the  worthy  prelate  only 
expressed  a  wish,  that  the  madness  might 
not  be  forgotten  before  the  next  Sunday. 
Afler  preaching  at  various  places  he  was 
induced  by  a  letter  from  Mr.  Wes- 
ley, who  was  in  Georgia,  to  embark  for 
America.  He  arrived  at  Savannah  May 
7,  1788.  After  laboring  in  this  place 
with  unwearied  fidelity  for  several  months 
to  promote  the  interests  of  religion,  he 
embarked  for  England  Sept.  6th.  He 
was  ordained  priest  at  Oxford  by  bishop 
Benson  Jan.  1 4, 1739.  In  Nov.  he  again 
•Trived  in  America,  and  he  travelled 
through  the  middle  and  southern  colonies, 
dispensing  the  gospel  to  immense  multi- 
tudes. In  Sept.  1740  he  arrived  at  R. 
Island  from  Savannah,  having  been  invi- 
ted by  the  ministers  of  Boston,  and  he 
preached  in  different  parts  ofN.  England. 
At  the  end  of  Oct.  he  went  to  N.  York, 
and  h»  soon  returned  to  Georgia.  He 
waa  much  oecupied  in  the  establishment 
of  an  orphan  house  near  Savannah,  in 
Jan.  1741  he  sailed  for  England.  He  ar- 
rived again  in  America  in  Oct.  1744,  and 
be  now  spent  between  three  and  four 
years  in  this  country.  In  March  1748 
he  went  to  the  Bermudas,  and  in  July  he 
reached  London.  Having  crossed  the 
Atlantic  for  the  fourth  time,  he  arrived 
at  Savannah  Oct.  37,  1751,  and  returned 


to  his  native  country  in  April  175S.  In 
his  fifth  visit  to  the  new  world  he  remain- 
ed here  from  May  1754  to  March  1755. 
His  sixth  voyage  brought  hire  to  Virgin- 
ia in  Aug.  1768,  and  he  did  notsetssil 
again  for  G.  Britain  till  June  1765.  For 
the  seventh  and  last  time  his  zeal  to  do 
good  induced  him  to  brave  the  dangers 
of  the  ocean,  and  he  landed  upon  the 
American  shore  Nov.  80,  1769,  never 
again  to  leave  it.  After  preaching  in  dif- 
ferent parte  of  the  country,  he  died  sud- 
denly at  Newbury  port,  Mass.,  Sept.  80, 
1770,  aged  55.  Few  men  since  the  days 
of  the  apostles  have  labored  with  such  in- 
defatigable zeal  in  preaching  the  g08[)el 
of  salvation,  as  Mr.  W.  He  was  the 
means  of  imparting  the  pure  principles 
and  the  elevated  hopes  of  religion  to 
thousands  both  in  Great  Britain  and  A- 
merica.  No  preacher  ever  had  such  aston- 
ishing power  over  the  passions  of  his  au- 
ditory, or  was  attended  by  such  multi- 
tudes, as  he  sometimes  addressed  in  the 
fields.  In  the  early  periods  of  his  life  he 
was  guilty  in  some  instances  of  unchari- 
tableness  and  indiscretion  ;  but  he  after- 
wards had  the  magnanimity  to  confess  his 
fault.  He  was  in  reality  a  man  of  a  very 
liberal  and  catholic  spirit,  for  he  had  lit- 
tle attachment  to  forms,  and  embraced  all, 
who  loved  the  Lord  Jesus  in  sincerity. 
His  life  was  spent  in  "most  disinterested 
and  benevolent  exertion.  The  following 
lines  will  show  the  opinion,  which  was 
formed  of  his  character  by  the  evangeli- 
cal poet,  Cowper. 
"  He  lor'd  the  world,  (hat  hated  liim ;  tlie  tear, 
Thatdropp'd  upon  hii  bible,  wai  siooere; 
AHttil'd  by  ■caadiil  and  the  tongue  of  itrife, 
Uia  only  answer  waa  a  blameleai  life, 
And  he,  that  forg'd,  and  he,   that  threw   the 

dart, 
Had  each  a  brolher'a  intereat  in  hia  heart. 
Paul'a  love  ufChrlat  and  ateadineaa  unbrlb'd 
Were  copied  close  )n  hitn,and  well  tranMsrib'd ; 
He  follow'd  Paul,  his  teal  a  kindred  flame, 
Hia  apoBtolic  charity  the  aame, 
Like  him  erost'd  cheerfully  tein|)cstnoua  ae-vi, 
Forsaking  country,  kindred,  friends,  and  ewse; 
Like  him  he  laborM,  and  like  him,  content 
To  bear  it,  aufTerM  shame  where'er  he  went. 
Blush,  calumny!  and  write  upon  his  tomb. 
If  honest  eulogy  caa  spare  thet  room. 


WHITFIELD. 


WHITNEY. 


771 


Thy  daap  rapmUiiM  of  thy  thootMid  Um, 
Which,  aini'd  at  him,  have  plero'd  tb'  offen- 

d«d  ikiM, 
And  My,  blot  out  my  tin,  eonfeasM,  /leplor'd, 
AgaiiMt  thine  image  in  tliy  taint,  O  Lord ! " 

Hi*  lett«ra,  Mrmona,  and  controversial 
and  other  tracta  with  an  account  of  hii 
life,  were  published  in  seven  volumes, 
8vo.  1771. 

WHITFIELD,Henry,firBt  minister  of 
Guilford,  Conn.,  was  born  in  England 
in  1597,  and  was  settled  in  Surry  before 
he  came  to  this  country  in  1639.  He 
continued  at  Guilford  until  1650,  when 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and  fin- 
ished his  life  in  the  ministry  at  Winches- 
ter. He  was  a  good  acholiir,  a  distin- 
guished divine,  and  an  excellent  preacher. 
He  published  the  light  appearing  more  & 
more  8ic.,  giving  an  account  of  the  pro- 
gress of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians, 
1661.— 'MagnaUa,  in,  S17, 318. 

WHITING,  Samuel,  first  minister  of 
Lynn,  Mass.,  the  son  of  John  W.,  may- 
or of  Boston,  England,|wa8  born  in  1597, 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge.    He  ar- 
rived at  Boston  May  S6, 1636.    In  about 
a  month  he  went  to  Lynn,  where  a  church 
was  gathered  Nov.  8th.     Mr.  Cobbet, 
was   his   colleague    for   several   years, 
and  after  his  removal  one  of  his  own  sons 
was  his  assistant.  He  died  Dec.  1 1 ,  1679, 
aged  83.    His  son,  Samuel,  first  minister 
of  Billerica,died  in  1713;  Joseph,minister 
of  Lynn  and  Southampton,  died  in  1739, 
aged  81  ;  his  daughter  married  Jer.  Ho- 
bart.     He  possessed  an  accurate  know- 
ledge of  Hebrew  and  wrote  Latin  with 
elegance.    His  disposition  was  peculiarly 
amiable,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  life  im- 
pressed all  men  with  respect  for  him. 
From  his  writings  Norton's  life  of  Cot- 
ton was  partly  composed.     He  published 
a  treatise  upon  the  last  judgment,  1664  ; 
Abraham  interceding  for  Sodom,  a  vol- 
ume of  sermons,  IQ66.—Magnalia,  in. 
156-161. 

WHITTELSEY,  Samuel,  minister  of 
Wallinglbrd,  Conn.,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1705,  and  was  ordained  as 
the  colleague  of  Mr.  Street  in  May  1710. 
He  died  April  15,  1753,  aged  66.    He 


was  one  of  the  moat  distinguished  prtMh- 
ers  and  faithful  ministers  of  the  eolony, 
in  which  he  lived.  Such  was  the  vigor 
and  penetration  of  his  mind,  that  ha  easily 
comprehended  subjects,  which  preaentid 
great  difficulties  to  others.  His  son, 
Chauncy  W.,  an  eminent  scholar,  wat 
minister  of  N.  Haven  firom  1768  tilLhfai 
death  in  1787. — He  published  a  sermon 
upon  the  death  of  John  Hall,  1780 ;  at 
the  election ;  on  the  awful  condition  of 
impenitent  souls  in  their  separate  steto, 
1781 ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  son,  Sam- 
el W.,  at  Milford,  1737. 

WHITNEY,  Eli,  inventor  of  the  cot* 
ton  gin,  was  born   at  Westborough, 
Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1766.     Hia  mecbanieal 
genius  waa  early  manifested.    He  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college  in  1793.    Proceed- 
ing to  Georgia,  and  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  widow  of  gen.  Greene,  she  in> 
vited  him  to  make  her  house  his  home, 
while  he   studied  law.    While  at  her 
house  he  invented  the  cotton  gin,  a  ma- 
chine for  separating  the  seed  from  the 
cotton  ;  an  invention  of  vast  importance 
to  the  States,  which  cultivate  cotton. 
It  has  been  worth  to  them  100  millions  of 
dollars.   His  disappointments,  difflcultiea, 
and  toils  in  the  vindication  of  his  righte 
are  described  in  a  memoir  of  his  life  in 
Silliman's  journal  for  Jan.  1833,  which 
contains  also  a  beautiful  portrait.     In 
1798  he  commenced  the  manufacture  of 
fire  arms  for  the  U .  S.    His  first  contract 
amounted  to  134,000  dollara  for  10,000 
stand  of  arms,  which  he  made  in  10  years. 
His  next  contract  was  for  16,000  stend  of 
arms.    After  almost   unequalled  aufier- 
inrii  from  his  disease,  he  died  Jan.  8, 
1335,  aged  59.     His   wife,  whom  he 
married  in  1817,  was  Henrietta,  daughter 
of  Pierpont  Edwards.     Two  daughtera 
and  a  son  survived  him.    He  wjm  highly 
beloved   and  respected  in  domestic  life. 
For  inventive  power  and  a  persevering 
spirit, which  never  relinquished  an  under- 
taking until  it  was  accomplished,  he  had 
scarcely  a  parallel.     His  name  will  be 
ranked  with  the  names  of  Fulton,  Ark- 
wright,  and  Watt.    Of  his  monument, 
after  the  model  of  that  of  Scipio  at  Rome, 


778 


WHITTEMORE. 


WILKINSON. 


•  print  it  in  Sillinuin's  journal.  Similar 
monumenta  at  N.  Haven  have  been  pla- 
ced over  the  remains  of  Dr.  N.  Smith 
and  Mr.  Ashmun. 

WHITTEMORE,  Amoa,  inventor 
of  the  eard  machine,  died  at  Wwt  Cam- 
bridge, Man.,  in  April  1898,  aged  69. 
Ha  was  the  inventor  of  the  machine  for 
sticking  cards,which  indicated  a  powerAil 
mechanical  genius  and  which  was  a  most 
useful  invention.  Each  machine  in  his 
manufactory  occupied  no  more  space, 
than  a  small  table ;  the  wire  was  reeled 
off,  cutoff  the  right  length  for  teeth,bent, 
holes  were  pricked  in  the  leather,  the 
teeth  were  inserted,  and  this  was  contin- 
ued till  the  card  was  completed,and  all  by 
the  unassisted  machine. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  Michael,  a 
poet,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  16&1,  and  was  afterwards  ordained 
minister  of  Makien,  where  he  continued 
till  his  death,  June  10, 1705,  aged  73.  He 
wan  useful  not  only  as  a  minister  but  as  a 
physieian.  During  an  illness,  which  oc- 
casionally interrupted  his  exertions  as  a 
preacher  for  several  years,  he  still  sought 
to  do  good  by  his  labors  as  a  poet.  He 
published  the  day  of  doom,  or  a  poetical 
description  of  the  great  and  last  judg- 
ment, with  a  short  discourse  about  eter- 
nity, 6th  ed.  1839  ;  meat  out  of  the  eater, 
or  a  meditation  concerning  the  necessity, 
end,  and  usefulness  of  afflictions  unto 
God's  children,  5th  ed.,  1718. 

WIGGLESWORTH, Edward,  d.o., 
first  Hollis  professor  of  divinity  in  Har- 
vard oollege,  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  collegein  1710. 
After  he  commenced  preaching,  his  ser- 
vices were  enjoyed  in  difierent  places. 
So  conspiououa  were  his  talents,  and  so 
exemplary  was  he  for  every  Christian 
virtue,  that  when  the  professorship  of 
divinity  in  Harvard  college  was  founded 
by  T.  Hollis,  he  was  unanimously  appoin- 
ted first  professor  and  was  inducted  into 
this  offlue  Oct,  it4,  1723.  He  died, 
conscious  of  the  failings  of  life,  yet  hop- 
ing for  pardon  through  Jesus  Christ,  Jan. 
16,  1765,  aged  73.  His  son  of  the  same 
nam*  succeeded  him  in  this  year,  aad  re.- 


mained  in  office  till  his  resignation  in  1 791 . 
The  next  professor  was  Dr.  Tappan. — He 
published  sober  remarks,  1794  ;  on  the 
duration  of  future  punishment,  1739; 
a  trial  of  the  spirits,  17S5  ;  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  Wadsworth,'17S7 ,  inqniry  into 
the  imputation  of  the  guilt  of  Adam's  sin 
to  his  posterity,  17S8 ;  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Whitefield,1745;  on  the  inspiration  of  the 
old  testament,  1753,  two  lectures  on  the 
ministers  of  Christ,  1754;  Dudleian  lec- 
ture, 1757 ;  doctrine  of  reprobation, 
1763. 

WILCOX,  Carlos,  a  poet  and  minis- 
ter of  Hartford,  Conn.,  was  born  at  New* 
port,  N.  H.,  Oct.  23,  1794,  but  his  pa- 
rents soon  removed  to  Orwell,  Vermont 
He  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in 
1813  ;  studied  theology  at  Andover ; 
and, after  preaching  in  various  places  and 
spending  two  or  three  years  in  writing 
his  poems,  was  ordained  at  Hartford 
in  Dec.  1824.  In  consequence  of  ill 
health  he  was  dismissed  in  May  1836. 
He  died  at  Danbury  of  the  consumption 
May  39,  1737,  aged  33.  His  intimate 
friends,  whom  he  commemorated  in  his 
poetry,  were  Allen,  Lamed,  Fisher,  Par- 
sons, Fisk,  and  Andrus.  He  had  the 
genius  of  a  poet.  His  principal  poems 
are  the  Age  of  benevolence  &  the  Relig- 
ion of  taste,  both  of  which  were  published 
in  his  Remains,  8vo.  1838. 

WILKINSON,  Jemima,  an  impostor, 
was  born  in  Cumberland,  R.  Island, 
about  1753,  and  was  educated  a  quaker. 
She  was  artful,  bold,  and  zealous.  About 
1773,  when  she  recovered  from  a  fit  of 
sicknesRjin  which  she  had  been  apparently 
dead,  she  announced,  that  she  had  been 
raised  from  the  dead,  and  had  received  a 
divine  commission  as  a  religious  teacher. 
Having  made  a  few  proselytes,  she  remo- 
ved with  them  to  the  state  of.  N.  York, 
and  settled  near  Seneca  &  Crooked  lakes, 
calling  her  village  Jerusalem.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  dupery  of  her  followers,  she 
was  enabled  to  live  in  a  style  of  elegance, 
being  waited  upon  by  half  a  dozen  hand- 
some girls.  She  inculcated  poverty ;  but 
was  careful  to  be  the  owner  of  lands,  pur- 
chased in  the  name  of  her  companion,  Ra- 


WILKINSON. 


WILLARD. 


778 


chel  Miller.  Whfn  she  preached,  she 
stood  in  the  door  of  her  bed  chamber, 
wearing  a  waistcoat,  a  stock,  and  a 
white  silk  cravat.  In  a  short  time  her  fol- 
lowers began  to  fall  off.  She  died  in  1819. 

WILKINSON,  Jam«s,  general,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land about  1757,  and  studied  medicine. 
In  1775  he  repaired  to  Cambridge  as  a 
volunteer.  In  1776  he  was  a  captain  in 
a  regiment,  which  proceeded  to  Canada. 
On  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  he  carried 
the  despatches  to  congress  and  received 
the  brevet  of  brigadier  general.  After 
the  peace  he  settled  in  commercial  business 
in  Kentveky.  Again  he  entered  the  ar- 
my and  had  the  command  on  the  Missis- 
•ippi.  In  the  late  war  he  served  in  1813 
on  the  northern  frontiers.  Not  long  be- 
fore his  death  he  went  to  Mexico,  ^here 
he  was  attacked  with  the  diarrhoea, which 
ia  common  among  strangers.  He  died 
Dee.  28,  1835,  aged  68.  At  the  age  of 
66  he  married  Miss  Trudeau,  aged  26. 

WILLARD,  Samuel,  minister  in  Bos- 
Ion  and  vice  president  of  Harvard  college, 
was  the  son  of  Simon  W.,  who  sustained 
some  important  offices  in  Massachusetts 
both  civil  and  military,  and  was  born  at 
Concord  Jan.  31, 1640.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1 659.  He  was 
afterwards  the  minister  of  Gruton  about 
1663  ;  but  the  ravages  of  the  Indian  war 
drove  him  from  that  place  about  the  year 
1676.  He  was  settled  colleague  with 
Mr.  Thacher,  the  first  minister  of  the  old 
south  church  in  Boston,  April  10,  1678. 
In  1700  he  received  Mr.  Pemberton  as 
an  assistant  minister.  After  the  resigna- 
tion of  president  Mather,  he  as  vice  pres- 
ident took  the  superintendence  of  Har^ 
vard  college  Sept  6,  1701,  and  presided 
over  that  seminary  till  his  death  Sept.  12, 
1707,  aged  68.  President  Leverctt  suc- 
ceeded him.  By  two  wives  he  had  20 
children.  Mr.  W.  possessed  very  su- 
perior powers  of  mind.  His  imagina- 
tion was  rich  though  not  luxuriant,  his 
perception  was  rapid  and  correct,  and  in 
argument  he  was  profound  and  clear.  His 
learning  also  was  very  considerable. 
In  controversy  he  was  a  champion,  de- 


fending the  cause  of  truth  with  ccurage, 
and  with  enlightened  and  affectionate 
zeal.  All  his  talents  and  acquisitions 
were  devoted  to  God,  who  had  created 
him  anew  in  Christ  Jesus,  and'  implanted 
in  his  heart  all  the  pure,  and  humble,  and 
lovely  virtues  of  Christianity.  In  the 
time  of  the  witchcraft  delusion  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  opposing  the  rashpro^ 
ceedings  of  the  courts.  He  published  a 
sermon  to  the  second  church  after  they 
had  received  the  covenant ;  a  discourse 
on  the  death  of  J.  Leverett,  1679  ;  of 
maj.  Th.  Savage,  1683  ;  animadversions 
on  the  baptists,  1681  ;  covenant  keeping 
the  way  to  blessedness;  on  the  fiery  trial; 
at  a~fiut;  election  serm.  1683;  the 
child's  portion,  1684;  on  justification  ; 
heavenly  merchandise,  1686  ;  on  laying 
hands  on  the  bible  in  swearing,  1689  ; 
the  barren  fig  tree's  doom ;  against  ex- 
cessive sorrow ;  the  danger  of  takibg  the 
name  of  God  in  vain  ;  on  promise  keep- 
ing, 1691  ;  on  worshipping  God ;  on  dis- 
cerning the  times ;  on  the  doctrine  of 
the  covenant  of  redemption,  1693 ;  at  the 
election  ;  at  a  fast ;  the  law  established 
by  the^  gospel,  1694  ;  spiritual  deser- 
tions discovered  and  remedied,  ^1699; 
a  remedy  against  despair  ;  love's  pedi- 
gree ;  the  perils  of  the  times  displayed, 
the  substance  of  P"veral  sertnons  ;  on  the 
calling  of  the  Jews,  1700 ;  the  Christian's 
exercises  by  satan's  temptations ;  caution 
about  swearing ;  on  the  death  of  W. 
Stoughton,  1701 ;  at  a  fast ;  Israel's  true 
safety,  1704 ;  fountain  opened,  or  bles- 
sings to  be  dispensed  at  the  national  con- 
version of  the  Jews,  1727  ;  sacramental 
meditations.  His  largest  work,  and  the 
first  folio  volume  on  divinity  printed  in 
this  country,  was  published  in  1736,  enti- 
tled a  body  of  divinity  in  250  expository 
lectures  on  the  assembly's  shorter  cate- 
chism. It  is  considered  as  a  work  of 
great  merit. 

WILLARD,  Josiah,  secretary  of 
Mass., the  son  of  the  preceding,was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1698.  In 
June  1717  the  king  appointed  him  secre- 
tary of  his  native  province,  and  he  was 
continued  in  that  station  39  years  till  his 


mh 


WILLARD. 


WILLIAMS. 


death.  He  wu  also  a  judge  of  the  pro- 
bate of  wills  and  a  member  of  the  council. 
He  died  Dec.  6,  1756,  aged  76.  While 
he  commanded  the  highest  respect  in  the 
public  offices,  which  he  sustained,  his 
heart  was  the  abode  of  all  the  Christian 
virtues. 

WILLARD,  Joseph,  o.  d.  l  l.  d., 
president  of  Harvard  college,  was  bom  at 
Bid<ieford  Dec.  39, 1738,  and  was  the  son 
of  Rev.  Samuel  W.,  grandson  of  vice 
president  W.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1765;  and  was  ordain- 
ed Nov.  35,  1773,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Champney^  irinisler  of  Beverly,  where 
ha  continued  in  the  high  esteem  of  the 
people  ofhis  charge  till  he  was  elected  pre»- 
ident  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Langdon.  Into 
this  office  he  was  inducted  Dec.  19, 1781. 
Daring  the  last  years  of  his  life  his  usual 
health  was  unsettled.  He  died  at  New 
Bedford  Sept.  35,  1804,  aged  64.  His 
widow  died  in  March  1834.  Mr.  Webber 
succeeded  him.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  acquaintance  with  classical  litera- 
ture and  with  mathematical  and  astro- 
nomical science.  His  attainments  in 
Greek  learning  have  been  equalled  by  few 
in  America.  At  the  head  of  the  universi- 
ty he  mingled  paternal  tenderness  with 
strict  authority,  and  by  bis  dignified  per- 
son and  deportment  united  with  candor, 
generosity,  and  benevolence,  he  secured 
•t  the  same  time  respect  and  affection. 
He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon, 
1783  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  McKeen, 
1785  ;  on  the  death  of  T.  Hilliard,  1790 ; 
at  the  ordination  of  H.  Packard,  1793 ;  a 
Latin  address  on  the  death  of  Washing- 
ton, prefixed  to  Tappan's  discourse.lSOO; 
and  mathematical  a>id  astronomical  com- 
munications in  the  memoirs  of  the  Ameri- 
can academy . 

WiLLET,  Marinus,  colonel,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  was  in  fort  Stau- 
wix  Aug.  8,  1777,  when  it  was  invested 
by  St.  Leger.  Aug.  6th  he  sallied  from 
the  fort  and  bravely  attacked  the  enemy 
in  order  to  favor  the  approach  of  Herki- 
mer with  aid  ;  but  H.  had  been  defeated. 
In  a  few  days  he  and  one  officer  effected  a 
march  of  50  miles  through  the  wilderness 


to  German  flats  in  order  to  urge  the  send- 
ing of  sufficient  aid  to  the  fort.  July  10, 
1781  he  defeated  a  party  of  the  enemy  at 
Correy's  town.  He  died  at  New  York 
in  Aug.  1830,  aged  90. 

WILLIAMS,  Roger,  the  ikther  of 
Providence  plantation,  was  born  in  Wales 
in  1509  and  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
After  having  been  a  minister  in  the 
church  of  England,  his  nonconformity 
induced  him  to  seek  religious  liberty  in 
America.  He  arrived  at  Hull,  Feb.  5, 
1631.  In  April  he  was  chosen  an  as- 
sistant to  Mr.  Skelton  in  the  ministry  at 
Salem.  Such  was  his  puritanic  zeal,  that 
he  contended  for  a  complete  separation 
ftofti  the  English  church,  and  even  re- 
fused to  join  in  fellowship  with  his  breth- 
ren in  Boston,  unless  they  would  declare 
their  repentance  ibr  having  communed, 
before  they  came  to  this  country, with  the 
church  of  England.  He  was  of  opinion 
also,  that  the  magistrate  might  not  punish 
the  breach  of  the  sabbath,  or  any  viola- 
tion of  the  precepts  of  the  first  table. 
Before  the  close  of  the  summer  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  to  Plymouth,  where  he 
preached  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Smith 
about  two  years.  In  1633  he  returned  to 
Salem,  and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Skelton 
in  1634  was  the  sole  minister  of  the 
church.  His  peculiar  sentiments  and 
conduct  soon  brought  him  before  the 
court,  where  he  was  accused  of  asserting, 
that  offences  against  the  first  table  of 
the  law  ought  not  to  be  punished,  unless 
they  disturbed  the  public  peace ;  that  an 
oath  ought  not  -  to  be  tendered  to  an 
unregenerate  man ;  that  a  christian 
should  not  pray  with  the  unregenerate  ; 
and  that  thanks  ought  not  to  be  given  af- 
ter the  sacrament,  nor  after  meat. 
He  aBserted,that  the  Mass.  patent  was  in- 
valid and  unjust,  because  a  fair  purchase 
had  not  been  made  of  the  Indians.  He 
even  refused  to  commune  with  the  mem- 
bers of  his  own  church,  unless  they  would 
separate  from  the  polluted  and  antichris- 
tian  churchesof  N.E.  As  he  could  not  be 
induced  to  retract  any  of  his  opinions, 
sentence  of  banishment  was  passed  upon 
him  in  1635.    He  obtained  permission  to 


WILLIAMS. 


775 


nmain  till  aprin;  *,  but,  as  he  peraiated  in 
preaehingf  in  hia  own  liouse,  orders  were 
sent  M  Jan.  1696  to  seize  him  and  send 
him  to  England.    He  escaped,  and  went 
with  four  ofhis  friends  to  Seekhonck,now 
Rehoboth,  and  croaaing  the  river  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  town,  which  in  acknowl- 
edgment of  God'a  goodneaa  to  him  he 
called  Providence.      He  purchaaed  the 
land  honeatly  of  the  Indians,  and  while 
he  enjoyed  liberty  of  eonacience  himaelf, 
he  granted  it  to  others.    Having  embra- 
ced   the   sentiments    of    the    baptists, 
he    was    baptized      in      March     1689 
by  one  of  his  brethren,  and  he    then 
baptized  about  ten  others.    But  he  soon 
entertained  doubts  respecting  the  correct- 
ness ofhis  principles ;  the  church,  which 
he  had  formed,  was  dissolved ;  and  he 
came  to  the   conclusion,  that  baptism 
ought  not  to  be   administered  in    any 
mode  without  a  revelation  from  heaven. 
At  this  period  he  studied  the  Indian  lan- 
guage and  used  his  endeavors  to  impart 
to  the  savages  the  blessings  of  the  gospel. 
In  164S  he  went  to  England,  as  agent  for 
the  colonists  to  procure  an  act  confirming 
their  voluntary  government.     He  obtain- 
ed a  charter,  and  returning  with  it,  lan- 
ded at  Boston  in  Sept.  1644.      Though 
he  was  still  under  sentence  of  banish- 
ment, a  letter  of  recommendation    from 
some  of  the  principal  members  oi'  parlia- 
ment secured  him  from  any  interruption 
on  his  way  to  Providence.     In  1651  he 
went  again  as  an  agent  for  the  colony  to 
England,  and  continued  there  till  1654. 
On  his  return  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  government,    in  which    station  he 
was    continued   till  1657,  when  Bene- 
dict   Arnold    was    appointed.       Being 
zealous     against     the    quakers,  he    in 
1673  held  a  public  dispute  with    three 
of  their  most  eminent  preachers,,  which 
occupied  three  days  at  Newport  and  one 
day  at  Providence.     Of  this  dispute  he 
afterwards  published  an  account.      He 
died  in  April  1683,  aged  84.    His  memo- 
ry is  deserving  of  lasting  honor  for  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  opinions  respecting  liberty 
of  conscience,  and  for  the  generous  toler- 
ation, which  he  established.    So  superior 


was  he  to  the  meanness  of  revenge,  and 
such  was  his  magnanimity,  that  he  inser- 
ted all  his  influence  with  the  Indians  in 
favor  of  Mass.,  and  ever  evinced  the 
greatest  friendship  for  the  colony,  fVom 
which  he  had  been  driven.     For  some 
of  its   principal  men   he  preserved  the 
highest  affection,  and  maintained  a  cor- 
respondence with  themt     In  his  contro- 
versial writings,  especially  with  Mr.  Cot- 
ton respecting  toleration,  he  shows  him- 
self a  roaster  of  argument.     His  tolents 
were  of  a  superior  order.    In  the  religious 
doctrines,  which  he  embraced,  he  seems 
to    have   been    remarkably    consistent. 
The  scriptures  he  read  in  the  originals. 
Though  his  writings  and  his  conduct  in 
the  latter  periods  of  his  life  evince,  that 
he  was  under  the  influence  of  the  Chris- 
tian spirit ;  yet  his  mind  was  so  shrouded 
in  doubt  and  uncertainty,  that  he  lived  in 
the  neglect  of  the  ordinances  of  the  gos- 
pel.   He  did  not  contend,  like  the  qua- 
kers, that  they  were  superseded  ;  but 
found  himself  incapable  of  determining  to 
what  church  it  was  his   duty  to  unite 
himself.       He  would  pray  and  preach 
with  all,  who  would  hear  him,  of  what- 
ever  denomination.      If  his  conscience 
had  been  enlightened,  one  would  sup- 
pose, it  must  have  reproved  him  for  not 
partaking  of  the  sacrament  also  with  dif- 
ferent sects.      His  first  baptism  he  ap- 
pears to  have  renounced,  not  so  much 
because    he    was  dissatisfied    with   the 
time  or  the  mode  of  its  administration,  as 
because  it  was  received  in  the  church  of 
England,  which  he  deemed  antichristian. 
He  published  a  key  to  the  language  of 
America,  or  a  help  to  the  tongue  of  the 
N.  England  Indians,  8vo.    1643,  which 
has  been  reprinted  in  the  collections  of 
the  Mass.,  historical  society  ;  an  answer 
to  Mr.   Cotton's  letter   concerning  the 
power  of  the  magistrate  in  matters  of 
religion  ;  the  bloody  tenet  of  persecution 
for  the  cause  of  conscience,   1644 ;  the 
bloody  tenet  yet  more  bloody  by  Mr. 
Cotton's  endeavor  to  wash  it  white  in 
the  blood  of  the  Lamb,  &c.  to  which  is 
added    a    letter  to  Mr.   Endicott,  4tO. 
1653 ;    the    hireling  ministry   none  of 


77« 


WILLIAMS. 


Chriit*t,or  a  diwouraeon  the  propagation 
of  the  gotpel  of  Christ  Jesus ;  experi- 
uienta  of  spiritual  life  and  health,  and 
their     preservatives,     London,     1652  ; 
George  Fox  digged  out  of  his  burrows, 
1676,  which  was  written   against  Fox 
and  Burrows,  and  gives  an  account  of 
Jiis  dispute  with  the  quakers.     An  an- 
swer to  it  was  published  in  1679  entitled, 
a   New  England  fire  brand  quenched. 
WILLIAMS,  John,  first  minister  of 
Deerfield,  Mass.,  the  sonofdeac.  Samuel 
W.,wa8  born  in  Roxbury  Dec.  10,  1664, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
168S.    In  May  1686  he  was  ordained  at 
Deerfield,  a  frontier  town  much  exposed 
to  the  incursions  of  the  savages.    In  the 
beginning  of  1704  information  was  recei- 
ved from  colonel  Schuyler  of  Albany  of 
the  designs  of  the  enemy  against  Deer- 
field, and  the^overnment  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  Mr.  W.  ordered  twenty  soldiers 
as  a  guard.    In  the  night  of  Feb.  38th 
the  watch  patroled  the  streets,  but  before 
morning    they  went  to  sleep.     Three 
hundred  French  and  Indians,  who  had 
been  hovering  about  the  the  town,  when 
they  perceived  all  to  be  quiet,  surprised 
the  garrison  house.    A  party  of  them 
then  broke  into  the  house  of  Mr.  W., 
who,a8  soon  as  he  was  awakened,  snatch- 
ed hid  pistol  from  the  tester,  and  put  it  to 
the  breast  of  the  first  Indian,  that  ap- 
proached, but  it  missed  fire.    The  sava- 
ges seized  and  bound  him.    Two  of  his 
children  and  a  negro  woman  of  his  fami- 
ly were  taken  to  the  door  and  murdered. 
His  wife,  the  only  daughter  of  Mr.  Ma- 
ther of  Northampton,  and  all  his  children, 
excepting  his  eldest  son,  with  himself 
were   compelled   immediately    to  begin 
their  march  towards  Canada.    In  wading 
a  small  river  on  the  second  day  Mrs.  W., 
who  had  scarcely  recovered  from  a  late 
confinement,  fell  dawn  ;  and  soon  after- 
wards an  Indian  killed  her  with  his  hatch- 
et.   About  twenty  other  prisoners  were 
murdered,    because  their    strength  be- 
gan to  fail  them.     At  length  after  wit- 
nessing the  most  agonizing  scenes  during 
a  journey  of  900  miles  he  arrived  in  Can- 
ada.   Here  new  trials  awaited  him,  for 


every  exertion  was  made  to  convert  thia 
horetio*to  popery.  His  Indian  master,af- 
ter  seeing  the  inefficacy  of  other  methods, 
lifted  his  hatchet  over  tin  head  of  his 
prisoner,  and  threatened  to  kill  him,  if  he 
did  not  instantly  erosd  himself  and  kiss  a 
crucifix  ;  but  Mr.  W.  was  governed  by 
too  elevated  principles  to  be  made  to  vio- 
late conscience  from  regard  to  his  life. 
He  was  redeemed  in  1706.  One  of  his 
daughters  he  was  unable  to  bring  with 
him.  She  had  become  assimilated  to  the 
Indians,  and  aderwards  married  one  of 
them  and  embraced  the  Roman  catholic 
religioil.  Settling  again  in  Deerfieki  he 
continued  in  that  place  till  his  death  June 
lU,  1739,  aged  64.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Ashley.  His  three  eldest  sons, 
Eleazar,  Stephen,  and  Warham,  were 
ministers  of  Mansfield,  Springfield,  and 
Watertown,  and  were  highly  respected 
and  useful.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
Boston  lecture  after  his  return  from  Can- 
ada ;  God  in  the  camp,  1707 ;  the  re- 
deemed captive,  12rao.  which  gives  a  mi- 
nute account  of  his  sufferings,  and  has 
passed  through  several  editions  ;  a  seri- 
ous word  to  the  posterity  of  holy  men, 
calling  upon  them  to  exalt  their  fathers' 
God,  being  the  abstract  of  a  number  of 
sermons,  1729. 

WILLIAMS,  Stephen,  d.d., first  min- 
ister of  Longmeadow,  non  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Deerfield,  May  14, 
1698,  and  Feb.  39,  1704  was  carried  cap- 
tive by  the  Indians  to  Canada,  whenc« 
he  returned  Nov.  31,  1705.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1713,  and 
ordained  over  theSJchurchofSpringfield, 
nowL.  Meadow,  Oct.  17,  1716.  In  1745 
he  went  to  Louisbourg  as  a  chaplain  un- 
der Pepperell,  and  in  1755  he  went  to 
Lake  Champlaiu  in  the  same  capacity 
under  sir  W.  Johnson,  and  in  1756  under 
Winslow.  By  the  officers  and  soldiers  he 
was  held  in  esteem  and  honor.  He  died 
June  10, 1782,  aged  89,  in  the  66th  year 
of  his  ministry.  By  his  first  wife,  Abigail 
Davenport,  the  daughter  of  John  D.  of 
Stamford,  he  had  7  children,  3  of  whom 
were  ministers  ;  all  present  at  his  fune- 
ral.   Probably  he  was  the  principal  means 


WILLIAMS. 


777 


were 


of  Bending  a  missionary  to  the  Hounm- 
tunnoc  Indians,  for  Sept.9,  1734  he  went 
to  New  Haven  and  engaged  John  Ser- 
geant for  that  service.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  John  Keep, 
Sheffield,  1772. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  minister  of 
Hatfield,  Mass.  the  son  of  deacon  Isaac 
W.  of  Newton,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1683.  After  a  ministry  of 
considerable  length  he  died  at  an  advanced 
age  very  suddenly  Aug.  SI,  1741.  He 
was  a  man  of  distinguished  talents.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Stoddard. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  Stephen  Williams,  1716  ;  of  Warham 
Williams,1723;  of  Nehemiah  Bull,  1726; 
the  great  salvation  explained  in  several 
sermons,  1717  ;  election  sermon,  1719  ; 
convention  sermon,  1726;  on  the  death 
of  S.  Stoddard,  1729  ;  the  duty  and  in- 
terest of  a  Christian  people  to  be  stead- 
fast ;  directions  to  obtain  a  true  conver- 
sion, 17S6. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  minister  of 
Weston,  Mass.,  the  son  ol"  Rev.  W.  W. 
of  Hatfield, was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  17*05  <$•  died  in  1753,aged  about  68. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 
of  D.  Hall,  Sutton,  1729  ;  at  the  artillery 
election,  17S7  ;  on  the  execution  of  P. 
Kennisou  for  burglary,  1738 ;  on  saving 
faith  ;  at  the  election,  1741 ;  on  the  death 
of  Caleb  Lyman,  1742  ;  of  hiawife,l745. 

WILLIAMS,Elisha,  president  of  Yale 
college,  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1711. 
He  was  afterwards  the  minister  of  New- 
ington  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.  In  172G 
he  was  inaugurated  president  in  the  place 
of  Dr.  Cutler;  but  his  impaired  health 
induced  him  in  Oct.  1739  to  resign  his  of- 
fice, and  Mr.  Clap  succeeded  him.  He 
now  lived  at  Wethersfield  and  was  soon 
made  a  justice  of  the  superior  court.  In 
1745  he  went  as  chaplain  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Cape  Breton.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a 
regiment  on  the  proposed  expedition 
against  Canada.  He  aAerwards  went  to 
England,  where  he  married  a  lady  of  su- 
perior accomplishments.  He  died  at 
93 


WethersfleldJulyH  1755,aged60.  Ur. 
Doddridge,  who  was  intimately  acquain- 
ted with  him,  represents  him  as  uniting 
in  his  character  *<  an  ardent  sense  of  reli' 
gion,  aolid  learning,  consummate  pru- 
dence, great  candor  and  sweetness  of  tem- 
per, and  a  certain  nobleness  of  soul,  capa- 
ble of  contriving  and  acting  the  greatest 
things,  without  seeming  to  be  coutcioua 
of  his  having  done  them."  He  presided 
at  commencementa  with  great  dignity. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  divine  grace, 
1727;  on  the  death  of  T.  Ruggies,  1728. 

WILLIAMS,  Eleazar,  first  minister 
of  Mansfield,  Conn.,  the  eldest  son  of 
Rev.  John.  W.,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1708  ;  was  ordained  in 
1710  ;  and  died  Sept.  31,  1743,  aged  63. 
He  published  the  election  sermon,  1733 ; 
sinners  invited  to  Christ,  3  sermons, 
1735. 

WILLIAMS,  Solomon,  d.  d.,  minister 
of  Lebanon,  Conn.,  the  son  of  W.  W.  of 
Hatfield,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1719.  He  was  ordained  Dec.  5, 1732, 
and  died  Feb.  29, 1776  in  the  76lh  year 
of  his  age  and  the  54th  of  his  ministry, 
having  been  one  of  the  distinguished  men 
of  his  day.  He  published  a  sermon  at 
the  ordination  of  Jacob  Eliot,  1730 ;  on 
the  death  of  John  Robinson,  1739;  of 
Rev.  Eleazar  Williamb,  1743  ;  of  Rev. 
J.  Meacham,  1752 ;  of  Rev.  Eben.  Wil- 
liams, 1753  ;  on  a  day  of  prayer ;  election 
sermon,  1741;  the  more  excellent  way, 
against  enthusiasm,  1742 ;  Christ  the 
king  and  witness  of  the  truth,  1744;  a 
vindication  of  the  scripture  doctrine  of 
justifying  faith,  in  answer  to  A.  Croswell, 
1746:  the  true  state  of  the  question  con- 
cerning the  qualifications  for  communion, 
in  answer  to  J.  Edwards,  1751  ;  for  suc- 
cess in  arms,  1759. 

WILLIAMS,  Elipholef,  d.  d.,  minis- 
ter of  East  Hartfonl,  Conn.,  son  of  the 
preceding  w-is  born  at  Lebanon  Feb.  31, 
1727  ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1743; 
and  was  ordained  in  March  1748.  His 
predecessor,  S.  Woodbridge,  was  minis- 
ter from  1705  to  l/46f  his  successors 
were  Yates,  ordained  in  1801,  Fairchild, 
and  Mead.     He  died  June  39, 1803,  aged 


778 


WILLIAMS. 


76.  His  wifo  was  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
Warham  MV.  Two  of  his  sons  were 
ministers,  Solomon  W.  or  Northampton, 
and  ElishaW.  orDeverly.  Few  ministerd 
live,  as  he  lived,  to  preach  a  half  century 
sermon  firom  the  time  of  ordination.  He 
was  an  eminent  minister  and  an  exem- 
plary Christian,  and  had  an  unblemished 
reputation.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
account  of  the  earthquake,  1755 ;  at  ;; 
thanksgiving,  1760;  at  the  election,  1769; 
on  the  death  of  gov.  Pitkin,  1769. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  the  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Lebanon  April  8, 1731  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1751.  In  1755  he  belonged  to  the  staff 
of  col.  Ephraim  Williams,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  lake  George.  In 
1776  and  1777  he  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress and  signed  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. In  his  zealous  patriotism  he 
made  great  eflbrts  and  sacrifices  for  the 
liberties  of  his  country.  He  died  Aug. 
3, 1 8 1 1  ,aged  80.  His  wife  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  gov.  Trumbull.  His  surviving  son 
lives  in  Lebanon. — His  last  days  were  de- 
voted to  reading,  meditation,  and  prayer. 
From  hia  youth  till  his  death  he  was  a 
deacon  of  the  church  and  an  exemplary 
Christian. — Ooodrieh. 

WILLIAMS,  Ephraim,  colonel,  foun- 
der of  Williams  college,  born  in  1715, 
was  the  son  of  E.  W.  of  Newton,  who 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Stockbridge.  In  early  life  he  made  seve- 
ral voyages  to  Europe.  Possessing  un- 
common military  talents,  in  the  war  be- 
tween England  and  France  from  1740  to 
1748  he  found  opportunity  to  exert  them. 
The  command  of  the  line  of  the  Mass. 
forts  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  riv- 
er was  intrusted  to  him.  At  this  period 
he  resided  chiefly  at  Hoosac  fort,  which 
stood  on  the  bank  of  Hoosac  river  in 
Adams,  and  he  also  commanded  a  small 
fort  at  Williamstown,  three  or  four  miles 
distant.  Id  1755  he  took  the  command 
of  a  regiment  and  joined  general  John- 
son. Sept.  8th  he  was  sent  out  at  the 
head  of  1,000  men  with  about  200  In- 
dians to  skirmish  with  the  enemy  near 


lake  George.  He  was  ambuscaded,  and 
in  the  action  he  was  killed,  aged  40.  Hia 
party  retreated  to  the  main  body,  and  in 
another  engagement  on  the  same  day  the 
the  enemy  were  repulsed,  and  baron 
Dieskau  taken  prisoner.  He  was  a  brave 
soldier,  and  was  beloved  by  his  troops. 
He  was  affable  and  liicetious.  His  po- 
liteness and  address  gained  him  great 
influence  in  the  general  court.  He 
be(}ueathed  hit  property  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  free  school  in  the  township 
west  of  foit  Mass.,  on  the  condition 
that  the  town  ahould  be  called  Williams- 
town.  In  1785  tnuitees  were  appointed; 
in  1791  the  school  was  opened  ;  and  in 
1793  it  was  incorporated  a^*  a  college,  un- 
der the  presidency  of  Dr.  Fitch.  It  is 
now  a  flourishing  sem'.na'y,  which  does 
honor  to  the  munificencn  of  its  founder, 
and  to  the  liberality  of  the  general  court, 
which  has  patronised  it. 

WILLIAMS,  Nathan,  d.  d., minister 
of  Tolland,  Conn.,  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1755  ;  was  ordained  April  90, 

1760  ;  and  died  April  15,  1829,  aged  93, 
having  '^onn  in  the  ministry  nearly  69 
years,  f-^a  wife,  with  whom  he  had  liv- 
ed 68  years,  survived  him.  He  published 
an  inquiry  concerning  baptism  and  disci- 
pline, in  a  dialogue,  8vo.  3d.  ed.  1793. 
It  is  designed  to  show,  that  children  are 
Hubject  to  the  discipline  of  the  church. 

WILLIAMS,  Samuel,  ll.  d.,  an  his- 
torian, was  born  at  Waltham,  Mass.  ; 
was    graduated   at  Harvard  college  in 

1761  ;  and  ordained  the  minister  of  Brad- 
ford Nov.  20,  1765.  He  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Harvard  college  from 
1780  till  1788,  when  he  resigned  and  re- 
moved to  Rutland,  Vermont.  For  some 
years  he  was  the  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  Rutland  Herald.  He  died  in  Jan. 
1817,  aged  about  75.  He  published  the 
natural  and  civil  history  of  Vermont  in 
8vo.  1794;  2d.  ed.  in  2 vols.  1809;  a 
masonic  discourse,  and  several  scientific 
papers. 

WILLIAMS,  Nehemiali,  minister  of 
Brimfield,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Chester  Wil- 
liams, minister  of  Hadley,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1769.    He  was  or- 


WILLIAMS. 


WILLIAMSON. 


77» 


dained  Feb.  9,  1776,  and  died  Nov.  36, 
1706.  Aa  a  preacher  he  waa  diatinguiah- 
•d  for  the  energy  and  pathoa,  with 
which  hia  discouraea  were  doKvered. 
Hia  life  waa  moat  holj'  and  benevolent,but 
on  hia  dying  bed  he  declared,  that  hia 
hope  of  salvation  rested  wholly  upon  the 
free  and  sovereign  mercy  of  Ood  through 
Jesus  Christ.  At  the  moment  of  his  de- 
parture he  cried,  "  I  have  finished  my 
course  with  joy,"  and  clasping  his  hands 
aa  indevotion  expired  without  a  struggle. 
A  posthumous  volume  of  34  aermona 
was  published. 

WILLIAMS,  Otho  Holland,  colonel, 
a  brave  officer  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
held  a  command  in  the  Maryland  line, 
and  waa  deputy  adjutant  general  of  the 
American  army.  In  the  retreat  of  Greene 
from  S.  Carolina  to  Virginia  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1781  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  the  light  corps  in  the 
place  of  gen.  Morgan,who  was  indisposed, 
and  by  his  manoeuvrea  he  greatly  embar- 
rassed Cornwallis  in  hia  pursuit.  Afler  the 
war  he  resided  at  Baltimore.  He  died 
while  on  a  journey,  July  l5,  1794,  aged 
44.  He  waa  a  firm  and  disinterested  pa- 
triot, aa  well  as  a  gallant  soldier.  In  the 
relations  of  private  life  his  conduct  secured 
esteem. 

WILLIAMS,  Benjamin,  governor  of 
N.  Carolina,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution, 
was  for  some  years  a  member  of  congress. 
He  was  governor  from  1799  to  1803, 
and  again  in  1807,  and  died  July  20, 
1814. 

WILLIAMS,  David,  with  Paulding 
and  Van  Wart  one  of  the  captors  of  maj. 
Andre,  died  at  Livingstonville,  N.  Y.  in 
Aug.  1831,  aged  78. 

WILLIAMS,  Jonathan,  brigadier 
general,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1752. 
For  many  years  he  was  at  the  head  of 
the  engineer  corps  of  the  army.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  congress.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  May  1815,  aged  63.  He 
published  a  memoir  on  the  use  of  the 
thermometer  in  navigation,  1799 ;  Ele- 
ments of  fortification,  transl.,  1801  ; 
Kosciusko's  manoeuvres  for  horse  artille- 
ry, transl.,  1808. 


WILLIAMS,  Samuel  Porter,  miniater 
of  Newburyport,  a  descendant  of  Rev. 
Sol.  W'tWasbornat  WetherHfield,Conn., 
Feb.  33,  1779  ;  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1796  ;  and,  afler  being  engaged 
in  a  mercantile  employment,  studied  the- 
ology with  Dr.  Dwight,  and  waa  or- 
dained at  Mansfield  Jan.  1,  1807.  After 
being  dismissed  Sept.  7,  1817,  he  preach- 
ed two  years  at  Northampton,  and  then 
succeeded  Dr.  Dana  at  Newburyport 
Feb.  8,  1831.  He  died  Dec.  33,  1836. 
A  volume  of  sermons,  with  a  print  and 
a  sketch  of  his  life,  waa  published  in  8vo. 
1837. 

WILLIAMSON,  Hugh,  m.  d.,  l.l.v, 
a  physician,  was  born  in  West  Notting- 
ham, Penna.,  Decem.  5,  1785.  From 
1760  to  1763  he  was  professor  of  math- 
ematics in  the  college  of  Philadelphia. 
Heaflerwards  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Utrecht.  On  hia  return  he 
practised  successfully  in  Philadelphia. 
Inorder  to  procure  subscriptions  for  an 
academy  at  Newark,  Delaware,  he  sailed 
from  Boston  for  London  Dec.  33,  1773 
and  was  examined  before  the  Privy 
Council  in  Feb.  1774  on  the  subject  of 
the  [destruction  of  the  tea  at  Boston. 
Drs.  Hosack  and  Thacher  give  a  minute 
account  of  the  manner,  in  which  he  at 
thia  period  procured  personally  very 
adroitly  and  at  great  hazard  from  a  pub- 
lic ofHce  in  London  the  famous  letters  of 
Hutchinson  and  Oliver,  which  Franklin 
sent  to  Mass.  The  account  is  fortified 
by  letters  of  bishop  White,  James  Read, 
and  John  Adams.  Mr.  Read  received 
the  account  from  the  lips  of  Dr.  William- 
son, and  John  W.,  a  brother,  confirmed 
the  account  to  Dr.  Hosack.  All  this  is 
an  extraordinary  mittake  ;  for  those  very 
letters  were  made  public  in  Boston  and 
acted  upon  by  the  legislature  in  June 
1773,  six  months  before  Dr.  Williamson 
set  sail  from  Boston  for  London.  After 
his  return  in  1776  he  resided  in  N. 
Carolina.  In  1780  he  was  surgeon  in 
the  militia  under  Caswell.  After  the 
peace  he  was  for  5  or  six  years  a  mem- 
ber of  congress ;  he  also  assisted  in  fra- 
ming the  constitution  of  the  U.  S.      In 


vfi^ki  A.  1 1  n»r 


WILSON. 


1 1  '>/ 


hit  lut  yeara  he  rMided  in  N.  York, 
•«here  ha  died  May  33,  1819,  aged  SS. 
Ha  publiihed  a  diaeourae  on  the  (benefit 
of  civil  hiatory,  1810  ;  Obaervationa  on 
the  climate  of  America,  1811  ;  Hiatory  of 
N.  Carolina,  3  vola.  Svo.  1813  ;  and  ma- 
ny medical  and  philoaophlcal  oommunica- 
tiona.— 1rAa«A«r. 

WILSON,  John,  firat  miniater  of  Boa- 
ton,  was  born  at  Windaor,  England,  in 
1 588,  and  waa  the  aon  of  Rev.  Wm.  W. 
He  waa  educated  at  king's  college.  Cam- 
bridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship  ; 
but  waa  deprived  of  it  for  his  nonconfor- 
mity to  the  English  church.  After  atudy- 
ing  law  for  three  years  at  one  of  the 
Inna  of  court,  he  directed  his  attention  to 
theology,  and  was  a  chaplain  in  several 
honorable  familiea.  He  then  settled  in 
the  miniatry  at  Sudbury  in  Suffolk.  In 
16S0  he  came  to  this  country  in  the  same 
fleet  with  gov.  Winthrop.  Charleatown 
waa  fixed  upon  as  a  place  of  settlement, 
and  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Phillips  preach- 
ed under  a  tree.  A  church  waa  formed 
on  Friday,  July  SOth,and  Aug.  37th  Mr. 
Wilson  waa  ordained  aa  teacher  by  the 
impoailion  of  hands.  This  ceremony 
was  performed  by  some  of  the  brethren 
merely  as  a  sign  of  his  election  to  be  their 
minister  and  not  because  he  had  renoun- 
ced his  former  ordination.  In  a  few 
months,  when  the  greater  part  of  his 
church  removed  ocross  the  river  to  Shaw- 
mut,  or  Boston,  he  accompanied  them. 
In  16S1  he  returned  to  England  for  his 
wife,  whom  he  had  left  behind,  enjoining 
it  upon  governor  Winthrop  and  some 
other  brethren  to  "  prophesy  "  or  to  im- 
part instruction  and  give  exhortations  in 
the  church  during  his  absence.  In  Oct. 
1633  33  members  were  dismissed  to  form 
a  new  church  at  Charleatown.  They  had 
Mr.  James  for  their  pastor,  to  whom  Mr. 
Symmes  was  soon  united  os  teacher.  In 
Noy.  Mr.  Wilson  was  again  ordained 
as  paator.  In  the  following  year  he  re- 
ceived Mr,  Cotton  as  his  colleague,  and 
after  his  death  Mr.  Norton  July  33, 
1656.  He  survived  them  both.  He  died 
Aug,  7, 1667,  aged  78.  Mr.  Davenport 
succeeded  him,    Mr.  Wilson  was  one  of 


tha  moat  humble,  pious,  and  henarolent 
men  of  the  age,  in  which  he  lived.  Kind 
atTeotions  and  zeal  were  the  prominent 
traits  #1  his  character.  Such  was  bis 
readiness  to  relieve  the  distressed,  that  hia 
purse  was  oAen  emptied  into  the  hands  of 
the  needy.  Every  one  loved  him,  and 
ho  was  regarded  as  the  father  of  the  new 
plantation.  He  appears  frequently  to 
have  poaaessed  a  particular  faith  in  pray- 
er. Eventa  sometimes  occurred  accor- 
ding to  his  predictions.  The  blessings 
pronounced  by  him  had  been  observed  to 
be  so  prophetical,  that  on  hie  death  bed 
the  moat  considerable  persona  brought 
their  children  to  him  to  receive  his  bene- 
diction. Having  a  most  wonderful  talent 
at  rhyming,  he  used  to  write  pieces  of 
poetry  on  all  occasions  and  to  send  them 
to  all  persons.  Ho  was  also  a  great  ana- 
grammatist.  Dr.  Matherthinks,  that  he 
made  more  anagrams,  and  made  them 
more  nimbly,  than  any  man  since  tho 
days  of  Adam.  They  generally  conveyed 
some  religious  truth  or  advice.  But 
it  wBS.not  alwaya  the  case,  that  the 
letters  of  his  anagram  corresponded  with 
those  of  the  name.  It  was  perhaps  in 
pleasant  allusion  to  this  discordance,  as 
well  as  in  reference  to  the  hospitable  tem- 
per of  Mr.  Wilson,  that  Mr.  Ward,  the 
witty  author  of  the  simple  cobbler  of  Ag- 
gawam,  said  that  the  anagram  of  John 
Wilson  w<i8,  "  I  pray  come  in,  you  are 
heartily  welcome.  "  In  the  early  periods 
ofhis  life  his  discourses  were  very  cor- 
rect ;  but  as  ho  advanced  in  years  his 
sermons  consisted  principally  of  exhorta- 
tions, admonitions,  and  counsels  without 
much  connexion  or  method,  but  delivered 
with  affectionate  warmth.  He  partook 
of  the  common  error  of  his  times  in  cal- 
ling upon  the  civil  magistrate  to  punish 
those,  who  were  deemed  heretical  in  doc- 
trine. His  portrait  is  in  the  library  of  the 
historical  society.  He  p\iblished  in  Eng- 
land some  helps  to  faith,  13mo.  In  this 
country  an  extemporary  sermon  1665 
was  taken  down  by  a  stenographer  and 
afterwards  published. 

WILSON,  John,  minister  of  Medfield, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  gradua- 


WILSON. 


WINCHELL. 


781 


teJ  in  tha  flrst  c}a.n  at  Harvard  college 
in  1643  ;  wa«  onlnincd  as  colleague  with 
K.  Mather  at.   Dorrliester  in  1649  ;  but 


af\er  two  y(  ir^  removed  lo  Meflald, 
where  he  was  i  iini»ter  40  year*.  He 
died  Aug.  in,  1691,  aged  about  68. 

WILSON,  James,  judge,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  waa  born  in  Scotland 
about  1743.  After  being  educated  at 
Edinburgh  he  came  to  Philadelphia  in 
1766,  and  studied  law  with  J.  Dickinson. 
Being  a  member  of  congress  from  1775 
to  1777,  he  signed  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. Being  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention, which  framed  the  constitution 
of  the  U.  S.,  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee,  which  reported  it:  ho  was 
also  a  member  of  the  state  convention, 
which  ratified  it.  In  1789  he  wasi  appoin- 
ted a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
U.  S.  He  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C  while 
on  a  circuit,  Aug.  38, 1798,  oged  56.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  judge,  and 
was  professor  of  law  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania.  His  works,  including  his 
lectures,  are  in  3  vols.  8vo.  1804. 

WILSON,  James  P.,  D.  D.,  minister 
in  Philadelphia,  was  first  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  then  was  for  many  years  the 
pastor  of  the  first  presbyterian  church. 
He  died  at  his  residence  in  Bucks  county 
Dec.  10,  1830.  His  general  knowledge 
and  talents  and  his  usefulness  and  excel- 
lent character  caused  him  to  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of 
this  country.  He  published  lectures  on 
the  parables  and  the  historical  pans  of 
the  N.  T.  8vo.  1810. 

WILSON,  Matthew,  d.  D.,a  physi- 
cian, and  minister,  was  born  in  Chester 
county,  Penns.,  in  1729.  He  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Mc  Dowel),  a  physi- 
cian and  minister,  and  himself  sustained 
those  olRces  34  years  ;  he  also  for  years 
had  the  charge  of  an  academy  at  Newark. 
He  died  in  Lewis,  Delaware,  March  31, 
1790,  aged  61.  He  was  a  profound  theo- 
logian and  a  good  Hebrew  and  classical 
scholar  ;  truly  benevolent  and  pious ; 
mild,  afi'able,  and  courteous.  In  the  time 
of  the  revolution  his  patriotic  zeal  was 
ardent.    He  resolved  to  drink  no  more 


tea,  and  obliged  his  wife  and  children  to 
deny  themselves.  He  publiithed  a  paper, 
pro|KMing  17  plants  as  a  substitute.  But 
his  wife's  sister  on  a  visit  from  Philadel- 
phia infringed  his  domestic  regulation ; 
she  brought  tea  with  her,  and  as  it  was  of 
the  "  old  stock,  "  which  paid  no  duty, 
"  tea  she  would  drink.  "  He  published 
a  history  of  a  malignant  fever,  1774  ; 
remarks  on  the  cold  winter  of  1 779 — 1 780; 
an  essay  to  prove  that  most  diseases  pro- 
ceed from  miasmata  in  the  air,  1786. — 
Thaeher. 

WILSON,  Samuel,  m.  d.,  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Jan.  36, 
1763,  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  W.,  an  emi- 
nent physician.  At  the  age  of  17  he 
fought  under  Marion  in  the  revolutiona- 
ry war.  He  went  to  Edinburgh  in  1784 
to  pursue  the  study  of  medicine.  In  1791 
he  was  associated  in  business  with  Dr. 
Alexander  Baron ;  in  ISlO  with  his 
brother.  Dr.  Robert  W.  ;  and  afterwards 
with  his  sons.  Dr.  Isaac  and  Samuel  W. 
He  died  in  April  1837,  aged  64.  Many 
young  physicians  were  instructed  by  him. 
He  was  a  respected  physician;  an  amiable, 
benevolent  man  ;  an  elder  and  communi- 
cant in  the  church  for  30  years. 

WILSON,  Peter,  ll,  d.,  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin  in  Columbia  college,  N. 
Y.,  died  at  Hackensack,  N.  J.  in  Aug. 
1836,  aged  79.  He  was  a  distinguished 
scholar.  He  published  a  learned  work  on 
Greek  prosody. 

WILSON,  Alexander,  an  ornitholo- 
gist, and  poet,  was  born  at  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, and  came  to  this  country  in  1794. 
Becoming  acquainted  with  Mr.  Bartram 
of  Philadelphia,  he  was  induced  to  devote 
himself  to  the  study  of  natural  history. 
He  commenced  in  1803  the  publication 
in  7  vols.  4to.  of  his  most  interesting  and 
valuable  work,  the  American  ornithology, 
with  colored  plates.  An  Svo.  edition  has 
since  been  published.  He  died  in  Phila- 
delphia Aug.  23,  1813.  Besides  his  Orni- 
thology, he  published  the  Foresters,  a 
poem,  in  Port  Folio,  n.  s.  vol.  i. 

WINCHELL,Jame8,  ministerin  Bos- 
ton, the  son  of  col.  Martin  E.iW.,  was 
born  in  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1791; 


782 


WINCHESTER. 


WINSLOW. 


wag  graduated  at  Brown  university  in 
1812 ;  and  succeeded  Mr.  Clay  in  the 
first  b&ptist  church  in  Boston  March  30, 
1814.  He  died  of  the  consumption 
Feb.  32,  1820,  aged  28.  He  published 
Watts'  hymns,  arranged  according  to  the 
Bubjects  ;  2  discourses,  containing  a  his- 
tory of  his  church,  1819. 

WINCHESTER,  Elhanan,  an  itiner- 
ant preacher  of  the  doctrine  of  restora- 
tion, was  born  in  Brooklinc,  Mass.,  in 
1751.  Without  an  academical  education 
ha  commenced  preaching,  and  was  the 
first  minister  of  the  baptist  church  in 
Newton.  In  1778  he  was  a  minister  on 
Pedee  river  in  S.  Carolina,  zealously 
teaching  the  Calvinistic  doctrines,  as  ex- 
plained by  Dr.  Gill.  In  the  following 
year  his  labors  were  very  useful  among 
the  negroes.  In  1781  he  became  a 
preacher  of  universal  salvation  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  remained  several  years. 
He  afterwards  endeavored  to  propagate 
his  sentiments  in  various  parts  of  Ameri- 
ica  and  England.  He  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  in  April  1797,  aged  45.  His  sys- 
tem is  very  similar  to  that  of  Dr.Chauncy. 
He  published  a  volume  of  hymns,  1776  ; 
a  plain  political  catechism  for  schools  ;  a 
sermon  on  restoration,  1781  ;  universal 
restoration  in  four  dialogues,  1786  ;  lec- 
tures on  the  prophecies,  Amer.  edit.  2vois. 
8vo.  1800. 

WINDER,  William  H.,  general,  was 
born  in  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  in 
1775,  and  practised  law  at  Baltimore.  In 
the  war  of  1812  he  was  first  a  colonel, 
then  brigadier  general.  At  the  battle  of 
Bladenaburg  he  commanded  the  troops. 
On  the  return  of  peace  he  resumed  his 
profession.    He  died  May  24,  1824 . 

WINDER,  Levin,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, was  a  soldier  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  governor  during  the  late  war 
from  1812  to  1915.  In  1816  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  senate ;  he  was 
also  a  general  of  the  militia.  He  died 
July  1,  1819,  aged  63. 

WINGATE,  Joshua,  colonel,  the  son 
of  J.  W.,  an  early  settler  at  Dover,  N. 
H.,  was  at  the  conquest  of  Louisburg  in 
1745,  and  died  at  Hampton,  aged  about 


90.  His  son,  Paine  W.,  minister  of 
Amesbury,  Mass.,  died  Feb.  19,  1786, 
aged  83 ;  and  his  son,  Paine  W.,  a  judge 
of  tl#  sup.  court  of  N.  H.,  &  a  senator  of 
the  U.  S.,  is  the  oldest  living  graduate  of 
Harvard  college.  He  graduated  in  1759. 
All  the  names  before  his  in  the  catalogue, 
and  all  in  several  classes  ader  him  are 
starred.  He  stands  like  a  solitary  survi- 
vor on  the  field  of  battle. 

WINSLOW,  Edward,  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  the  son  of  E.  W., 
was  born  in  Worcestershire  in  1594.  In 
his  travels  becoming  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Robinson  at  Leyden,  he  joined  his 
church,  and  accompanied  the  first  settlers 
of  N.  E.  in  1620.  He  was  one  of  the 
party,  which  discovered  the  harbor  of 
Plymouth.  Possessing  great  activity  and 
resolution,  he  was  eminently  useful  in 
the  establishment  of  the  colony.  When 
the  first  conference  was  held  with  Mas- 
sassoit,  he  offered  himself  as  a  hostage. 
In  June  or  July  1641  he  visited  the  sa- 
chem, accompanied  by  S .  Hopkins,  with 
TisquantUm,  or  Squanto,  an  Indian,  for 
a  guide ;  on  his  way  to  Pakanokick,  the 
Indians  at  Namaschet  gave  him  the  best 
entertainment  in  their  power,  supplying 
him  with  the  spawn  of  shad  and  a  kind 
of  bread,  called  by  them  Maizium.  On 
arriving  at  the  residence  of  the  king,  he 
presented  to  him  a  horseman's  laced  coat 
of  red  cotton,  and  when  arrayed  with  it 
the  savage  seemed  wonderfully  delighted. 
In  1622  he  made  a  voyage  to  Monhegan 
island  to  procure  a  supply  of  bread  from 
the  fishing  vessels.  In  March  1623,  on 
hearing  that  Massassoit  was  sick,  he 
made  him  a  second  visit,  having,  as  he 
says,  "  one  master  John  Hampden,  a 
gentleman  of  London,  who  then  wintered 
with  us,  and  desired  much  to  see  the 
country,  for  my  consort,  and  Hobbamoc 
for  our  guide."  This  was  probably  the 
celebrated  Hampden,  who  hod  been  two 
or  three  years  a  member  of  parliament. 
On  arriving  at  Narragansett,  the  king 
was  found  extremely  sick  ;  but  the  skil- 
ful attendance  of  Mr.  Winslow  was  the 
means  of  restoring  him  to  health.  In  his 
gratitude  Massassoit  disclosed  a  plot  of 


WINSLOW, 


WINTHROP. 


788 


the  "  Massachuaeuki,"  which  was  sup- 
pressed by  Standish.  In  the  autumn  oi' 
1633  Mr.  W.  went  to  England  as  an 
agent  for  the  colony,  and  returned  in  the 
following  sp/ing  with  a  supply  of  neces- 
saries and  the  first  cattle,  which  were  in- 
troduced into  N.  E.  He  went  again  to 
England  in  1634  and  returned  in  1625. 
In  1633  he  was  chosen  governor,  Mr. 
Bradford  being  tmpor(una(c,  not  to  retain 
the  oiRce,  but  to  have  some  one  appoin- 
ted in  his  place ;  he  was  again  elected 
governor  in  1636  and  1644.  He  frequent- 
ly went  to  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  and 
Connecticut  rivers  on  trading  voyages. 
Going  to  England  as  an  agent  in  1635  he 
was  thrown  into  the  fleet  prison  for  17 
weeks  on  the  complaint  of  T.  Morton 
for  teaching  in  the  church  at  Plymouth 
and  for  performing  the  ceremony  of  mar- 
riage. He  exerted  his  influence  in  Eng- 
land to  form  the  society  for  propagating 
tiie  gospel  in  N.  England,  which  was  in- 
corporated in  1649  and  of  which  he  was 
an  active  member.  In  1655  he  was  ap- 
I)ointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to  su- 
perintend the  expeilition  against  the 
Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies.  The 
troops  were  defeated  by  an  inconsiderable 
number  of  the  enemy  near  St.  Domingo. 
In  the  passage  between  Hispaniola  and 
Jamaica  he  died  of  a  fever  May  8,  1655, 
aged  60,  and  was  buried  in  the  ocean. 
His  wife  died  March  24,  1621 :  his  second 
wife,  whom  he  married  May  12,  1621, 
was  Susanna,  widow  of  Wm.  White. 
This  was  the  first  marriage  in  N.  Eng- 
land. He  published  good  news  from  N. 
England,  or  a  relation  of  things  remar- 
kable in  that  plantation,  to  which  is  an- 
nexed an  account  of  the  Indian  natives, 
1623.  His  account  is  republished  in 
Belknap,  and  abridged  in  Purchas.  He 
published  also  hypocrisy  unmasked,  rela- 
ting to  the  communion  of  the  indepen- 
dent with  the  reformed  churches,  1646; 
&  a  narration  of  disturbances  made  in  N. 
England  by  Samuel  Gorton  and  his  ac- 
complices, 4to.  1649. — Belknap' $  Amer. 
biog.  II. 

WINSLOW,    Josiah,    governor   of 
Plymouth,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 


chosen  governor  in  1673  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Prince,  &  was  continued  in  this  office 
till  1680.  In  Philip's  war,  being  com- 
mander of  the  Plymouth  forces,  he  evin- 
ced himself  a  brave  soldier.  He  died  at 
Marshfield  Dec.  18,  1680,  aged  51.  His 
son,  Isaac  W.,  a  councillor  and  general, 
died  in  1738. 

WINSLOW,  John,  major  general  in 
the  British  service,  was  the  grandson  of 
the  preceding.  He  was  a  captain  in  the 
unfortunate  expedition  to  Cuba  in  1740, 
and  afterwards  major  general  in  the  sever- 
al expeditions  to  Kennebec,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  Crown  Point  in  the  French  wars. 
He  died  at  Hingham  in  April  1774,  aged 
71.  His  son.  Dr.  Isaac  W.,  died  at 
Marshfield  in  1819,  aged  80. 

WINTHROP,  John,  first  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Groton  in 
Suffolk,  Jan.  12,  1587,  and  was  bred  to  v. 
the  law.  Having  converted  a  fine  estate 
of  6  or  700/.  per  annum  into  money,  he 
embarked  for  America  in  the  43d  year  of 
his  age  as  the  leader  of  those  persons, 
who  settled  the  colony  of  Massachusetts, 
and  with  a  commission  as  governor.  He 
arrived  at  Salem  June  12, 1630,  and  soon 
removed  to  Charlestown,  and  afterwards 
crossed  the  river  to  Shawmut  or  Boston. 
In  the  three  following  years  he  was  re- 
chosen  governor,  for  which  ofiice  he  was 
eminently  qualified.  His  time,  his  exer- 
tions, his  interest  were  all  devoted  to  the 
infant  plantation.  In  1634  Mr.  Dudley 
was  chosen  in  his  place,  but  he  was  re- 
elected in  1637, 1638,and  1639,&  in  1642, 
1643,  1646,  1647,  and  1648.  He  died, 
worn  out  by  toils  and  depressed  by  afflic- 
tions, March  26,  1649,  aged  61.  Mr. 
Endicott  succeeded  him.  He  was  a  mos* 
faithful  and  uprigiit  magistrate  and  ex- 
emplary Chriiitian.  He  was  at  first  very 
mild  in  the  administration  of  justice  ;  but 
he  aflerwards  yielded  to  the  opinions  of 
others,  who  thought  that  severer  disci- 
pline was  necessary  in  a  new  plantation. 
Not  having  a  high  opinion  of  a  pure  de- 
mocracy, when  the  people  of  Connecti- 
cut were  forming  a  government,  he  wrote 
them  a  letter,  in  which  he  observed,  "  the 
best  part  of  a  community  is  always  the 


vi' 


714 


WINTHROP. 


least,  and  of  that  least  part  the  wiser  are 
still  less.  "  In  a  speech  to  the  general 
court  he  took  occasion  to  express  his  sen- 
timents concerning  the  power  of  the 
magistracy  and  the  liberty  of  the  people: 
"  you  have  called  us, "  said  he,  "to  office; 
but  being  called,  we  have  authority  from 
God,  it  is  the  ordinance  of  God,  and  hath 
the  image  of  God  stamped  upon  it ;  and 
the  contempt  of  it  hath  been  vindicated 
by  God  with  terrible  examples  of  his  ven- 
geance.— There  is  a  liberty  of  corrupt 
nature,  which  is  inconsistent  with  au- 
thority, impatient  of  restraint,  the  enemy 
of  truth  and  peace,  and  all  the  ordinances 
of  God  are  bent  against  it.  But  there  is 
a  civil,  moral,  federal  liberty,  which  con- 
sists in  every  one's  enjoying  his  property, 
and  having  the  benefit  of  the  laws  of  his 
country,  a  liberty  for  that  only,  which  is 
just  and  good  ;  for  this  liberty  you  are  to 
stand  with  your  lives."  In  the  course  of 
his  life  he  repeatedly  experienced  the  vers- 
atility of  the  public  opinion;  but,  when  he 
was  left  out  of  office,  he  possessed  perfect 
calmness  of  mind,  and  still  exerted  himself 
to  serve  his  country.  Jn  severe  trials  his 
magnanimity,  wisdom,  and  patience  were 
conspicuous.  He  denied  himself  many 
of  the  elegances  of  life,  that  he  might 
give  an  example  of  frugality  and  temper- 
ance, and  might  exercise  liberality  with- 
out impoverishing  his  family.  He  was 
condescending  and  benevolent.  In  a  sev- 
ere winter,when  wood  was  scarce,  he  was 
told  that  a  neighbor  was  wont  to  help 
himself  from  the  pile  at  his  door.  "  Does 
he?"  said  the  governor  in  seeming  an- 
ger; "  call  him  to  me,  and  I  Will  take  a 
course  with  him,  that  shall  cure  him  of 
stealing. "  When  the  man  appeared, 
he  addressed  him  thus,  "  friend,  it  is  a 
cold  winter,  and  I  hear  you  are  meanly 
provided  with  wood ;  you  are  welcome 
to  help  yourself  at  my  pile  till  the  winter 
is  over.  "  He  afterwards  asked  his  in- 
formant,   whether    he  had    not  put    a 

stop  to  the  poor  man's  stealing?  " 

Though  he  was  rich  when  he  came  to 
this  country,  yet  through  his  devotion 
to  public  business,  while  his  estate  was 
managed  by  unfaitliiul  servants,  he  died 


poor.  He  was  so  much  of  a  theologian, 
that  he  sometimes  gave  the  word  of  ex- 
hortation in  the  church.  His  zeal  against 
thosCi^who  had  embraced  erroneous  doc- 
trines, diminished  in  his  latter  year6.  He 
was  careful  in  his  attendance  upon  the 
duties  of  public  and  of  family  worship. 
Governor's  island  in  the  harbor  of  Boston 
was  granted  to  him,  and  still  remains  in 
the  possession  of  his  descendants.  He 
procured  a  law  against  the  heathenish 
practice  of  health  drinking.  From  his 
picture  it  appears,  that  he  wore  a  long 
beard.  He  kept  an  exact  account  of  oc- 
currences and  transactions  in  the  colony 
down  to  the  year  1648,  which  was  of 
great  service  to  Hubbard,  Mather,  and 
Prince.  It  was  not  published  till  the 
year  1790,  when  it  was  printed  in  8vo. 
A  manuscript  of  the  third  volume  of 
Winthrop's  history  was  found  in  1816  in 
the  N-  England  library,  kept  in  the  tow- 
er of  the  old  south  church.  Mr.  James 
Savage  transcribed  it,  and,  adding  notes 
to  this  and  the  work  already  printed,  pub- 
lished a  new  edition  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1825. 
Besides  adding  valuable  notes  he  collated 
the  former  manuscripts  with  the  edition 
of  1790  and  corrected  many  errors  and 
suggested  amendments.  As  he  invites 
free  remarks  upon  his  mistakes  in  return 
for  his  own  freedom,  a  strange  error,  into 
which  he  has  fallen,  n-.ay  be  mentioned 
as  illustrating  the  peril  of  conjectural 
emendation.  In  the  following  passage  in 
the  first  edition, — "  Board  was  at  9  and 
10  s.  the  C  ;  carpenters  at  3s.  the  day," 
— he  finds  great  difficulty,  supposing,  that 
board  means  boarding,  and  that  there  is  a 
reference  to  the  expense  for  victuals,  and 
therefore  removes  the  word  Board  from 
the  text  and  substitutes  Bread  in  its 
place,  as  sold  at  9  shillings  the  hundred  ; 
yet  candidly  states  in  a  note,  that  "  the 
manuscript  looks  very  much  like  the 
reading  of  the  former  edition,  which  was 
ridiculous."  That  it  was,  nevertheless, 
the  true  reading,  I  suppose  be  will  him- 
self readily  allow,  and  will  consider  his 
metamorphosis  of  board  into  6rea(f  suffi- 
ciently laughable,  when  he  shall  just 
think  of  the  primitive  meaning  of  tha 


W. 


WINTHROP. 


78S 


word  board,  viz.  "a  thin  piece  of  wood," 
the  material,  on  which  earpenten  usual- 
ly work,  and  imagines  the  price  of  boards 
to  be  9  or  10s.  the  C,  which  is  the  pre- 
sent price  of  some  kinds  of  lumber.  In 
this  rare  case  it  is  easier  to  digest  a  board 
than  bread.  Yet  this  one  error  should 
not  impair  the  confidence  in  the  general 
accuracy  of  the  diligent  and  learned  edi- 
tor of  Winthrop's  Journal. — Mather't 
ffkagnalia,  ii.  8-15  ;  Belknap's  biog.  ii. 
837-338. 

WINTHROP,  John,  f.  h.  s.,  gover- 
nor of  Connecticut,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  his  fine  genius  was  im- 
proved by  a  liberal  education  in  the  uni- 
versities ^of  Cambridge  and  of  Dublin, 
and  by  travel  upon  the  continent.  He 
arrived  at  Boston  in  Oct.  1635,  with  au- 
thority to  make  a  settlement  in  Conn, 
and  the  next  month  despatched  a'number 
of  persons  to  build  a  fort  at  Saybrook. 
He  was  chosen  governor  in  1657  and 
again  in  1659,  and  from  that  period  he  was 
annually  re-elected  till  his  death.  In 
1661  he  went  to  England  and  procured  a 
charter,  incorporating  Connecticut  and 
N.  Haven  into  one  color:/.  He  died  at 
Boston  April  5,  1676,  aged  70  years. 
His  wife,  Elizabeth,  was  a  daughter  of 
Hugh  Peters.  Among  the  descendants 
of  his  son,  Waitstill,  who  died  at  Boston 
Sept.  7,  1717  aged  75,  is  Thonlas  Lindall 
W,,  the  lieutenant  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts.— He  possessed  a  rich  variety  of 
knowledge,  and  was  particularly  skilled  in 
chemistry  and  physic.  His  valuable 
qualities  as  a  gentleman,  a  Christian,  a 
philosopher,  and  a  magistrate  secured  to 
him  universal  respect.  He  published 
some  valuable  communications  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

WINTHROP,  Fitz  John,  f.  r.  s., 
governor  of  Conn.,  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  March  14,  1639.  In 
16S9  he  was  maj.  gen.  of  the  army,  sent 
to  operate  against  Canada.  In  1694  he 
was  agent  of  the  colony  to  G.  Britain, 
and  rendered  such  service,  that  the  legis- 
lature presented  him  with  500/.  He  was 
governor  from  1698  till  his  death  Nov. 
27,  1707,  aged  68.  His  son,  John,  a 
99 


graduate  of  Harvard  college  in  1700,  and 
who  died  in  England  in  1747,  was  a 
learned  man  and  a  member  of  the  royal 
society. 

WINTHROP,  John,  ll.d.,  f.h.s., 
Hollis  professor  of  mathematics  &  natural 
philosophy  in  Harvard  college,  was  the 
son  of  Adam  Winthrop,  a  member  of 
the  council,  and  a  descendant  of  the  gov. 
of  Mass.  He  was  graduated  in  1733^^ 
In  1738  he  was  appointed  professor  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Greenwood.  He  im« 
mediately  entered  upon  the  duties  of  this 
office  and  discharged  them  with  fidelity 
and  high  repitation  through  life.  In 
1761  he  sailed  to  St.  John's  in  Newfound- 
land to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  over 
the  sun's  disk  June  6th,  agreeably  to  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Halley.  When 
the  day  arrived,  he  was  favored  with  a 
fine,  clear  morning,  and  he  enjoyed  the 
inexpressible  satisfaction  of  observing  a 
phenomenon,which  had  never  before  been 
seen,  excepting  by  Mr,  Horrox  in  1639, 
by  aYiy  inhabitant  of  the  earth.  He  died 
at  Cambridge  May  3,  1779,  aged  64. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  very  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  mathematical 
science.  His  talents  in  investigating 
and  communicating  truth  were  very 
rare.  In  the  variety  and  extent  of  his 
knowledge  he  has  seldom  been  equalled. 
He  had  deeply  studied  the  policies  of 
different  ages ;  he  had  read  the  principal 
fathers  ;  and  he  was  thoroughly  acquain- 
ted with  the  controversy  between  Chris- 
tians end  deists.  His  firm  faith  in  the 
Christian  religion  was  founded  upon 
an  accurate  examination  of  the  evidences 
of  its  truth,  and  the  virtues  of  his  life 
added  a  lustre  to  his  intellectual  powers 
and  scientific  attainments.  In  his  family 
he  devoutly  maintained  the  worship  of 
the  supreme  Being.  While  he  himself 
attended  upon  the  positive  institutions 
of  the  gospel,  he  could  not  conceive  what 
reason  any  one,  who  called  himself  a 
Christian,  could  give  for  neglecting  them. 
The  day  before  his  death  he  said, — "The 
hope,  that  is  set  before  us  in  the  New 
Testament,  is  the  only  thing,  which  will 
support  a  man  in  his  dying  hour.     If 


■f:       ' 


786 


WINTHROP. 


•  ?>s'iii'f  •"' 


WISTAR. 


any  man  builds  on  any  other  foundation, 
in  my  apprehension  his  foundation  will 
fail."  His  accurate  observations  of  the 
transitof  Mercury  in  1740  were  noticed 
by  the  royal  society  of  London.  He 
published  a  lecture  on  earthquakes,  1755; 
answer  to  Mr.  Prince's  letter  upon  earth- 
quakes, 1756 ;  two  letters  on  comets, 
1759 ;  an  account  of  several  fiery  meteors, 
1765. 

WINTHROP,  James,  ll.d.,  judge, 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  graduated 
in  1769,  and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bun- 
ker hill.  For  some  years  he  was  chief 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and 
register  of  probate.  He  died  at,  Cam- 
bridge Sept.  36,  1821 ,  aged  70.  The 
valuable  library,  which  he  had  collected, 
he  bequeathed  to  Alleghany  o  allege, 
Penns.  He  published  a  translation  of 
apart  of  the  apocalypse,  1794,  and  vari- 
ous scientific  papers. 

WISE,  John,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  the  son  of  Joseph  W.,  wits  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1673, 'and 
was  soon  ordained  at  Chebacco  in  Ips- 
wich. In  1698  he  was  imprisoned  by 
Andros  for  remonstrating  against  the 
taxjBS  as  a  grievance,  because  imposed 
without  an  assembly.  After  the  revolu- 
tion he  brought  an  action  against  Mr. 
Dudley,  ihe  chief  justice,  for  denyitig 
him  the  benefits  of  the  habeas  corpus 
act .  Being  a  chaplain  in  the  unhappy 
expedition  against  Canada  in  1690,  he 
distinguished  himself  not  only  by  the 
pious  discharge  of  the  sacred  office,  but 
by  his  heroic  spirit  and  martial  skill. 
When  several  ministers  signed  proposals 
in  1705  for  establishing  associations, 
which  should  be  intrusted  with  spiritual 
power,  he  exerted  himself  with  effect  to 
■vert  the  danger,  which  threatened  the 
congregational  churches.  In  a  book, 
which  he  wrote  upon  this  occasion,  enti- 
tled, the  churches'  quarrel  espoused,  he 
exhibited  no  small  share  of  the  wit  and 
satire  of  a  former  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mr.  Ward.  He  contended,  that  each 
church  contains  in  itself  all  ecclesiastical 
authority.  In  1721,  when  the  inocula- 
tion of  the  small  pox  was  first  introduced. 


he  was  one  of  those  ministers,  who  ap- 
proved of  it.  Mr.  Stoddard  of  North- 
ampton was  another.  Mr.  Wise  died 
April  8,  1725,  aged  73.  He  was  en- 
riched with  the  excellences  of  nature 
and  of  religion,  uniting  a  graceful  form 
and  majestic  aspect  to  a  lively  imagination 
and  sound  judgment,  and  to  incorruptible 
integrity,  unshaken  fortitude,  liberal  char- 
ity, and  fervent  piety.  His  attachment 
to  civil  and  religious  liberty  was  zealous 
and  firm.  He  was  a  learned  scholar  and 
eloquent  orator.  In  his  last  sickness  he 
expressed  a  deep  sense  of  his  own  un- 
worthiness  in  the  sight  of  heaven,  and  a 
conviction,  that  he  needed  the  divine 
mercy  and  was  entirely  dependent  on 
the  free  grace  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus. 
He  published  the  Churches'  quarrel  es- 
poused, 1710;  and  a  vindication  of  the 
government  of  the  N.  England  churches, 
about  the  year  1717  or  1718.  It  was  re- 
printed in  1773.  He  contends  that  the 
ecclesiastical  government,  as  established 
by  Christ,  and  as  existing  in  N.  E.,  was 
a  democracy,  and  was  best  calculated  for 
the  advantage  of  all. 

WISE,  Jeremiah,  minister  of  Berwick, 
Me., was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1700,  and  was  ordained  as  successor  of 
John  Wade  Nov.  26, 1707.  He  died  in 
1756.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  piety 
and  goodness.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Charles  Frost,  1725  ;  election 
sermon, 
of  James  Pike,  1730 

WISTAR,  Caspar,  m.  d.,  a  physi- 
cian, was  a  grandson  of  Caspar  W.,  who 
emigrated  from  Germany  in  1717,  and 
established  a  glass  manufactory  in  N. 
Jersey.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
Sept.  13,  1761 ;  his  parents  werequakers. 
In  Oct.  1783  he  went  to  England  in  or- 
der to  complete  his  medical  education. 
His  father's  death  put  him  in  possession 
of  a  fortune ;  yet  was  he  not  induced  to 
relax  in  his  industry.  He  returned  .o 
Philadelphia  in  Jan.' 1787.  In  1789  he 
was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
college  ;  &  in  1808  he  succeeded  Shippen 
as  professor  of  anatomy.  As  a  lecturer 
he  was  fluent  a^d  eloquent,  and  he  gave 


1729  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination 


WITHERSPOON. 


787 


most  ample  inatruction.  As  a  physician 
he  was  scrupulously  attentive  to  his 
patients  and  eminently  skilful.  He  died 
of  a  maligfnant  fever  Jan.  23, 1818,  aged 
56.  Three  children,  by  his  second  wife, 
Elizabeth  Mifflin,  niece  of  gov.  M., 
survived  him.  He  published  a  system  of 
anatomy. —  Tilghman^s  eulogy ;    Thach- 

W[THERSrOON,  John,  d.  d., 
L  L.  D.,  president  of  the  college  of  N. 
Jersey,  was  horn  in  Yester  near  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  5,  1723,  and  was  lineally  de- 
scended from  John  Knox.  At  the  age  of 
1 4  he  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  continued  till  he  reached  the 
age  of  31 ,  when  he  was  licensed  to  preach 
the  gospel.  He  was  soon  ordained  at 
Beith,  and  thence  was  translated  to  Pais- 
ley. Here  he  lived  in  high  reputation 
and  great  usefulness,  until  he  was  called 
to  the  presidency  of  Princeton  college. 
So  extensively  was  he  known,  that  he 
was  invited  to  Dundee,  to  Dublin,  and 
Rotterdam.  He  arrived  with  his  family 
at  Princeton,  N.  Jersey,  in  Aug.  176S, 
and  took  the  charge  of  a  seminary,  over 
which  had  presided  Dickinson,  Burr, 
Edwards,  Davies,  and  Finley,  men  dis- 
tinguished for  genius,  learning,  and  piety. 
His  name  brought  a  great  accession  of 
students  to  the  college,  and  by  his  exer- 
tions its  funds  were  much  augmented. 
But  the  war  of  the  American  revolution 
prostrated  every  thing.  While  the 
academical  shades  were  deserted,  and  his 
functions  as  president  were  suspended, 
he  was  introduced  into  a  new  field  of 
labor.  As  he  became  at  once  an  Ameri- 
can on  his  landing  in  this  country,  the 
citizens  of  N.  Jersey,  who  knew  his  dis- 
tinguished abilities,  appointed  him  a 
member  of  the  convention,  which  formed 
the  constitution  ofthat  state.  Here  he 
appeared  as  profound  a  civilian,  as  he 
had  before  been  known  to  be  a  philoso- 
pher and  divine.  From  the  revolutiona- 
ry committees  and  conventions  of  the 
state  he  was  sent  early  in  1776  a  repre- 
sentative to  the  congress.  He  was 
during  7  years  a  member  of  that  illus- 
trious body,  and  he  was  always  collected, 


firm,  and  wise  amidst  the  embarrassing 
circumstances,  in  which  congress  was 
placed.  His  name  is  affixed  to  the  dec- 
laration of  independence.  But  ,while  he 
was  thus  engaged  in  political  affairs,  he 
did  not  lay  cside  his  ministry.  He  glad- 
ly embraced  every  opportunity  of  preach- 
ing, for  his  character  as  a  minister  of  the 
gospel  he  ever  considered  as  his  highest 
honor.  As  soon  as  the  state  of  the  coun- 
try would  permit,  the  college  was  re- 
established, and  its  instruction  was  re- 
commenced under  the  immediate  care  of 
the  vice  president.  Dr.  Smith.  Afler 
the  termination  of  the  struggle  for  Amer- 
ican liberty,  Dr.  W.  was  induced  from 
his  attachment  to  the  college  to  cross  the 
ocean,  that  he  might  promote  its  benefit. 
After  his  return,  he  entered  into  that  re- 
tirement, which  was  dear  to  him,  and  his 
attention  was  principally  confined  to  the 
duties  of  his  office  as  president,  and  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.  For  more  than 
two  years  before  his  death  he  was  afflic- 
ted with  the  loss  of  fight ;  but  during 
his  blindness  he  was  frequently  led  into 
the  pulpit,  and  he  always  acquitted  him- 
self with  his  usual  accuracy  and  anima- 
tion. At  length  he  sunk  under  the  pres- 
sure of  his  infirmities.  He  died  Nov.  15, 
1794,  aged  7  '  He  was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Smith. — >>  possessed  a  mass  of  in- 
formation, well  lected  and  thoroughly 
digested.  Scarce  v  ar^  man  of  the  age 
had  a  more  vigorous  mind,  or  a  more 
sound  understanding.  As  president 
of  the  college  he  rendered  literary 
inquiries  more  liberal,  extensive,  and 
profound,  and  v/as  the  means  of  produe* 
ing  an  important  revolution  in  the  system 
of  education.  He  extended  the  study  of 
mathematical  science,  and  it  is  believed 
he  was  the  first  man,  who  taught  in  A- 
merica  the  substance  of  those  doctrines 
of  the  philosophy  of  the  mind,  which  Dr. 
Reid  afterwards  developed  with  so  much 
success.  He  was  very  distinguished  as  a 
preacher.  He  loved  to  dwell  on  the 
great  doctrines  of  divine  grace.  Though 
he  wrote  his  sermons,  and  committed 
them  to  memory,  yet  as  he  was  governed 
by  the  desire  of  doing  good  and  wished 


788 


WOLCOTT. 


to  bring  his  diacounea  to  the  level  of  ev- 
ery understanding,  he  was  not  confined, 
when  addressing  his  hearers,  within  the 
boundaries  of  what  he  had  written .  His 
life  was  upright  and  holy.  Besides  the 
daily  intercourse  with  heaven,  which  he 
held  in  the  closet,  and  occasional  seasons 
of  solemn  recollection  and  devotion,  he 
observed  the  last  day  of  the  year  with  his 
family  as  a  day  of  fasting,  humiliation, 
and  prayer. 

His  works  are  various,  for  he  wrote 
on  political,  moral,  literary,  and  religious 
subjects.  No  one  has  more  strikingly 
displayed  the  pernicious  efiects  of  the 
stage ;  and  his  treatises  on  the  nature 
and  necessity  of  regeneration,  justification 
by  free  grace  through  Jeaus  Christ,  the 
importance  of  truth  in  religion,  or  the 
connexion  between  sound  principles  and 
a  holy  practice  are  highly  esteemed. 
Though  a  very  serious  writer,  he  yet  pos- 
sessed a  fund  of  refined  humor  and.delicate 
satire.  In  his  ecclesiastical  characteristics 
hij  wit  was  directed  at  certain  corruptions 
in  principle  and  practice,  prevalent  in  the 
church  of  Scotland,  and  it  is  been  and 
cutting.  He  formed  a  union  of  those, 
who  accorded  with  him,  and  became  at 
length  their  leader.  His  works  were 
published  in  4  vols,  with  an  account  of 
his  life  by  Dr.  Rodgers,  8vo.  1803. 

WOLCOTT,  Roger,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  a  decendant  of  Henry  W., 
was  born  at  Windsor  Jan.  4,  1679.  His 
parents  lived  in  a  part  of  the  country, 
which  suffered  much  from  the  Indians, 
and  in  the  town  there  was  neither  a 
schoolmaster  nor  minister,  so  that  he  was 
not  a  member  of  a  common  school  for  a 
single  day  in  his  life.  When  he  was  12 
years  of  age  he  was  bound  as  an  appren- 
tice to  a  mechanic.  At  the  age  of  31, 
when  the  laws  permitted  him  to  enjoy 
the  fruits  of  his  labors,  he  established  him- 
self on  the  east  side  of  Conn,  river  in  the 
same  town,  in  which  he  was  born,  where 
by  the  blessinef  of  God  upon  his  industry 
and  frugality  he  acquired  what  was  con- 
sidered as  a  plentiful  fortune.  He  is  an 
eminent  proof  of  the  power  of  talents  and 
integrity,  in  a  free  country,  in  raising  one 


to  distinction,  notwithstanding  the  disad- 
vantages of  education  and  of  birth.  He 
rose  by  degrees  to  the  highest  military 
and  civil  honors.  In  the  expedition 
against  Canada  in  17 1 1  he  was  commis- 
sary of  the  Connecticut  forces,  and  at 
the  capture  of  Louisbourg  in  1745  he 
bore  the  commission  of  major  general. 
He  was  successively  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly and  of  the  council,  judge  of  the 
county  court,  deputy  governor,  chief 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  from 
1751  to  1754  governor.  He  died  May 
17,  1767,  aged  88.  In  all  his  exaltation 
above  his  neighbors  he  exhibited  no 
haughtiness  of  deportment,  but  was  easy 
of  access,  free  and  afiable,  of  ready  wit 
and  great  humor.  His  literary  attain- 
ments were  such,  that  in  conversation 
with  the  learned  upon  most  subjects  he 
secured  respect.  He  was  much  attached 
to  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  a 
Christian  church.  From  the  year  1754, 
when  his  life  was  more  retired,  he  devo- 
ted himself  particularly  to  reading,  medi- 
tation, and  prayer.  He  was  very  careful 
in  searching  into  himself,  that  .he  might 
perceive  his  own  character,  and  know 
whether  he  was  rescued  from  that  de- 
pravity, to  which  previously  to  the  re- 
newing agency  of  the  divine  Spirit  the 
human  mind  is  subjected,  and  whether 
he  was  interested  in  the  salvation  of  the 
gospel.  In  his  last  moments  he  was  sup- 
ported by  the  hopes  of  the  Christian,  and 
he  entered  into  his  rest.  He  published 
poetical  meditations,  with  a  preface  by 
Mr.  Bulkley  of  Colchester,  1735  ;  a  letter 
to  Mr.  Hobart  in  1761,  entitled,  the  new 
English  congregational  churches  are  and 
always  have  been  consociated  churches, 
and  their  liberties  greater  and  better 
founded  in  their  platform,  agreed  upon 
at  Cambridge  in  1648,  than  in  the  agree- 
ment at  Saybrook  in  1708.  Alongpoem, 
written  by  gov.  Wolcott,  entitled,  a  brief 
account  of  the  agency  of  J.  Winthrop  in 
the  court  of  Charles  II  in  1662  in  procur- 
ing the  charter  of  Connecticut,  is  preser- 
ved in  the  collections  of  the  historical 
socie^v.    It  describes  with  considerable 


WOLCOTT. 


WOLFE. 


fii 


minuteness  the  Pequot'war. — Hi$t.  eol. 
IV.  262—397. 

WOLCOTT,  ErastuB,  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  of  Connecticut,  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  about  the  year 
1738.  In  1776  he  commanded  a  regi- 
ment ofmilitia,  and  assisted  in  the  invest- 
ment of  Boston.  He  was  appointed  a 
brigadier  general  in  1777,  and  went  on 
an  expedition  to  Peek's  i<iil.  He  was  re- 
peatedly a  member  of  congress.  To- 
wards the  close  of  his  life  he  resigned  his 
office  ofjudge.  He  died  Sept.  14,  1793, 
aged  70.  Integrity  and  patriotism  were 
united  in  his  character  with  religion.  He 
was  a  sealous  friend  to  republican  prin- 
ciples, an  able  advocate  of  the  rights  of 
his  country.  His  last  illness  he  bore  with 
a  cheerful  serenity  and  submission  to  the 
will  of  God.  A  short  religious  tract, 
written  by  him,wa8  annexed  to  Mc  Clure's 
sermon  on  his  death. 

WOLCOTT,  Oliver,  ll.  d.,  governor 
of  Connecticut,  the  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  about  the  year  1727, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1747. 
He  sustained  a  captain's  commission  in 
the  war  with  the  French.    On  retiring 
from  military  service  he  studied  physic  ; 
but  his  attention  was  drawn  from  this 
profession  by  his  appointment  as  high 
sheriff  of  the  county  of  Litchfield,  which 
office  he  sustained  about  14  years.    He 
was  a  member  of  the  memorable  congress, 
which  agreed  upon  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence in  1776,  and  he  boldly  advo- 
cated that  measure.    Barlow,  in  his  Vi- 
sion of  Columbus,  says, — 
"Bold  Wolcra   urg'd  the  all  important  cause, 
With  (Stead; '  hand  the  solemn  scene  he  draws; 
Undaunted  tirmness  with   his  wisdom  join'd, 
ISor  kings  nor  worlds  could  warp  hi*  steadfast 
mmd.'' 

He  was  chosen  governor  in  1796,  but 
died  Dec,  1,  1797,  aged  71.  Mr.  Trum- 
bull succeeded  him.  His  son,  Oliver  W., 
was  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  gover- 
nor from  1817  to  1827.  Incorruptible 
integrity  and  unshaken  firmness  were 
conspicuous  traits  in  his  character.  He 
was  the  friend  of  virtue  and  religion.  In 
his  last  sickness  he  expressed  a  deep  sense 
of  his  personal   unworthiness  and  guilt. 


WOLFE,  James,  a  major  general 
in  the  British  army,  was  born  in  Wes- 
terham  in  Kent  January  3,  1737.    He 
entered  young  into  the  army,  and  soon 
distinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and  skil- 
ful officer.    After  his  return  fVom  the 
expedition  against  Louisbourg  in  1758, 
he  was  immediately    appointed    to  the 
command  of  one  of  the  expeditions,  des- 
tined against  Canada  in  1759.    He  ar- 
rived at  the  island  of  Orleans  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Quebec  late  in  June.    On  the 
last  of  July  he  attacked  the  French  in- 
trenchments  at  Montmorency  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  St.  Charles,  but  his  troops 
were  thrown  into  disorder  by  the  enemy's 
fire,  and  be  was  compelled  to  give  orders 
for  returning  to  the  island.  He  now  deter- 
mined to  effect  a  landing  above  the  city, 
and  by  scaling  a  precipice  to  gain  the 
heights  back  of  the  town,  where  it  was 
but  slightly  fortified.    He  was  fully  aware 
of  the    temerity  of  the  enterprise,  but 
resolved    io     execute    it.       September 
thirteenth,  an   hour  before   day  break, 
he  landed    with  a   strong   detachment 
about  a    mile   above    cape    Diamond. 
Ascending  the  precipice  by  the  aid  of  the 
rugged  projections  of  the  rocks,  and  the 
branches    of  trees    and    plants,    grow- 
ing on  the  cliflis,  the  van   gained  the 
heights,    and  quickly   dispersecl  a  cap- 
tain's guard,  which  had  been  intrusted 
with  a  four  gun  battery.    The  whole 
army  was  soon  upon  the  heights  of  Abra- 
ham.   Montcalm  now  perceived  that  a 
battle  could  no  longer  be  avoided,  and 
that  the  fate  of  Quebec  depended  on  the 
issue.    He  immediately  crossed  the  St. 
Charles,  and  marched  to  attack  the  Eng- 
lish army.     In  the  beginning  of  the  ac- 
tion Wolfe  received  a  ball  in  his  wrist, 
but  wrapping  a  handkerchief  around  his 
arm  he  continued  to  encourage  his  men. 
He  soon  received  a  shot  in  the  groin, 
which  he  also  concealed.    He  was  advan- 
cing at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  with 
charged  bayonets,  when  a  third  bullet 
pierced  his  breast.    Being  conveyed  into 
the  rear,  he  still  discovered,  in  the  agonies 
of  death,  the  most    anxious   solicitude 
concerning  the  fate  of  the  day.    Asking 


790 


•»>»  »/*"3J 


WOOD. 


.Ti'-J 


on  officer  to  support  liim,  while  lie  view- 
ed the  field,  "  tell  me,  sir,"  said  he,  "  <lo 
the  enemy  give  way  there,  tell  me,  for  I 
cannot  see."  His  sight  was  dimmed  and 
confused,  and  almost  extinguished  forev- 
er. Being  told,  that  the  enemy  was  visi- 
bly broken,  he  reclined  his  head  from  ex- 
treme faintness  on  the  officer's  arm  ;  but 
he  was  soon  aroused  by  the  cry  of  "  they 
run,  they  run  1 "  "  Who  run  ?  "  exclaim- 
ed the  hero.  Tiie  officer  replied,  "  the 
French  ;  they  are  beat,  sir,  they  are  fly- 
ing before  you."  The  general  then  said, 
"  I  am  satisfied,  my  boys!"  and  almost 
instantly  expired.  This  death  of  the  il- 
lustrious Wolfe  in  the  33d  year  of  his  age 
eambines  every  circumstance  to  gratify 
the  thirst  for  military  glory.  If  the  crea- 
tures of  God  were  allowed  to  seek  their 
OAvn  honor,  and,  if  men  destined  for  im- 
mortality, would  choose  to  place  this 
honor  in  having  their  names  repeated, 
and  their  heroism  applauded  by  future 
and  unknown  generations;  perhaps  no  in- 
stance of  a  death  more  to  be  envied  could 
be  found  in  the  annals  of  history.  The 
body  of  Wolfe  was  carried  to  England, 
and  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  mem- 
ory :n  Westminster  abbey.  He  was  for- 
med by  nature  for  military  greatness. 
His  apprehension  was  quick  and  clear,  his 
judgment  sound,  his  courage  daring  per- 
haps to  an  extreme.  With  a  temper 
lively  and  almost  impetuous  he  was  not 
subject  to  passion,  and  with  the  greatest 
independence  he  was  free  from  pride. 
He  was  manly,  yet  gentle,  kind,  and  con- 
ciliating in  his  manners.  He  was  not 
only  just,  but  generous  ;  ar.d  he  search- 
ed out  the  objects  of  his  charity  and 
beneficence  among  his  needy  officers. 

WOOD,  William,  author  of  the  earli- 
est printed  account  of  Massachusetts, 
came  to  this  country  in  1629,  and  after  a 
residence  of  about  4  y.ars  set  sail  for 
England  Aug.  15,  J  033.  Nothing  far- 
ther is  known  with  certainty  concerning 
him.  He  says,  that  in  the  town,  in 
which  he  resided,  there  were  in  3  years 
and  a  half  only  3  deaths,  and  twoof  those 
were  infants.  Mr.  Lewis  supposes,  that 
hp  lived  in  Lynn,  and  was  the  Wni.  W., 


who  was  the  reprcucntative  in  16SA  and 
in  1637  removed  to  Sandwich,  where  ho 
was  town  clerk.  He  published  "  New 
Bingland'd  Prospect,  being  a  true,  lively, 
and  experimental  description  of  that  part 
of  America,  commonly  called  New  Eng- 
land," London,  1634,  1635,  and  1630  ; 
reprinted  Boston,  with  an  introductory 
essBy,1764.  This  work  is  well  written  and 
very  amusing.  It  is  surprising,  that  it 
has  not  been  republished  in  the  Mass. 
historical  collections.  The  towns,  which 
he  describes,  are  Wichaguscusset,  mount 
Wolleston,  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  Bos- 
ton, Charlestown,  Medford,  Newtown, 
Watertown,  Mistick,  Winnisimet,  Sau- 
gus,  Salem,  Marblehead,  Agowamme, 
and  Merrimack,  although  in  the  two  last 
places  there  were  "scarce  any  inhabi- 
tants." As  to  the  peninsula  of  BoBton, 
he  says  that  "  a  little  fencing  will  secure 
their  cattle  from  the  wolves:  "  at  the 
south  side,  at  one  corner,  was  "  a  great 
broad  hill,"  with  a  fort  upon  it ;  on  the 
north  side  was  an  equal  hill,  having  a 
windmill  upon  it ;  and  to  the  north  west 
a  "  high  mountain,  with  three  little  ri- 
sing hills  on  the  top  of  it,  wherefore  it 
is  called  the  Tramount."  This  word 
now  appears  in  the  form  of  Tremont. 
His  specimen  of  the  Massachusetts'  In- 
dian language  is  the  earliest  to  be  found  ; 
the  following  are  a  few  of  the  words: — 
abamocho,  the  devil ;  annum,  a  dog ; 
cowims,  sleeps  ;  cossaquot,  bow  -end  ar- 
rows ;  cone,  the  sun ;  coepot,  ice ;  eat 
chumnis,  Indian  corn  ;  hoc,  the  body  ; 
hub  hub  hub,  come  come  come  ;  matchet, 
it  is  naught ;  mattamoi,  to  die ;  matta, 
no ;  mawcus  sinnus,  a  pair  of  shoes ; 
maw  paw,  it  anows  ;  matchet  wequon, 
very  blunt ;  nuncompees,  a  boy ;  nick- 
squaw,  a  maid  ;  nippe,  water  ;  nasampe, 
pottage  ;  nttop,  a  friend  ;  ottucke ,  a  deer ; 
occonc,  adeerckin  ;  ottommaocke,  tobac- 
co ;  ontoquos,  a  wolf;  pow  wow,  a  con- 
jurer ;  pappouse,  a  child  ;  picke,  a  pipe ; 
papowne,  vi-inter ;  pequas,  a  fox  ;  pesis- 
su,  a  little  man  ;  sagamore,  a  king  ;  sach- 
em, a  king  ;  sannup,  a  man  ;  squaw,  a 
woman  ;  suckis  suacke,  a  clam  ;  sequan, 
the  summer ;  tokucke,  a  hatchet ;  warn- 


WOOD. 


WOODBRIDGE. 


791 


pompeage,  Indian  money  ;  winnet,  very 
good  ;  wigwam,  a  houae ;  w"  .  .ilucke, 
•  goose  ;  wompey,  white  ;  aqui,  red  ; 
aa  coa  coi,  green. 

WOOD,  Jamea,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  a  distinguiuhed  general  officer  in  the 
revolutionary  army.  He  was  chosen 
governor  in  1796  and  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Monroe  in  1799.  He  died  in  June 
1813. 

WOOD,  John.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
in  1806,edited  a  paper,the Western  world, 
in  Ky.,  and  in  1817  a  paper,  the  Atlantic 
world,  at  Washington.  In  his  last  years 
he  resided  at  Richmond,  Va.  and  was 
employed  in  drawing  maps  of  the  counties. 
He  died  in  May  1822.  He  published  a 
history  of  Switzerland  and  of  the  Swiss 
revolution  ;  history  of  the  administra- 
tion of  J.  Adams  ; — a  statement  of  the 
sources  &c.  of  the  above,  1802;  exposi- 
tion of  the  Clintonian  liiction,  1802  ;  a 
new  theory  of  the  diurnal  motion  of  the 
earth,  1S09. 

WOODBRIDGE,  John,  first  minister 
of  Andover,  Mass.,  the  son  of  Rev. 
John  W.,  was  born  in  Wiltshire,  Eng- 
land, in  1613,  and,  ailer  passing  some 
time  at  Oxford  pursued  his  studies  in  pri- 
vate. In  1634  he  came  to  this  country 
with  his  uncle,  Mr.  Parker.  He  was  or- 
dained at  Andover  Sept.  16,  1644;  but 
upon  the  invitation  of  his  friends  in  Eng- 
land he  returned  to  them  in  1647.  Being 
ejected  in  1662,  he  again  sought  a  retreat 
in  America,  and  beca"-Q  an  assistant  to 
Mr.  Parker.  After  his  dismission  on  ac- 
count of  his  views  of  church  discipline,  he 
was  a  magistrate  of  the  (Colony.  He  died 
March  17,  1695,  aged  81.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  gov.  T.  Dudley.  His  son, 
Benjamin,  minister  of  Bristol  and  in  1688 
of  Kittery,  who  died  at  Medford  Jan.  15, 
1710,  wrote  the  ingenious  lines  for  the 
tomb  of  Mr.  Cotton,  found  in  Mather's 
Magnalia,  iii.  SI.  His  son,  John,  the 
minister  of  Wethersfield,  died  in  1690; 
and  his  descendants,  ministers,  were  John 
of  West  Springfield,  who  died  in  1718 
and  John  of  South  Hadley;  who  died 
Sept.  10,  1783,  aged  79.  The  grandson 
of  the  last,  making  the  tenth  John  W. 


the  ministry  of  this  family,  is  J.  Wood- 
bridge,  D.  D.,  of  NeAy  York. — J\Sather'$ 
mag.  .11.  219. 

WOODBRIDGE,  Benjamin,  d.  d., 
the  first  graduate  of  Harvard  college,  the 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1622,  and  graduated  in  1642.  Oil  hia  re- 
turn to  England  he  succeed  Dr.  Twiss  at 
Newbury,  where  he  gained  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  scholar,  a  preacher,  a  casuist, 
and  a  Christian.  Alter  he  was  ejected  in 
1662  he  continued  to  preach  privately. 
He  died  at  Inglefield  in  Berks  Nov.  1, 
1634,  aged  62.  He  published  a  sermon 
of  justification  by  fuith,  1653;  the  meth- 
od of  grace  in  the  justification  of  sinners, 
church  members  set  in  joint,  against  lay 
preachers,  1656.  He  also  published  a 
work  written  by  Mr.  Noyes,  entitled, 
Moses  and  Aaron,  or  the  rights  of  church 
and  state,  containing  two  disputations, 
1661. 

WOODBRIDGE,  Timothy,  minister 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  son  of  Rev.  John  W. 
nf  Andover,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1675,  and  was  ordained  Nov. 
18,  1685.  His  predecessors  were  Hook- 
er, Stone,  and  Haynes ;  his  successors 
Wadsworth,  Dorr,  Strong,  and  Hawes. 
He  introduced  in  Connecticut  in  1696  the 
practice  of  baptizing  the  children  of 
those,  who  owned  the  covenant  without 
being  received  into  full  communion.  Ho 
died  April  30,  1732,  aged  nearly  80.  Ho 
was  tall  and  of  a  majestic  aspect.  For 
his  useful  labors,  and  Christian  zeal,  and 
exemplary  virtues  he  was  cne  of  the 
most  distinguished  men  of  his  day.  He 
published  an  election  sermon,  1727.  He 
was  no  mean  poet.  To  C.  Mather,  on 
his  Magnalia,  he  wrote, —  ., .  -,-  . 

"Great  your  attempt.    No  doubt  «ome  sacred  spy, 

That  lieger  in  your  sacred  cell  did  lie, 

IVurs'd  your  first  tltoughu  with  gentle  beams  of 

light, 
And  taught  yob.r  hands  tb  ings  past   to   bring  to 

sight: 
Thus  led  by  secret,  sweetest  influence, 
You  make  returns  to  God's  good  providence  ; 
Recording  how  that  mighty  hand  was  nigh 
To  trace  out   paths,'  not  known  to   mortal  eye. 
To  those  brave  men,  that  to  this  laud  came  o'er. 
And  plac'd  them  safe  on  the  Atlantic  shore, 


798 


WOODFORD. 


WORCESTER. 


Aadf«*«  tbtu  room  toiprcxl,  and  bl«M\l  their 

root, 
Whracc,  hung  with   fruit,  now   iniuiy  brancliM 

■lioot." 

WOODFORD,  William,  general,  a 
aoidier  of  the  revolution,  had  the  rank  of 
colonel,  when  he  repulsed  an  attack  made 
on  him  by  a  party  of  royaliats,  near  great 
bridge,  Wiliiamaburg,  Virginia,  Dec.  15, 
1776.  He  was  behind  a  breast-work ; 
it  was  "a  Bunker  hill  afiair  in  miniature." 
He  served  in  New  Jersey  in  June  1778, 
having  then  the  rank  of  general.  He 
died  in  Virginia  in  1793. 

WOODHOUSE,  James,  m.  d.,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  college  of  Phil- 
adelphia, the  son  of  a  bookseller,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  Nov.  17,  1770.  In 
1791  he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  army  of 
St.Clair.  In  1795  he  was  chosen  professor. 
For  his  improvement  in  science  he  visited 
England  and  France  in  1802.  He  died 
of  the  apoplexy  June  4,  1809,  aged  38. 
He  published  an  inaugural  dissertation  on 
the  cimmicaiand  medical  properties  of  the 
persimmon  tree,  and  the  analysis  of  as- 
tringent vegetables,  lt93;  the  young 
chemist's  pocket  companion,  1797  ;  an 
answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's  considerations 
on  the  doctrine  of  phlogiston  and  the 
decomposition  of  water ;  an  edition  of 
Chaptal's  chemistry  with  notes  2  vols. 
8vo.  1807. 

WOODWARD,  Bezaleel,  first  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Dartmouth  col- 
lege, was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  in 
1745  ;  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1764  ; 
and  alter  being  a  preacher,  was  appointed 
in  1782  professor^  in  which  capacity  he 
was  highly  respected.  He  died  Aug.  35, 
1804,  aged  59.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  E  .Wheelock.  His  son,  Wm.  H. 
W.,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  died  at  Hanover  Aug.  9,  1818, 
aged  44.  His  son,  Henry  W.,  is  a  mis- 
sionary at  Ceylon. 

WOOLMAN,  John,  a  writer  against 
slavery,  a  descendant  of  J.  W.,  a  settler 
of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  in  1680,  was  born 
in  1720.  He  was  a  preacher  among  the 
quakers  and  i  co-adjutor  of  Anthony 
Benezet  in  his  labors  for  the  freedom  of 


the  blacks.  He  was  the  grandson  of 
Henry  Burr  of  New  Jersey,  who  at  his 
death  in  1743  bequeathed  liberty  to  all 
his  slaves, — supposed  to  be  the  first  in- 
stance of  emancipation:  Peter  White,  the 
son  in  law  to  Burr,  also  bequeathed  free- 
dom to  his  slaves.  These  examples  had 
their  influence  on  Woolman,  who  visited 
Maryland  about  1757  in  order  to  discuss 
the  afiair  of  "  slave  keeping,  "  and  who 
wrote  earnestly  upon  the  subject.  On  a 
visit  to  England  he  died  in  1773.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  industry,  self  denial  and 
benevolence.  His  works  were  published, 
1774;  5th  ed.  Phil.  1818. 

WOOLSEY,  Melancthon  Lloyd, 
general  a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was 
born  on  L.  Island  about  1757.  He  was  a 
field  officer  at  the  age  of  33,  and  rendered 
important  services  on  the  northern  fron- 
tier. Ader  the  war  he  resided  at  Piatts- 
burg.  While  on  a  journey  to  vittit  his 
son,  commodore  W.  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
he  was  taken  sick,  and  died  at  Trenton, 
N.  Y.,  June  29, 1819,  aged  62. 

WOOLWORTH,  Aaron,  d.  d., 
minister  of  Bridgehampton,  L.  I.,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1784  ;  was 
ordained  in  1786 ;  and  died  April  2,  1821, 
aged  58.  His  wife  was  a  daughter,  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Buell;  he  led  5  children.  He 
was  a  distinguished  and  useful  minister. 

WOOSTER,  David,  major  general  in 
the  revolutionary  war,  was  born  at  Strat- 
ford in  1711,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1738,  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  he 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  of 
the  troops  in  the  service  of  Connecticut, 
and  made  a  brigadier  general  in  the  con- 
tinental service  ;  but  this  commission  he 
afterwards  resigned.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  major  general  of  the 
militia  of  his  native  state.  While  op- 
posing a  detachment  of  British  troops, 
whose  object  was  to  destroy  the  public 
stores  at  Danbury,  he  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Ridgfield  April  27,  1777, 
and  died  May  3d. 

WORCESTER,  Samuel,  d.  d.,  first 
Secretary  of  the  American  Board  of 
CommissionerB  for  foreign  missions,  a  de- 


WORCESTER. 


WORUMBO. 


m 


■cendint  of  Thomu  W.,  minister  or 
Saliibury,  N.  H.,  in  I6S9,  was  born  in 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  Nov.  1, 1771;  wm  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  college  in  1795  ;  and 
ordained  at  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  Sept.  37, 
1797.  April  30,  IttOS  he  was  insUiled 
the  pastor  of  the  tabernacle  church  in 
Sniem.  At  the  institution  of  the  foreign 
mission  society  in  1810  he  was  chosen 
Recording  secretary,  and  upon  him  de- 
volved the  chief  care  and  labor  of  the  so- 
ciety. In  1817,  when  Mr.  Cornelius 
was  settled  as  his  colleague,  ho  was  al- 
lowed to  devote  three  quarters  of  his 
time  to  the  missionary  cause.  In  1830 
in  a  state  of  feeble  health  he  visited  the 
missionary  stations  at  the  south.  From 
New  Orleans  he  proceeded  to  Mayhew, 
and  thence  May  35th  to  Brainerd,  a  mis- 
sionary station  among  the  Cherokees, 
dearer  to  him  than  any  city  or  mansion 
on  the  earth,  where  he  died  June  7, 1831, 
aged  49.  His  son,  Samuel  M.  W.,  is 
profci'sor  of  rhetorical  Amherst  college. 
His  body  rests  in  the  territory  of  theClie- 
rokees.  The  body  of  his  nephew,  Samuel 
A.  Worcester,  for  preaching  the  gospel 
to  the  same  Indians  in  disregard  of  the 
unconstitutional  laws  of  Georgia,  is  now 
shut  up  among  convicts  in  the  prison 
house  of  the  Georgians,  and  there  held, 
in  defiance  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
U.  S.  Dr.  W.  was  a  bright  example  of 
pastoral  faithfulness  and  of  habitual,  fer- 
vent piety.  During  his  ministry  in  Sa- 
lem 385  were  added  to  the  church.  He 
attended  more  than  80  ecclesiastical 
councils.  He  was  humble,  benevolent, 
and  disinterested.  Ho  died  a  poor  man  ; 
but  he  left  his  family  what  is  more  valu- 
able Ih&n  riches, — the  benefit  of  his  emi- 
nently holy  character  and  of  his  instruc- 
tions and  prayers.  Multitudes  in  this 
world  of  selfishness  toil  only  for  them- 
selves ;  he  toiled  incessantly  for  the  good 
of  others  and  for  the  kingdom  of  Jesus 
Christ.  He  was  conspicuous  for  a  cool, 
sound  judgment ;  was  distinguished  as 
a  writer  ;  and  enjoyed  in  a  high  degree 
the  confidence  of  the  churches.  His 
wisdom  and  talents  are  seen  in  the  10 
first  annual  reports  of  the  B'lani, of  which 
100 


he  was  the  Secretary.  Mr.  Evarts  wa« 
his  first  successor  as  secretary  )  and  then 
for  a  short  time  Mr.  Cornelius,  his  for- 
mer colleague  at  Solem.  Ho  published 
sermons  on  future  punishment,  1800  ;  S 
discourse*  on  the  peri)etuily  of  the  cove- 
nant with  Abrahom,  Hvo.  1805;  lettert 
to  T.  Baldwin,  1807  ;  on  thi;  death  of 
Eleanor  Emerson,  1808  ;  of  R.  Ander- 
son, 1814  ;  before  the  M.  missionary  so- 
ciety, 1809  ;  God  a  rewarder  ;  at  the  in- 
stallation of  £.  D.  Griffin,  18il ;  at  the 
ordination  of  E.  L.  Parker,  1810;  of  the 
missionaries,  Newell,  Judson,  Nott,  Hall, 
and  Rice,  1813  ;  of  6  missionaries, 
1815  ;  of  W.  Cogswell,  1815  ;  fast  ser- 
mons on  the  war,  161 3;  before  the  ibreign 
mission  soc.  of  Salem,  1813;  8  separate 
letters  to  W.  E.  Channing,on  unitarian- 
ism,  1815;  Christian  psalmody,  1915  ; 
before  the  A.  education  society,  on  true 
libernlity,  at  the  first  anniversary,  1816  ; 
the  Drunkard  a  destroyer,  1817  ;  10  Re- 
ports of  the  A.  foreign  mission  society, 
from  1  SI  I  to  1830. 

WORTHINGTON,  John,  ll.  d., 
an  eminent  lawyer,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1740.  In  1774  he  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  opposed  the  measures  ol"  the 
friends  of  liberty.  His  name  was  in  the 
same  year  included  in  the  list  of  the  man- 
damus councillors,  but  he  declined  the 
appointment.  He  died  at  Springfield  in 
April  1800,  aged  81.  Mr.  Ames  married 
his  daughter. 

WORUMBO,  or  Warrumbee,  sachem 
of  the  Ameriscoggan  Indians,  had  a  fort 
on  the  Ameriscoggan,  or,  as  it  is  now 
called.  And roscoggan  river,  which  in  hit 
absence  was  captured  by  Church  in  1690. 
About  the  9th  or  10th  of  Sept.  major 
Church  sailed  from  Portsmouth  with 
300  soldiers.  In  a  few  days  he  arrived 
at  Maquoit,  and  proceeded  *o  Pejepscott 
fort  in  Brunswick,  and  tht.ice  marched 
up  the  river  about  40  miles,  according  to 
Mother,  and  Sunday,  Sept.  14,  captured 
the  Indian  fort,  making  prisoners  of  one 
man  and  the  wives  and  children  of  Wo- 
rurobo  and  Hawkins.  The  prisoners 
were  afterwards  released  at  Wells  on  the 


IM 


WQRUMBO. 


WRAGO.      -» 


•ppraranoe  of  tl>u  cliieHi  with  •  flag  of 
truce  ami   their  ciignstenipnt  to  live   in 
peace,  with  iho  (lolivery  nf  many  prison- 
era.     From  Church'*  account  of  th«<  i-x- 
pedilion  it '»  uncertain,  wlu'thcr  the  In- 
dian fort  was  at  Lcwiwlon,  Jay,  or  lluni- 
ford,  at  each  of  which  piacra  ore  fails,  ut 
the  distances  of  20, 4b,  and  GO  miles  from 
Pejepacntt.      Ho  says,  tliiit  thu  Indians 
ran  down  from  the  fort  to  the  river  and 
ran  in  under  the  sheet  of  wati ,  nt  the 
fulls.    At  Runiford  upper  fulls,  for  there 
are  three  pitches,  the  water  idioots  over 
in  a  nianner,  which  would  allow  of  pas- 
aing  under  it.    The  falls,  three  miles  be- 
low Jay  point,  called   Rockamccko,  do 
not  answer  this  description,  nor  do  those 
at  Lewiston.     Yet  the  distance  of  60 
miles  seems  a  long  march  with  300  men 
into  the  wilderness.     With  boats  or  ca- 
noes he  could  not  have  been  supplied.  Ju- 
ly 7,  1684  Warrumbee.with  5  other  saga- 
mores, nanu'ly.Darumkine.Wihikcrmett, 
Wedon     Doiii;u'gon,     Nehonongassett, 
and   Numbanewelt,  gave  a  deed  of  land 
to  Richard  Wharton  of  Boston,  which 
was  the  foundation  of  the  claim  of  the 
Pejcpscott    i)roprietor8.      The  contract 
was  made  at  Pejepscott  or  Pejepscook,  as 
the  Indians  called  the  falls  at  Brunswick, 
&  the  territory  granted  was  to  extend  from 
five  miles  ahovo  "  the  upper  part  of  the 
Androscoggan  uppcrmoat  falls"  in  a  north 
east  line  to  the  Kennebec,  and  Hvur  miles 
westward  of  the  falls  and  thence  "down 
to  Maquoit."    The  |)oint  of  legal  contro- 
versy was  what  was  intended  by  the  "up- 
permost  falls"  of  Androscoggan.      The 
court  has  settled,  ihii  tit  means  Lewiston 
fitlls,  20  miles  above  Brunswick  ;  yet  from 
reading  Warrumbec's  deed,  the  first  book 
of  records  of  the  Pejepscott  proprietors, 
and  other  papers    it  seems  clear,  that 
Brunswick  upper  falls  were  intended.     A 
N.  E.liue  from  Lewiston  would  strike 
the  Kennebec  at  Norriilgevvock  or  Wa- 
terville,  and  confer  an  inmiense  territory, 
to  which  these  Indians  had  no  pretensions, 
and  interfere  with  the  Kennebec  com- 
pany.    Besides,  the  falls  at  Lewiston  are 
the  middle  falls  of  the  river,  and  those  at 
Kumford  forty  miles  distant,  are  the  up- 


permost.     In  one  place  the  deed  spoakt 
of  "the  upprrtnnat;>ar/ of  Androscoggan 
fulls,"  us  though  the  full.4  extended  some 
distance  in  the  river,   which  in  not  the 
case  with  the  the  single  fall  at  Lewixton, 
but  which  answers  to  thu  three  liilU  of 
Uiunswick,  separated  nniny    rculs   from 
each  other.     'I'hisdeed  proicHHes  to  con- 
firm a  previous  grant  of  land,  with  the 
same    watcrn    boundary,    to    Thomas 
Purchase,  and  his  house  is  described   as 
being  near  the  centre  of  the  territory ; 
as  he  lived  between  Brunswick  and  Bath, 
his  house  would  be  fur  from  the  centre, 
if  thu  line  was  4  miles  west  of  Lewiston. 
The  deposition  of  Peiipole,  an  Indian,  in 
1703,  that  the   river  ut  Brunswick  and 
for  some  miles  nbovu  was  culled  by  the 
Indiuns  Pejepscook,  and  not  Androscog- 
gan, is  confuted  by  n  deed  in  1639  of  T. 
Purchase, whose  lund  is  described  as  lyi  ig 
"at  Pejepscott  u|)on  both  sides  of  thu  riv- 
er of  Androscoggan,"  and  by  a  deed  of 
J.  Bluney  in  1033, whose  lands  are  descri- 
bed as  lying  between  "the  river  of  Ken- 
nebec, JlmbroicoKiittn,  and  Casco  bay." 
The  proprietor.^  in  1715  describe  Bruns- 
wick as  on  the  Androscoggin  river.  Tho. 
Johnston's  old  map,  founded  on  previous 
surveys  and  on  a  plan  in  1719  made  by 
Jos.  Heath,  a  surveyor  of  tho  Pejepscott 
company,  five  years  oidy  after  their  pur- 
chase, exhibits  distinctly  by  a  double  line 
their    western   boundary    4  miles  from 
Brunswick    falls.        On    tbu    whole    it 
seems  evident,  that  Warrumbee  intended 
Brunswick  falls  as  one  of  the  bounduriea 
in  hi;3  deed.     But  even  the  poor  remnant 
of  Ills  tribe  have  disappeared  from  Rocka> 
mecko  point  in  Jay  and  from  Pennicook 
in  Rumford,  and  their  whole  territory 
has  (alien  into  the  hands  of  the  whites. 
Is  there  not  a  debt  of  justice  due  to  the 
few  Indians,  who  yet  remain  in  the  Uni- 
ted Slates.' 

WRAGG,  William,  a  lawyer  of  S. 
Carolina,  was  born  in  1714,  and  was  edu- 
cated and  studied  law  in  England.  Aller 
his  return  to  this  country  he  was  for  ma- 
ny years  a  member  of  the  assembly,  and 
in  1753  a  member  of  the  council.  He 
declined  in  1769  the  appointment  of  chief 


WRIGHT. 


^^^i 


WVTHE. 


795 


justice  for  B  most  linnorobln  rMion,  to 
prevent  a  RUHpicioii,  timt  liii  political 
courne  wns  inllncticfd  by  the  hope  of  of- 
fice. Ill  thu  revolution  his  m-nse  of  duty 
restrained  him  from  CHpoiiHinu  llio  cause 
of  indepi'ndence.  Lniving  liis  country 
he  eiiiliarked  for  Knijland,  and  was  8lii|)> 
wrecki'd  on  the  coast  of  Holland  and  lost 
in  Sept.  1777;  liis  inliint  son  whh  saved. 
A  mnnumi*nt  to  his  memory  in  Wentiniii- 
ister abbey exhihin  the  mclnncboly  scene 
of  his  Inst  moments.  Ho  was  a  man  of 
talents,  and  eloipience,  and  many  virtues. 
He  published  Reasons  f)r  not  concurring 
in  the  non  importation  resolution,  17C9. 

WRIGHT,  Nathaniel  H.,  a  popt, 
was  born  in  Concord,  Mass.  in  1787, 
nnd  educated  as  a  printer  in  Boston, 
where  ho  edited  the  Kaleidoscope,  and 
died  May  IB,  1824,  aged  37.  He  pub- 
lished the  full  of  Palmyra,  a  poem  ;  Hos- 
ton,  or  a  touch  at  the  times,  a  small  pam- 
phlet. 

WYLLIS,  George,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut in  1042,  came  from  England  to 
Hortford  in  1638  and  died  in  March  1644. 
He  was  eminently  pious,  and  from  regard 
to  the  purity  of  divine  worship  left  a  fine 
estate  in  the  county  of  Wir\\  I  ind  en- 
countered the  hurdshi'  i  a  wilderness. 
His  descendants  are  >;  stinguished  in  the 
civil  history  of  (  rm^rticut.  His  son, 
Samuel,  died  M;iy  .SO,  i709  ;  the  charter 
in  the  time  of  Andrns  was  concealed  in 
a  hollow  oak,  sending  in  front  of  his 
house,  callisl  charier-oak.  Hezckiah, 
the  son  of  Samuel,  was  secretary,  and 
died  in  l7.'}4.  George,  the  sonof  Heze- 
kiah,  died  Apr.  24,  1796,  aged  85,  being 
annually  chosen  secretary  61  years  till  his 
death.  Samuel,  the  son  of  George,  died 
June  9,  1823,  aged  85.  He  also  was  sec- 
retary from  1796  to  1809,— the  family  hol- 
ding the  olHce  98  successive  years.  He 
was  besides,  in  the  rank  of  colonel,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  revolution,  and  maj.  gen.  of 
the  militia.  Col.  Hezekiah  W,  died  in 
April  1827,  aged  80. 

WYNxNE,  J.  H.,  published  a  General 
History  of  the  British  Empire  in  America, 
2  vols.  8vo.  1770. 
■  WYTHE,  George,  chancellor  of  Vir- 


ginia, and  a  distinguished  friend  nf  hi* 
country,  was  born  in  the  county  nf  Biliza 
belh  city  in  1720.  His  father  was  a  res- 
pectable liirmer,  and  his  mother  was  • 
woman  of  uncommon  knowledge  and 
strength  of  mind.  She  taught  the  Latin 
language,  wUh  which  she  was  intimately 
ocquaintedjlnd  which  she  spoke  fluent- 
ly, to  'Jier  son  ;  but  his  education  wai 
in  other  res|)ecls  very  much  neglec- 
ted. His  parents  having  died  before  he 
attained  the  age  of  twenty  one  years,  like 
many  unthinking  youths  he  commenced 
a  career  of  dissipation  and  intemperance, 
and  did  not  disengage  liiinself  from  it 
before  ho  reached  the  ago  of  thirty.  He 
ihen  bitterly  lamented  the  loss  of  those  9 
years  of  his  life,  and  of  the  learning, 
which  during  that  period  he  might  have 
acquired.  But  never  did  any  man  more 
eflfctually  redeem  his  time.  From  the 
moment,  when  ho  resolved  on  reforma- 
tion, he  devoted  himself  most  intensely 
to  his  studies.  Without  the  assistance 
of  any  instructor  be  acquired  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  Greek,  and  he  read  the 
best  authors  in  that  as  well  as  in  the  Latin 
language.  He  made  himself  aUo  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  becoming  perfi  ^  ily  versed 
in  the  civil  and  common  law,  and  in  the 
statutes  of  Great  Britoin  and  Virginia. 
The  wild  and  thoughtless  youth  was 
now  converted  into  a  sedate  and  prudent 
man,  delighting  entirely  in  literary  pur- 
suits. When  the  timearrived, which  heav- 
en had  destined  (or  the  separation  of  the 
wide,  confederated  republic  of  America 
from  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain,  he 
was  one  of  the  instruments  in  the  hand 
of  providence  'or  accomplishing  that 
great  work,  lie  took  a  decided  part  in 
the  very  first  movements  of  opposition. 
Not  content  merely  to  fall  in  with  the 
wishes  of  his  fellow  citizens,  h'  assisted 
in  persuading  them  not  to  submit  to  Brit- 
ish tyranny.  With  hia  pupil  and  friend 
Thomas  JefTerson,  he  roused  the  people 
to  resistance.  As  the  controversy  grew 
warm,  his  zeal  became  proportionably 
fervent.  Before  the  war  commenced  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Virginia  us- 
sembly.     After  having  been    for  some 


im 


WYTHE. 


time  apeaker  of  the  house  of  burgCMes, 
he  was  sent  by  the  members  of  that  body 
H  one  of  iheir  delegates  to  the  congress, 
which  assembled  May  18,  1775,  and  did 
not  separate  until  it  had  declared  the  in- 
dependence of  America.  In  that  most  en- 
lightened and  patriotic  assembly  he  pos- 
sessed no  small  share  or  in^pnce.  He 
wau  one  of  those,  who  signed  the  memo- 
rable declaration,  by  which  the  heroic 
legislators  of  this  country  pledged  "  their 
Hires,  their  fortunes,  and  their  sacred  hon- 
or" to  maintain  and  defend  iu  violated 
rights.  By  a  resolution  of  the  general 
assembly  of  Virginia,  doted  Nov.  5,  1776, 
he  and  Jefierson,  Pendleton,  Mason,  and 
T.  L.  Lee  were  appointed  *  committee 
to  revise  the  laws  of  the  commonwealth. 
This  was  a  work  of  very  great  labor  and 
difficulty.  The  three  first  prosecuted 
their  task  with  indefatigable  activity  and 
eeal,  and  June  18,  1779  made  a  report  of 
136  bills,  which  they  had  prepared. 
This  report  showed  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  great  principles  of  legislation, 
and  reflected  the  highest  honor  upon 
those,  who  formed  it.  The  people  of 
Virginia  are  indebted  to  it  for  almost 
all  the  best  parts  of  their  present  code  of 
laws.  Among  the  changes,  then  made  in 
the  monarchical  system  of  jurisprudence, 
which  had  been  in  (brce,  the  roost  impor- 
tant were  effected  by  the  act  abolishing 
the  right  of  primogeniture,&  directing  the 
real  estate  of  persons  dying  intestate  to 
be  equally  divided  among  their  children, 
or  other  relations  ;  by  the  act  for  regu- 
lating conveya'-'',es,  which  converted 
all  estates  in  'r-i.  into  fees  simple,  and 
thus  destroyed  one  of  the  supports  of 
the  proud  and  overbearing  distinctions 
of  particular  families;  and  finally  by  the 
act  fur  the  establishment  of  religious 
freedom. 

After  finishing  the  task  of  new  moi^el- 
ing  the  laws,  he  was  employed  to  carry 
them  into  efiect  according  to  their  true 
intent  and  spirit  by  being  placed  in  the 
difficult  office  of  judge  of  a  court  of  equi- 
ty. He  was  ap|>oinied  one  of  the  three 
judges  of  the  high  court  of  chancery, 
and  afterwards  sole  chancellor  of  Virginia, 


in  which  station  he  continued  until  the 
day  of  his  death,  during  a  period  of  more 
than  twenty  years.  His  extraordinary 
disinterestedness  and  patriotism  were  now 
most  conspicuously  displayed.  Although 
the  salary,  allowed  him  by  the  common- 
wealth, was  extremely  scanty,  yet  he  con- 
tentedly lived  upon  it  even  in  the  expen- 
sive city  of  Richmond,  and  devoted  his 
whole  time  to  the  service  of  his  country. 
With  that  contempt  of  wealth,  which  so 
remarkably  distinguished  him  from  other 
men,  he  made  a  present  of  one  half  of  his 
land  in  Elizabeth  city  to  his  nephew,  and 
the  purchase  money  of  the  remainder, 
which  he  sold,  was  not  paid  him  for 
many  years.  While  he  resided  in  Wil- 
liamsburgh  he  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  law  in  the  college  of  William 
and  Mary,  but  resigned  it  when  his  duties 
as  a  chancellor  required  his  removal  to 
Richmond.  His  resources  were  therefore 
small ;  yet  with  his  liberal  and  charitable 
disposition  he  continued,  by  means  of  that 
little,  to  do  much  good,  and  always  to 
preserve  his  independence.  This  he  ac- 
complished by  temperance  and  econ- 
omy. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  con- 
vention, which  in  June  1788  considered 
the  proposed  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  During  the  debates  he  acted  for 
the  roost  part  as  chairman.  Being  con- 
vinced, that  the  confederation  was  defec- 
tive in  the  energy,  necessary  to  preserve 
the  union  and  liberty  of  America,  this 
venerable  patriot,  then  beginning  to  bow 
under  the  weight  of  years,  rose  in  the 
convention,  and  exerted  his  voice,  almost 
too  feeble  to  be  heard,  in  contending  for 
a  system,  on  the  acceptance  of  which  he 
conceived  the  happiness  of  his  country  to 
depend.  He  was  ever  attached  to  the  con- 
stitution, on  account  of  the  principles  of 
freedom  and  justice,  which  it  contained  ; 
and  in  every  change  of  af&irs  he  was  stea- 
dy in  supporting  the  rights  of  man.  His 
political  opinions  were  always  firmly  re- 
publican. Though  in  1798  and  1799  he 
was  opposed  to  the  measures,  which  were 
adopted  in  the  administration  of  president 
At'ams,  and  reprobated  the  alien  and  se? 


YALE. 


ZEISBERGER. 


7W 


dttion  Uws,  and  the  raming  of  the  army  ; 
yet  he  never  yielded  a  moment  to  the 
rancor  or  party  spirit,  nor  permitted  the 
difference  ofopinion  to  interfere  with  his 
private  TriendHhips.  He  presided  twice 
successively  in  the  college  of  electors  in 
Virginia,  and  twice  voted  for  a  president, 
whose  political  principles  coincided  with 
his  own.  Af\er  a  short  but  very  excruci- 
ating sickness  he  died  June  8,  1806,  aged 
80.  It  was  supposed,  that  he  was  poison- 
ed ;  but  the  person  suspected  was  acquit- 
ted by  a  jury  of  his  countrymen.  By  his  last 
will  and  testament  he  bequeathed  his  val- 
uable library  and  philosophical  apparatus 
to  his  friend  Mr.  Jeflerson,  and  distribu- 
ted the  remainder  of  his  little  property 
among  the  grand  children  of  his  sister, 
and  the  slaves,  whom  he  had  set  free. 

YALE,  Elihu,  the  principal  benefactor 
of  Yale  college,  was  born  at  New  Haven 
in  1648,  and  at  the  age  often  years  went 
to  England,  &  about  the  year  1678  to  the 
East  Indies,  where  he  acquired  a  ktrge 
estate,  was  made  gov.  of  fort  St.  George, 
and  married  an  Indian  lady  of  fortune. 
Afler  his  return  to  London  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  the  East  India  company,  and 
made  those  donations  to  the  college  in 
his  native  town,  which  induced  the  trus- 
tees to  bestow  on  it  the  name  of  Yale. 
He  died  in  Wales  July  8, 1721. 

YATES,  Robert,  chief  justice  of  N. 
York,  was  born  at  Schenectady  in  Jan. 
17S8,  and  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer  in 
Albany.  In  1776  and  1777  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  for  military  opera- 
tions. Under  the  constitution  of  the 
state,  which  he  assisted  in  framing  in 
1777,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court.  He  was  chief  justice 
from  1790  till  1798,  Of  the  convention, 
which  formed  the  federal  constitution,  he 
was  a  member.  He  died  Sept.  9,  1801. 
For  his  many  virtues  he  was  esteemed, 
and  respected  as  an  upright,learned  judge, 
and  an  accomplished  scholar. 

YEATES,  Jasper,  judge,  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  was  a  member  of  Lancas- 
ter county  committee  of  correspondence, 
Penns.jin  1774,  and  of  the  convention, 
which    ratified  the  constitution  of  the 


United  States  in  1788.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Penns., 
from  1791  till  his  death  at  Lancaster, 
March  14. 1817.  He  was  a  man  of  sound 
judgment  and  great  indu8try,and  faithful- 
ness in  his  office.  He  published  Reports 
of  cases  in  the  supreme  court  of  PennB.j 
1817.         # 

YOUNGMAN,John  George,  a  Mo- 
ravian missionary,  was  first  employed 
among  the  Mohegans  in  Connecticut, 
and  afterwards  among  the  Dela wares  on 
the  Susquehannah  and  in  the  western 
country.  He  died  at  Bethlehem  in  July 
1808,  aged  87. 

YOUNGS,  John,  the  first  minister  in 
Southhold,  L.  I.,  had  been  a  minister  in 
Hingham,  England,  but  came  to  this 
country  with  a  part  of  his  church  in  1640 
and  in  Oct.  commenced  the  settlement  of 
S.  He  died  in  1673,  aged  IS.  His  son, 
John,  colonel  and  sheriff  of  the  county, 
died  in  1688,  aged  74.  His  brother, 
Benjamin,  and  others  of  the  namis  were 
judges  of  the  common  pleas. 

ZEISBERGER,  David,  a  Moravian 
missionary  among  the  Indians  of  N. 
America,  was  a  native  of  Moravia,  in 
Germany,  whence  his  parents  emigrated 
to  Hernhut  in  Upper  Lusatia  for  the 
sake  of  religious  liberty.  He  was  born 
in  1731.  In  1738  he  came  to  Georgia^ 
where  some  of  his  brethren  had  begun  a 
settlement,  that  they  might  preach  the 
gospel  to  the  Creeks.  Thence  he  remo- 
ved to  Pennsylvania,  and  assisted  in  the 
commencement  of  the  settlements  of 
Bethlehem  and  Nazareth.  From  1746  he 
was  for  63  years  a  missionary  among  the 
Indians.  Perhaps  no  man  ever  preach- 
ed the  gospel  so  long  among  them,  and 
amidst  so  many  trials  and  hardships. 
He  was  one  of  the  oldest  white  settlers  in 
the  state  of  Ohio.  In  the  last  40  years 
of  his  life  he  only  paid  two  visits  to  his 
f'iends  in  the  Atlantic  states.  His  last 
journey  to  Bethlehem  was  in  1781.  He 
died  at  Goshen,  on  the  river  Muskingum, 
in  Ohio,  Nov.  17,  1809,  aged  87.  He 
was  a  man  of  small  stature,  with  a  cheerful 
countenance,  of  a  cool,  intrepid  spirit, 
witi|!a  good  understanding  and  sound 


711 


m 


ZEISBERGER. 


judgment.  His  ftortrait  is  prefixed  to 
Heckewulder's  Narrative.  Amidst  all 
hit  privations  and  dangers  he  was  never 
known  to  complain,  nor  ever  regretted, 
that  he  had  engaged  in  the  cause  of  the 
Redeemer.  He  would  never  consent  to 
receive  a  salary,  although  he  deemed  it 
proper  for  some  missionariewl  He  trus- 
ted in  his  Lord  for  the  necessaries  of  life, 
and  he  looked  to  the  future  world  for  his 
reward.  Free  from  selfishness,  a  spirit  of 
universal  love  filled  his  hosom.  A  more 
perfect  character  has  seldom  been  exhibi- 
ted on  the  ea,<-th. 

It  is  a  melancholy  fact,  that  he  suilered  - 
more  from  white  men,  called  Christians, 
by  reason  of  their  selfi3huess,and  depravi- 
ty, and  hoiitiliiy  to  the  gjspel,  than 
from  the  Indians.  In  1745,  on  his  jour- 
ney towards  the  five  nations,  he  was  ar- 
rested at  Albany  with  Mr.  Post,  and  after 
much  abuse  imprisoned  7  weeks  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  At  last  he  was  declar- 
ed innocent  of  any  treasonable  views,  and 
was  liberated .  At  one  time  a  plot  was 
laid  by  one  Girty,an  English  agent  or 
trader  at  Sandusky,  to  procure  his  scalp, 
and  dearly  succeeded. 

In  March  1782  between  90  and  100  of 
the  Christian  Indians  at  Gnadenhutlen 
on  the  Muskingum  were  massacred  by  a 
party  of  whites  from  the  settlements  on 
the  Ohio.  The  immediate  cause  of 
this  massacre  was  the  murder  of  a  woman 
and  child  by  some  Sandusky  warriors,  in 
which  however  it  is  incredible,  that  the 
whites  could  have  thought  the  Christian 
Indians  were  implicated.  The  party 
found  the  Indians  at  work  in  a  corn  field, 
and  hailed  them  as  friends,  and  offered  to 
protect  them  from  their  enemies,  and 
even  called  them  "  good  Christians. " 
When  they  were  secured  it  was  told  them, 
that  they  must  die.  Begging  for  a  short 
delay,  that  they  might  prepare  for  death, 
they  fell  on  their  knees,  and  prayed  to 
their  God  and  Savior  and  sang  his  prais- 
es, and  then  kissed  each  other  with  a  flood 
of  tears  mingled  with  lofty  Christian  hope. 
Some  of  the  party  remonstrated  against 
what  was  proposed,  but  it,  being  in  vain, 
tl^y  withdrew  to  a  distance,  wrin|^ng 


their  hands,  aaying,  they  were  innoceitt 
of  the  blood,  which  was  to  be 'shed. 
Then  one  of  the  white  monsters  began 
the  work  of  death.  Seizing  a  cooper'* 
mallet,he  knocked  in  the  head  14  unresis- 
ting victims  oneafleranother,&  then  han- 
ded the  instrument  to  a  brother  monster, 
saying,  'I  think  I  have  done  pretty  well!' 
More  than  90  men,  women,  and  children 
were  killed  and  scalped,  when  the  mur- 
derers, having  set  fire  to  the  houses,  and 
scalped  their  victims,  went  off  shouting 
and  yelling.  Such  a  foul  and  horrible 
deed  cannot  be  found  in  the  page  of  his- 
tory. The  object  was  the  plunder  of  80 
hor8es,offurs,and  other  property  of  these 
peaceable  Indians.  Of  these  victims  62 
were  grown  persons,  one  third  of  whom 
were  women;  34  were  children.  Two 
of  them  had  been  members  of  David 
Brainerd's  church  in  New  Jersey. — The 
leader  of  this  horrible  party  had  the  name 
of  IVilliamson.  Two  months  after- 
wards he  attacked  the  warrior  Indians  at 
Sandusky  and  was  defeated.  Col.  Craw- 
ford was  taken  prisoner,  and  the  savages, 
in  retaliation,  tied  him  to  a  stake  and  put 
him  to  death  by  various  tortures  ;  under 
which  he  was  tauntingly  asked,  how  he 
felt,  and  whether  they  did  as  well  to  him, 
as  he  had  done  to  the  believing  Indians.' 
They  added,  "  we  have  to  learn  barbari- 
ities  of  you  white  people!" 

Had  the  back  settlers  of  our  country 
participated  in  the  benevolent  spirit  of  the 
Moravians,  the  benefit  to  the  Indians 
would  have  been  incalculable.  Amidst 
all  obstacles  the  brethren,  in  the  days  of 
Mr.  Zeisberger,  instructed  and  baptized 
about  1500  of  the  Indians.  The  calm 
death  of  those,  who  were  murdered  at 
Muskingum,  is  a  delightful  proof  of  the 
influence  of  the  gospel  on  men,  concern- 
ing whom  it  is  sometimes  said,  they  can- 
not be  made   Christians,  j 

In  the  evening  of  his  days,  as  the  facul- 
ties of  Mr.  Z.  began  to  fkil  him,  his  de- 
sire to  depart  and  to  be  with  Christ  con- 
tinually increased.  Yet  was  he  patient 
and  resigned.  His  last  words  were,"Lotd 
Jesus,  I  pray  thee  come,and  take  my  spirit 
to  thyself." — "Thou  hast  never  yet  for- 


*' 


^     >Wt 


ZBNGER. 


ZINZENDORF. 


7d9 


trial:   thou  wilt  not 


facul- 

Lls  de- 

Lt  con- 

])atient 

'Lord 

'spirit 

Bt  for- 


•Aen  me,  in  my 
forsake  me  now.  " 

He  made  himselfacquainted  wilh  two 
languages,  the  Onondago  (an  idiom  of 
tiie  Six  nations)    and    the    Delaware. 
Ahout  1763  he  wrote  two  Grammars  of 
the  Onondago,  in  English  and  German, 
and  a  Dictionary,  German  and  Indian,  of 
more  than  1700  pages.     In  the  Leiiape, 
or  language  of  the  Delaware,  he  publish- 
ed a  Spelling  book,  first  in  1776,  and  an 
enlarged  edition  in  1806  ;  also  Sermons 
to  children,  and  an  Hymn  book  of  360 
pages,  containing  upwards  of  300  hymns, 
translated  partly  from  German  and  part- 
ly from   English,     He   left    in    manu- 
ECiipt  a  grammar  in  German  of  the  Del- 
aware language,  which  has  been  transla- 
ted by  Mr.  Du  Ponceau;  alsoa Harmony 
of  the    four    A)spels,    translated    into 
'   iware.     It  is  believed,  that  the  last 
,        been  published  by   the  female  Mis- 
sionary society    of  Bethlehem. — Jlmer. 
Iteg.  V. ;  Heckewelder^s  narrative. 

ZENGER,  John  Peter,  a  printer  in 
New  York,  came  from  Germany,  and  es- 
tablished a  press  in  1726.     In  1733  he  es- 
tablished the  Weekly  Journal.      In  con- 
sequence of  some  strictures  in  that  paper 
on  gov.  Crosby  and  the  council,  he  was 
imprisoned  by  a  warrant  from  the  gover- 
nor and  council  in  Dec.   1731  and   kept 
in  close  confinement  35  weeks.     Andrew 
Hamilton,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Philadel- 
phia, though  aged  and  infirm,  repaired  to 
N.  York  to  defend  him  at  his  trial.     Pros- 
ecuted for  publishing  a  false  libel  on  the 
governor,  Mr.  H.  admitted  the  publica- 
tion but  insisted,   that  the  writing  was 
not  false.     The  court  would   not  allow 
the  witnesses  of  the  truth  to  be  examin- 
ed ;  would  not  allow  the  jury  to  judge 
of  the  law  as  well  as  of  the  fact ;  yet  the 
jury,  notwithstanding  the  direction  of  the 
benchjbroiightina  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
Aflerward  in  England  Mr.Owen,prosecu- 
ted  by  desire  of  the  commons,  was  in  like 
manner  acquitted.  This  precedent  had  its 
weight  in  the  trials  relating   to  the  wri- 
tings of  Junius.     It  is  to  America  and  to 
Andrew    Hamilton,    that  the    principle 
may  be  traced,  that  the  jury  have  a  right 


to  exarnine  the  truth  of  the  alleged  libel 
and  the  motives  of  the  writer.  The 
common  council  of  N.  Y.  presented  Mr. 
H.  the  freedom  of  their  corporation  in 
a  gold  box.  Zengor  died  in  1746  ;  his 
widow,  Catharine,  and  his  son,  John, 
continued  t^e  paper. — A  narration  of 
his  trial  was  'published  'at  Boston  ;  also 
at  London,  with  the  trial  of  Wm.  Ow- 
en, 8vo.  1165.— Holmes,  n.  6  ;  Thomas, 
II.  95. 

ZINZENDORF,     Nicholas     Louis, 
count,  the  ibunder  of  the  sect   of  the 
Moravians,  was  born  at  Dresden  in  May, 
1700.    He  studied  at  Halle  and  Utrecht. 
About  the  year  1721  he  purchased   the 
lordship    of  Bertholdsdorf  in    Lusatia. 
Some  poor  Christians,  the  followers  of 
John  Huss,    obtained  leave  in  1722  to 
settle  on  his  estate.      They  soon   made 
converts,     Such   was  the  origin  of  the 
village  of  Hernhut.      From  this  period 
count  Z.  devoted  himself  to  the  business 
of  instructing    his    fellow    men  by    his 
writings  and  by  preaching.      He  travel- 
led through  Germany,  and  in  Denmark 
became    acquainted     with    the    Danish 
missions  in  the  East  Indies  and  Green- 
land.   About  1732  he  engaged  carnebtly 
in  the  promotion  of  missions  by  his  Mo- 
ravian brethren,  whose  numbers  at  Hern- 
hut  were  then  about  500.     So  successful 
were  these  missions,  that  in  a  few  years 
4000  negroes  were  baptized  in  the  W. 
Indies,  and  the  converts  in  Greenland 
amounted    to  784.     In  1737  he  visited 
London,  and  in  1741    came  to  America, 
and  preached  at  Germantown  and  Beth- 
lehem.     Feb.    11,  1742  he  ordained  at 
Oly  in  Penns.,  the  missionaries,  Ranch 
and  Buettner,  and  Ranch  bajjiized  3  In- 
dians from  Shekomeco,  east  of  the  Hud- 
son,   "the    firstlings  of    the  Indians." 
He  soon  with  his  daughter,  Benigna,  and 
several  brethren  and  sisters,  visited  va- 
rious tribes  of  Indians.     At  Shekomeco 
he  established  the  first  Indian  Moravian 
congregation  in  N.  America.     In    1743 
he    returned   to  Europe.      He  died  at 
Hernhut    in    1760,  and    his  coffin   was 
carried    ^  the    grave  by   32  preachers 
and  Aissionaries,  whom  he  had  reared. 


^. 


too 


ZUBLY. 


S^ 


•nd  aome  of  whom  had  toiled  in  Holland, 
Englap'i,  Ireland,  North  Americ  and 
Greenland.  What  monarch  was  ever 
honored  by  a  funeral  like  this?  The 
wet,  established  by  Z.,  boasts  not  of 
great  orators  and  learned  theologians ; 
indeed  i"".  boasts  of  nothing }  but  liO  sect 
has  been  more  deeply  imbued  with  the 
meek  and  benevolent  spirit  of  the  gospel 
or  manifested  more  of  a  noble  missionary 
zeal. 

ZUBLY,  John  Joachim,  d.d.,  first 
minister  of  the  preabyterian  church  in 
Savannah,  cume  from  St.Qall  in  Switzer- 
land, and  took  the  charge  of  this  church 
in  1760.  He  preached  to  an  English  and 
German  congregation,  and  sometimes 
also  he  preached  in  French.  He  was  a 
member  of  the   provincial  congress  in 


1775,  bat,  as  he  diff»red  in  opinion  fVblli 
his  fellow  citizens  with  respect  to%e  in- 
dependence of  the  U.  S.,  he  incurred 
their  displeasure,  and  his  subsequent  days 
were  imbittered.  He  died  at  Savannah 
in  July,  1781.  He  was  a  nan  of  great 
learning,  of  a  vigorous  aud  penetrating 
mind,  and  of  a  heart  moulded  into  the 
Christian  spirit.  He  publiuhed  a  sermon 
on  the  value  of  that  faith,  without  which 
it  is  impossible  to  please  God,  1773 ;  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  J.  Osgood  of 
Midway,  1778 ;  the  law  oi  liberty,  a 
sermon  on  American  afiairs  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  provincial  congress  of  Geor- 
gia, with  an  appendix,  givin^r  an  account 
of  the  struggle  of  Switzerland  to  recover 
liberty,  1775. — Oeorgia  analyt.  repos.  i. 
49  ;   Oordon,  ii.  75. 


'    ^S■■■•V"-•-- 


-■ 


jiR'^  .!  UittVi:;;, 


pNge  49  col.  1 

96 

-  1 

16S 

-  2 

166 

-  1 

203 

-  1 

297 

-  2 

820 

-  1 

849 

-  3 

426 

-  i 

478 

-  1 

486 

-  2 

496 

-  1 

696 

-  2 

603 

-  2 

778 

Add 

ERRATA. 

col.  1  line  80  for  6  or  6  yeara.  read  one  year. 
19  for  tribes  read  brib«8. 
12  lion  from  bntt.  for  1767,  read  1667. 
8  for  1672,  read  1662. 
84  for  47.  read  38. 
22  eraae  the  word  bean. 
28  for  1816  aged  81,  read  1820  ged  85. 
28  for  1776,  read  1576.  ^ 

26  for  Graham,  read  Granger.     T^ 
4   for  1778,  read  1768. 
16  for  Hall      ad  Jackion. 
12  from  bt       or  1682,  read  1672.  '     , 

19  for  itate,  lead  treasury. 
26  for  1713,  read  1813. 
Add  to  the  account  of  James  Wilkinson— Hn  puhliFlifd 
"Memoirs  of  my  own  times,  3  vole.  8vo.  1816." 


ita 


4 


■  ^ 


:.L'l..„v4jaaiifr%t:i!dii^-.  .^^j^'. 


in  opinion  tibm 
espect  to%e  in- 
S.,  he  incurred 
subsequent  ikyn 
led  at  Savannah 
9  a  man  of  great 
and  penetrating 
oulded  into  the 
blished  a  sermon 
I,  without  which 
le  God,  1772;  a 
if  J.  Osgood  of 
iw  o»  liberty,  a 
lirs  at  the  open- 
jngress  of  Geor- 
'ivinor  an  account 
eriand  to  recover 
analyt.  repos.  i. 


>    t 


icd 


# 


